CHAPTER 3

MEASUREMENT OF TRANSVERSE AND LENGTHWISE

PROFILE

4.1 PURPOSE
To determine the elevation of points on the ground surface along a certain line so
that a profile will be obtained.

4.2 BASIC THEORY

Topography is the science about the earth's surface and other objects such as
planets, satellites, and asteroids. According to the Department of Education and Early
Childhood Development, the contour is a line drawn on a flat plane through points that
have the same height against a particular reference field. This line is where the points are
has the same height as a reference plane or imaginary line connecting points that have
the same height. The contour line drawing aims to provide relief information (both
relative and absolute). In civil engineering, there are jobs called earthworks. To do the
earthworks, longitudinal, and cross section profiling are needed to determine the
elevation between two points, and to determine the volume of land to be dug or buried.
Cross section is an upright slice image perpendicular to the longitudinal section.
Detailed leveling images present the natural elements and design elements so that they
are used as a basis for calculating the quantity of work, for excavation work and landfill.
For example, in making road construction there are road 1 and road 2. The distance
between road 1 and road 2 is 100 meters. To do the earthworks for this road
construction, required longitudinal measurements from road 1 to road 2 as well as a few
cross-sectional profile’s width corresponds to the width of the roads that has been
planned. For example, the distance between cross section is made to 25 meters, then the
cross-sectional profile that are needed are 5 in total. In reading and drawing contour
lines, there are some general rules that must be obeyed, such as the closer distance
between lines, the steeper the area, the contour lines never cross other contour lines, but
always close, and contour lines always show the same height.

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
2

contour lines are lines that connect very high places and land surface on a
map. from symbols that have contour lines that are more often used in drawing
maps, because, besides the many heights that can be drawn, contour lines are a
direct indication of a certain height. This contour line we can imagine as the
edge of a lake or sea. the contour distance from one map to another shows steep
terrain. instead, the distance between contour lines on the map shows that the
area mentioned is in the ramps category (Frick,1991).
contour lines are lines drawn in the area that connect all points with the
same height above or below a certain datum. the concept of contour lines can be
easily understood if we can imagine it. by studying contour making we can find
out the state of the black area that you want to draw or map at the same height.
Contour lines provide maximum information about the map area and do
not hide other important map details. contour lines also indicate height and
surface configurations. altitude points that are not located above the contour
lines can be sought by interpolation between two contour lines located on both
sides of the point. For the general reference field that is often used is the
average surface plane. relief information in absolute terms shows by writing the
contour value which is the height line mentioned above in a particular field
(Irvine,1995).
One important element in a topographic map is information about the
height of a particular reference spot. to present variations in altitude on a
topographic map, generally using contour lines, contour lines are lines that
connect points with the same height. Contour line +25 m, meaning that this
contour line connects points that have a height equal to +25 m with respect to a
certain height reference. contour lines can be formed by making projections
perpendicular to horizontal plane lines with the earth's surface to the horizontal
plane of the map. by understanding the shape of the contour lines on the map, it
is possible to know the shape of the land surface, which can be interpreted with
other earth information.

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
 3

interval is the perpendicular distance between two contour lines that are close
together. on topographic maps, contour intervals are made equal, containing inverse to
the map scale. the larger the map scale, the more information is presented, the smaller
the contour interval. contour index is a contour line whose presentation is highlighted at
each multiple of the specified contour interval.

4.3 DATA ANALYSIS

Table 4.1 Field Measurement of Profile Data
Start Destination Height Top Middle Bottom
Distance
Point Point tools Thread Thread Thread
B 2 1.365 1.355 1.345
A1 4 1.565 1.545 1.525
A A2 2 1.46 1.555 1.545 1.535
A3 2 1.505 1.495 1.485
A4 4 1.475 1.455 1.435
A 2 1.6 1.59 1.58
C 2 1.18 1.17 1.16
B1 4 1.545 1.525 1.505
B 1.48
B2 2 1.475 1.465 1.455
B3 2 1.395 1.385 1.375
B4 4 1.435 1.415 1.395
B 2 1.705 1.695 1.685
D 2 1.255 1.245 1.235
C1 4 1.525 1.505 1.485
C 1.43
C2 2 1.525 1.515 1.505
C3 2 1.400 1.380 1.36
C4 4 1.375 1.365 1.355
C 2 1.56 1.55 1.54
E 2 1.32 1.31 1.3
D1 4 1.585 1.565 1.545
D 1.45
D2 2 1.485 1.48 1.475
D3 2 1.42 1.41 1.4
D4 4 1.43 1.41 1.39

Table 4.1 Field Measurement of Profile Data (continued)

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
4

Start Destination Height Top Middle Bottom

Distance
point Point tools Thread Thread Thread
D 2 1.52 1.51 1.5
F 2 1.375 1.365 1.355
E1 4 1.56 1.54 1.52
E 1.42
E2 2 1.52 1.51 1.5
E3 2 1.435 1.425 1.415
E4 4 1.405 1.385 1.365
E 2 1.485 1.475 1.465
G 2 1.458 1.448 1.438
F1 4 1.595 1.575 1.555
F 1.45
F2 2 1.555 1.545 1.535
F3 2 1.445 1.435 1.425
F4 4 1.415 1.395 1.375
F 2 1.395 1.385 1.375
H 2 1.39 1.38 1.37
G1 4 1.485 1.465 1.445
G 1.38
G2 2 1.485 1.475 1.465
G3 2 1.35 1.34 1.33
G4 4 1.31 1.29 1.27
G 2 1.5 1.49 1.48
I 2 1.465 1.455 1.445
H1 4 1.565 1.545 1.525
H 1.44
H2 2 1.53 1.52 1.51
H3 2 1.35 1.34 1.33
H4 4 1.39 1.37 1.35
H 2 1.56 1.55 1.54
J 2 1.495 1.485 1.475
I1 4 1.62 1.6 1.58
I 1.52
I2 2 1.59 1.58 1.57
I3 2 1.455 1.445 1.435
I4 4 1.48 1.46 1.44
I 2 1.59 1.58 1.57
J1 4 1.665 1.645 1.625
J J2 2 1.54 1.62 1.61 1.6
J3 2 1.54 1.53 1.52
J4 4 1.505 1.485 1.465

Table 4.2 Middle Thread of Lengthwise Profile

Station TT And BT MT Reading MT MT Average Tools

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
 5

Reading Calculation
Point Height
F B F B F B F B
1.365
A - 1.355 - 1.355 - 1.355 - 1.46
1.345
1.18 1.6
B 1.17 1.59 1.17 1.59 1.17 1.59 1.48
1.16 1.58
1.255 1.705
C 1.245 1.695 1.245 1.695 1.245 1.695 1.43
1.235 1.685
1.32 1.56
D 1.31 1.55 1.31 1.55 1.31 1.55 1.45
1.3 1.54
1.375 1.52
E 1.365 1.51 1.365 1.51 1.365 1.51 1.42
1.355 1.5
1.46 1.485
F 1.45 1.475 1.45 1.475 1.45 1.475 1.45
1.44 1.465
1.39 1.395
G 1.38 1.385 1.38 1.385 1.38 1.385 1.38
1.37 1.375
1.465 1.5
H 1.455 1.49 1.455 1.49 1.455 1.49 1.44
1.445 1.48
1.495 1.56
I 1.485 1.55 1.485 1.55 1.485 1.55 1.52
1.475 1.54
1.59
J - - 1.58 - 1.58 - 1.58 1.54
1.57

Table 4.3 Middle Thread of Transverse Profile

TT and BT Tools
Point MT Reading MT Reading MT Reading
Reading Height
Goa
Start Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
l
1.565
A1 1.545 1.545 1.545
1.525
- - - -
1.555
A2 1.545 1.545 1.545
1.535
A 1.46
1.505
A3 1.495 1.495 1.495
1.485
- - - -
1.473
A4 1.453 1.453 1.453
1.433

Table 4.3 Middle Thread of Transverse Profile (continued)

Point TT and BT MT Reading MT Reading MT Reading Tools

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
6

Reading Height
Goa
Start Left Right Left Right Start Goal Left Right
l
1.545
B1 1.525 1.525 1.525
1.505
- - - -
1.475
B2 1.465 1.465 1.465
1.455
B 1.48
1.395
B3 1.385 1.385 1.385
1.375
- - - -
1.435
B4 1.415 1.415 1.415
1.395
1.525
C1 1.505 1.505 1.505
1.485
- - - -
1525
C2 1.515 1.515 1.515
1.505
C 1.43
1.4
C3 1.38 1.38 1.38
1.36
- - - -
1.375
C4 1.365 1.365 1.365
1.355
1.585
D1 1.565 1.565 1.565
1.545
- - - -
1.485
D2 1.48 1.48 1.48
1.475
D 1.45
1.42
D3 1.41 1.41 1.41
1.4
- - - -
1.43
D4 1.41 1.41 1.41
1.39
1.56
E1 1.54 1.54 1.54
1.52
- - - -
1.52
E2 1.51 1.51 1.51
1.5
E 1.42
1.435
E3 1.425 1.425 1.425
1.415
- - - -
1.405
E4 1.385 1.385 1.385
1.365

Table 4.3 Middle Thread of Transverse Profile (continued)

TT and BT Tools
Point MT Reading MT Reading MT Reading
Reading Height
Goa
Start Left Right Left Right Start Goal Left Right
l

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
 7

1.595
F1 1.575 1.575 1.575
1.555
- - - -
1.555
F2 1.545 1.545 1.545
1.535
F 1.45
1.445
F3 1.435 1.435 1.435
1.425
- - - -
1.415
F4 1.395 1.395 1.395
1.375
1.485
G1 1.465 1.465 1.465
1.445
- - - -
1.485
G2 1.475 1.475 1.475
1.465
G 1.38
1.35
G3 1.34 1.34 1.34
1.33
- - - -
1.31
G4 1.29 1.29 1.29
1.27
1.565
H1 1.545 1.545 1.545
1.525
- - - -
1.53
H2 1.52 1.52 1.52
1.51
H 1.44
1.35
H3 1.34 1.34 1.34
1.33
- - - -
1.39
H4 1.37 1.37 1.37
1.35
1.62
I1 1.6 1.6 1.6
1.58
- - - -
I 1.59 1.52
I2 1.58 1.58 1.58
1.57
I3 - 1.455 - 1.455 - 1.455 - 1.455
1.435
1.48
I4 1.46 1.46 1.46
1.44

Table 4.3 Middle Thread of Transverse Profile (continued)

TT and BT Tools
Point MT Reading MT Reading MT Reading
Reading Height
Goa
Start Left Right Left Right Start Goal Left Right
l

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
8

1.665
J1 1.645 1.645 1.645
1.625
- - - -
1.62
J2 1.61 1.61 1.61
1.6
J 1.54
1.54
J3 1.53 1.53 1.53
1.52
- - - -
1.505
J4 1.485 1.485 1.485
1.465

Table 4.4 Elongated Profile Elevation

Point Middle Tools Dista Height Height
Elevation Point
Start Goal Threat Height nce Difference Average
A B 1.355 1.46 2 0.105
0.1075 1.1075 B
B A 1.59 1.48 2 -0.11
B C 1.17 1.48 2 0.31
0.2875 1.395 C
C B 1.695 1.43 2 -0.265
C D 1.245 1.43 2 0.185
0.1425 1.5375 D
D C 1.55 1.45 2 -0.1
D E 1.31 1.45 2 0.14
0.115 1.6525 E
E D 1.51 1.42 2 -0.09
E F 1.365 1.42 2 0.055
0.04 1.6925 F
F E 1.475 1.45 2 -0.025
F G 1.45 1.45 2 0
0.0025 1.695 G
G F 1.385 1.38 2 -0.005
G H 1.38 1.38 2 0
0.025 1.72 H
H G 1.49 1.44 2 -0.05
H I 1.455 1.44 2 -0.015
0.0075 1.7275 I
I H 1.55 1.52 2 -0.03
I J 1.485 1.52 2 0.035
0.0525 1.78 J
J I 1.61 1.54 2 -0.07

Table 4.5 Transverse Profile Elevation

Point Middl Elevation
Tools Height
Goa e Distance Point
Start Height Difference Start Destination
l Threat
A1 1.545 4 0.083 0.915 A1
A 1.46 A
A2 1.545 2 0.085 0.915 A2

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
 9

A3 1.495 2 0.035 0.965 A3

A4 1.455 4 -0.005 1.005 A4
B1 1.525 4 0.045 1.0625 B1
B2 1.465 2 -0.015 1.1225 B2
B 1.48 B
B3 1.385 2 -0.095 1.2025 B3
B4 1.415 4 -0.065 1.1725 B4
C1 1.505 4 0.075 1.32 C1
C2 1.515 2 0.085 1.31 C2
C 1.43 C
C3 1.38 2 -0.05 1.445 C3
C4 1.365 4 -0.065 1.46 C4
D1 1.565 4 0.115 1.4225 D1
D2 1.48 2 0.03 1.5075 D2
D 1.45 D
D3 1.41 2 -0.04 1.5775 D3
D4 1.41 4 -0.04 1.5775 D4
E1 1.54 4 0.12 1.5325 E1
E2 1.51 2 0.09 1.5625 E2
E 1.42 E
E3 1.425 2 0.005 1.6475 E3
E4 1.385 4 -0.035 1.6875 E4
F1 1.575 4 0.125 1.5675 F1
F2 1.545 2 0.095 1.5975 F2
F 1.45 F
F3 1.435 2 -0.015 1.7075 F3
F4 1.395 4 -0.055 1.7475 F4
G1 1.465 4 0.085 1.61 G1
G2 1.475 2 0.095 1.6 G2
G 1.38 G
G3 1.34 2 -0.04 1.735 G3
G4 1.29 4 -0.09 1.785 G4
H1 1.545 4 0.105 1.615 H1
H2 1.52 2 0.08 1.64 H2
H 1.44 H
H3 1.34 2 -0.1 1.82 H3
H4 1.37 4 -0.07 1.79 H4
I1 1.6 4 0.08 1.6475 I1
I2 1.58 2 0.06 1.6675 I2
I 1.52 I
I3 1.445 2 -0.075 1.8025 I3
I4 1.43 4 -0.09 1.8175 I4

Table 4.5 Transverse Profile Elevation (continued)

Elevatio
Point Middl Height Point
Tools Distanc n
e Differenc Point
Goa Height e
Start Threat e
l
J J1 1.645 1.54 4 0.105 J 1.105 J1

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
10

J2 1.61 2 0.07 1.07 J2

J3 1.53 2 -0.01 0.99 J3
J4 1.485 4 -0.055 0.945 J4

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
 11

Fig
ure
4.1
Lo
ngi
tud
ina
l
Le
vel
ing
Pr
ofi
le

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
12

Figure 4.2 Transversal Levelling Profile A

Figure 4.3 Transversal Levelling Profile B

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
 13

Figure 4.4 Transversal Levelling Profile C

.
Figure 4.5 Transversal Levelling Profile D

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
14

Figure 4.6 Transversal Levelling Profile E

Figure 4.7 Transversal Levelling Profile F

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
 15

Figure 4.8 Transversal Levelling Profile G

Figure 4.9 Transversal Levelling Profile H

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
16

Figure 4.10 Transversal Levelling Profile I

Figure 4.10 Transversal Levelling Profile J

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
 17

Figure 4.11 Contour Map 1

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
18

Figure 4.12 Contour 2

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
 19

4.4 CONCLUSION
From the practicum the conclusions are:
a. The elevation on point A is 1 m
b. The elevation on point B is 1.1075 m
c. The elevation on point C is 1.395 m
d. The elevation on point D is 1.5375 m
e. The elevation on point E is 1.6525 m
f. The elevation on point F is 1.6925 m
g. The elevation on point G is 1.695 m
h. The elevation on point H is 1.72 m
i. The elevation on point I is 1.7275 m
j. The elevation on point J is 1.78 m

4.5 ERROR FACTOR

a. The waterpass tool was unstable
b. The distance of each point was not accurate

4.6 REFERENCE

Wongsotjtro, Soetomo. 1980,Ilmu Ukur Tanah. Yogyakarta: Kanisius

SURVEYING PRACTICUM
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY