CLASS: - CHE-11(SCME)

DATE: - 26TH SEP,2018

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB REPORT

Group Members: -
Submitted to: -
1.) SULEMAN HASAN
mam sundus gul 2.) OSAMA MASOOD

3.) ABDULLAH AHMED

4.) M. HADI SIDDIQUE

5.) M. AALISHAN TARIQ

Projectile motion: - Group B2
Projectile motion is a
form of motion experienced by an object or particle (a projectile)
that is thrown near the Earth's surface and moves along a curved path under the action of
gravity only (in particular, the effects of air resistance are assumed to be negligible).

Abstract: -
The purpose of the experiments we conducted was to investigate
different cases of projectile motion using a mini launcher, neglecting the factors of air
resistance and friction. To either find out the range, velocity, time of flight or the maximum
height attained by the projectile under different circumstances like changing the angle of
projection etc.

theory: -
There are basically six parts of the experiment as under: -

1.) To find the range of projectile at an angle Ɵ=0 ° height y = h of the launching point at a
levelled surface.

2.) To calculate error in experimental range by the use of theoretical calculation at Ɵ=30°
and height h on a levelled surface.

3.) To calculate error in range at Ɵ=−30 ° using theoretical calculation on a levelled

surface.

4.) To calculate ranges at angle Ɵ=0 ° to Ɵ=80 ° and draw a graph between range and the
angle of projection at height h on a levelled surface.

5.) To calculate ranges from Ɵ=0 ° to Ɵ=80 ° when the projectile is placed on an elevated
surface and then thrown towards the ground.

6.) To calculate the velocity of the projectile at Ɵ=0 ° , Ɵ=10° andƟ=30° when the time
of flight of projectile is calculated by photogate at a height h of the launching point on a
levelled surface.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: -

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 Following Materials are required to conduct the
Experiment: -
1.) Mini Launcher.

2.) Metallic ball 1.6mm diameter.

3.) Projectile Stand.

4.) White pages.

5.) Carbon papers.

6.) Meter rod of measuring tape.

7.) Photogate.

8.) Wooden Planks.

Formulae used: -
Formulae used are:

1.) 2nd equation of motion

2.) Formula for horizontal distance x=vi∗cosƟ∗t

3.) Formula for vertical displacement y= ½ * gt2

xexp−xth
4.) Formula for calculating %error in the calculation ∗100
xexp

Part-(1): -
To find the range of projectile at an angle Ɵ=0 ° height y
= h of the launching point at a levelled surface.

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Procedure: -
First of all align the mini launcher on the projectile stand at a
height h above the surface of operation. Then align white pages in front of the launcher on
the surface. Preferably, stick the white pages on the surface using a scotch tape. Next stick
carbon papers above the white pages using a squash tape. Next insert the metallic ball in
the mini launcher till its first click (0.5m). Now level the mini launcher at an angle Ɵ=0 °
with the surface. Measure the height of the launching point from the surface using a
measuring tape or a meter rod. Now launch the ball by pulling the string on the mini
launcher. The ball travels with a parabolic trajectory with a constant horizontal velocity Vx
and is influenced by gravity on vertical axis. The ball lands on the carbon paper, leaving a
mark on the white page. Launch the ball 3 times as mentioned above. The ball may or may
not leave the marks at the same place on the white page. Measure the horizontal distance
from launcher to the dots on the white page. This Distance is called Range of The Projectile.
The different parameters of this Experiment are noted on Table 1.1 below.

Table 1.1: -
Rangeexperimental Mean Time of Horizontal RangeTheoretical
(x) (x) Height(y) Flight (t) Velocity (x)
(Vx)
0.864m
0.858m
0.854m 0.371m 0.275s 3.1ms-1 0.854m
0.84m

Calculations: -
Now we Calculate the Range of Projectile Theoretically,

Calculate the Time of Flight by the formula: -

y= ½ * gt2

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Where we have y = 0.371m and g is the standard gravitational acceleration.

So,
1/ 2
2y
t= ( g )

Inserting the values of y and g we get t=0.275s.

As,

x
v=
t

We have x = 0.854m and t = 0.275s, Plug in the values we get

vi=3.1ms-1
Next we have,

x=vi∗cosƟ∗t

After putting values in above equation we get x=0.854m

So there is no difference between experimental and theoretical range for Ɵ = 0° .

Part-(2): -
To calculate error in experimental range by the use of
theoretical calculation at Ɵ=30° and height h on a levelled surface.

Procedure: -
First of all align the mini launcher on the projectile stand at a
height h above the surface of operation. Then align white pages in front of the launcher on
the surface. Preferably, stick the white pages on the surface using a scotch tape. Next stick
carbon papers above the white pages using a squash tape. Next insert the metallic ball in
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the mini launcher till its first click (0.5m). Now level the mini launcher at an angle Ɵ=30°
with the surface. Measure the height of the launching point from the surface using a
measuring tape or a meter rod. Now launch the ball by pulling the string on the mini
launcher. The ball travels with a parabolic trajectory with a constant horizontal velocity Vx
and is influenced by gravity on vertical axis. The ball lands on the carbon paper, leaving a
mark on the white page. Launch the ball 10 times as mentioned above. The ball may or may
not leave the marks at the same place on the white page. Measure the horizontal distance
from launcher to the dots on the white page. This Distance is called Range of The Projectile.
Calculate the mean range. Then by using 2nd equation of motion, calculate time and then the
theoretical range by the concerned formula. The different parameters of this Experiment
are noted on Table 1.2 below.

Table 1.2: -
Rangeexperimental Mean Height(y) Time of Horizontal RangeTheoretical
(x) (x) Flight (t) Velocity (x)
(Vx)
1.303m
1.303m
1.311m
1.295m
1.318m
1.3039m 0.437m 0.275s 3.1ms-1 1.27m
1.306m
1.296m
1.304m
1.305m
1.298m

calculations: -
We calculate the theoretical range below: -

First calculate the Time of Flight by using 2nd equation of motion, its simplified form for our case is:-

1 2
-yo = voSinƟ - 2 g t
Where y = 0.371m , Ɵ = 30 degrees, g is standard gravity and v = 3.1ms -1. After putting values
we get,

T = 0.275s
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Theoretical range is calculated by: - x = vicosƟ*t
After putting values above we get: - xtheoretical = 1.27m
Whereas the experimental range is 1.3039m.

xexp−xth
The %error is given by: - ∗100
xexp

After putting values in the above equation we get:-

Error= +2.6%
conclusions: -
After the calculations we see that there is +2.6%
error between the experimental range and the theoretical range. The error is

for Ɵ=30°. This is the angle of projection for the metallic ball in this part of
experiment.

Part-(3): -
To calculate error in range at Ɵ=−30 ° using theoretical
calculation on a levelled surface.

Procedure: -
First of all align the mini launcher on the projectile stand at a
height h above the surface of operation. Then align white pages in front of the launcher on
the surface. Preferably, stick the white pages on the surface using a scotch tape. Next stick
carbon papers above the white pages using a squash tape. Next insert the metallic ball in
the mini launcher till its first click (0.5m). Now level the mini launcher at an angle Ɵ=−30 °
with the surface. Measure the height of the launching point from the surface using a
measuring tape or a meter rod. Now launch the ball by pulling the string on the mini
launcher. The ball travels with a parabolic trajectory with a constant horizontal velocity Vx

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and is influenced by gravity on vertical axis. The ball lands on the carbon paper, leaving a
mark on the white page. Launch the ball 3 times as mentioned above. The ball may or may
not leave the marks at the same place on the white page. Measure the horizontal distance
from launcher to the dots on the white page. This Distance is called Range of The Projectile.
Calculate the mean range. Then by using 2nd equation of motion, calculate time and then the
theoretical range by the concerned formula. The different parameters of this Experiment
are noted on Table 1.3 below.

Table 1.3: -
Rangeexperimental Mean Height(y) Time of Horizontal RangeTheoretical
(x) (x) Flight (t) Velocity (x)
(Vx)
0.458m
0.46m 0.46m 0.437m 0.179s 3.1ms-1 0.48m
0.461m

calculations: -
We calculate the theoretical range below: -

First calculate the Time of Flight by using 2nd equation of motion, its simplified form for our case is:-

1 2
-yo= voSinƟ - 2 g t
Where y = 0.437m , Ɵ = -30 degrees, g is standard gravity and v = 3.1ms -1. After putting values
we get,

T = 0.179s
Theoretical range is calculated by: - x = vicosƟ*t
After putting values above we get: - xtheoretical = 0.48m

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Whereas the experimental range is 0.46m.

xexp−xth
The %error is given by: - ∗100
xexp

After putting values in the above equation we get:-

Error= -4.37%
conclusions: -
After the calculations we see that there is
4.37% error between the experimental range and the theoretical range. The

error is for Ɵ= -30°. This is the angle of projection for the metallic ball in
this part of experiment.

Part-(4): -
To calculate ranges at angle Ɵ=0 ° to Ɵ=80 ° and draw a
graph between range and the angle of projection at height h on a levelled
surface.

Procedure: -
First of all align the mini launcher on the projectile stand at a
height h above the surface of operation. Then align white pages in front of the launcher on
the surface. Preferably, stick the white pages on the surface using a scotch tape. Next stick
carbon papers above the white pages using a squash tape. Next insert the metallic ball in
the mini launcher till its first click (0.5m). Now level the mini launcher at an angle Ɵ=0 °
with the surface. Measure the height of the launching point from the surface using a
measuring tape or a meter rod. Now launch the ball by pulling the string on the mini
launcher. The ball travels with a parabolic trajectory with a constant horizontal velocity Vx
and is influenced by gravity on vertical axis. The ball lands on the carbon paper, leaving a
mark on the white page. Launch the ball 3 times as mentioned above. The ball may or may
not leave the marks at the same place on the white page. Measure the horizontal distance
from launcher to the dots on the white page. This Distance is called Range of The Projectile.

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Calculate the ranges till Ɵ=80. Calculate the mean range for each angle. Then plot a graph
between angle of projection and range. The different parameters of this Experiment are
noted on Table 1.4 below.

Table 1.4: -

Angle of Projection(Ɵ ) Range(Mean) Height

0 1.469m
10 1.534m
20 1.636m
30 1.667m
40 1.610m 1.05m
50 1.551m
60 1.311m
70 1.090m
80 0.600m
Graphical representation: -

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conclusions: -
After plotting the graph between range and the
angle of projection we see that the range increases from Ɵ=0 ° to Ɵ=45 ° and
then decreases when we increase the angle of projection beyond 45 degrees.

Part-(5): -
To calculate ranges from Ɵ=0 ° to Ɵ=80 ° when the
projectile is placed on an elevated surface and then thrown towards the
ground.

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Procedure: -
First of all align the mini launcher on the projectile stand at a
height h above the surface of operation. Place the mini launcher on an elevated surface
above the floor. .Then align white pages in front of the launcher on the ground. Preferably,
stick the white pages on the surface using a scotch tape. Next stick carbon papers above the
white pages using a squash tape. Next insert the metallic ball in the mini launcher till its first
click (0.5m). Now level the mini launcher at an angle Ɵ=0 ° with the surface. Measure the
height of the launching point from the surface using a measuring tape or a meter rod. Now
launch the ball by pulling the string on the mini launcher. The ball travels with a parabolic
trajectory with a constant horizontal velocity Vx and is influenced by gravity on vertical axis.
The ball lands on the carbon paper, leaving a mark on the white page. Launch the ball 3
times as mentioned above. The ball may or may not leave the marks at the same place on
the white page. Measure the horizontal distance from launcher to the dots on the white
page. This Distance is called Range of The Projectile. Calculate the ranges till Ɵ=80.
Calculate the mean range for each angle. The different parameters of this Experiment are
noted on Table 1.5 below.

Table 1.5: -
Angle of Projection(Ɵ ) Range(Mean)
0 0.173m
10 0.370m
20 0.631m
30 0.898m
40 1.002m
50 0.996m
60 0.891m
70 0.670m
80 0.401m
Graphical representation: -

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conclusions: -
After plotting the graph between range and the
angle of projection we see that the range increases from Ɵ=0 ° to Ɵ=45 ° and
then decreases when we increase the angle of projection beyond 45 degr

Part-(6): -

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 To calculate the velocity of the projectile at Ɵ=0 ° , Ɵ=10°
andƟ=30° when the time of flight of projectile is calculated by photogate at
a height h of the launching point on a levelled surface.

Procedure: -
First of all align the mini launcher on the projectile stand at a height h above the surface of
operation. Deploy the photogate on the projectile launcher. Then align white pages in front
of the launcher on the surface. Preferably, stick the white pages on the surface using a
scotch tape. Next stick carbon papers above the white pages using a squash tape. Next
insert the metallic ball in the mini launcher till its first click (0.5m). Now level the mini
launcher at an angle Ɵ=0 ° with the surface. Measure the height of the launching point
from the surface using a measuring tape or a meter rod. Now launch the ball by pulling the
string on the mini launcher. The ball travels with a parabolic trajectory with a constant
horizontal velocity Vx and is influenced by gravity on vertical axis. The ball lands on the
carbon paper, leaving a mark on the white page. Launch the ball 3 times as mentioned
above. The ball may or may not leave the marks at the same place on the white page.
Measure the horizontal distance from launcher to the dots on the white page. This Distance
is called Range of The Projectile. Calculate the ranges at Ɵ=10° and Ɵ=30°. Calculate the
mean range for each angle. The time of flight is calculated by the photogate. You have to
calculate the velocity of the projectile from the recorded data. The different parameters of
this Experiment are noted on Table 1.6 below.

Table 1.6: -
Angle of Range(Mean) Time Of Flight Velocity
Projection(Ɵ )
0 0.48m 0.0310s 15.48ms-1
10 0.72m 0.020s 14.72 ms-1
30 0.97m 0.0321s 34.9 ms-1

calculations: -

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At Ɵ=0 ° we have,

x
vicosƟ = t
Put the values of x and t for 0 degrees we get v = 15.48ms-1

At Ɵ=10° we have,

x
vi = cos 10∗t
Put the values of x and t for 10 degrees we get v = 14.72ms-1

At Ɵ=30° we have,

x
vi = cos 30∗t
Put the values of x and t for 30 degrees we get v = 14.72ms-1

Graphical representation:

Page 14 of 18
Improvements to the experiment: -
The Experiment can be improved
by: -

1.) Using a ball of medium density.

Page 15 of 18
2.) Turning the fans off during the procedure of the experiment.

3.) Use clear white pages for the detection of the landing point of the projectile.

LIMITATIONS: -
1.) Take at least 3 readings of each parameter of the experiment.

2.) The allowed error in the experimental values is +12%.

3.) All parameters must be neatly handwritten in the form of tables.

4.) After finishing the experiment all the materials must be placed back on their respective
shelves, cupboards etc and your departure from the lab must me reported to your
concerned lab technician or subject instructors.

INSTRUCTOR: -
SUNDUS GUL

THE END…

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