PAPER

BIRD FLU

Lecturer of Mentor : Desy Natalia, S.Pd, M.Pd

COMPILED BY :

1. FORDIANUS CANDY 2019.C.11A.1010

2. DAVID ELISON 2019.C.11.A.1003

YAYASAN EKA HARAP PALANGKA RAYA

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN

PROGRAM STUDI S-1 KEPERAWATAN

TAHUN AJARAN 2020/2021

1
 FOREWORD

Praise be to God Almighty so that I can complete the preparation of this paper in its form and
content which is very simple. Hopefully this paper can be used as one of the references,
instructions and guidelines for readers.

I hope this paper helps to increase knowledge and experience for readers, so that I can
improve the form and content of this paper so that in the future it can be better.

And I hope that this paper can add knowledge and experience for friends of all friends, for
the future can improve the form and add the contents of the paper to be even better.

This paper I admit there are still many shortcomings because the experience we have is very
lacking. Therefore, I expect the readers to provide constructive inputs for the perfection of this
paper.

Due to the limitations of my knowledge and, I am sure there are still many shortcomings in
this paper, therefore we really expect constructive suggestions and criticisms from readers for the
perfection of this paper.

Palangka Raya, 12 January 2021

Fordianus Candy

2
 DAFTAR CONTENT

Foreword .........................................................................................................................................2

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER I ....................................................................................................................................4

Discussion .......................................................................................................................................4

1.1 Background ...............................................................................................................................4

1.2 Problem Formulation ................................................................................................................5

1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................................6

Chapter II ........................................................................................................................................7

Discussion .......................................................................................................................................7

2.1 Understanding Bird Flu .............................................................................................................7

2.2 History of Avian Influenza Outbreak .......................................................................................9

2.3 How to cure Avian Influenza ..................................................................................................18

2.4 How to prevent Avian Influenza .............................................................................................20

Chapter III .....................................................................................................................................22

Cover .............................................................................................................................................22

3.1 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................22

3.2 Suggestions .............................................................................................................................23

Library List ...................................................................................................................................24

3
 CHAPTER I

DISCUSSION

1.1 Background

Bird flu is an acute infectious disease caused by the H5NI virus. Bird flu is very
dangerous because it causes sudden death of poultry and spreads rapidly. Chickens, ducks,
geese, turkeys, quails, wild birds, and some other animals can get bird flu infections. Bird
flu can spread to humans and cause death.

Bird flu is an infectious disease caused by influenza type A virus and transmitted by
poultry. Avian Influenza virus H5N1 in poultry is confirmed to have occurred in the
Republic of Korea, Vietnam, Japan, Thailand, Komboja, Taiwan, Laos, China, Indonesia
and Pakistan. The source of the virus is thought to have originated from bird migration and
transport of infected poultry.

Avian influenza in humans has the most dangerous level of malignancy (virulence)
among other infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and others). The mortality rate from
avian influenza is very high compared to other infectious diseases reaching 81.7% in
Indonesia. The incubation period of avian influenza in humans is very fast, which is 1-10
days. Identification of clinical signs and symptoms of avian influenza disease is beginning
with ISPA with complaints of fever (temperature ≥ 38ºC), cough, sore throat, or snot
(Ministry of Health, 2004). Sometimes most of the community considers it mediocre. The
implication is that with a very rapid time avian influenza disease spreads to various regions
across the country.

Avian influenza (bird flu) is an infectious disease that can occur in poultry and mammals
caused by type A uenza inf virus. Influenza virus type A has several subtypes characterized
by the presence of Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuramidase (N). Fl u bird virus that is currently
infected is a subtype of H5N1 that has an incubation time of 3–5 days. The virus can be
transmitted through air or contact through food, drink and touch.

4
 Patients infected with H5N1 are generally examined by clinical specimens in the form of
throat swabs and nasal fluids. For confirmation test of H5N1 virus infection, it must be done
by: (a) isolating the virus, (b) detection of H5N1 genome by Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR) method using a specific pair of primers, (c) immunosuppression test against antigen
using monoclonal antibodies against H5, (d) examination of antibody titer against H5N1,
and (e) examination by west-ern blotting method against H5-specific. For a definitive
diagnosis, one or more of the above confirmation tests must be declared positive.

Highly pathogenic birds (H5N1) were first reported in 1997, along with the H5N1 virus
outbreak in poultry in Hong Kong, with 18 people infected with H5N1 and 6 people dying
(WHO reported from January 2004 - until the end of October 2006, there were 256 human
cases and 152 deaths (CFR 59.4%) in Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, China, Iraq, Turkey,
Egypt, Djibouti, Azerbai.jan and Indonesia. Most cases are believed to be due to sporadic
transmission from poultry to humans through direct exposure to H5N1-infected chickens.

Indonesia in January 2004 was shocked by the extraordinary death of livestock chickens
(especially in Bali, Jabotabek, East Java, Central Java, and a number of other regions).
Initially the death was caused by the new castle virus, but the latest confirmation by the
Department of Agriculture was caused by avian influenza. The number of poultry that died
due to avian influenza outbreaks in 10 provinces in Indonesia is very large, namely
3,842,275 birds (4.77%).

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. What is avian influenza?

2. What is the history of the spread of avian influenza?

3. How to cure avian influenza?

4. How to prevent avian influenza?

5
1.3 Objectives

The purpose of writing this paper is as follows:

General purpose

To fulfill the course assignment "Basic Public Health Sciences"

Special purpose

1. To find out what bird flu is

2. To find out the history of avian influenza

3. To find out how to cure avian influenza

4. To find out how to prevent avian influenza

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 CHAPTER II

PEMBAHASAN

2.1 Understanding Bird Flu

Bird Flu is a dangerous disease because it can kill all poultry in the farm area. Bird Flu is
a dangerous disease because it can spread quickly to other livestock areas and throughout
the country. Bird Flu is dangerous because many types of Bird Flu can cause humans to get
sick and die. (Manual for Veterinary Paramedics, May 2005).

Avian influenza (AI) is a disease caused by influenza type A virus and transmitted
between poultry. The infectious birds are birds, ducks, chickens, and can be transmitted by
several other animals such as pigs, horses, seals, whales, and ferrets. Other data suggests the
disease can be found in quails and ostriches. The disease is transmitted from bird to bird,
but it can also be transmitted to humans. (Mulyadi, 2005).

Avian Influenza (AI), also known as fowl plague, is a zoonotic viral disease characterized
by breathing, finding digestive and nervous systems with high morbidity and mortality in
poultry species. Birds, especially waterbirds are a natural reservoir of influenza A viruses
and many species of birds, domesticated and wild, can be infected with this virus. (M.J.
Mehrabanpour et al, 2007).

Since all influenza A viruses have nucleoproteins and matrices similar to antigen
antigens, this is the preferred target of the serological method of the influenza A group.
Concentrated viral preparations containing one or both types of antigens were used in such
tests. Not all bird species develop proven trigger antibodies. Enzyme-related
immunosuppressive tests have been used to detect antibodies against influenza. Certain
types of antigens depend on specific (indirect) or competitive species testing formats.
Haemagglutination inhibitory tests have also been used in routine diagnostic serology, but
perhaps this technique may fail certain infections because haemagglutinin is a specific
subtype. (Alexander et al. 2010).

7
 Bird flu is an infectious disease in poultry species caused by influenza type A viruses of
various subtypes. Migratory waterfowl is a natural reservoir of avian influenza virus in its
gastrointestinal tract and does not cause symptoms of the disease. In other cases with
domestic birds, domestic livestock including chickens and turkeys are so vulnerable to this
virus that it causes death. Symptoms of the disease vary from mild to severe. If avian
influenza viruses with low pathogenicity repeatedly infect livestock, then it will mutate into
highly pathogenic and can be transmitted to humans which then causes an epidemic of bird
flu. (Kumala Widyasari, 2005).

Avian influenza (AI) virus type A strain H5N1 has caused great losses because it kills
millions of poultry in Indonesia up to 70% and affects the small and large-scale chicken
farming industry The virus that initially only attacks poultry has now spread to attack pigs,
dogs, cats and humans. The most feared thing for experts is that if there is an unwanted
mutation in the H5N1 virus, there will be a pandemic that will take a huge human toll
because the cure has not been found. In Indonesia, as of November 2011, there were 182
cases of positive bird flu and 150 people (82.42 %) died (Anonim, 2012). Such conditions
have made Indonesia the country with the highest risk of bird flu spread in the world. This
disease is considered very dangerous because of the risk of death of patients > 50%.
(Setiyono Agus, 2013).

Influenza A is caused by certain viruses that are members of the Orthomyxoviridae

family and are placed in the genus influenzavirus A. There are three influenza genera - A, B
and C; Only influenza viruses are known to infect birds. Diagnosis is by isolation of a virus
or by the detection and characterization of its genome fragments. This is because infection
in birds can give rise to a wide variety of clinical signs that can vary according to the host,
strains of the virus, host immunity status, the presence of secondary exacerbation organisms
and environmental conditions. (OIE Terrestrial Manual, 2015).

Influenza in humans is an acute respiratory disease caused by a viral infection of the

family orthomyxoviridae with a subtype of influenza A, B or C. Influenza viruses A and B
can cause infection in humans; Influenza A infection results in a higher risk and potentially
becoming an epidemic and pandemic. Influenza A viruses are divided into several subtypes
depending on their immunology-important glycoprotein surfaces, namely hemaglutinin

8
 (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Some glycoproteins are known as HA (Hl-H17) and NA (N
1 -N9). Influenza A viruses of all ha and NA types are found in poultry species, and are
found to be limited to some mammals. In humans, most infections are caused by the H 1 N
1, H2N2 and H3N2 viruses. (R Endang et al., 2006).

Avian influenza in humans has the most dangerous level of malignancy (virulence)
among other infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and others). The mortality rate from
avian influenza is very high compared to other infectious diseases reaching 81.7% in
Indonesia. (Budiman et al., 2008).

Avian influenza (AI) refers to the infection of birds with the bird flu virus family
Orthomyxoviridae. RNA inivirus is widespread, highly contagious and very varied. AI
viruses are most commonly recorded in waterfowl (defined for this paper as members of the
Anseriformes order - ducks, geese, and geese), which are considered to be the biological
and genetic reservoirs of all AI viruses and primordial reservoirs of all influenza viruses for
birds and mammals. (Surveillance, 2016).

2.2 History of Avian Influenza Outbreak

Since more than a century ago, several subtypes of the influenza A virus have haunted
humans. Various mutations of influenza A virus subtypes that attack humans and have
caused pandemics, so it is not surprising that global awareness of avian influenza pandemic
outbreaks is getting serious attention. Beginning in 1918 the world was shocked by a
pandemic outbreak caused by the influenza virus, which has killed more than 40,000
people, where the subtype that spread at the time was the H1N1 virus known as the
"Spanish Flu". In 1957 the world was again hit by a global outbreak caused by close
relatives of the virus that mutated into H2N2 or known as the "Asian Flu" which has
claimed 100,000 lives. In 1968, the flu virus again caused a pandemic outbreak by
converting itself to H3N2. The mutant virus known as "Hongkong Flu" has caused 700,000
deaths. (Radji Maksum, 2006).

9
 Avian influenza, otherwise known as "avian influenza", was first reported in 1878 as an
outbreak that infected chickens and birds in Italy, also known as "Lombardy Disease"
following the name of a valley area upstream of the Po river. Although in 1901 Centanini
and Savonucci successfully identified the micro-organisms that caused the disease, only in
1955 Schafer was able to show the characteristics of the organism as influensa virus A. In
the natural penjamu that became a reservoir of avian influenza virus, namely wild birds, the
infection that occurs usually takes place asymptomatic (asymptomatic) because the
influensa A virus is of a low-quality type and lives together equally with the rationers.
(Kartono Mohamad, 2016).

But lately poultry influensa gained worldwide attention when it was discovered that there
were strains (derivatives) of the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype, which may have
appeared in South China before 1997, attacking poultry livestock throughout Southeast Asia
and unexpectedly crossing the boundary between classes (Perkins daan Swayne, 2003)
when there was transmission from birds to mammals (cats, pigs, humans).

Although it is not the first occurrence, a number of cases of infection in humans lately,
which are characterized by severe symptoms and cause death have raised concerns about
the possibility of a pandemic of H5N1 strain virus infection. There is a series of evidence –
which will be discussed later – that suggests that the H5N1 virus has increased pathogenic
potential in some mammalian species. It is therefore understandable that this has raised
common concerns around the world. (IOA, 2005).

In East Asia, the epicenter of the H5N1 outbreak, its level and sophistication of
preparations for bird flu varies among the affected countries. In many cases, the
government's response and openness to its international health authorities seems to have
improved from the experience of dealing with acute severe respiratory syndrome (SARS)
outbreaks in 2003. More affluent governments have taken extensive action and have
committed to protecting national resources against the risk of pandemics. Japan and Taiwan
have reportedly accumulated supplies of antiviral drugs for human treatment and are
preparing to manufacture their own supplies. Singapore is reported to have stockpiled
antivirus for 15% of its population, increased surveillance, and drawn up detailed
contingency plans in Indonesia. WHO (World Health Organization, United Nations health

10
agency) Officials praised the drills run by South Korea that simulated how the government
would respond to the outbreak. Outbreaks in birds reported in Japan and South Korea were
then controlled and both are now considered free of disease. (Chanlett Emma, 2006).

In 1918 there was an extraordinary occurrence of virulent influenza A (H1N1) resulting

in the deaths of 20 to 40 million people. Epidemiological events occurred in 1957 (H2N2)
and 1968 (H3N2), both of which originated in Asia causing the deaths of 1 million people.
(Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins, 2012).

Table 1: Past highly pathogenic poultry influensa outbreaks in the world (Kartono
Muhammad, 2016)

Y COUNTRY AFFE Strains

ears /REGION CTED PET
POULTRY

1 Scotland 2 A/chicken/Scotla
959 groups of nd/59 (H5N1)
chickens
(reported)

1 English 29,000 A/turkey/England

963 turkeys /63 (H7N3)

1 Ontario 8,100 A/turkey/Ontario/

966 (Canada) turkeys 7732/66 (H5N9)

1 Victoria 25,000 A/chicken/Victor

976 (Australia) laying hens, ia/76 (H7N7)
17,000 broiler
chickens,
16,000 ducks

1 German 1 A/chicken/Germa
979 group of n/79 (H7N7)
600,000
chickens,80

11
 geese

1 English 3 A/turkey/England
979 turkey /199/79 (H7N7)
farming
companies
(number of
poultry
affected is not
reported)

1 Pennsylvani 17 A/atam/Pennsylv
983- a (USA)* million ania/1370/83 (H5N2)
1985 poultry in 452
groups;
mostly
chickens or
turkeys,and
some birds
and wild birds

1 Irish 800 A/turkey/Ireland/

983 broiler turkeys 1378/83 (H5N8)
die; 8640
turkeys,
28,020
chickens,
270,000 ducks
culled

1 Victoria 24,000 A/chicken/Victor

985 (Australia) broiler hens, ia/85 (H7N7)
27,000 laying
hens, 69,000

12
 broiler
chickens,
118,418
chickens of
various types

1 English 8,000 A/turkey/English/

991 turkeys 50-92/91 (H5N1)

1 Victoria(Au 12,700 A/chicken/Victor

992 stralia) broiler ia/1/92 (H7N3)
seedings,
5,700 ducks

1 Queensland 22,000 A/chicken/Queen

994 (Australia) laying hens sland/667-6/94 (H7N3)

1 Mexico* Data A/chicken/Puebla

994- on the number /8623-607/94 (H5N2)
1995 of poultry
affected does
not exist, 360
groups of
chickens are
exterminated

1 Pakistan* 3.2 A/chicken/Pakist

994 million broiler an/447/95 (H7N3)
chickens and
broiler
seeding

1 New South 128,00 A/chicken/New

997 Wales (Australia) 0 broiler South Wales/1651/97
chicken seeds, (H7N4)
33,000 broiler

13
 chickens,261
emu

1 Hong Kong 1.4 A/chicken/Hong

997 (China) million Kong/220/97 (H5N1)
chickens and
a number of
domesticated
poultry

1 Italian Appro A/chicken/Italy/3

997 ximately 30/97 (H5N2)
6,000
chickens,
turkeys,
ducks,
pigeons,
peacocks and
various wild
birds

1 Italy* 413 A/turkey/Italy/99

992- farms, about (H7N1)
2000 14 million
poultry

2 South East China, A/chicken/East

002- Asia* Hong Kong, Asia/2003-2005(H5N1)
2005 Indonesia,
Japan,
Kampuchea,
Laos,
Malaysia,
Korea,

14
 Thailand,
Vietnam, an
estimated 150
million birds

2 Chile A/chicken/Chile/
002 2002 (H7N3)

2 Netherlands Nether A/chicken/Nether

003 * lands: 255 lands/2003 (H7N7)
farms, 30
million
poultry

Belgiu
m: 8 farms, 3
million
poultry;

Germa
ny: 1 farm,
80,000 broiler
chickens

2 Canada 53 A/chicken/canada
004 (B.C.) * groups, 17 -BC/2004(H7N3)
million
chickens

2 United 6,600 A/chicken/USA-

004 States (TX) broiler TX/2004 (H5N2)
chickens

2 South 23,000 A/ostrich/Africa

004 Africa ostriches, S/ 2004(H5N2)
5000 chickens

15
 Based on WHO data in 2015 on influenza A H5N1 in humans, Indonesia is the
country with the second most cases of influenza A H5N1 in humans after Egypt. In
Indonesia, from 2005 to 13 November 2015, there were 199 cases of influenza A H5N1 in
humans and 167 of them died. The incidence of confirmed cases of influenza A H5N1 is
decreasing but there are cases every year with a high mortality rate. (WHO, 2015).

The problem in Indonesia is the lack of understanding and awareness of all levels of
society regarding bird flu and its possible risks. Only a few respondents (8.5%) who knew
the symptoms of bird flu in humans in a study conducted in Canada in 2014. The majority
of poultry traders living in Bali and Lombok have limited knowledge about the transmission
of bird flu from poultry to humans and its prevention. As many as 30% of respondents to a
study conducted in China in 2011 had a poor understanding of how influenza is transmitted
that is considered to be infected through food. High awareness of influenza is necessary to
prevent influenza pandemics. Knowledge of avian influenza is a first step that every
individual in an area with a high poultry population needs to know. This research is
important to assess the picture of public knowledge about influenza in humans in
Indramayu and Majalengka regency which is the area of H5N1 Extraordinary Event in
poultry. (Rahmah Shofia Safira et al., 2014).

Indonesia with a population of 225 million people, the number of provinces and
districts of cities that have contracted the AI H5N1 virus in poultry is in 31 of the 33
provinces that spread in 293 of the 473 regencies / cities with the heaviest attacks in Java,
following Sumatra, Bali and South Sulawesi. Especially in East Java, since 2003–2006
there were 68.42% of districts/cities contracted avian infl uenza in poultry (Depkominfo,
2006). In 2011, the East Java Livestock Service destroyed 17,139 birds with 53 cases of fl u
bird (East Java to Prevent Bird Flu, 2011).

In Indonesia there are several problems in terms of bird flu management and control,
among others, there are still shortages / free of financing, inadequate infrastructure
(including the knowledge and skills of officers, especially in the region); and the perception,

16
knowledge and concern of the general public towards fl u birds is still not the same. (Edi
Widya Sukoco Noor, 2012).

Indonesia in January 2004 was shocked by the extraordinary death of livestock

chickens (especially in Bali, Jabotabek, East Java, Central Java, and a number of other
regions). Initially the death was caused by the new castle virus, but the latest confirmation
by the Department of Agriculture was caused by avian influenza. The number of poultry
that died due to avian influenza outbreaks in 10 provinces in Indonesia is very large, namely
3,842,275 birds (4.77%). (Balitbang Ministry of Health, 2005).

The Laboratory of The Center for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research and
Development (Puslitbang BMF) at the Health Research and Development Agency
(Balitbangkes) of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia has been designated
as a national reference laboratory for the diagnosis of Bird Flu in Indonesia. Each suspected
case of bird flu infection - by definition W110 "' - is referred to Bird Flu referral hospitals
scattered throughout Indonesia. I'uslitbang 13MI: establish guidelines for the retrieval,
handling and delivery of specimens from (0) patients suspected of being infected with
Rurung Flu. Specimens taken in the form of nasal swabs and swabs of the throat are diarnbil
for 3 days in a row, which is directly sent to the RMF Puslitbang. Blood is taken on the first
day and 10- 14 days after, or when the patient will be discharged or died. ( R. sedyaningsih
Endang, et al. 2006).

Taken from the severity level or severity level, this bird flu case must be anticipated
in such a way that the case is not more widespread that can cause high unrest in the
community. In order to be able to take appropriate anticipation measures, it is necessary to
know the factors related to humans in pekanbaru city that resulted in death up to 83.3%.
With the public can be more alert to any possible transmission of this H5N1 virus. (Donald,
et al. 2011)

Who's evalusation results show that the factors that support the occurrence of avian
influenza virus infection to humans, namely the occurrence of direct contact with sick or
dead chickens, and contamination of the surrounding environment. (WHO, 2008).

17
2.3 How to cure Avian Influenza

1. Treatment of bird flu in livestock

Bird flu virus that can attack in animals is currently not known the right drug or
vaccine to treat it. The administration of drugs and vaccines is carried out more towards
prevention so as not to transmit to other animals and humans in the vicinity. Some steps
that can be taken in tackling the treatment of bird flu are as follows:

A. Biosecurity

It is also called biosecurity, which is a treatment intended to maintain biological

security for the sake of health care and minimize threats to protected individuals.
These efforts include:

1) Strictly limit the traffic of poultry or livestock, poultry products, feed, manure, fur,
and cage mats.

2) Limit the traffic of workers or people and vehicles in and out of the farm.

3) Farmers and people who want to enter the farm must wear protective clothing such
as masks, plastic glasses, t-shirts, and shoes.

4) Prevent contact between poultry and wild birds. ( Irianto, K., 2007)

B. Depopulation

Depopulation is the act of selective culling of poultry in farms infected with avian
influenza virus. This action is carried out to prevent the wider spread of the disease.
The way of extermination of poultry infected with avian influenza virus is to slaughter
all sick and healthy poultry in one cage (farm). In addition, it can also be done by
disposal, namely burning and burying dead poultry, husks and contaminated feed, as
well as contaminated materials and equipment. (Khairil A. Notodiputro, 2008).

C. Vaccination

18
 Is carried out on all types of healthy poultry in areas where bird flu virus is known.
The vaccine used is a killed vaccine that is officially from the government. (Pranata
Setia, 2011).

2. Treatment of bird flu in humans

Bird flu in humans has no cure. Although not all sufferers experience death, bird flu
remains to be watched because it is feared that this virus will undergo mutations to
become more malignant. Here are some measures to be aware of bird flu:

a. Exercise regularly, so that the physical is healthy.

b. Eat nutritious foods, in order to supply energy for optimal immune formation.

c. Consume poultry products that are completely ripe.

d. Avoid visiting farms.

e. Wash your hands frequently and avoid putting your hands on your nose and
mouth.

f. Getting used to clean living and maintaining the cleanliness of the environment.

g. Just rest.

If anyone is exposed to bird flu around us then the steps that can be taken are:

a. Don't panic, but stay alert.

b. Take the patient to the nearest doctor or hospital.

c. Report to the relevant parties, such as the Livestock Service Office or the local
Health Office for follow-up.

d. Do not excommunicate the family of the sufferer because the family of the sufferer
is not necessarily infected. In addition, there is no evidence that bird flu is
transmitted between humans. ( Irianto, K., 2007)

19
 Countermeasures at the hospital:

a. The patient is treated in isolation for 7 days (period of transmission).

b. Oxygenation, by maintaining O2 saturation > 90%

c. Hydration

d. Antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, immunomodulatory drugs

e. Symptomatic therapy for flu symptoms, such as analgetics or antipyretics,

mucolytics, decongestants. (Soejoedono, D. Retno. 2006).

2.4 How to prevent Avian Influenza

Efforts to sanitation the environment in order to prevent bird flu in the community in
District Cikupa, Curug, Pasar Kemis, and Sepatan, Tangerang Regency in 2009 in general
has been good. Some things are still relatively bad, including poultry house sanitation
(57.1%). Cases of bird flu in Tangerang Regency are still high because the purchasing power
of the community against disinfectants is still low. The average expenditure amount of the
public is generally close to the regional minimum wage (UMR) of Tangerang Regency, so
household expenses may be prioritized for basic needs. (Lestari Selfi Octaviani et al. 2010)

The medicinal plants Sambiloto (A. paniculata), Temu Ireng (C. aeruginosa L.),
Beluntas (P. indica L.), Red Betel (Piper sp.) and Fenize (F. vulgare) in general each have
the potential as a supporting ingredient (precursor) to ward off infection of the AI H5N1
virus to Vero's sustainable cells. Special Sambiloto and Temu Ireng both in a single
composition and combination is able to withstand viral infection to Vero cells until the 3rd
day after infection. (Bermawie Nurliana et al., 2013)

In general hygienic working principles such as washing hands and using personal
protective equipment when necessary are efforts that must be made by those who are in
contact with livestock. Since eggs can also be infected, the handling of eggshells and raw
eggs also needs to be considered. Who also stated, by cooking it as we have always done all

20
 along, the bird flu virus will die. There are suggestions: meat, poultry meat should be cooked
to a temperature of 700C or 800C for at least a minute. If we fry or boil chicken in the
kitchen for example, it's more than that temperature and length of cooking. It means it is safe
to consume chicken or other poultry as long as it has been cooked well. (WHO, 2010)

1. Outside Prevention

Outside prevention aims to prevent transmission from the environment so as not to

enter the body. His actions are:

A. Everyone associated with material of poultry-derived material should use a

protector.

B. Exterminate poultry affected by bird flu.

c. Farms should be kept away from housing to reduce the risk of transmission.

d. Do not consume poultry products from farms affected by bird flu outbreaks.

E. Keep a healthy lifestyle.

2. Prevention In

Prevention in doing by taking drugs and food to increase endurance.

By carrying out prevention efforts above, it is expected that we can all avoid this bird
flu disease. ( Akoso, Budi Tri. 2006).

CHAPTER III

COVER

3.1 Conclusion

21
 1. Bird flu (avian influenza/AI) is a disease caused by influenza virus type A and
transmitted between poultry. The infectious birds are birds, ducks, chickens, and can be
transmitted by several other animals such as pigs, horses, seals, whales, and ferrets. Other
data suggests the disease can be found in quails and ostriches. The disease is transmitted
from bird to bird, but it can also be transmitted to humans.

2. Avian influenza, otherwise known as "avian influenza", was first reported in 1878 as an
outbreak that infected chickens and birds in Italy, also known as "Lombardy Disease"
following the name of a valley area upstream of the Po river.

3. Bird flu in humans has no cure. Although not all sufferers experience death, bird flu
remains to be watched because it is feared that this virus will undergo mutations to
become more malignant

4. In general hygienic working principles such as washing hands and using personal
protective equipment when necessary are efforts that must be made by those who are in
contact with livestock. Since eggs can also be infected, the handling of eggshells and raw
eggs also needs to be considered. Who also stated, by cooking it as we have always done
all along, the bird flu virus will die. There are suggestions: meat, poultry meat should be
cooked to a temperature of 700C or 800C for at least a minute. If we fry or boil chicken
in the kitchen for example, it's more than that temperature and length of cooking. It
means it is safe to consume chicken or other poultry as long as it has been cooked well.

3.2 Suggestions

Realizing that the author is far from perfect, in the future the author will be more focused
and details in explaining about the paper above with more sources that of course can be
accounted for.

22
 For suggestions can contain criticism or suggestions against writing can also be to
respond to the conclusion of the discussion of the paper that has been explained. For the last
part of a handout is a library list. On other occasions I will explain about the list of paper
libraries.

LIBRARY LIST

23
 Buku Petunjuk bagi Paramedik Veteriner. 2005. Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Flu Burung
(Avian Influenza) pada Peternakan Unggas Skala Kecil.

Mulyadi B,. Prihatini. 2005. DIAGNOSIS LABORATORIK FLU BURUNG (H5N1).

M.J. Mehrabanpour et al. 2007. Pathological Findings of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
Virus A/Duck/Vietnam/12/2005 (H5N1) in Turkeys.

Alexander at al. 2010. Avian Influenza in Mexico.

Kumala Widyasari. Avian influenza : profil dan penularannya pada manusia. Oktober-
Desember 2005,Vol.24 No.4

Setiyono Agus,. Bermawie Nurliani. Potensi Tanaman Obat untuk Penanggulangan Flu
Burung: Uji In Vitro pada Sel Vero. JSV 31 (1), Juli 2013.

OIE Terrestrial Manual. Avian Influenza (Infection with avian influenza virus). 2015

R Endang, dkk. KARAKTERISTIK EPIDEMIOLOGI KASUS-KASUS FLU BURUNG DI

INDONESIA. Juli 2005 - Oktober 2006

Budiman, dkk. 2008. KAJIAN PERANAN LINGKUNGAN SEBAGAI FAKTOR RISIKO

KEJADIAN LUAR BIASA (KLB) PENYAKIT FLU BURUNG PADA MANUSIA).

Avian influenza: epidemiology and surveillance in New Zealand. Surveillance 43 (4) 2016

Maksum Radji. AVIAN INFLUENZA A (H5N1) : PATOGENESIS, PENCEGAHAN DAN

PENYEBARAN PADA MANUSIA. Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian, Vol. III, No.2, Agustus 2006,
55 - 65

Kartono Mohamad. 2016. Flu burung.

Rahma Shofia Safira dkk. 2014. Gambaran Pengetahuan Masyarakat mengenai Influenza
pada Manusia di Kabupaten Indramayu dan Majalengka sebagai Wilayah Kejadian Luar Biasa
H5N1 pada Unggas di Jawa Barat Tahun 2014.

WHO. 2015. Review of latest available evidence on potential transmission of avian

influenza (H5N1) through water and sewage and ways to reduce the risks to human health.

24
 Abidin Zainal. 2011. East Java to Prevent Bird Flu.

WHO. 2008. Clinical management of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus.

Edi Widya Sukoco Noor, dkk. 2012. PERILAKU BERISIKO PETERNAK UNGGAS DAN
KEJADIAN FLU BURUNG DI DESA MOJOTAMPING KECAMATAN BANGSAL
KABUPATEN MOJOKERTO PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR.

Balitbang depkes, 2015. Flu burung.

Donald et all. 2011. Occurrence of Disease Transmission Causes Avian Influenza at Humans
in Pekanbaru City and Pelalawan Regency

R. sedyaningsih Endang, dkk. 2006. KARAKTERISTIK EPIDEMIOLOGI KASUS-

KASUS FLU BURUNG DI INDONESIA JULI 2005 - OKTOBER 2006

Chanlett, Emma. 2006. International Efforts to Control the Spread of the Avian Influenza
(H5N1) Virus: Affected Countries’ Responses

Nelson, Rodrigo da Silva Martins. 2012. An Overview on Avian Influenza

Pranata, Setia. 2011. Vaksinisasi di Indonesia.

Khairil A. Notodiputro. 2008. Faktor populasi terhadap Penyakit Flu Burung.

Irianto, K., 2007. Mikrobiologi, Menguak Dunia Mikroorganisme Jilid I, Yrama Widya.
Jakarta.

Soejoedono, D. Retno. 2006. Flu Burung. Penerbit Swadaya : Depok.

Lestari, Selfi Octaviani dkk. Upaya Pencegahan Flu Burung Masyarakat di Kabupaten
Tangerang. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional Vol. 5, No. 2, Oktober 2010.

Bermawie, Nurliani dkk. 2010. Penanggulangan Flu Burung dengan Tanaman Obat.

WHO. 2010. Avian Influenza Disease.

Akoso, Budi Tri. 2006. Waspada Flu Burung. Penerbit Kanisius : Yogyakarta

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