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5solidificationchapter 160314074842
5solidificationchapter 160314074842
METALLURGY
2131904
Chapter
Solidification
Prepared by
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Assistant Professor,
Mechanical Engg. Dept.
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology.
Please do not blindly follow
the presentation files only, refer
it just as reference material.
More concentration should
on class room work and text
book-reference books.
Contents
• Introduction
• Solidification of Pure Metals
• Nucleation
• Homogeneous or Self Nucleation
• Heterogeneous Nucleation
• Growth of Nucleus
• Effects of Structure on Mechanical Properties
• Methods to control the grain structure resulting from
solidification
• Solidification Defects
Depends upon the volume of the • Particles formed, in the melt have
particle formed. some surface area.
• Solid-liquid phases possess a surface
• The free energy change Δ Fv per unit in between the two.
volume of metal transformed (i.e., • Such a surface has a positive free
Solidified) will be energy γ per unit area associated with it.
Mold Wall
Remedies
• Keeping the liquid temperature low,
• By adding materials to the liquid to continue with the gas and form a solid,
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Solidification Defects
• When OXYGEN gets dissolved in liquid steel during steel-making process, it
combines with carbon which is an alloying element, and carbon monoxide [CO]
gas bubbles get trapped in the steel casting.
• The dissolved oxygen can be completely eliminated if aluminum is added before
start of solidification.
• The aluminum combines with oxygen, producing solid alumina (Al2O3).
• In addition to eliminating gas porosity, the tiny Al2O3 inclusions prevent the grain
growth by pinning grain boundaries.
Remedies
The completely deoxidized steel known
as killed steel or fine grained steel'
In a partially deoxidized steel, by addition
of small amount aluminum, a rimmed
steel. is produced in which enough CO
gas precipitated to offset the solidification
shrinkage
Prof. Naman M. Dave
SOLIDIFICATION DEFECTS CAUSES REMEDIES
2. Shrinkage: • Volumetric • Adequate provision for
• Almost all materials are contraction both in evacuation of air and gas
denser in the solid state than liquid and solid state. from the mold cavity.
in the liquid state. • Poor casting design. • Increase of permeability of
• During solidification, the mould and cores Proper
materials contract, or shrink, feeding of liquid metal is
by about 2% to 7%. required
• Proper casting design
Interdendritic shrinkage: • Liquid metal may be • Fast cooling rates
unable to flow from a • Dendrites may be shorter,
riser permitting liquid to flow
• through the fine through dendritic network
dendritic network to
the solidifying metal.
• Cavity: When solidification • Extra reservoir
begins casting and shrinkage liquid metal is
occurs in bulk placed adjacent &
• Pipe: If one surface (usually connected to
top) solidifies more slowly casting
than the others
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Solidification
Defects