KIGALI INSTI

TH

FACULT
WASTEWATER FLOW ESTIMATION FOR KIST
IN 2020 AND SEWER DESIGN
1. OBJECTIVE: Wastewater quantification in KIST after 10 years
from now. Then design an adequate sewer to carry away that
quantity of wastewater.
2. METHODOLOGY:
• Interview for data collection. The persons interviewed are
:
• The deputy registrar,
• The head of the department of Architecture,
• The estate manager of KIST and
• The cleaners.
• Researches in books and on internet for design
procedure.

3. DATA RECORDING:

a) Actual student population in Science and Engineering

faculties
YEAR STUDENT
2006 2034
2007 2436
2008 2473
2009 2808
2010 2961

b) Actual number of cleaners

COMPOUND NUMBER OF
WORKERS
Kist I and Kist II 20
Kist III 25
 Kist IV 25
Canteen 50
Administration 10
block

Form these data; the actual total number of workers is 130.

c) Water readings on KIST water meters per month

Location Readings in
m3
KIST I+ KIST II 1075

KIST III + Guest house 1650

KIST IV 800

AVU+ Administration 600

Block
Canteen 780

Workshop+ Dusaidi 1000

Hostel
Academia building 40

1. MAIN SEWER DESIGN PROCEDURE:

• Computation of the total number of students in 2020:
• From the data collected in the registrar office about the
students numbers in the last 4 years (for the faculty of
Engineering and Science), predict the total population of
these faculties in 10 years using the geometric
progression method.
• According to the registrar office, the standard number of
students per class is 60 students. That’s why, in the
upcoming faculties, where no past data on students’
numbers are available; this standard will be applied to
predict the total number of population.
 In our calculations, we assume that each upcoming
faculty will have 4 departments; with a 6 years program
for the Architecture faculty and a 4 years program for the
Geoscience faculty.
• Taking into account the upcoming projects of KIST and its
master plan gotten from the interview of the Head of
Architecture faculty.
According to the Head, the upcoming projects of KIST are
as follow:
 In next year, they will begin to build compounds for
the Architecture and Geoscience faculties.
Assuming that the construction will be finished after
4 years, meaning that these buildings will be ready
in 2015, in 2020 these faculties will be have full
classes in each promotion.
 The construction of the KIST’s primary and
secondary modern schools may start in 2015
because the Rector has found a possible sponsor.
Assuming that the construction will last at least 2
years, in 2020 these schools will have 3 promotions
each with 2 classes.
 In 2020, an additional student hostel will be
available and its capacity will be of hosting 2000
students.
• Computation of the actual specific consumption for residential
and non-residential population using 2010 number of student
and actual water readings. These readings were given by the
estate manager of KIST.
• Estimate a sustainable specific consumption in 2020,
• Estimating the total volume of water consumed per unit time,
• Estimation of the quantity of wastewater generated per unit
time,
• Calculate the cross-section of the main sewer, taking into
account the standard allowable velocity (which doesn’t cause
either silting or scouring).
 I.1 CALCULATIONS
a. Student forecast
i. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences
YEAR POPULATION INCREMENT %
PER YEAR INCREMENEN
T PER YEAR
2006 2034 _
2007 2436 402 19.76401
2008 2473 37 1.518883
2009 2808 335 13.5463
2010 2961 153 5.448718
Average 10.0694783

From the table above, the average percentage increment is equal to

the growth rate (i).
By geometric progression, the forecast is done by:
Pn=P0 (1+i/100)n
Where n is the number of years to forecast. In our case n=10 years.
P0 and Pn are, respectively, actual population and forecasted
population.
Pn= 2961(1+0.100694783)10
Pn≈ 7730 students

ii. Upcoming faculties

Faculty Number of Number Number of Total
department of years per number of
s students departmen students
per class t
Architecture 4 60 6 1440
Geoscience 4 60 4 960
SUB- 2400
TOTAL1
 iii. Primary and secondary students
School Number Number of Number of Total
of classes students years
per per class
promotio
n
Primary 2 35 3 210
Secondary 2 40 3 240
SUB- 450
TOTAL2

From the calculations above, the total number of students PTSt is:
PTSt= Pn + Sub-total1 +Sub-total2
PTSt= 10580 students

b. Staff forecast
Number
Campus 460
Primary school 20
Secondary 25
Workers (cleaners) 225
TOTAL 730

The total number of persons=number of students + number of staff

=10580 + 730=11310 persons

c. Estimation of specific consumption

Referring to the amount of water actually consumed at each bloc we
came out by estimating the number of liter used per capita per day;
for residential persons we considered the case of persons living at
dusaidi hostel and for non-residential we will consider all cases in
general.
Remark: The amount read on Dusaidi meter is the excess
consumption of residential persons over non- residential persons.
As all the meters, except one of Dusaidi, are shared by the entire
population, both residential and non-residential, the specific
consumption is calculated as follows:
Total reading=1650m3+1075 m3+600 m3+780 m3+40 m3+800 m3
=4945 m3 per month
As the total number of population is 3491 (Students, staff and
workers) in 2010,
Sp. consumption= 4945/(3491x30)= 0.047216 m3/p/d
This specific consumption is for non-residential population. For
residential population, we have to add the excess from Dusaidi.
Considering that the number of students living in Dusaidi is 250:
Excess sp. cons. = 1000m3/(250x30) = 0.13333 m3/p/d
Sp. consumption for residential = 0.047216 m3/p/d + 0.13333
m3/p/d
= 0.180546 m3/p/d

In KIST, 80% of supplied water becomes wastewater; meaning that

the specific wastewater generation is:
• For non-residential population= 0.047216 m3/p/d x80% =
0.0377728 m3/p/d
• For residential population = 0.180546 m3/p/d x 80%=
0.1444368 m3/p/d
These generations are for 2010. By doing a sustainable estimation,
let the specific generation in 2020 be as follow:
 For non-residential population: 0.065 m3/p/d
 For residential population : 0.160 m3/p/d
The total quantity of wastewater generated is:
• By residential population: 2250 persons x 0.160 m3/p/d = 360
m3/day
• By non-residential population = 9060 persons x 0.65
m3/p/d=588.9 m3/day
Remark:
- Residential population=2000 students living in hostel + 250
students living at Dusaidi
 - Non-residential population=total students-residential
population

The total wastewater flow Q = 360 m3/day +588.9 m3/day = 948.9

m3/day
Q =0.010982m3/s.
Q max=2*Q average=2*0.010982=0.022
Q max= VxA; let assume the velocity all most equal to 0.5 m/s
(which is within the standard range of 0.45 and 0.9m/s) to avoid any
silting or scouring.
A=Q max/V
A= 0.022/0.5= 0.044 m2
Let assume a circular sewer, then the dimensions will be :
A=πD2/4
D= √(4A/π)= √(4 x 0.044/π)
D= 0.24 m= 240 mm
For safety let D=25 cm
Let our sewer be made in concrete and running full. Therefore the
manning’s coefficient n=0.015.
RH= D/4, where RH is the hydraulic radius.
RH= 0.25m/4 =0.0625m
V= (RH2/3 x S1/2)/ n
S= [(V x n)/ RH2/3]2
S= 0.0023
The main characteristics of our sewer are:
 Discharge Q= 0.022m3/s
 Velocity V= 0.5m/s
 Slope S=0.0023
 Diameter D= 250 mm
 Manning’s coefficient n= 0.015

II. SUB-MAIN SEWERS DESIGN

In this part we are going to design the sewers from the existing
buildings and the new buildings that are supposed to be built in
2020.

II.1 THE EXISTING BUILDINGS

The procedures followed to design the sewers for the existing
building consist of calculating the actual number of people
using the building by considering the amount of water supplied
per month dividing by the per capita per month water
consumption. Then to forecast the waste generated in 2020 we
will take the number of people using the building times the per
capita waste water generated forecasted in 2020=65l/c/d for
non-residential and 160l/c/d for those that will be
accommodated at Dusaidi; for restaurant, the number of people
will vary we calculated the number of people that will be using
the restaurant in 2020 considering the growth rate of
population of KIST which is equal to 0.100694783. In the following
cases the diameters found are to be multiplied by square root of 2
(√2) as Q max=2*Q average.

a. KIST I AND KIST II

The number of people using kIST I and KIST II =1075*1000/

(30*47.216)=759 people
The quantity of waste water generated per
day=759*65I/day=49.335m3/day=0.00057 m3/s
Q max=0.00057*2=0.00114 m3/s
Let velocity equals to 0.5m/s
Cross-sectional area=Q/V=0.00114/0.5=0.00228m2
Diameter= (4*A/(π))1/2=0.0538m=54mm
RH= D/4=0.0538/4=0.0135
V= (RH2/3 x S1/2)/ n
S= [(V x n)/ RH2/3]2=0.017
 b. KIST III AND GUEST HOUSE

The number of people using these buildings altogether=1650*1000/

(30*47.216)=1165 people
The quantity of waste water generated=1165*65/day=75.725
m3/day=0.000876 m3/s
Q max=0.000876*2=0.0018 m3/s
Let velocity equals to 0.5m/s
Cross-sectional area=Q/V=0.0018/0.5=0.0036 m2
Diameter= (4*A/(π))1/2=0.067m =67mm
RH= D/4=0.0169
V= (RH2/3 x S1/2)/ n
S= [(V x n)/ RH2/3]2=0.013

C. KIST IV

The number of people using this building=800*1000/

(30*47.216)=565 people
The quantity of waste water generated=565*65/day=36.725
m3/day=0.000425 m3/s
Q max=0.000425*2=0.00085 m3/s
Let velocity equals to 0.5m/s
Cross-sectional area=Q/V=0.00085/0.5=0.0017 m2
Diameter= (4*A/(π))1/2=0.047m =47mm
RH= D/4=0.012m
V= (RH2/3 x S1/2)/ n
S= [(V x n)/ RH2/3]2=0.021

D. AVU AND ADMINISTRATION BLOCK

The number of people using these buildings
altogether=600*1000/(30*47.216)=424 people
The quantity of waste water generated=424*65/day=27.56
m3/day=0.00032 m3/s
 Q max=0.00032*2=0.00064 m3/s
Let velocity equals to 0.5m/s
Cross-sectional area=Q/V=0.00064/0.5=0.00128 m2
Diameter= (4*A/(π))1/2=0.04m =40mm
RH= D/4=0.01m
V= (RH2/3 x S1/2)/ n
S= [(V x n)/ RH2/3]2=0.026

E. CANTEEN

The number of people using these buildings

altogether=780*1000/(30*47.216)=550 people
The quantity of waste water generated=550*65/day=35.8
m3/day=0.00041 m3/s
Q max=0.00041*2=0.00082 m3/s
Let velocity equals to 0.5m/s
Cross-sectional area=Q/V=0.00082/0.5=0.00164 m2
Diameter= (4*A/(π))1/2=0.045m =45mm
RH= D/4=0.011m
V= (RH2/3 x S1/2)/ n
S= [(V x n)/ RH2/3]2=0.022

F. DUSAIDI HOSTEL AND WORKSHOP

The number of people =250

The quantity of waste water
generated=250*160/day=40m3/day=0.00046 m3/s
Q max=0.00046*2=0.00092 m3/s
Let velocity equals to 0.5m/s
Cross-sectional area=Q/V=0.00092/0.5=0.0018 m2
Diameter= (4*A/(π))1/2=0.049m =49mm
 RH= D/4=0.012m
V= (RH2/3 x S1/2)/ n
S= [(V x n)/ RH2/3]2=0.02

G. ACADEMIA BUILDING + ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT

The number of people using these buildings

altogether=40*1000/(30*47.216)=28 people
The quantity of waste water generated=28*65/day=1.82
m3/day=0.000021m3/s
Q max=0.000021*2=0.00042m3/s
Let velocity equals to 0.5m/s
Cross-sectional area=Q/V=0.000042/0.5=0.000084 m2
Diameter= (4*A/(π))1/2=0.0103m =10.3mm
RH= D/4=0.0026
V= (RH2/3 x S1/2)/ n
S= [(V x n)/ RH2/3]2=0.16

II.2 NEW BUILDINGS

To estimate the dimensions of the sub-mains from the new

buildings; we will take the number of people that will be using the
buildings times the waste water generated per capita per
day=65I/c/d for non-residential and 160l/c/d for those who will be
accommodated in the hostel.

A. PRIMARY SCHOOL + SECONDARY SCHOOL

The number of people =530

The quantity of waste water
generated=530*65/day=34.45m3/day=0.0004 m3/s
Q max=0.0004*2=0.0008 m3/s
 Let velocity equals to 0.5m/s
Cross-sectional area=Q/V=0.0008/0.5=0.0016 m2
Diameter= (4*A/(π))1/2=0.045m =45mm
RH= D/4=0.011m
V= (RH2/3 x S1/2)/ n
S= [(V x n)/ RH2/3]2=0.022

B. GEOSCIENCE

The number of people using this building =1010 people

The quantity of waste water generated=1010*65/day=65.65
m3/day=0.00076m3/s
Q max=0.000076*2=0.00152m3/s
Let velocity equals to 0.5m/s
Cross-sectional area=Q/V=0.00152/0.5=0.003 m2
Diameter= (4*A/(π))1/2=0.062m =62mm
RH= D/4=0.0155
V= (RH2/3 x S1/2)/ n
S= [(V x n)/ RH2/3]2=0.0145

C. ARCHITECTURE

The number of people using this building =1495 people

The quantity of waste water
generated=1495*65/day=97.175m3/day=0.0011m3/s
Q max=0.0011*2=0.0022m3/s
Let velocity equals to 0.5m/s
Cross-sectional area=Q/V=0.0022/0.5=0.0045 m2
Diameter= (4*A/(π))1/2=0.075m =75mm
RH= D/4=0.0189
V= (RH2/3 x S1/2)/ n
 S= [(V x n)/ RH2/3]2=0.011

D. THE HOSTEL
The number of people using this building =2000 people
The quantity of waste water generated=2000*160/day=320
m3/day=0.0037m3/s
Q max=0.0037*2=0.0074m3/s
Let velocity equals to 0.5m/s
Cross-sectional area=Q/V=0.0074/0.5=0.015 m2
Diameter= (4*A/(π))1/2=0.138m =138mm
RH= D/4=0.034
V= (RH2/3 x S1/2)/ n
S= [(V x n)/ RH2/3]2=0.005

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

In the previous work some results that seem to be unreasonable

appeared, very small diameters occurred, however the point that
is crucial is to keep in mind that the above results were obtained
from the application of empirical formulas. For this reason where
such small diameters were obtained the suggestion is to add up
not more than 2 cm for successful sewer operation. Remember
that these additional cms are to be added up in such a way that
neither deposition nor clogging will be biased during the
operation. Errors that appeared were, as well, due to the master
plan which did not provide adequate information in terms of
wastewater quantification and sewer design as these industrious
issues were not considered in the mast plan preparation and the
number of buildings that will have been built by 2020 are not
exactly known, and this has been the main barrier to us.

As conclusion, the calculations carried out are reasonable and can

be relied on as long as the forecast done does not tremendously
fall flat.
REFERRENCE

Wastewater disposal, treatment and reuse book,

Water supply and distribution book,
Water supply and Wastewater engineering book,
KIST master plan,
Internet,
Library archive.