Theory of Plate DRDO

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Theory of Plates
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
Introduction
“When a body is bounded by surfaces, flat

in geometry, whose lateral dimensions are
large compared to the separation between
the surfaces is called a PLATE”
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Plates are initially flat structural elements
2
Introduction
Plates are subjected to transverse loads – loads

normal to its mid-surface
Transverse loads supported by combined bending
and shear action
Plates may be subjected to in-plane loading also
=> uniform stress distribution => membrane
Membrane action – in-plane loading or
pronounced curvature & slope
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Plate bending – plate’s mid-surface doesn’t
experience appreciable stretching or contraction
In-plane loads cause stretching and/or contraction
of mid-surface 3
Introduction
Plate stretching
z
Nx t Nx
x
Uniform stretching of the plate => uo
q
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Axial deformation due to transverse load
Net deformation = Algebraic sum of uniform stretching

and axial deformation due to
Ramadas bending load
Chennamsetti
4
Introduction
1 t 1
For plates - ≥ ≥
10 b 2000
Thin & thick plates –
Thin plate => t < 20b b = smallest side
Thick plate => t > 20b
t
Small deflections – w ≤
5
Thin plate theory – Kirchoff’s Classical
Plate Theory (KCPT)
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Thick plate theory – Reissner – Mindlin
Plate Theory (MPT)
5
KCPT - Assumptions
Assumptions –
Thickness is much smaller than the other physical
dimensions
vertical deflection w(x, y, z) = w(x, y)
Displacements u, v & w are small compared to
plate thickness
Governing equations are derived based on undeformed
geometry
In plane strains are small compared to unity –
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consider only linear strains
Normal stresses in transverse direction are small
compared with other stresses – neglected
6
KCPT - Assumptions
Material – linear elastic – Hooke’s law holds good

Middle surface remains unstrained during bending
– neutral surface
Normals to the middle surface before deformation
remain normal to the same surface after
deformation => doesn’t imply shear across section
is zero – transverse shear strain makes a negligible
contribution to deflections.
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Transverse shear strains are negligible
Rotary inertia is neglected
7
Sign convention
Following sign convention will be followed
z z
Mz ψz
My ψy
y
y
Mx
ψx
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x
x
Positive moments Positive rotations
8
Bending deformations
z
Bending takes
place in both planes
y
x Rotation => ψy
A
A’
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’ z
BB
A
x
B
View ‘D’ 9
Bending deformations
Deformation in ‘x’ direction
u ( x , y , z ) = − zψ y (x , y )
Deformation in ‘y’ direction
v ( x, y , z ) = − zψ x (x , y )
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Vertical deformation
w = w (x, y)
10
Strains
Assumption – out of plane shear strain -

negligible
∂u ∂w
γ xz = + =0
∂z ∂x
∂w ∂w
=> γ xz = −ψ y + = 0 => ψ y =
∂x ∂x
∂v ∂w
γ yz = + =0
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∂z ∂y
∂w ∂w
=> γ yz = −ψ x + = 0 => ψ x =
∂y ∂y 11
Strains
Non-zero strains
∂u ∂ψ ∂ w 2
ε xx = = −z
y
= −z
∂x ∂x ∂x 2
∂v ∂ψ x ∂ w
2
ε yy = = −z = −z
∂y ∂y ∂y 2
∂u ∂v ∂ w
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2
γ xy = + = −2 z
∂y ∂x ∂x∂y
12
Stresses
Thin plate – out of plane shear strains vanish – out

of plane shear stresses also vanish
τ xz = 0, τ yz = 0 z
z
τyz τxz
y x
τyz τxz
Out of plane normal stress is also assumed to be
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zero – logical – thin structure – plane stress
conditions
13
Stresses
Non-zero stress components

z σxx
σyy
σyy
τxy
τxy
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x
σxx
All three stress components, σxx, σyy, τxy – in-plane

14
Curvatures
Curvature – reciprocal of radius of bending

Rate of change of slope
z
∂w
w − dx
R dx w* ∂x
x ψy
x
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dx
∂w ∂ψ
∂ 2
w
slope = rotation = ψ y = - curvatue = =− = κ xx
y
∂x ∂x ∂x 2
15
Curvatures
Similarly bending in yz plane introduces a

curvature
∂ w 2
κ = −
∂y
yy 2
Twisting of plate
∂ w 2
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κ xy = −2
∂x∂y
16
Constitutive law
Linear elastic isotropic – Hookean material

Three stress and strain components
σ yy
Writing all three equations in
σ xx
ε xx = −υ
matrix form
E E εxx  1 −υ 0 σxx
  1 σ 
σ yy σ xx ε
 yy = −υ 1 0  yy
ε yy = −υ γ 
 xy
E

 0 0 2(1+ υ)τ 
 xy 
E E
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  
τ xy τ xy σxx 1 υ 0 εxx
2 (1 + υ )
 
γ xy = =   E 
σ
 yy = υ 1 0  
ε yy
G E τ  1−υ 0 0 1−υ γ 
2
 xy    xy17
 2 
Constitutive law
Express strains in terms of curvatures

 ∂ 2w 
 σ xx   ∂x 2 
 1 υ 0  
  Ez  ∂ 2w 
 σ yy  = − υ 1 0  
τ  1−υ 2
 1 + υ  ∂y
2

 xy  0 0  ∂ 2w 
 2  2
 ∂x∂y 
 
Variation of stresses across thickness is linear
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Basis – thin plates – plane section remain plane after
bending – variation of axial deflection is linear across
thickness – strains also vary linearly
18
Equilibrium equations
Equilibrium of an infinitesimal element

z
dx
dy
σxx
y
t τxy
x
x τxy dy
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ττ**yz
yz
σyy dx σ*yy
Forces acting on an infinitesimal
τ*xz τ*xy
element dx dy dz
τ*xy
Ramadas Chennamsetti σ*xx 19

Equilibrium in ‘x’ direction

σ *
xx dydz +τ *
zx dxdy +τ *
yx dzdx
−σ xx dydz −τ zx dxdy −τ yx dzdx = 0
 ∂ σ xx 
σ *
= σ xx + dx 
∂x
xx
 
 ∂ τ zx 
τ *
=  τ zx + dz 
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∂z
zx
 
 ∂ τ yx 
τ *
=  τ yx + dy 
∂y
yx
  20
Substitute – the following equation is

obtained
∂τ xx ∂τ xy ∂τ xz
+ + = 0 - (1)
∂x ∂y ∂z
Similarly take equilibrium in ‘y’ and ‘z’ directions
∂τ xy ∂τ yy ∂τ yz
+ + = 0 - (2)
∂x ∂y ∂z
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∂τ xz ∂τ yz ∂τ zz
+ + = 0 - (3)
∂x ∂y ∂z 21
Shear stresses
From equation (1) – shear stress τxz can be

computed
Use stress deflection/curvature relations
∂  Ez  ∂2w ∂ 2 w  ∂  Ez ∂ 2 w  ∂τ xz
−  2 + υ 2   + − + =0
∂x  1 − υ 2  ∂x ∂ y   ∂y  1 + υ ∂x∂y  ∂z
∂τ xz  Ez  ∂ w
3
∂ 3w ∂ 3w 
=  3 + υ + (1 − υ ) 
∂z 1−υ  ∂ x ∂x∂y ∂x∂y 2
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2 2

∂τ xz  Ez  ∂
=  ∇(2
w )
∂z  1 − υ  ∂x
2
Integrate this across thickness to get shear stress 22

Shear stresses
Integrate from mid plane to top surface of

z
plate z = h/2
z
0 h 2
 Ez
2
(
∂ ∇ w ) E ∂ ∇2w ( ) h 2
∫τ dτ xz = ∫
0  1 − υ 2 
 ∂x
dz =
1 − υ 2 ∂x ∫ z dz
z
xz
− τ xz =
(
E ∂ ∇ w  z2 
 
2
) h 2
1−υ 2
∂x  2  z
( )  h
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E ∂ ∇2w  2
=> −τ xz =  4 − z 
2
(
2 1−υ 2 ∂x)  
=> τ xz =
E (  z −
)
∂ ∇2w  2 h2 
 Parabolic variation
(
2 1−υ 2 ) ∂x  4  23
Moments
Moment wrt ‘y’ axis

dF xx = σ xx dz
Neutral plane dM y = zdF xx = z σ xx dz
z
Ez  ∂ 2w ∂ 2w 
σ xx =−  +υ 2 

1−υ 2  ∂x
2
∂x 
dz
Ez 2  ∂ 2 w ∂ 2w 
z => dM =− 
2 
+υ 
1 − υ  ∂x ∂y 2
y 2
σxx 
y
+h 2
dx  ∂ 2w ∂ 2w 
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E
M =−  + υ 2  ∫
 z 2
dz
dy
1−υ 2  ∂x ∂y  −h 2
y 2
x
Eh 3  ∂ 2w ∂ 2w 
=−  +υ 
M y
(
12 1 − υ 2 )  ∂x
2 2 
∂y 
24
Moments
Moment wrt ‘x’ axis

Eh 3  ∂2w ∂2w 
Mx =− 2 
υ + 
2 
12 (1 − υ )  ∂ x 2
∂y 
Neutral plane
z
Twisting moment due to shear
stress τxy
dz
τxy Eh 3 ∂2w
z
M xy =− (1 − υ )
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y 12(1 − υ )
2
∂x∂y
dx
dy Eh 3
x D =
Compare with section
12 ( 1 − υ 2
)
modulus of beam 25
Shear forces
Vertical equilibrium of
plate *
Q x dy + Q y* dx + qdxdy − Q x dy − Q y dx = 0
∂Q x
z Q = Qx +
*
dx
∂x
x
q
∂Q y
Qy = Qy +
*
dy
Q *y ∂y
Q* x
Qx
Qy y Substitute these and simplify
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dx
dy ∂Q x ∂Q y
+ = −q
x
∂x ∂y
26
Shear forces
Shear forces across thickness can be

computed by integrating shear stress across
+h 2
thickness
Q y = ∫τ
−h 2
yz dz per unit width
E ∂ (∇ 2 w )  2 h2 
τ =  z − 
2 (1 − υ 2 ) ∂y
yz
 4 
+h 2
E ∂ (∇ 2 w )  2 h2 
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Q y =
2 (1 − υ 2 ) ∂y ∫  z −
−h 2 
4 
 dz
Eh 3 ∂ (∇ 2 w ) ∂ (∇ 2 w )
Q = − = −D
12 (1 − υ ) ∂y ∂y
y 2
27
Governing equation
Similar expression for Qx

∂ (∇ 2 w )
Qx = −D
∂x
Substitute Qx and Qy in the following expression – vertical
equilibrium
∂Q x ∂Q y
+ = −q
∂x ∂y
∂ ∂  ∂  ∂
∂x

 − D
∂x
(
∇ 2
w )
 + 
 − D ∇ (
2
w ) = − q
  ∂y  ∂y 
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∂2 ∂
( ) ( )
2
q
=> ∇ 2
w + ∇ 2
w =
∂x 2 ∂y 2 D
 ∂2 ∂2
=>  2 + (
 2
 ∇ w =)q
 ∂x ∂y 2  D 28
Governing equation
Governing equation
 ∂2 ∂2
 2 q
 +  ∇ w =
 ∂ x 2
∂ y

2
D
=> ∇ ∇ w =
2 2
( )
q
D
q
=> ∇ =
4
D
∂ w
4
∂ w ∂ w
4 4
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q
+2 + =
∂x 4
∂x ∂y
2 2
∂y 4
D
Bi-harmonic equation
Compare with beam equation 29
Boundary conditions
Well posed problem – Governing equations

and boundary conditions
Three basic boundary conditions
Simply supported
Clamped and
Free edge
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Vertical deflection and their derivatives
30
Simply supported
Simply supported – for eg beam => vertical

deflection = 0 and moment = 0
Simply supported
For edge, x = const x = const
w( x, y ) = 0
 ∂2w ∂2w 
M y = − D 2 + υ 2  = 0
 ∂x ∂y 
y
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w = 0 implies second derivative in the
direction tangent to this line is zero x
∂ 2w Simply supported
= 0 y = const
∂x 2
31
Simply supported
Simply supported condition along edge y =

const
w=0
 ∂2w ∂2w 
M x = − Dυ 2 + 2 
 ∂x ∂y 
w = 0 implies second derivative in the
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direction tangent to this line is zero
∂ w2
=0
∂yChennamsetti
Ramadas
2 32
Clamped
Deflection and slope in normal directions

vanish
w=0
∂w x = constant
=0
∂x
w=0
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∂w y = constant
=0
∂y
33
Free edges
Free edge – Free from any external loads –

Natural boundary conditions
Bending moment and Shear force vanish
Bending moment
 ∂2w ∂2w 
M y = − D 2 + υ 2  = 0 at x = const
 ∂x ∂y 
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 ∂2w ∂2w 
M x = − Dυ 2 + 2  = 0 at y = const
 ∂x ∂y 
34
Free edges
Moment Mxy and shear forces

Mxy The net force acting on
dy the face
∂M xy
Mxy Q = − M xy −
'
+ M xy
∂y
x
dy
∂M xy ∂M xy
M xy + dy
Mxy ∂y => Qx' = −
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∂y
Total shear force,
Mxy ∂M xy
M xy + dy dx
dy ∂y Vx = Qx + Qx’ 35
Free edges
Total shear force,

Vx = Qx + Qx'
∂ 2 ∂ ∂ w
( )
2
=> Vx = − D ∇ w − D(1 − υ )  2 
∂x ∂x  ∂x 
 ∂3w ∂3w 
=> Vx = − D  3 + (2 − υ ) 2
 ∂x ∂x∂y 
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∂ w
3
∂w 
3
V y = − D  3 + (2 − υ ) 2 
 ∂y ∂x ∂y  36
Free edges
The forces, Vx and Vy => reduced, or

Kirchoff’s or effective shear forces
In case of a free edge,
 ∂3w ∂3w 
Vx = − D  3 + (2 − υ ) 2
= 0 at x = const
 ∂x ∂x∂y 
 ∂3w ∂3w 
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V y = − D  3 + (2 − υ ) 2  = 0 at y = const
 ∂y ∂x ∂y 
37
Bending of plates
Governing equation of plate rectangular

plate bending
∇ ∇ w =
2
(q
D
2
)
w = vertical deflection = w(x, y)
external loading, q = q(x, y)
Solution to this equation – product of two
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functions – Assume
w = w( x , y ) = F ( x )G ( y ) 38
Bending of plates
Choice of functions – algebraic,

trigonometric, hyperbolic etc or
combination of these function
Selection of a function – depends on
boundary conditions
Simply supported edges – trigonometric
function – Navier solution
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Deflection of a plate can be written as sum
of infinite trigonometric functions
39
Bending of plates
Edges, x = 0 and x = a simply supported

Vertical deflection vanish
w(x=0, y)=0, w(x=a, y)=0
Possible form of solution

y
∞
 mπ x 
F ( x ) = ∑ Fm sin  
 a  SS x x=a
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m x=0
SS
F1, F2,…….F∞ are coefficients
Symmetric loading wrt x = a/2

Maximum deflection at x = a/2 40
Bending of plates
Other edges simply supported

Vertical deflection vanish SS
y=b
w(x, y=0)=0, w(x, y=b)=0
Possible form of solution

y
∞
 nπ y 
G ( y ) = ∑ Gn sin  
 b  SS x x=a
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n
x = 0, SS
G1, G2,…….G∞ are coefficients y=0 SS
Selection of functions based on BCs

41
Bending of plates
Final solution,
∞ ∞
 mπ x   nπ y 
w( x, y ) = ∑∑ FmGn sin   sin  
m n  a   b 
∞ ∞
=> w( x, y ) = ∑∑ wmn sin α m x sin β n y
m n
mπ nπ
αm = , βn =
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a b
Coefficients, Fm, Gn and wmn computed using
Fourier Series 42
Coefficients
Any periodic function can be expanded into

a sine or cosine function using Fourier
expansion
Function of one variable
∞
mπ x
f (x ) = ∑ f m sin
m a
m 'π x mπ x m 'π x
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=> f (x )sin = f m sin sin
a a a
Integrate the above from limits 0 to a 43
Coefficients
Integration
m'πx mπx m'πx
a a
∫0 f (x)sin a dx = fm ∫0 sin a sin a dx

mπx m πx
( ) ( )
a a
fm '
f m  πx πx 
=> ∫ 2 sin sin dx = ∫ cos m − m − cos m + m'
'
 dx
2 0 a a 2 0 a a 
( ) ( )
a
 πx πx 
sin m − m'
sin m + m'
fm  
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=>  a − a

 a
(
2  π m − m' ) π
a
(
m + m' ) 
0
Lower limit vanishes, evaluate upper limit 44
Coefficients
Upper limit
πx
a
m 'π x
sin (m−m ) '
f (x )sin
fm a
∫ dx =
π
0
a 2
a
(m−m ) '
x=a
m 'π x
a
f (x )sin
fma
=> ∫ dx = for m = m '
0
a 2
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=0 for m ≠ m '
mπ x
a
f m = ∫ f (x )sin
2
dx
a 0
a
45
Coefficients
Function of variable ‘y’

∞
nπ y
g ( y ) = ∑ g n sin
n b
nπ y
'
nπ y nπ y '
=> g ( y )sin = g n sin sin
b b b
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nπ y
b
g n = ∫ g ( y )sin
2
dy
b0 b
46
Coefficients
Function of two variables

∞
 mπ
∞
x   nπ y
( )
w x, y = ∑ ∑ wmn sin   sin  
m n  a   b 
x=a x=a
 m 'π x  ∞ ∞
 nπ y   mπ x   m π x 
'
=> ∫ w( x, y )sin   dx = ∑ ∑ wmn sin   ∫ sin   sin  dx
x =0  a  m n  b  x =0  a   a 
x=a
 m 'π x  a ∞ ∞  nπ y 
∫x =0w ( x , y ) sin 
 a   dx = ∑ ∑ wmn sin  
  2 m n  b 
y =b x = a y =b
 m 'π x   n 'π y  a ∞ ∞  nπ y   n π y 
'
=> ∫ ∫ w( x, y )sin   sin  dxdy = ∑ ∑ wmn ∫ sin   sin   dy
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y =0 x =0  a   b  2 m n y =0  b   b 
y =b x = a
 m π x   nπ y 
=> wmn =
4
∫y =0 x∫=0 w ( x , y ) sin   sin  dxdy
ab  a   b 
47
Simply supported plate
Assume loading over plate

∞ ∞
mπ x nπ y
q = q ( x, y ) = ∑ ∑ qmn sin sin
m n a b
Solution
∞ ∞
mπ x nπ y
w = w( x, y ) = ∑∑ wmn sin sin
m n a b
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Governing equation
∂ w 4
∂ w ∂ w
4
q 4
+2 + =
∂x 4
∂x ∂y
2 2
∂y 4
D 48
Differentiating vertical displacement
∂ w  mπ   mπ x   nπ y 
4 ∞ ∞ 4
= ∑∑   wmn sin   sin  

∂x 4
m n  a   a   b 
∂ w  nπ   mπ x   nπ y 
4 ∞ ∞ 4
= ∑∑   wmn sin   sin 

∂y 4
m n  b   a   b 
 mπ   nπ   mπ x   nπ y 
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∂ w
4 ∞ ∞ 2 2
2 2 2 = 2∑∑     wmn sin  sin  

∂x ∂y m n  a   b   a   b 
49
Plug in governing equation

 mπ  4  mπ  2  nπ  2  nπ  4  qmn
  + 2    +   wmn =
 a   a   b   b   D
qmn
=> wmn =
2 2
4 m n 
2
Dπ  2 + 2 
a b 
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∞ ∞
 mπ x   nπ y 
w = w( x, y ) =
1 qmn
Dπ 4 ∑∑
m n m
2
sin   sin 
 a   b 

2
n 
2
 2 + 2 
 a b  50
UDL
Uniformly distributed load qo
Computation of coefficients
∞ ∞
 mπ x   nπ y 
q (x , y ) = ∑∑q mn sin   sin  
m n  a   b 
q(x, y) = qo
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mπ x nπ y
a b
q( x, y )sin
4
qmn = ∫ ∫
ab 0 0 a
sin
b
dxdy
51
UDL
Coefficients qmn
mπ x mπ y
a b
4
q mn =
ab ∫0 ∫0 q o sin a sin b dxdy
mπ x mπ y
a b
4 qo
q mn =
ab 0 ∫ sin
a
dx ∫ sin
0
b
dy
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4qo  4 ab  16 q o
=> q mn =  =
 mn π  mn π
2 2
ab
52
UDL
Vertical deflection
 m π x   nπ y 
∞ ∞
q mn sin   sin  
w = w( x , y ) = 4 ∑ ∑
1  a   b 
π D m n  m   n  
2 2 2
  +   
 a   b  
 m π x   nπ y 
sin   sin  
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∞ ∞
=> w(x, y ) = 6
16 qo  a   b 
∑
π D m n
∑ 2
 m   n  
2 2
  +   
 a   b   53
Patch load
A patch load applied over an area u x v

Centroid at (xo, yo)
∞ ∞
 mπ x   nπ y 
q ( x , y ) = ∑ ∑ q mn sin   sin   qo
m n  a   b  v
∞ ∞
 m π x   nπ y  u
=> q o = ∑ ∑ q mn sin   sin  
m n  a   b 
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Patch load
u v
xo + yo +
4qo 2 2
mπ x mπ y
q mn =
ab ∫ u
∫ v sin a sin b dxdy
xo − yo − 54
2 Ramadas
2 Chennamsetti
Patch load
Evaluating integrals
u v
xo + yo +
4 qo 2 2
mπ x mπ y
qmn =
ab ∫ u
∫ v sin a sin b dxdy
xo − yo −
2 2
u
xo +
2
mπ x 2a  mπ xo   mπ u 
∫ u sin a dx = mπ sin a  sin 2a 
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x −
o
2
16 qo  mπ xo   mπ u   nπ yo   mπ v 
=> qmn = sin   sin   sin   sin  
mn π 2
 a   2a   b   2b 
55
Patch load
Deflection
 m π x   nπ y 
∞ ∞
S mn sin   sin  
w( x , y ) = 6 ∑ ∑
16 qo  a   b 
π D m n  m  2  n  2 
mn   +   
 a   b  
where,
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 m π xo   m π u   nπ y o   mπ v 
S mn = sin   sin   sin   sin  
 a   2a   b   2b 
56
Point load
Point load
Assume the point load acts over
qo =
P P
an infinitesimal area u x v uv
Corresponding UDL P (xo, yo)

qo =
uv
From the earlier analysis
16 qo mπ xo nπ yo mπ u nπ v
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qmn = sin sin sin sin
mn π 2
a b 2a 2b
16 P mπ xo nπ y o mπ u nπ v
=> qmn = sin sin sin sin
mn uvπ 2
a b 2a 2b57
Point load
Simplifying
 mπ u  nπ v 
4P mπ xo nπ yo  sin  sin 
=> qmn = sin sin  2a  2b 
ab a b  mπ u  mπ v 
  
 2a  2b 
4P mπ xo nπ yo
=> qmn =
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sin sin
ab a b
58
Point load
Deflection due to point load
' mπ x mπ y
∞ ∞ S sin sin
w( x, y ) = 4
4P mn
π abD m m
∑∑ a b
2
 m   n  
2 2
  +   
 a   b  
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mπ xo mπ yo
S mn = sin
'
sin
a b
59
Bending & in-plane loading
Plates are subjected to in-plane loading also – in

addition to lateral / transverse loads
In-plane loading – tensile or compressive
Large in-plane compressive loads – Buckling takes
place
Buckling – non-linear phenomenon –
disproportionate increase of displacement with
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load
Critical load – ability to resist axial load ceases –
change in deformation shape
60
Bending & in-plane loading
Thin walled members – cross-sections like

‘I’, ‘L’, ‘H’, ‘C’ etc – undergo buckling –
thin plates of small widths
Combined loading of a rectangular plate –
loads
In-plane forces: Nx, Ny, Nxy and Nyx
Transverse forces / moments: Mx, My, Mxy, Myx,
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Qx and Qy
Small deformation and large deformation
61
In-plane forces
Infinitesimal element => dA = dx dy

Qx*
Nxy * Nx* θx*
θx*
dx
z θx
Nx θx
Qx
x
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In-plane loading Transverse/out-of-plane loading
For small angles => Sinθ ≈ θ and Cosθ ≈ 1

62
In-plane forces
Force equilibrium in x-direction

 ∂N x 
− N x dy cos θ x +  N x + dx dy cos θ x* − N xy dx cos θ y +
 ∂x 
 ∂N xy   ∂Qx 
 N xy + dy dx cos θ y −  Qx +
*
dx dy sin θ x*
 ∂y   ∂x 
 ∂Q y 
+ Qx dy sin θ x −  Q y + dy dx sin θ y* + Q y dx sin θ y = 0
∂y
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 
∂N x ∂N xy
=> + =0
∂x ∂y
If there are no in-plane forces – equation vanishes 63
In-plane forces
Force equilibrium in y-direction

∂N xy ∂N y
+ =0
∂x ∂y
Angle is not equal to zero, but, small
sin θ ≈ θ and cos θ ≈ 1
∂w ∂w
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θx = , θy =
∂x ∂y
64
In-plane forces
Force equilibrium in x-direction

 ∂N x 
− N x dy +  N x + dx  dy − N xy dx +
 ∂x 
 ∂N xy   ∂Q x   ∂ w ∂ 2 w 
 N xy + dy  dx −  Qx + dx  dy  + 2 dx 
 ∂y   ∂x   ∂x ∂ x 
∂w  ∂ Q y   ∂w ∂ 2 w  ∂w
+ Qx dy −  Q y + dy  dx  + 2 dy  + Q y dx =0
∂x  ∂y   ∂y ∂ y  ∂y
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Neglect higher order term s
∂N x ∂N xy No change in in-
=> + = 0 plane equilibrium
∂x ∂y 65
Ramadas Chennamsetti equations
In-plane forces
Similar expression for force equilibrium in

y-direction
Force equilibrium in z-direction
Contribution from in-plane normal forces, Nx
and Ny and shear force, Nxy
Contribution from shear force, Qx and Qy
Contribution from externally applied load, q
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66
Z-direction
∂w  ∂N x   ∂w ∂  ∂w  
− N x dy sin + Nx + dx  dy sin  +   dx 
∂x  ∂x   ∂x ∂x  ∂x  
∂w  ∂N y   ∂w ∂  ∂w  
− N y dx sin +Ny +
 dy  dx sin 
 +   dy 
∂y  ∂y   ∂y ∂y  ∂y  
∂w  ∂ N xy   ∂w ∂  ∂w  
− N xy dx sin +  N xy + dy  dx sin  +   dy 
∂x  ∂y   ∂x ∂y  ∂x  
∂w  ∂ N xy   ∂w ∂  ∂w  
− N xy dy sin +  N xy + dx  dy sin  +   dx 
∂y  ∂x   ∂y ∂x  ∂y  
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∂w  ∂Q x   ∂w ∂  ∂w  
− Q x dy cos +  Qx + dx  dy cos  +   dx 
∂x  ∂x   ∂x ∂x  ∂x  
∂w  ∂Q y   ∂w ∂  ∂w  
− Q y dx cos +  Q y + dy  cos  +   dy  + qdxdy = 0
∂y  ∂Ramadas
y  ∂y ∂y  ∂y  
 Chennamsetti 67
Z-direction
If no in-plane forces acting

∂Q x ∂Q y
+ = −q
∂x ∂y
Presence of in-plane forces
∂ 2 w ∂Q x ∂Q y
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∂ 2w ∂ 2w
Nx + 2 N xy + Ny + + +q=0
∂x 2
∂x∂y ∂y 2
∂x ∂y
68
Z-direction
Substituting Qx and Qy
∂ 2 ∂ 2
Qx = − D
∂x
( )
∇ w , Qy = − D
∂y
∇ w ( )
∂2w ∂2w ∂2w
N x 2 + 2 N xy + Ny 2
∂x ∂ x∂ y ∂y
∂  ∂  ∂  ∂
+ − D
∂x  ∂x
∇2w( )
 + 
 − D ∇ 2
(
w ) 
 + q = 0
 ∂y  ∂y
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
1  ∂ 2
w ∂ 2
w ∂ 2
w 
=> ∇ w =  N x 2 + 2 N xy
4
+ N y 2 + q 
D ∂x ∂ x∂ y ∂y  69
Plate buckling
Buckling of thin plate

1  ∂ w
2
∂ w
2
∂ w
2
∇ w = q + N x 2 + 2 N xy
4
+ Ny 2 
D ∂x ∂y∂x ∂y 
Assume, q = 0, in-plane load, Nx = N1, rest zero
∂ w
4
∂ w ∂ w Nx ∂ w
4 4 2
+2 2 2 + =
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∂x 4
∂x ∂y ∂y 4
D ∂x 2
Assume all four edges are simply supported –

Navier solution to plate bending
70
Plate buckling
Plate deflection
∞ ∞
w = w( x, y ) = ∑∑ wmn sin α m x sin β n y
m n
mπ nπ
αm = , βn = Substitute in
governing equation
a b
N1 2
α + 2α β + β − α m = 0
4 2 2 4 Characteristic
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m m n n equation
D
2
(
=> α m + β n =
2 2
)
N1 2
D
αm
71
Plate buckling
From characteristic equation

(α 2
m + β n2 )
2
=
N1 2
D
αm
2
N1  mπ   m π 
2
 nπ  
2 2
=>   =   +  
D  a    a   b  
2
Dπ a 2 2  m 2
n 
2
=> N 1 =   +   
m2   a   b  
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Dπ 2  m
2
c 2
=> N 1 = 2  + n 
b c m 
c = a / b - Aspect ratio 72
Plate buckling
Critical load – smallest value

Increase in N1 with n2 – Minimum value of
n is equal to one – buckled shape in y-
direction – single half sine wave
Dπ  m c 
2 2
N1 = 2  + 
b  c m
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N1 is a function of variable ‘m’ – for minimum value of
‘m’, differentiate N1 wrt ‘m’
73
Plate buckling
Differentiate
dN1 2π D  m c  1 c 
2
= 2  +  − 2  = 0
dm b  c m  c m 
1 c 
=>  − 2  = 0
c m 
a
=> m = c =
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Whole number
b
4 Dπ 2
∴ N1cr = 2
b
74
Plate buckling
Number of half sine waves can’t be a

whole number – it should be an integer
Equation for critical load for n = 1
Dπ
2
2
m c 
N1 = K 2 K = + 
b  c m
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Plotting ‘K’ vs aspect ratio = c = a/b
for various integer values of ‘m’
75
Plate buckling
K vs aspect ratio
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1.414 2.449
76
Plate buckling
From figure, value of ‘K’ is same as

intersection points of ‘m’ and ‘m+1’
N1 critical load at m – when load is increased, buckled
form changes from ‘m’ to ‘m+1’
Curves for m = 1 and
At transition from ‘m’ to ‘m+1’
m = 2 meet at c = √2
 m c   m +1
2 2
c  Aspect ratio less than
 +  = +  √2 => m = 1
 c m  c m +1
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=> c = m(m + 1)
2 Aspect ratio from √2
to √6, m = 2
c = m(m + 1) C>4 => K ≈ 4 77
Plate buckling
Estimation of buckling load

t = 1 cm, a = 2.3 m, b = 1 m, E = 200 GPa, υ = 0.30
Flexural modulus
D=
Et 3
=
200 ×10 × 1×10 9
( )
−2 2
= 17.96 kNm
(
12 1 − υ 2
) (
12 1 − 0.3 2
)
a 2.3
c= = = 2.3 => m = 2
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b 1
2 2
 m c   2 2.3 
=> K =  +  =  +  = 4.0786
c m   2.3 2 
78
Plate buckling
Minimum critical load

Dπ 2
Dπ 2
N1cr = K 2 = 4.086 × 2 = 73.72 MN / m
b b
N = N1cr × b = 73.72 MN
In the above expression, for a given width and elastic
properties of plate, critical load depends on ‘K’. In turn
‘K’ depends on ‘m’ for a given aspect ratio, c
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c = 2.3, m = 1, K = 7.4790 Minimum value of
m = 2, K = 4.0786 ‘K’ is considered for
estimation of Ncr
m = 3, K Ramadas
= 4.2890
Chennamsetti
79
Plate and column buckling
Uniaxial load for plate buckling

Dπ 2
N1crp = K 2
b
N1crp Dπ 2 π 2 Et 3
σ 1crp = =K 2 =K 2
t bt (
b t 12 1 − υ 2 )
K π 2E
=> σ 1crp =
( )( )
12 1 − υ 2 b 2
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t
π 2E K
=> σ 1crp = C1 , C1 =
b ( )2
(
12 1 − υ 2 )
t 80
Buckling of a column
π 2 EI
Pcr = C 2
l2
π 2 EAk 2 π 2 EA
=> Pcr = C 2 = C2
l 2
(l k )
2
Pcr π 2E
=> σ crc = = C2 2
( )
Column
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A l
k
π 2E
σ crp = C1
( )
2
Plate
b
t Chennamsetti
Ramadas
81
Critical stress for plate depends on thinness

ratio = t/b – not on the length
depends on width
More thinner plate – lesser bucking load
Critical stress in column depends on
slenderness ratio
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Longer columns – lower critical load
82
Strain energy
In thin plate theory, out-of-plane shear

stresses vanish => τxz, τyz and τzz
Stress components contributing to strain
energy => σxx, σyy and τxy
Strain energy,
Linear elastic material
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U = ∫ (σ xxε xx + σ yyε yy + τ xyγ xy ) dV
1
2V
83
Strain energy
Strain energy,
U = ∫ {σ xx σ yy τ xy }{ε xx ε yy γ xy } dV
1 T
2V
 ∂2w 
     2 
σ xx  1 υ 0 ε  1 υ 0  ∂x 
Ez    Ez   ∂ 2 w 
xx
 
σ yy  = − υ 1 0  ε yy  = − υ 1 0  2 
τ  1 − υ 2
 1 + υ   1 − υ 2
 1 + υ  ∂y 
γ
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 xy   0 0   xy   0 0 
2  2 ∂ w 
2
 2  
 ∂x∂y 
 
=> {σ } = [C ]{ε }
84
Strain energy
Strain energy,
U = ∫ {σ } {ε }dV = ∫ {ε } [C ]{ε }dV
1 T 1 T
2V 2V
 ∂ 2 w ∂2w  ∂2w 
 2 + υ 2  2 
 ∂x ∂y  ∂x 
 2 
E   ∂ w ∂ w  ∂ w 2
2 2
=> U = 2 ∫ 
+ υ 2 + 2  2 z dV
( )
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2 1 − υ V  ∂x ∂y  ∂x 
 
 ∂ w
2 2

+ 2(1 − υ )  
  ∂x∂y   85
Strain energy
Infinitesimal volume, dV = dxdydz

Carry out integration over thickness => dz
h
+
2 3
h
∫h z dz = 12
2
−
2
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
3
Eh
D=
12 1 − υ 2
( ) 86
Strain energy
Simplify
 ∂ 2 w ∂ 2 w  2 
  + 
2 

D   ∂ x ∂x 
2

U = ∫
2 A

 ∂ 2w ∂ 2w  ∂ 2w 2 
 
dxdy
 − 2 (1 − υ ) ∂ x 2 ∂ x 2 −  ∂ x ∂ y   
     
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
Strain energy – Finite Element Method – Total
potential approach
87
rd_mech@yahoo.co.in
88

Theory of Plate DRDO

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Theory of Plate DRDO

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R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

“When a body is bounded by surfaces, flat

Plates are subjected to transverse loads – loads

Net deformation = Algebraic sum of uniform stretching

Material – linear elastic – Hooke’s law holds good

Following sign convention will be followed

Positive moments Positive rotations

Deformation in ‘x’ direction

Assumption – out of plane shear strain -

Thin plate – out of plane shear strains vanish – out

Out of plane normal stress is also assumed to be

Non-zero stress components

All three stress components, σxx, σyy, τxy – in-plane

Curvature – reciprocal of radius of bending

Similarly bending in yz plane introduces a

Linear elastic isotropic – Hookean material

Express strains in terms of curvatures

Equilibrium of an infinitesimal element

Ramadas Chennamsetti σ*xx 19

Equilibrium in ‘x’ direction

Substitute – the following equation is

From equation (1) – shear stress τxz can be

Integrate this across thickness to get shear stress 22

Integrate from mid plane to top surface of

Moment wrt ‘y’ axis

Moment wrt ‘x’ axis

Shear forces across thickness can be

Similar expression for Qx

Well posed problem – Governing equations

Simply supported – for eg beam => vertical

Simply supported condition along edge y =

Deflection and slope in normal directions

Free edge – Free from any external loads –

Moment Mxy and shear forces

Total shear force,

The forces, Vx and Vy => reduced, or

Governing equation of plate rectangular

Choice of functions – algebraic,

Edges, x = 0 and x = a simply supported

Possible form of solution

Symmetric loading wrt x = a/2

Other edges simply supported

Possible form of solution

Selection of functions based on BCs

Any periodic function can be expanded into

∫0 f (x)sin a dx = fm ∫0 sin a sin a dx

Function of variable ‘y’

Function of two variables

Assume loading over plate

Differentiating vertical displacement

= ∑∑   wmn sin   sin  

= ∑∑   wmn sin   sin 

2 2 2 = 2∑∑     wmn sin  sin  

Plug in governing equation

Uniformly distributed load qo

A patch load applied over an area u x v

Corresponding UDL P (xo, yo)

Deflection due to point load

Plates are subjected to in-plane loading also – in

Thin walled members – cross-sections like

Infinitesimal element => dA = dx dy

For small angles => Sinθ ≈ θ and Cosθ ≈ 1

Force equilibrium in x-direction

Force equilibrium in y-direction