LAB : 7 LAB : Geological Map 3 – Introduction To DATE : 23rd Feb 2016

NO. TITLE True & Apparent Dip And Thickness

Of Bed
LEVEL OF OPENNESS : Level 0
CLASS : EC110 4J
NO. NAME STUDENT NO. SIGNATURE REMARK
1. Nurin Adlina Binti Mohd Roslan 2014686014
ASSESSMENT OF THE LAB ACTIVITIES
NO. ELEMENT TO ASSESS STUDENT
1
INDIVIDUAL IN-LAB ACTIVITIES
1 PUNCTUALITIY
2 DISCIPLINE (DRESS CODE,SAFETY SHOES,SAFETY
REGULATIONS)
3 KNOWLEDGE ON OPEN ENDED LABORATORY
GROUP IN-LAB ACTIVITIES
4 LEADERSHIP SKILL
5 COMMUNICATION
6 ORGANISATION/TEAMWORK
LAB REPORT
7 INTRODUCTION
8 BASIC CONCEPTS
9 SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES/ METHODS
10 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
11 DISCUSSION OF RESULT
12 CONCLUSION

LECTURER’S REMARKS:
SIGNATURE:

UiTM Pahang
Faculty
THEofREPORT
Civil MUST BE SUBMITTED 1 WEEK AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE LAB.
Engineering
ECS 253 - GEOLOGY
1.0 TITLE
Geological Map 3 – Introduction To True & Apparent Dip And Thickness Of Bed

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as Level 0) will not be
able to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and
inculcate creativity and innovation. The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the
three elements namely problem, ways & means and answers are provided/ fully given to the
students. However, it is still necessary to be implemented as part of the whole laboratory
course activity especially to first and second year students. In this laboratory activity student
will be exposed to the technique of producing the cross section profile together with the strike
line and dip direction according to the given outcrop.

1.2 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the test are:
i. To plot the cross section profile to determine the rock strata by referring to the geological
map given.
ii. To draw the dip and strike of the rock strata
iii. To calculate the vertical and true thickness of the rock strata
1.3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Dip & Strike
Dip is the angle between a horizontal plane and an inclined plane. Dip is always measured
perpendicular to strike. Dip angles range from 0° for a horizontal bed to 90° for a vertical
bed. Strike is the compass direction of line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane
and it usually expressed relative to the north.

Figure 7.1: Strike and dip direction of rock strata

On Map 3, the contour 1100 m for the geological boundary D-E coincides with the 1000 m
structure contour for boundary C-D. Thus, along this strike direction, the top of bed D is 100
m higher than its bed. This is the thickness of the bed that would be penetrated by a borehole
drilled at point X.

Vertical thickness (VT) and True thickness (T)

Vertical thickness of inclined bed is greater than the True thickness, since the True thickness
is measured perpendicular to the geological boundaries. The angle α in between T and VT is
equal to the angle of dip.

Cosine α = T/VT
Thus, T = VT cosine α
This mean the T of a bed is equal to the VT multiplied by cosine of the angle of dip.

Figure 7.2: Section showing the relationship between the vertical thickness (VT) and true
thickness (T) of a dipping bed
2.0 APPARATUS
i. Geological map 3 (Appendix 6a)
ii. Graph paper
iii. Colour pencil
iv. Ruler
v. Pencil

2.1 PROCEDURES
1. All the outcrop were coloured based on the shading code given (Appendix 6a & 4b).
2. The cross-section was plotted with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the
scale of the geological map on a piece of graph paper. The vertical scale was exaggerated to
improve visibility of the profile.
3. A line was drawn to join the line of cross-section on the map, says Y - Z.
4. On the geological map, the strike line was drawn and the points of intersection was marked
accordingly between the lines with the contours respective to its heights. The intersection line
was named.
5. The points to the cross-section profile was transferred respective to the heights of the
contours.
6. The points were joined to form the profile of the ground elevation.
7. The geological map 3 was folded to form the Y – Z cross section. The X mark which the
borehole position was located.
8. The borehole cross section on the profile of ground elevation was drawn. The vertical
thickness and true thickness of each rock bed was determined.
3.0 DATA ACQUISITION
Table 1.0 Data Profiling
Point Contour Distance Distance (m) Cumulative
From To
(cm) Distance (m)
Y 750 800 1.2 489.792 489.792
800 900 1.2 489.792 979.584
900 1000 1.1 448.976 1428.560
1000 1100 1.1 448.976 1877.536
1100 1100 1.9 775.504 2653.040
1100 1000 1.4 571.424 3224.464
1000 900 1.0 408.160 3632.624
900 800 1.0 408.160 4040.784
800 700 1.4 571.424 4612.208
700 700 1.4 571.424 5183.632
700 800 0.9 367.344 5550.976
800 850 1.0 408.16 5959.136

Z
Table 1.1 Data for Dip and Strike Value
Point Boundary Contour Distance Distance (m) Cumulative
(cm) Distance (m)
Y AB 800 2.4 979.584 979.584
800
CD 1100 1.3 530.608 1510.192
BC 1000
1000
1000
1000
CD 1100
EF 1200 1.2 489.792 1999.984
DE 1100 1.2 489.792 2489.776
CD 1000
1000
DE 1100
1100
CD 1000
1000
DE 1100
EF 1100 1.3 530.608 3020.384
1100
DE 1000 1.2 489.792 3510.176
CD 900
900
DE 1000
EF 1000 1.05 428.568 3938.744
DE 900 1.25 510.200 4448.944
CD 800
BC 700
700
CD 800
DE 900
BC 600 2.45 999.992 5448.936
600
CD 700
DE 800
4.0 DISCUSSION
After this experiment, we have achieve the objectives which are to plot the cross
section profile to determine the rock strata by referring to the geological map given, to draw
the dip and strike of the rock strata and to calculate the vertical and true thickness of the rock
strata. Table 1.0 is the data profiling where the distance of contour to contour is measured in
cm then times with the scale 1cm=408.16m. While table 1.1 is the data for dip and strike
value.
The intersection of contour line and boundary line was joined to form lines parallel to
each other. Then the graph of contour against cumulative distance was plotted. From the map,
we can measure the borehole position and hence, the borehole can be drawn on the graph.
The thickness of the borehole is 1 cm thick, which was already fixed. From the graph also,
we can find the angle dip which is 45 o. Therefore, by doing this experiment, we can plot the
cross section profile to determine the rock strata by referring to the geological map given,
draw the dip and strike of the rock strata and calculate the vertical and true thickness of the
rock strata.

5.0 CONCLUSION
As for the conclusion, by doing this experiment, we can plot the cross section profile to
determine the rock strata by referring to the geological map given, draw the dip and strike of
the rock strata and calculate the vertical and true thickness of the rock strata.

6.0 REFERENCE
1. http://www.southalabama.edu/geography/allison/GY403/LABMAN_chapt7.pdf
2. http://web.ncf.ca/aa456/sand/trueApparent/index.html
3. http://monmouth.monmoodle.co.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1153
4. http://es.ucsc.edu/~crowe/ES109/labs/strike-dip-handout.pdf