ETYMOLOGY

- The word POLITICS emanates from the word “polis” which means city state in as much as Politics historically
refers to the activities that revolve within a city state.

DEFINITION OF POLITICS

 Politics is the art or science of government, the art or science concerned with guiding or influencing
governmental policy and the art or science that is concerned with winning and holding control over a
government. Politics as the art of government, “POLITICS IS NOT A SCIENCE BUT AN ART”- Chancellor Bismarck
of Germany
 Politics may broadly refer to political actions, practices, or policies or political affairs or business; especially,
competition between competing interest groups or individuals for power and leadership.
 Laswell (1978) defines politics as an activity that generally refers to an “act of getting what, when, and how in
the government.”
 Politics is the Public allocation of values

POLITICS AS COMPROMISED AND CONSENSUS

 Politics is conducted as to the way in which decisions are made. Specifically, politics is seen as a particular means
of resolving conflict: that is by compromise, conciliation and negotiation, rather than through force and naked
power

WHY IS POLITICAL ESSENTIAL

 Government and Politics impacts nearly every aspect of our lives

Whether we like it or not, government plays a huge role in our daily lives, ranging from the amount of tax you pay for
your morning coffee, to the types of light bulbs you’re allowed to purchase.

Since we know that government impacts various choices we make, why not take the time to understand how the
process works? Who makes these laws and how do they impact me?

Having this understanding can help you determine the best course of action for yourself and your family, regarding a
wide range of issues. (Most of which are more important than your coffee and light bulbs.)

 Having knowledge of Politics helps make you an informed voter

It’s a well-known fact that many Americans don’t vote. In fact, a recent PBS news article found than even though the
polls received record voter turnout during the 2016 presidential election, these totals still only amounted to 58% of
eligible voters.1

For those who do vote, I believe it’s important to go to the polls armed with the facts. Whether you’re voting for
President or voting on a local ballot initiative, having the facts helps you make an informed decision on the issues.

This isn’t to say that it's necessary to read every newspaper article about an issue or watch every television interview
with a candidate, but doing some independents research can give you peace of mind that you’ve done your homework
prior to casting your ballot.
POLITICAL SCIENCE

 Is a social science discipline that deals with system of government and the analysis of political activity and
political behavior. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as
the determining of the distribution of power and resources.

SUB-DESCIPLINE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

 Comparative Politics

 International Policy and Economy

 International Relations

 Political Theory

 Public Administration

 Public Law

 Political Methodology

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE?

- The purpose of our major is to deepen knowledge and understanding of one of the most powerful forces
operating on people, communities and corporations today, namely government and politics in the USA and
around the world. This knowledge and understanding is valuable for all citizens.
- Political Scientists understand, interpret, explain and critically assess events, patterns and structures
of politics and government and generate observations of relevance to policy makers, their fellow citizens and
global communities.
 CHAPTER 3: POWER
POWER IS A COMPLEX CONCEPT
 The idea of power is that of being able to influence the actions or decisions of another, whether through
the use of soft power tactics or blatant coercion.
- Power ibig sabihin pumapatungkol sa impluwensiya ng tao sa isa pang tao
- You can influence hi/her emotion and decision making ability
Mahirap maunawaan ang power sapagkat ito ay komplikado at maraming mga iba’t ibang element at iba’t ibang
idea na pumapaloob dito sa konseptong ito.

(MERCHANT, 2005)
- Power is something that controls someone’s mind and action
- Power is an ability and all of us have it

ACCORDING TO ANTHONY GIDDENS

 By power is meant the ability of individuals or group to make their own concerns or interests count,
even when other resists.
- Ability to influence people just to get what he wants even it resists
- He we use his power to control this community or group for his own interest

ACCORDING TO MAX WEBER

 Power is the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his
will despite resistance, regardless of the basis on which this probability rests.

POWER MOTIVE
 Is strongest in politicians as it was considered by many psychologist.
 This means that they are obsessed with the idea of dominance over people
- Abusado and selfish
- They want a power just to dominate the people
- The idea of minority and majority

POLITICIANS STRIVE TO HAVE POWER TO IMPOSE AUTHORITY THAT IS USUALLY USED TO

SATISFY THEIR DESIRES
- We can see the concept that if you have the power, you do and get whatever you want

AUTHORITY
 Authority can make people obey the rules not because they are forced to but they see power as
a reasonable because, technically, authority means official power
- The power is legal, written and recognize that is why there are people who follows you
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POWER AND AUTHORITY

POWER IS ABILITY
AUTHORITY IS A LEGITIMATE POWER
 If in power, there is always the ability to achieve desired results but behind every act or
decision of the authority, there shall be approval of law because the law constitution always
stand behind an authority. (Lipson, 2005)
NATURE
Power- is one’s ability to influence the beliefs and actions of others
Authority- is the official right assumed by a leader to create judgement or to command

FLOW
Power- it can run at any course
- Even juniors have power over their seniors, if they can influence their behavior
- So power can run upwards, downwards or horizontally
Authority- runs downwards in the organization.
- This is because it is passed on by the seniors to the juniors
ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS
P- relationships cannot be shown in organization charts
A- relationships can be shown in the organization charts
LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT
P-does not rest on the level of management
- Power can be at any level of management
- A lower-level manager or an employee can have power to influence the behavior of the top-level
manager
A-rests on the level management.
- The more advancements in the level of management, the higher will be the authority and vice versa
LEGITIMACY
P-need not to be authorized in nature
A- constantly authorize in nature

POSITION AND PERSON

P- lives in the person who uses it
A-given to a position
- The leader acquires the authority only when he is in that position
2 KINDS OF POWER
HARD POWER

 Describes a nation or political body’s ability to use economic incentives or military strength to
influence other actors’ behaviors
- Uses military strength and uses influence to influence a person or a country
- Example: China give economic things to get their interests
SOFT POWER

 Ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal and attraction

 Non-coercive
BASE OF POWER STATED BY BAUER AND ERDOGAN (2009)
Legitimate Power

 Power that comes from one’s organizational role or position.

Reward Power

 Ability to grant a reward

Coercive Power

 Is the ability to take something away or punish someone for noncompliance

 Gumagamit ng dahas
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
-In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or
symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and
offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order.
FREEDEN, 2001

 A political ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions, exhibiting a recurring pattern,
that competes deliberately as well as unintentionally over providing plans of action for public policy
making in an attempt to justify, explain, contest, or change the social and political arrangements
and processes of a political community. The concept of ideology is subject to partly incompatible
conceptual interpretations.
ANARCHISM (the state has no right to exist and no legitimate power)

 Can be grouped around socialistic or individualistic strains. Anarchist believe that the state and
forms of compulsory government are harmful or unnecessary to people’s lives.
COMMUNISM (everything is under controlled by the government)

 Communists believe that the capitalist system is damaging to the interests of the masses, and that
workers must unite and overturn it by revolutionary means. Communists also believe in the state
ownership of all land, natural resources and industry.
CAPITALISM (the center of the country is the economy)

 Capitalism is defined as an economic system in which a country’s trade, industry, and profits are
controlled by private companies, instead of by the people whose time and labor powers those
companies.
CONSERVATISM (history, tradition ex. monarchy)

 Conservative thought is colored by the belief that over time – history has produced institutions and
modes of government that function well, and which should be largely preserved for the future well,
and which should be largely preserved for the future. They also believe that political change should
be organic and gradual, rather than revolutionary.
LIBERALISM (democracy)

 The belief in protecting the rights of the individual, to ensure their maximum freedom. There have
been shifts in liberal thought, the most prominent of which was the move from classical liberalism
(minimal role of state, unsecured liberties) to progressive liberalism in the early twentieth century.
Progressive liberals argued that civil liberties and freedoms must be safeguarded and actively
protected by the state.
SOCIALISM (equal)

 Socialist are motivated by the desire to improve the quality of life for all members of society. They
believe in a political system characterized by strong state direction in political and economic policy.
Another key idea is the redistribution of resources to redress inequalities inherent in a free-market
economy.
ENVIRONMENTALISM

 Key political concern is protecting and improving the condition of the natural environment. Many
believe there is a need for much greater regulation of humans’ interaction with the environment,
as well as aspects of our lifestyle that are environmentally unsustainable.
FEMINISM

 The belief that society and the political system is patriarchal. Feminists seek to improve the political
and, particularly, the social and economic position of women.
FASCISM (government own everything)
  A political philosophy, movement, or regime (such as that of the Fascisti) that exalts nation and
often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by
a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of
opposition.
Political Ideologies form the basis of how they view the world around them and the proper role of
government in the world