Study Guide- Unit 6 Consequences of Industrialization

6.1 Rationales for Imperialism from 1750 to 1900

Imperialism – The building of empires by taking control of other places.

Rationales

- Social Darwinism
o Some imperialists adopted ideology from Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species to explain imperialist behavior.
o Social Darwinist believed that people and countries were more or less successful based on their biological qualities. They saw
international relationships as contests in which the fittest survived.
- Spread of Religion
- French imperialists claimed that their conquests were part of a civilizing mission, mission Civilistrice in French.

6.2 State Expansion

Imperialism means the belief in and commitment to the importance of empire. During this time several industrialized nations took control of
additional territories.

- Imperialist states built on existing maritime empires.

- Settler colonialism was the most extreme form of imperialism.

Imperialist Empire in 1750 Areas of Expansion Responses

State
Britain North America, Caribbean Islands; • India
India (East India Company) • Australia and New Zealand
• Africa
• China (Hong Kong)
• Loss: 13 Colonies
• American Revolution
• Opium War
• Great Indian Rebellion
• Some indigenous elites
cooperated

France North America, Caribbean, South Asia • Africa • Armed resistance

• SE Asia • Some cooperation
• Loss: Quebec
Belgium None (state did not exist until 1839) • Central Africa (Congo) • Brutal exploitation of
labor and resources in
Congo
Japan None • Taiwan • First Sino- Japanese War
• Liaodong Peninsula (NE China) (with China)
• Korea (protectorate)
USA None (Recognized state did not exist • Caribbean • Resistance leaders:
until 1783.) • Pacific Aguinaldo, Lili’oukalani
• Philippines • Spanish- American and
• Westward expansion Philippine Wars
• American Indian Wars
• Ghost Dance
Russia Eurasia • Central Asia • War with the Ottoman
• Poland Empire
• Caucasus • Indigenous resistance,
but also cooperation
• Nationalist movements
among non-Russians
6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion from 1750 to 1900 - British investors controlled and profited from transportation
developments
India o Suez Canal in Egypt
o Port of Buenos Aires in Argentina
- Indian Rebellion of 1857 (The Great Rebellion of 1857)
- British defeated this rebellion → Crown colony

Africa 6.6 Causes of Migration from 1750-1900

- West Africa Samoury Toure led Islamist forces against the French. Effective and Efficient Transportation→ More Migration
- Ashanti Empire resisted the British → Yaa Asantewaa War.
- In the Balkans (southeastern Europe) new nation-states, such as Global Urbanization
Greece and Romania, broke away from the Ottoman Empire.
- In Africa, the Sokoto Caliphate (West Africa) and the Zulu nation Examples:
(Southern Africa) formed in resistance British Expansion.
o Italian migrants crossed the Atlantic twice a year from
Americas southern Europe to Argentina.
o Japanese laborers crossed the Pacific to work in
- The Cherokee Nation was a new state formed in response to sugarcane fields in Hawaii.
imperialism at the beginning of this period. o Lebanese business owners in the Americans.
- The Ghost Dance movement on the Great Plains used a new o Irish migrants to the UK and the USA.
religious vision to oppose cultural imperialism.
- In 1780 an Indian leader from the Andes took the name Tupac Labor
Amaru II led a bloody revolt against the Spanish Viceroy of Peru
- Coerced labor
that shook, but did not break imperialist control.
- Indentured labor
6.4 Global Economic Development from 1750-1900 - Convicts for labor

- A commodity is a raw material or primary agricultural product

that can be bought and sold in large quantities.
6.7 Effects of Migration from 1750-1900
- The primary product means that a business would do something
with the product before selling it to consumers. Gender
- Examples:
o Beef- Argentina and Uruguay - Gender imbalance→ most migrants were young males.
o Guano – islands off the coast of Peru- Fertilizer
o Cotton- Egypt and India New Communities
o Rubber- Belgian Congo (Central Africa)
- Ethnic enclaves
o Palm oil- Nigeria (West Africa)
o Chinatown
o Diamonds- South Africa
- Kimberley Diamond Strike Racial Hierarchies
o Afrikaners (Dutch settler descendants)
o Investor Cecil Rhodes-Started his own colony- - When migration from Asia into white settler states began, white
Rhodesia (Modern Day Zimbabwe and Zambia) elites in some of these states responded with racist restrictions,
- Infrastructure most prominently the Chinese Exclusion Act (US) and the White
o Railroads Australia Policy.
o Telegraphs
o Schools
o Hospitals
6.8 Causation in the Imperial Age
6.5 Economic Imperialism from 1750-1900
- Global capitalism
Political Pressure o Global Capitalism contributed to de-industrialization in
some parts of the world while supporting
- Military and political pressure from imperialist countries created industrialization in imperialist countries in Europe, the
advantages for capitalists from these countries. US, and Japan.
- Using political pressure to produce advantages for investors is a - Expanding overseas
form of economic imperialism. o The more powerful transportation and military
technologies produced by industrialization created
Consequences of Opium stronger states that then conquered other parts of the
world. These transportation technologies also made
- Opium Wars
more migration across more of the globe possible.
o Forced China to accepted British Opium, trade rights
- Violence and injustice
with numerous nations, and Hong Kong became a
o The violence and injustice of imperialism inspired
British colony.
rebellions and resistance around the world. In the
Profit Gains 1900s, these responses developed into national
independence movements that created new countries,
- American and British → copper mines Mexico and Chile especially in the years following World War Two.