Let’s create an

Introduction Section
By Ms. Astri Dwi Floranti (Ms. Flo)
NIDN. 0412059302
 What will we discuss?
01. Review
Reviewing the topic from previous meetings

02. Elements of Introduction Section

Knowing elements of Introduction section

03. Evaluating of Introduction Section

Exercising to evaluate introduction section
REVIEW!
What do you learn in
the previous meeting?
 Introduction section is the
beginning of half of the whole
paper. A bad beginning makes
a bad ending.
 Introduction Section
Writing introduction is a valuable way of
clarifying and establishing your thoughts and arguments

01 It is the initial part of a research paper read by

the readers / examiners
The function of this section:

02
It is the initial part of a • Give a good and strong argument,
It’s considered as gate / window of the paper,
research paper
aiming to give an overview of a whole paper make the readers curious, make them
to keep reading till the end

03
Avoid a vague, disorganized or error-filled
• Give some background information
introduction that can make a negative
impression. The researcher never get a second and set the context. Tell the readers
chance to make a good first impression. what they don’t know, what the
paper talks about, what they will get
 Research problem
a problem, issue, controversies, programs or concerns that someone would like to research.
The problem is anything that a person finds unsatisfactory or unsettling, a difficulty of
some sort, a state of affairs that needs to be changed, anything that is not working.

The considerations when identifying and choosing the problems:

Can We Gain Can We Find Time, Locate Study the problem if it extends
Access to People Resources, and Use Our past research or examines the
and Sites? Skills? topic more thoroughly.

Study the problem Study the problem if it will Study the problem if it gives voice
if it informs fill a gap or void in the to people silenced, not heard, or
practice existing literature rejected in society
 Novelty & Research Gap
Unsur kebaruan atau temuan
dari sebuah penelitian.
Penelitian dikatakan baik jika
menemukan unsur temuan
baru sehingga memiliki
kontribusi baik bagi keilmuan
maupun bagi kehidupan.
Rumpang penelitian adalah
hasil dari usaha dalam
mengidentifikasi celah atau
wilayah pengetahuan yang
entah kosong atau perlu diisi
dengan pemahaman atau
pengetahuan baru melalui
penelitian.
 02
Elements of
Introduction Section
Based on the guidelines of doing proposal and thesis from
STIBA, Introduction section involves:
Background of the Problem
(Latar Belakang Masalah) p. 13-23
Limitation of the Problem
(Fokus / Pembatasan Masalah)
p. 24-26

Formulation of the Problem p. 27-32

(Rumusan Masalah)

The Purpose of the Research

(Tujuan Penelitian)

Significance of Research
(Manfaat Penelitian)
 After you have identified your
research problem and determined
that it can and should be
researched, it is time to begin
writing in a background of the
problem section that introduces
your research study.
Penulisan tentang background of
the problem setidaknya 3, atau
maksimal 4 lembar saja. Kontennya
jelas, tidak ambigu, tidak melebar
dan sistematis . Perhatikan
penggunaan referensi yang
diperbolehkan (maksimal 10 tahun
terakhir)
03
Evaluating of
Introduction Section
Background of the Problem
(Latar Belakang Masalah)
By identifying these five elements, you can easily understand introductions to
research studies and write good introductions for your own research reports.

A Topic B Research Problem

C A justification
of the
D The E The
deficiencies audiences
importance of in our that will
the problem as existing benefit from
found in the knowledge a study of
past research about the the problem
and in practice problem
A brief Sample “Background of the Problem”
(Creswell, 2012:73)
Exploring the Conceptions and Misconceptions of
Teen Smoking in Problem Elements High Schools:
A Multiple Case Analysis
 A. Topic
TOPIC
The opening sentences need to encourage
readers to continue reading, to generate
interest in the study, and to provide an initial
frame of reference for understanding the
entire research topic.
Given these factors, it makes sense to start
with a broad topic related to the problem that
readers can easily understand. In this way, you
bring readers into a study slowly and
encourage them to read beyond the first page.
Tobacco use is a leading cause of cancer in American
society (McGinnis & Foefe, 1993). Although smoking
among adults has declined in recent years, it has
actually increased for adolescents. The Center for
Disease Control and Prevention reported that
smoking among high school students had risen from
27.5 percent in 1991 to 34.8 percent in 1995 (USDHHS
1996). Unless this trend is dramatically reversed, an
estimated 5 million of our nation’s children will
ultimately die a premature death (Center for Disease
Control, 1996).

Dalam contoh, topik umum berkenaan dengan ‘penggunaan tembakau’ sebagai penyebab kanker berdasarkan
riset McGinns. Masalah utama penelitian berupa ‘perokok aktif pada para remaja’. Antara topik dan masalah
utama: pembahasan masih dalam satu konteks, tidak melebar kemana-mana (fokus ke perihal rokok)
Topic: Dalam skripsi, buatlah setidaknya minimal 1-2 paragraf yang mengulas tentang topik umum
yang berkaitan dengan masalah utama penelitian.
Contoh lain yang masih berkaitan dengan penyusunan topik

BROAD TOPIC RESEARCH

PROBLEM
Explain dishonesty on campus
and the need to explore the Plagiarism of Paper on
values students learn during College
their college years.

For example, your research problem relates to plagiarism of paper in the context of college.
Then, Before exploring your research problem , you try to lead the reader for the first time
through explanation of dishonesty on campus, as plagiarism of paper is part of it. It is linked to
moral value on campus the students can get.
Tobacco use is a leading cause of
cancer in American society (McGinnis TOPIC

B. Research
& Foefe, 1993). Although smoking
among adults has declined in recent

Problem
years, it has actually increased for
adolescents. The Center for Disease
Control and Prevention reported that
smoking among high school students After stating the topic in the opening discussion, you then
had risen from 27.5 percent in 1991 to narrow the topic to a specific research problem or issue.
34.8 percent in 1995 (USDHHS 1996). Authors may present it as a single sentence or as a couple of
short sentences. Also, authors may frame the problem as a
Unless this trend is dramatically
deficiency in the literature,
reversed, an estimated 5 million of
our nation’s children will ultimately die Research
a premature death (Center for
Disease Control, 1996). problem
C. Justification of The Importance
of Study
It is not enough to state the problem
or issue. You also need to provide
several reasons that explain why this
issue is important. Justifying a research
problem means presenting reasons for
the importance of studying the issue.
This justification occurs in several
paragraphs in an introduction in which
you provide evidence to document the
need to study the problem
 Dalam menyajikan pentingnya isu penelitian,
kalian bisa menambahkan (1) hasil penelitian
dari literatur-literatur sebelumnya untuk
memberikan bukti nyata bahwa isu tersebut
telah dianalisis dari berbagai perspektif, atau;
(2) hasil survey / data statistik yang dapat
memperkuat isu penelitian; atau (3) pendapat
ahli. Nyatakan hipotesis kalian didukung
dengan bukti ilmiah
 D. Deficiencies in
what we know
You next need to summarize how our present state of knowledge is deficient.
A deficiency in the evidence means that the past literature or practical experiences of the
researchers does not adequately address the research problem. For example, deficiencies in
the research may require a need to extend the research, replicate a study, explore a topic,
lift the voices of marginalized people, or add to practice
 Setelah menyatakan poin
pentingnya isu penelitian, maka
dilanjutkan menyatakan
rumpang penelitian (research
gap). Literatur-literatur
sebelumnya belum dapat /
belum pernah ada yang
mengakomodir permasalahan
kalian. Sehingga diperlukan
suatu penelitian lanjutan /
replika penelitian dalam konteks
yang berbeda, dan lain-lain.
Penelitian kalian diharapkan
dapat mengisi rumpang
tersebut.
 E. The Audiences
Researcher (himself), practitioner, policy makers, public, etc.

The audience needs to be identified. It consists of individuals and groups who

will read and potentially benefit from the result of your research study.

This information personalizes the research so that readers can see that the
study will potentially provide meaningful information. When researchers
include comments about the importance of the study for audiences, they also
remind themselves about the need to report useful results.
 02.
Limitation of the Problem
(Pembatasan Masalah)
Limitation of the Problem:
Pembatasan ruang lingkup masalah
untuk menghindari adanya Identification
penyimpangan maupun pelebaran of the problem
pokok masalah agar penelitian (broad)
tersebut lebih terarah dan
memudahkan dalam pembahasan
sehingga tujuan penelitian akan
tercapai. Hal utama yang perlu
disajikan dalam bagian ini adalah
menegaskan atau memperjelas apa
Limitation of
yang menjadi pokok masalah.
the problem
(specific)
 A brief of research problem

What you Aim

write on
limitation of Methodology
the problem:
Subject of problem

Theory used in the study

 03.
Formulation of the
Problem
(Rumusan Masalah)
Formulation of the problem
refers to state the Penajaman
problem in a researchable permasalahan yang
manner that it becomes berbentuk
ready for scientific pertanyaan
investigation. It is stated
through questions.
Writing a Research Question:
1. Specify your specific concern or Characteristics of Good Research Questions:
issue.
2. Decide what you want to know Research questions should be
about the specific concern or capable of being investigated
issue.
3. Turn what you want to know and
the specific concern into Research questions should be
a question. unambiguous.
4. Ensure that the question is
answerable.
5. Check to make sure Research questions should be
the question is not too broad worthy of investigation
 Feasible
A feasible question is one that can be investigated with
available resources.

Feasible:
How do the students at Oceana High School obtain from
the new guidance program recently instituted in the
district?

Not so feasible:
How would achievement be affected by giving each student
his or her own laptop computer to use for a semester?
 Clear
Questions should be clear—that is, unambiguous.

How do teachers feel about special classes for the

educationally handicapped?

The first term that needs clarification is teachers. Are

teachers in both public and private schools included?
Does the term refer to teachers who do not teach
special classes as well as those who do? The choice feel
about is also ambiguous. Does it mean opinions?
emotional reactions? Does it suggest actions? or what?
 Significant
Research questions also should be worth investigating.
In essence, we need to consider whether getting the
answer to a question is worth the time and energy (and
often money).

● How might answers to this research question

advance knowledge in my field?
● How might answers to this research question
improve educational practice?
● How might answers to this research question
improve the human condition?
Are you ready to compose
the introduction section?
THANK YOU

Do you have any questions?

081-806-240-382
astri.invada@gmail.com
@triasfloranti