Defendants' Joint Supplemental Brief in Support of Motions To Procure Grand Jury Records - Filed - White Law

STATE OF MICHIGAN
CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE 7TH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT

GENESEE COUNTY
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
Plaintiff,
v.
Confidential/Non-Public Case No.
2020-113791-PX
JARROD PETER AGEN, Hon. Duncan M. Beagle
GERALD AMBROSE,
RICHARD BAIRD,
DARNELL EARLEY,
NICOLAS LYON,
NANCY PEELER,
EDEN WELLS,
RICHARD SNYDER,
HOWARD CROFT,
Defendants.
DEFENDANTS’ JOINT SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF IN SUPPORT

OF THEIR MOTIONS TO PROCURE GRAND JURY RECORDS
COME NOW, the Defendants in the above-captioned matter, by and through their
individual attorneys, and hereby jointly submit this supplemental brief in support of their motions
to procure grand jury records. By Order dated February 8, 2021, the Court set forth the procedures
by which the grand jury records in the Flint Water cases will be delivered to, and reviewed in
camera by, the Court, also setting a status hearing for June 14, 2021, so the Court can apprise the
attorneys and Defendants of the progress of the in camera inspection.
Introduction
The Defendants respectfully submit this supplemental brief to draw the Court’s attention
to the fact that the People have expressly consented to the Defendants immediately receiving all
of the grand jury testimony and exhibits. See Gov’t Response to Defendant Agen’s Motion to
Procure Grand Jury Records at 2 (“People consent to Defendant receiving all of the testimony and
other evidence gathered by the grand jury”). A copy of the People’s Response is attached hereto
as Exhibit 1 (note: the People made the same representation in their responses to several of the
other Defendants’ identical motions). Thus, there is no dispute between the parties that the grand
jury testimony and exhibits, which constitute the vast majority of the grand jury material, should
be produced to the Defendants immediately.
The Defendants respectfully request that the Court incorporate the parties’ joint position
that the grand jury testimony and exhibits should be produced to the Defendants immediately into
an Order requiring such production. As it stands, the next substantive discussion for this case is
scheduled more than four months from now on June 14, 2021, and the Honorable Elizabeth Kelly
has followed this Court’s lead to move the initial status conferences in the felony cases from
February 18, 2021 to June 24, 2021, a similar four month delay. The combined effect of these two
Court Orders is to grind the Flint Water cases to a virtual halt, notwithstanding the fact that the
People and the Defendants agree that the vast majority of the grand jury material should be
produced immediately.
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The prejudice to the parties by this substantial delay cannot be overstated. For the
Defendants, many of whom have been charged in indictments that provide absolutely no facts or
information describing what they allegedly did wrong, in direct violation of their Constitutional
and statutory rights, they are left to languish under the specter of reputation-destroying criminal
charges with virtually no avenue to challenge or assess the allegations. For the People, their efforts
to move forward on what they have called the “largest criminal investigation in Michigan’s
history” has been severely curtailed. In other words, both parties are severely prejudiced by this
procedural logjam that neither side sought or desires.
The Defendants understand and appreciate that MCR 6.107(B)(4) tasks this Court with
conducting an in camera inspection of the grand jury record and certifying “the parts of the record,
including the testimony of all grand jury witnesses that touches on the guilt or innocence of the
accused . . . .” However, MCR 6.107(B)(4), by its express terms, does not dictate the nature of the
Court’s in camera inspection. The Rule does not state that the Court must conduct a line-by-line
or fact-by-fact inspection of the grand jury record, nor does the Rule require the Court alone to
determine which parts of the record touch on the guilt or innocence of the accused. The Court can
certainly be informed by the parties’ position regarding that review and take into consideration the
fact that the People and Defendants agree that all of the grand jury testimony and exhibits should
be produced to the Defendants immediately.
That being so, the Defendants respectfully request that the Court incorporate the parties’
joint position into the Court’s analysis while conducting a general review of the grand jury record,
certify the grand jury testimony and exhibits, and Order the production of that material forthwith.
The general review suggested by the Defendants involves ensuring that all of the testimony and
exhibits were obtained through a lawful grand jury process and that no grand jury material other
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than the testimony and exhibits are produced to the Defendants at this time. By endorsing the
parties’ position, certifying the grand jury testimony and exhibits, and Ordering the production of
that material forthwith, the Court can put these important cases back on a track that will allow both
sides to pursue the justice they seek in a timely and efficient manner.
In addition, by incorporating the parties’ position and Ordering the production described
above, the Court can focus its efforts on the only grand jury production matter that is currently in
dispute between the parties; namely:
• The production of grand jury colloquies between the

prosecutors and one-person grand juror; and
• The production of any other grand jury non-testimonial/non-

evidentiary matters that took place during the grand jury
process.
This supplemental brief will focus on three points: (1) the People’s consent to produce the
grand jury testimony and exhibits; (2) the only production dispute that currently exists between
the parties regarding the grand jury colloquies and other non-testimonial/non-evidentiary matters
that took place during the grand jury process; and (3) the immediate disclosure of grand juror
procedural documentation that is not subject to grand jury secrecy rules.
I. THE PEOPLE AGREED TO THE FULL PRODUCTION OF THE GRAND JURY

TESTIMONY AND EXHIBITS
On February 3, 2021, the People expressly agreed that the Defendants should receive all of
the grand jury testimony and evidence in the Flint Water matter, stating specifically that the
“People consent to Defendant receiving all of the testimony and other evidence gathered by the
grand jury.” Gov’t Response to Defendant Agen’s Motion to Procure Grand Jury Records at 2
During telephone conversations, the People explained to defense counsel that full production of
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the grand jury testimony and exhibits would relieve the Court of the incredibly burdensome
process of reviewing the lengthy grand jury record in this matter.
The Defendants entirely agree with the People on this point. As the Court aptly noted in
its February 8, 2021 Order, forty-five people testified in the Flint water grand jury and 1,400
exhibits were received into evidence. The amount of judicial time and resources it would take to
read through that much material is substantial, an exercise that is not required by the express terms
of MCR 6.107(B)(4). But, of course, should the Court elect to take on the task of substantively
reviewing the grand jury testimony and evidence, simply reading through the material would only
be the first step.
The Court would presumably be taking on the additional extraordinary burden of having
to determine which pieces of evidence – line-by-line, fact-by-fact and exhibit-by-exhibit – “touch
on the guilt or innocence of the accused.” If the Flint Water matter were a single-defendant case
with a unique and limited number facts, then such a review may be workable. However, as the
Court well knows, the Flint Water matter involves nine Defendants, each facing differing but
oftentimes interwoven charges, relating to a years-long series of events that resulted in what the
Attorney General’s Office called the “largest criminal investigation in Michigan’s history.” The
grand jury testimony likely includes thousands of pages of transcripts and the exhibits are likely
of a similar size, creating a massive and unwieldy record.
The complexities and nuances of determining on a fact-by-fact basis which evidence
“touches upon the guilt or innocence” of nine uniquely situated Defendants cannot be overstated
– just one example may prove the point. Hypothetically, if a witness testified before the one-
person grand juror that “Defendant X” took steps to contact government officials regarding the
quality of the Flint River water, then the Court would presumably have to first determine whether
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that evidence “touched upon the guilt or innocence” of one, or more, of the accused, and secondly,
if so, which Defendants. Only then could the Court presumably rule that that single piece of
evidence should be disclosed to the Defendants or a particular subset of the Defendants. That
exercise would also presumably have to be repeated thousands of times to cover all of the facts
contained in the grand jury record, and unique determinations would need to be made with regard
to which Defendants should receive which information.
Certain Defendants are charged with involuntary manslaughter, others are charged with
willful neglect of duty, still others are charged with perjury, among other charges. The alleged
unlawful acts are also alleged to have occurred at various times over the course of multiple years.
Some of the Defendants had no contact with the other Defendants, only learning of each other’s
existence through the issuance of the instant criminal charges. The complexities and nuances of
such an analysis could literally be endless.
Further compounding the difficulty for the Court is the fact that the Court does not have
the benefit of months, and in many instances years, of experience examining and scrutinizing the
facts relating to the Flint Water crisis. Both the People and many of the Defendants and their
lawyers have spent countless hours delving into every aspect of this matter. Nearly all of the
Defendants are currently, or have been in the past, party to five years of large-scale civil litigation
surrounding the Flint water crisis. That civil litigation, alone, has produced nearly 55,000 pages
of briefing filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The
Defendants respectfully submit that the parties’ ability to inform the Court regarding the proper
disclosure of the grand jury record may be greater than the Court’s ability to make that
determination simply as a function of how much more time the parties have had to digest and
analyze this matter.
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The Defendants liken this exercise to a Brady inquiry. Defense counsel is oftentimes in
the best position to determine what evidence is exculpatory or not. The Court and People are
oftentimes not apprised of what the defense may assert at trial to counter the government’s case.
On its face, to the Court, certain evidence may seem innocuous or even irrelevant, but to the
defense, such evidence may have incredibly important meaning given the defenses the accused
intends to assert at trial. It may be difficult, if not impossible, for the Court to properly assess the
grand jury record because the Court will not have the benefit of the potential defenses that may be
asserted at trial in this incredibly complex matter. See United States v Safavian, 233 FRD 12, 16
(2005), reconsideration denied, 233 FRD 205, 206-07 (DDC 2006); see also United States v Olsen,
704 F3d 1172, 1183 (9th Cir 2013) ("A trial prosecutor's speculative prediction about the likely
materiality of favorable evidence, however, should not limit the disclosure of such evidence,
because it is just too difficult to analyze before trial whether particular evidence ultimately will
prove to be 'material' after trial.") (citing United States v Agurs, 427 US 97, 108 (1976) and United
States v Price, 566 F3d 900, 907 (9th Cir 2009)).
The Defendants respectfully submit that the People are also in a better position than the
Court to determine which testimony and evidence should be disclosed to the Defendants. The
People have had the benefit of the entire grand jury record since the inception of their investigation.
They investigated the matter, interviewed the witnesses, amassed the exhibits, and put together the
grand jury presentation. They have had more than one year since the one-person grand juror
process commenced to review, analyze, and assess the evidence. With all of that experience and
background, and upon due consideration, the People concluded on February 3, 2021, that all of the
testimony and evidence should be produced to all of the Defendants immediately. See Gov’t
Response to Agen’s Motion to Procure Grand Jury Records at 2.
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The Defendants respectfully submit that the People’s assessment should be given great
weight in this particular circumstance. For this Court to attempt to parse through the lengthy grand
jury record without the same benefit of years of background and experience in the “largest criminal
investigation in Michigan’s history,” and to do so without any knowledge of, or context for, the
various defenses that may be asserted by the Defendants at trial imposes an overwhelming and
virtually impossible task on an already strained judiciary given the unique circumstances created
by the COVID-19 pandemic.
By making this request, the Defendants in no way mean to suggest that the Court could not
perform this herculean task. Rather, the Defendants only suggest that the Court take into account
its judicial resources and the other factors described above when considering the Defendants’
request. Moreover, to be certain, the Defendants have a strong interest in receiving the grand jury
testimony and exhibits as quickly as possible. The indictments have brought an incredible amount
of negative public attention and scrutiny to the Defendants. Many of the indictments provide only
the barest of allegations, failing in many cases to provide any facts or context to support the charges
alleged. Indeed, certain Defendants have moved to dismiss their indictments on the ground that
the indictments fail to provide Constitutionally adequate notice of the charges, and other
Defendants intend to present similar challenges to the government’s case.
The grand jury record should provide at least some meaning and context to the charges,
possibly providing the Defendants with their only insight into what they are alleged to have done
wrong. As it stands, pursuant to the Court’s Order, the Defendants may only first learn on June
14, 2021, when it will be at some undetermined point in the future that they will actually learn
what they are alleged to have done wrong. Six months or more may pass before the People’s
allegations are given any meaning or context – all the while the Defendants continue to languish
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under the specter of reputation-destroying indictments that they cannot fully challenge or
investigate.
In sum, given that the People have expressly agreed that the Defendants should receive all
of the grand jury testimony and exhibits, meaning there is no dispute among the parties on this
important point, the Defendants respectfully request that the Court conduct a general review of the
grand jury record, and Order all of the grand jury testimony and exhibits produced to the
Defendants forthwith on a rolling basis, starting immediately with all of the testimony that has
already been transcribed and all of the exhibits. As additional testimony is transcribed, those
transcripts should be produced on a weekly basis, or in such a time frame that the Court deems
reasonable.
II. THE COURT SHOULD FOCUS ITS LIMITED RESOURCES ON THE ONLY
MATTER THAT IS DISPUTED BETWEEN THE PARTIES: COLLOQUIES AND
OTHER NON-TESTIMONIAL/NON-EVIDENTIARY MATTERS
Unlike the parties’ joint position regarding the production of grand jury testimony and
exhibits, the government refused to consent to the production of the grand jury colloquies between
the prosecutors and one-person grand juror, and seemingly any other non-testimonial/non-
evidentiary matters occurring before the one-person grand juror. The Defendants respectfully
submit that the Court’s limited time and resources would be far better devoted to reviewing and
settling this important dispute than pouring over what is likely thousands of pages of testimony
and exhibits that the parties have already agreed should be produced to the Defendants.
With regard to the disputed material, the People assert that the Defendants are not entitled
to:
(1) Discussions between the prosecutor and one-person grand

juror;
(2) How the one-person grand juror was selected; and

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(3) Seemingly all other non-testimonial/non-evidentiary
colloquies with, or information submitted to, the one-person
grand juror.
See Gov’t Response to Agen’s Motion to Procure Grand Jury Records at 2 (note: the People made
similar assertions in their responses to several of the other Defendants’ motions to procure grand
jury records).
The government also asserts that they are “unaware of any authority” that stands for the
proposition that the Defendants are entitled to such information. See Id. The government is wrong.
Fundamental due process, the Michigan Criminal Rules, and case precedent from throughout the
nation dictate that the Defendants should receive all grand jury matters that touch upon guilt or
innocence whether testimonial/evidentiary or not, including especially instances of grand jury
prosecutorial negligence or intentional misconduct.
The remainder of the Defendants’ supplemental brief discusses: (A) the prosecutors’
failure to return facially valid indictments and follow basic criminal procedures, requiring
production of the grand jury colloquies and other non-testimonial/non-evidentiary matters to the
Defendants; (B) the prosecutors’ improper and unethical statements to the media, which raise
substantial questions regarding their conduct, requiring production of the grand jury colloquies
and other non-testimonial/non-evidentiary matters to the Defendants; (C) the legal standards
governing the disclosure of grand jury colloquies and other non-testimonial/non-evidentiary
matters; and (D) application of those legal standards to the instant case.
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A. The Prosecutors’ Failure to Return Facially Valid Indictments and Follow
Basic Criminal Procedures Require Production of the Grand Jury Colloquies
and other Non-testimonial/Non-evidentiary Matters to the Defendants
1. The Prosecutors Returned Facially Invalid Indictments
The indictments charging many of the Defendants are bare, general statements that merely
track the statutory language and provide no description of the alleged wrong being charged, in
violation of the Defendants’ Constitutional, statutory, and other rights to be informed of the nature
of the charges. US Const, Ams VI, XIV; Const 1963, art I, §§ 17, 20; Russell v US, 369 US 749,
765-769; 82 S Ct 1038; 8 L Ed 2d 240 (1962) (“the language of the statute may be used in the
general description of an offense, but it must be accompanied with such a statement of the facts
and circumstances as will inform the accused of the specific offense, coming under the general
description, with which he is charged.”); People v Brown, 299 Mich 1, 3-5; 299 NW 784 (1941)
(“Both in this state and elsewhere it is the rule that, where a statute uses general or generic terms
in describing an offense, does not sufficiently define the crime, or set out all its essential elements,
* * * an information which alleges the crime in the words of the statute is not sufficient but a more
particular statement of facts is necessary.”).
For example, Defendant Agen’s indictment merely states:
THE GRAND JURY OF THE COUNTY OF GENESEE

PRESENTS THAT:
On or about the above date in County of Genesee, State of Michigan,

the above-named defendant:
COUNT 1: PERJURY DURING AN INVESTIGATIVE

SUBPOENA EXAMINATION
Did knowingly and willfully make a false statement or statements

under oath during investigative subpoena interview testimony
conducted on February 11, 2017, by a Special Assistant Attorney
General pursuant to MCL 767A in the matter of the Flint Water
Crisis; contrary to MCL 767A.9. [767A.9].
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FELONY: 15 years.
A copy of Mr. Agen’s indictment is attached hereto as Exhibit 2. Mr. Agen’s indictment, like
many of the indictments returned against the Defendants, entirely fails to provide the
Constitutionally required facts and information that are required to properly apprise Mr. Agen of
the nature of the charge against him.1
The People also failed in several instances to charge the Defendants in the appropriate
jurisdiction. For example, Mr. Snyder and Mr. Agen were charged in Genesee County even though
the conduct they are alleged to have engaged in took place in Ingham County. See MCL 600.8312
(“venue in criminal actions for violations of state law . . . shall be in the district where the violation
took place.”). The prosecutors also made use of a one-person grand jury in Genesee County that
had no jurisdiction to investigate and charge conduct that occurred in Ingham County. See MCL
767.3 (limiting a single-judge grand juror’s jurisdiction to crimes “committed within his
jurisdiction.”).
Additionally, the Indictments fail to meet the basic requirements set forth in MCL 767.1,
et seq., including the requirement that “the grand jury shall indorse all of the names of the
complainants and all of the names of the witnesses on the back of the indictment.” MCL 767.25.
None of the indictments provide that information. The People have also violated MCL 767.40a(1),
which commands that “the prosecuting attorney shall attach to the filed information a list of all
witnesses known to the prosecuting attorney who might be called at trial and all res gestae
1
Defendant Agen filed a Motion to Dismiss his Indictment on Constitutional grounds with
the Honorable Elizabeth Kelly, examining in great detail the deficiencies in his indictment. A
copy of Mr. Agen’s Motion to Dismiss is attached hereto as Exhibit 3. Counsel for many of the
other Defendants intend to similarly challenge the indictments in their clients’ cases.
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witnesses known to the prosecuting attorney or investigating law enforcement officers.” MCL
767.40a(1) – no such information was provided.
2. The Prosecutors Failed to Follow Basic Criminal Procedures
During the course of their investigation, the prosecutors caused a series of search warrants
to be executed that resulted in the seizure of documents and electronic devices that contained
privileged information. It is elementary criminal procedure for the prosecution’s investigative and
trial teams to be “walled-off” from such evidence unless, and until, the privileged communications
and attorney work product are removed from the seized evidence. See State invasions of the
lawyer-client relationship, 3 Crim Proc § 11.8(b) (4th ed) (a taint team involves the “building of a
firewall,” ensuring that privileged communications “will never be revealed to prosecutors and
investigators.”). The Flint Water matters also involve executive privilege given that much of the
seized material was taken from the Michigan Governor’s office and individuals who worked in
that office.
The failure to remove such privileged material infects the prosecution’s investigative and
trial teams, oftentimes requiring the removal of the tainted prosecutors and law enforcement
officers, along with an inquiry into how far the fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree infected the
government’s case. The fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree analysis can also result in dismissal of the
government’s case with prejudice.
To avoid these result, the government universally employs a “taint” team (also known as a
“filter” team) of prosecutors and law enforcement officers who play no part in the investigation or
trial to review and remove any privileged material before the seized evidence is disclosed to the
investigative and trial teams. Shockingly, on January 20, 2021, the People admitted for the first
time that a “taint” or “filter” team was not used to review the seized evidence. At a minimum, this
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admission amounts to a complete breach of well-established investigative protocol, and raises the
need for Kastigar2-like evidentiary hearings, where the government must prove that the
information they presented to the one-person grand juror or otherwise followed up on was not
derived from the prosecution’s use of privileged (now tainted) information.
Only with access to the entire grand jury record, including the colloquies between the
prosecutors and one-person grand juror, and all non-testimonial/non-evidentiary matters that took
place during the grand jury process, can the Defendants begin to assess the depth and breadth of
the impact of the People’s breach of well-established investigative protocol by failing to use a taint
or filter team.
The combination of these basic and glaring prosecutorial failures – Constitutionally infirm
notice, improper venue, lack of jurisdiction, omission of witness names, and failure to employ a
taint team – call out for an examination of the grand jury colloquies between the prosecutors and
the one-person grand juror and all other non-testimonial/non-evidentiary matters that took place
before the one-person grand juror. It is only through such an examination that this Court and the
Defendants can determine whether the one-person grand juror was: (a) negligently or intentional
misled or deceived; or (b) tainted through the use of privileged information. To the extent either
occurred, then each of those instances, by definition, touch on the guilt or innocence of the
Defendants.
2
Kastigar v United States, 406 US 441 (1972).
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B. The Prosecutors’ Improper and Unethical Statements to the Media Raise
Substantial Questions Regarding their Conduct During the Grand Jury
Process, Requiring Production of the Grand Jury Colloquies and other Non-
Testimonial/Non Evidentiary Matters to the Defendants
Further compounding the basic and fundamental Constitutional and other errors described
above is the fact that on the day the Defendants were arraigned (January 14, 2021), the two lead
prosecutors (Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy and Solicitor General Fadwa Hammoud)
spoke at Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel’s press conference, where they made a series of
wholly improper extrajudicial statements that were entirely designed to unfairly prejudice the
Defendants and unethically taint the jury pool in favor of the government, in direct violation of
Michigan Rules of Professional Conduct 3.6(a)(1), 3.6(a)(5), and 3.8(e).
Specifically, the lead prosecutors made the following improper and unethical statements
(note: the bolded material represents particularly inflammatory language that is analyzed in detail
below in Section D):
Statements by Solicitor General Fadwa Hammoud:
The Flint water crisis is not some relic of the past. At this very
moment, the people of Flint continue to suffer from the categorical
failure of public officials at all levels of government who trampled
upon their trust and evaded accountability for far too long.
Government power is not granted as a blank check. It is borrowed
by those who swear an oath to faithfully discharge their duties and
service of the people. That is why we have specific laws governing
the conduct of public officials. Because a seat in government comes
with extraordinary powers and equally extraordinary
responsibilities. When an entire city is victimized by the
negligence and indifference of those in power it deserves an
uncompromising investigation that holds to account anyone who is
criminally culpable. That is what all citizens of this state are entitled
to regardless of their zip code.
* * *
Finally, we may never know all the names of those who had their
lives and livelihoods destroyed by this man-made crisis. And,
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although the criminal justice system alone cannot remedy all the
suffering that every person endured, we took our parts seriously,
and we hope others will do the same to ensure that this never, ever
happens again. (emphasis added).
Statement by Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy:
The impact of the Flint water crisis cases and what happened in Flint
will span generations and probably well beyond the way others will
live our lives. This case has nothing to do with partisanship. It has
to do with human decency, resurrecting the complete abandonment
of the people of Flint, and finally, finally holding people accountable
for their alleged unspeakable atrocities that occurred in Flint all
these years ago. Pure and simple this case is about justice, truth,
accountability, poisoned children, lost lives . . . and simply giving
a damn about all of humanity . . . . (emphasis added).
The nearly 40 minute press conference can be viewed at: https://www.michigan.gov/ag/0,4534,7-
359-82917_97602---,00.html.
These wholly inadmissible and unethical statements, which improperly impugn the
Defendants’ character and reputation, coupled with the Constitutional and other errors that clearly
stemmed from an infirm grand juror process firmly establish the need for a full examination of the
grand jury record, including disclosure to the Defendants of the non-testimonial/non-evidentiary
interactions between the prosecutors and one-person grand juror. Prosecutors may have the right
to proceed by way of a secret investigative body to charge a citizen, but they do not have the right
to abuse and distort that process for their own improper purpose.
C. Legal Standards Governing Discovery of Grand Jury Colloquies and other

Matters Taking Place in the Grand Jury
The United States and Michigan Constitutions’ due process provisions mandate that
criminal proceedings adhere to fundamental principles of liberty and justice, which lie at the base
of all our civil and political institutions. See US Const, Ams IV, XIV, and Const 1963, art 1, § 17.
The Michigan Criminal Rules echo these standards in the grand jury context, stating that a “person
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accused in the indictment is entitled to the part of the record, including a transcript of the part of
the testimony of all witnesses appearing before the grand jury or grand juror, that touches on the
guilt or innocence of the accused of the charge contained in the indictment.” MCR 6.107(A).
Notably, the sub-clause contained in MCR 6.107(A), relating to the transcript of witness testimony,
is just that: a sub-clause. The rule itself states that the Defendants are “entitled to the part of the
record . . . that touches on the guilt or innocence of the accused . . . .”
MCR 6.107(A) does not carve out:
(1) Discussions between the prosecutor and one-person grand

juror;
(2) How the one-person grand juror was selected; or
(3) Any other non-testimonial/non-evidentiary colloquies with,

or information submitted to, the one-person grand juror.
When a grand jury matter touches on the Defendants’ guilt or innocence, then the
Defendants are entitled to that material and information – full stop. The government’s attempt to
limit the grand jury production to only “testimony and other evidence gathered by the grand jury”
should be rejected, as contrary to MCR 6.107(A) and the authority discussed below.
Key to any grand jury disclosure analysis is whether the prosecutor engaged in prohibited
conduct – negligently or otherwise. Prosecutors are not ordinary attorneys: they occupy a special
position in our system of jurisprudence to “obtain justice, not merely to convict;” and to preserve
“public confidence in the impartiality and integrity of the criminal justice system.” People v Doyle,
159 Mich App 632, 643-644; 406 NW2d 893 (1987), modified in part on other grounds on
rehearing 161 Mich App 743; 411 NW2d 730 (1987). Prosecutors therefore owe a unique duty to
the accused and to the citizenry at large to ensure that criminal trials both are fair and appear fair.
Id.; Engle v Chipman, 51 Mich 524, 525-526; 16 NW 886 (1883); People v Evans, ___ Mich App
17
___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2020), Docket No 343544, slip op at p 7, citing Berger v United States,
295 US 78, 88; 55 S Ct 629; 79 L Ed 2d 1314 (1935); see also, People v Carmichael, 86 Mich App
418, 423; 272 NW2d 667 (1978). “[T]he prosecuting attorney, and anyone associated with him,
must be exclusively a representative of public justice, and stand indifferent as between the accused
party and any private interest.” People v Auerbach, 176 Mich 23, 44; 141 NW 869 (1913). Indeed,
the prosecutor’s “duty of impartiality” has been described as “not altogether unlike that of the
judge himself.” Meister v People, 31 Mich 99, 104 (1875).
Criminal indictments have been dismissed in numerous contexts because of grand jury
prosecutorial negligence or intentional misconduct. For example, cases have been dismissed
because of:
• Statements that were intended to inflame the passions or

prejudices of the grand jury or to inject broader issues than
the accused’s guilt under the controlling law;
• Deception in the presentation of evidence that put before the

grand jury a false case as compared to the evidence known
to prosecutor;
• Failing to properly inform the grand jury concerning the

applicable legal standards;
• Failing to provide exculpatory evidence to the grand jury;
• Appealing to the grand juror’s personal pride in the

prosecutor’s office;
• Informing the grand jurors that the target was suspected of

other serious crimes that are not before them;
• Inviting jurors to associate the accused with a disfavored

criminal class; and
• Raising irrelevant personal matters in an effort to discredit

and impugn the accused in the eyes of the jurors.
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LaFave, 4 Crim Proc, § 15.7(a), (b), (f) and (g) (4th ed) (grand jury challenges based on
prosecutorial misconduct).
A leading Michigan treatise calls for the disclosure to defense counsel of prosecutorial
misconduct in the grand jury setting pursuant to MCR 6.107, citing a Michigan trial court decision
that required such disclosure:
MCR 6.107 reiterates the terms of the former rule . . . . The

discovery granted is consistent with Michigan's well-established
history of broad discovery in criminal cases, and counsel
representing a defendant who has been indicted by a grand jury
should obtain discovery of “the testimony of all witnesses appearing
before the grand jury or grand juror, that touches on the guilt or
innocence of the charge contained in the indictment” by following
the requirements set out in Subrule 6.107(B).
One potential problem not addressed by this rule is discovery of

those portions of the grand jury transcript which are necessary, in an
appropriate case, to establish a well-founded claim of prosecutorial
misconduct. While the rule does not permit this discovery, it also
does not prohibit it. Counsel seeking to obtain such discovery
should be prepared to make a clear showing, by affidavit and/or
other specific allegations, of the propriety of such relief on the facts
of the case at bar. The motion should also articulate why the
discovery, if granted, would be reasonably likely to lead to the
granting of a motion to dismiss and would not constitute an unfair
intrusion into the grand jury process. Consistent with the terms of
Subrule 6.107(B)(3), counsel may also suggest that, before ruling on
the request, the motion judge conduct an in camera review of the
portions of the transcript sought. Such discovery was obtained in
People v. Woodland Oil Co., Inc.,3 but the litigation of the issue
remained in the trial court and was not an issue on appeal.
1 Gillespie, Mich Crim L & Proc (2d ed), § 8:18 (defendant’s right to grand jury records).
One of the leading national treatises on criminal law and procedure provides an in-depth
look at prosecutorial failures and misconduct in the grand jury setting, cataloguing a myriad of
cases from throughout the country that have been dismissed based on the prosecutor’s actions:
3
People v. Woodland Oil Co., Inc., 153 Mich. App. 799, 396 N.W.2d 541 (1986).
19
In applying due process to misconduct challenges, courts look to the
traditional fundamental fairness standard of due process. Thus, it is
noted that the indictment cannot be the product of conduct contrary
to those fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lie at the
base of all our civil and political institutions. Not surprisingly,
courts require that the prosecutor not have coerced, deceived,
or inflamed the grand jury through actions that would be
deemed a due process violation at trial if done to manipulate a
trial jury. Thus, due process violations have been found in flagrant
improprieties in argument before the grand jury, similar to the
argument improprieties that would violate due process at trial.
Courts have also found due process violations in the knowing use of
perjured testimony and similar deceptions of the grand jury that
parallel deceptions constituting due process violations at trial.
* * *
Where statutes do not restrict the grounds for dismissing an

indictment, state courts generally have found no need to turn to
constitutional guarantees to find judicial authority to dismiss
indictments deemed to be the product of prosecutorial misconduct.
They have found ample grounding for such dismissal in what is
characterized as the “common law,” “inherent,” or
“supervisory” authority of the court to protect the “integrity”
of the grand jury's decision-making function. They note that,
though courts must give due deference to the grand jury's status as
an independent body, courts also have a responsibility not to
accept indictments that are the product of the prosecutor's
subversion of that body. In describing the touchstone for the
exercise of this responsibility, courts frequently speak of
prosecutorial conduct that substantially undercuts the grand jury's
independent decision making function. Other courts, however,
speak of actions that deprive the grand jury process of its “fairness
and impartiality.”
State courts have looked to a variety of sources in determining what

constitutes “misconduct” justifying a dismissal on nonconstitutional
grounds. Thus, such misconduct may be found where there has
been: (1) a violation of a statutory standard governing grand jury
proceedings; (2) a grand jury violation of the rights of the target (as
a witness or otherwise) where that violation contributes to the
indictment; (3) the failure of the prosecutor to fulfill the prosecutor's
obligations as legal advisor to the grand jury; (4) actions that prevent
the grand jury from exercising its independent authority; (5)
deception in the presentation of evidence that puts before the jury a
false case as compared to the evidence known to prosecutor; and (6)
20
advocacy that goes substantially beyond the traditional limits as
developed largely in the trial context, but modified somewhat for the
grand jury setting.
LaFave, 4 Crim. Proc., § 15.7(a) (4th ed.) (Grand Jury review) (emphasis added; footnotes, case
citations, and internal punctuation omitted).
That same treatise also examines how common ethical standards impact prosecutorial
negligence and misconduct in the grand jury setting:
The American Bar Association standards provide that the

prosecutor, in his appearances before the grand jury, “should not
make statements or efforts to influence grand jury action in a manner
which would be impermissible at trial before a petit jury.” This
standard applies both to impermissible prosecution arguments and
impermissible references to prejudicial information in the
examination of witnesses and the introduction of evidence.
One trial limitation that courts readily apply to the prosecutor

in the grand jury setting is the prohibition of arguments or
references that are calculated to inflame the passions or
prejudices of the grand jury or to inject broader issues than the
guilt of the particular defendant under the controlling law.
Thus, courts have characterized as misconduct such actions as the
following: (1) asking a witness who is a prospective defendant
questions about irrelevant personal matters in an effort to “discredit
and impugn her in the eyes of the jurors;” (2) informing the grand
jurors that the target is suspected of other serious crimes that are not
before them; (3) referring to the target's criminal record where it is
irrelevant to the offense; (4) referring to the defendant's refusal to
take a polygraph test; (5) inviting the jurors, through unfounded
references in questions put to witnesses, to “associate the defendants
with a disfavored criminal class [Cosa Nostra leaders]”; (6)
informing the grand jurors that the target had sought to plea bargain;
and (7) appealing to the grand jurors' personal pride in their office.
Id. at § 15.7(b) (prejudicial comments and information) (emphasis added; footnotes and case
citations omitted).
A prosecutor’s failure to provide exculpatory evidence to the grand jury has also led to the
dismissal of indictments:
21
[A]ppellate courts in over twenty states and the federal system have
addressed the question of whether the prosecution has an obligation
to present to the grand jury at least some types of known exculpatory
evidence. As a result, roughly a third of the states now have
appellate opinions recognizing such an obligation. While some of
those opinions relied upon statutory provisions similar to that
underlying Johnson, others relied upon a due process analysis or the
court's common law authority over grand jury procedures.
Id. at § 15.7(f) (failure to present known exculpatory evidence) (footnotes and case citations
omitted).
Finally, a prosecutor’s failure to properly advise the grand jury of the applicable legal
standards has been found to violate an accused’s rights:
As legal advisor to the grand jury, the prosecutor has an obligation

to give the grand jury sufficient information concerning the
applicable law “to enable it intelligently to decide whether a crime
has been committed.” Only a handful of states, however, have
precedent dealing with that obligation.
They also agree, however, that an instruction may be “so

misleading,” due to mistakes or omissions, that the ensuing
indictment “will not be permitted to stand even though it is
supported by legally sufficient evidence.” In some states, courts ask
whether the instruction was sufficient to permit the jury to determine
whether the evidence before it was legally sufficient. In others,
courts speak of whether the instructions were so erroneous or
lacking in need substances as to constitute “flagrant and overbearing
misconduct,” or operate to “compromise” the “fundamental
integrity of the indictment process.”
Id. at § 15.7(g) (erroneous legal advice) (footnotes and case citations omitted).
D. Application of these Legal Standards to the Instant Case
The indictments’ patent Constitutional and statutory failures along with the prosecutors’
failure to employ a taint team and clear attempts to wrongfully inflame the passions of the jury
pool through wildly improper and unethical statements provide strong bases to believe that one, or
more, instances of prosecutorial negligence and misconduct took place during the grand jury
22
proceeding, requiring a thorough vetting of the grand jury colloquies and other non-
testimonial/non-evidentiary matters that took place during the grand juror proceedings. Indeed,
many of the hallmarks of grand juror prosecutorial negligence and misconduct have already been
established even without access to any portion of the grand jury record.
First, the one-person grand juror was clearly not advised of the proper legal standards
governing at least some of the indictments; if such advice had been given, the indictments would
not have been returned completely devoid of any facts relating to the supposed wrongdoing that
allegedly took place, in clear violation of basic Constitutional principles. See US Const, Ams VI,
XIV; Const 1963, art I, §§ 17, 20; Russell v US, 369 US 749, 765-769; 82 S Ct 1038; 8 L Ed 2d
240 (1962); People v Brown, 299 Mich 1, 3-5; 299 NW 784 (1941); see also Defendant Agen’s
Motion to Dismiss attached hereto as Exhibit 3.
Second, the prosecutor’s failure to advise the one-person grand jury that venue was not
proper in Genesee County and that the one-person grand juror did not have jurisdiction to
investigate and charge the matter because at least some of the Defendants’ misconduct took place
only in Ingham County, not Genesee County, begs the question of whether the one-person grand
juror was deceived by the prosecutors into believing that Genesee County was the proper forum
for the misplaced indictments. See MCL 600.8312 (venue) and MCL 767.3 (one-person grand
jury jurisdiction).
Third, the indictments failed to attach the list of witnesses who may be called at trial and
all other res gestae witnesses known to the People. See MCL 767.25 and 767.40a(1). The People
have been investigating the Flint water crisis for years, and the one-person grand juror proceeding
that resulted in the instant indictments has been pending since January 2020. The People’s failure
23
to comply with this basic, straightforward disclosure demonstrates their willingness to engage in
negligence and misconduct on both a grand and lesser scale.
It is also striking that the indictments in the Flint Water cases have only been pending for
a little more than one month and the Defendants have already uncovered rampant negligence and
misconduct in numerous contexts, raising the obvious question of what else have they done wrong,
especially in the context of secret proceeding grand juror proceedings that carried on for more than
one year.
Fourth, on January 14, 2021, the two lead prosecutors made a series of wildly improper
and unethical extra-judicial statements to the media during a national televised press conference
that were intentionally designed to impugn the Defendants’ character and reputation, in direct
violation of Michigan Professional Rules of Conduct.
Michigan Rule of Professional Conduct 3.6 states:
(a) A lawyer who is participating or has participated in the

investigation or litigation of a matter shall not make an extrajudicial
statement that the lawyer knows or reasonably should know will be
disseminated by means of public communication and will have a
substantial likelihood of materially prejudicing an adjudicative
proceeding in the matter. A statement is likely to have a substantial
likelihood of materially prejudicing an adjudicative proceeding
when it refers to . . . a criminal matter . . . and the statement relates
to:
(1) the character, credibility, reputation, or criminal record of a

party . . . .;
* * *
(5) information that the lawyer knows or reasonably should

know is likely to be inadmissible as evidence in a trial and
that would, if disclosed, create a substantial risk of
prejudicing an impartial trial . . . .
24
MRPC § 3.6 (trial publicity); see also MRPC § 3.8(e) (special responsibilities of a prosecutor);
ABA Crim. Justice Standards for the Prosecution Function § 3-1.10(c) (4th ed. 2017) (“The
prosecutor should not make, cause to be made, or authorize or condone the making of, a public
statement that the prosecutor knows or reasonably should know will have a substantial likelihood
of materially prejudicing a criminal proceeding or heightening public condemnation of the accused
. . . .”); Gershman, Prosecutorial Misconduct § 6:5 (2d ed.) (misuse of the media) (“A prosecutor
in heavily publicized cases should not make pejorative references to the crimes with which a
defendant is charged, for example, by commenting on the reprehensible character of those who
commit welfare fraud or white collar crime . . . . When a defendant is awaiting trial, comments by
the prosecutor on the heinousness of the crime reflect adversely on the defendant's character and
therefore are prohibited.”).
The prosecutors’ extra-judicial statements during the arraignment press conference
covered a broad range of inadmissible and highly prejudicial subjects that were entirely designed
to inflame the passions of the jury pool to gain an improper advantage at trial. The following
excerpts from Solicitor General Hammoud’s statements were particularly troubling (note: the
prosecutors’ statements are underlined followed by the Defendants’ analysis):
• The Defendants “victimized” an entire city. A criminal case

is not a political campaign rally. The alleged Flint water
victims are a select number of unfortunate people who
suffered as a result of Legionnaire’s disease, not the entire
City of Flint. The prosecutor’s statement was false and
entirely inadmissible at trial. The prejudice to several of the
Defendants is particularly grave because they are not
charged in any wrongdoing in connection with the
underlying Flint water crisis. To have the Defendants’
names smeared in such a way and paint them as people who
have “victimized” an entire city constitutes a grave
miscarriage of justice. If similar statements were made to
the one-person grand juror, then the indictment should be
immediately dismissed. See LaFave, at § 15.7 (discussing
25
grand jury prosecutorial misconduct for statements that were
intended to inflame the passions or prejudices of the grand
jury or to inject broader issues than the accused’s guilt under
the controlling law);
• The citizen of Flint are entitled to an investigation

“regardless of their zip code”: This racially and socio-
economically fueled statement was a blatant attempt to
improperly and unjustifiably paint the Defendants as racists
and taint the jury pool. A prosecutor is supposed to enforce
the laws in a neutral, fair and honest manner. The
prosecutor’s effort to inject racism and socio-economic
factors into this matter was entirely designed to prejudicially
attack the Defendants in a manner that should immediately
result in ethical sanctions. See MRPC 3.6 and 3.8
(discussing prohibited public statements); LaFave at § 15.7
(discussing grand jury prosecutorial misconduct for
inflammatory statements);
• The people of Flint “continue to suffer” from the failures of

public officials: A criminal prosecution is a historical action
based on a defined set of circumstances that are alleged to fit
into one, or more, categories of criminal law; it is not a
prospective exercise into how an entire city may continue to
feel the effects of certain conduct. The alleged victims of
the Flint water cases are a defined set of people who suffered
as a result of Legionnaire’s Disease, not the entire city of
Flint, and some of the Defendants are not alleged to have
participated in any of the activities that resulted in those
deaths. The prosecutor made this statement to inflame the
passions of the public in a manner that would never be
permitted during a trial, resulting in extreme prejudice to the
Defendants. See MRPC 3.6 and 3.8 (public statements
cannot include information that would be inadmissible at
trial); LaFave at § 15.7 (discussing grand jury prosecutorial
misconduct for inflammatory statements);
• “We may never know all the names of those who had their
lives and livelihoods destroyed”: The prosecutor’s call for
broad speculation was solely intended to inflame the
passions of the jury pool with no regard for the impact on the
Defendants. The prosecutor also improperly inflated the
group of victims to an even greater number of people who
are not at issue in any of the Flint water crisis cases; namely,
some unspecified group of people who may or may not have
some connection to Flint, Michigan. This type of plainly
26
prejudicial conduct should not be tolerated under any
criminal justice system. See Id.; and
• “The criminal justice system alone cannot remedy all the

suffering that every person endured, we took our parts
seriously, and we hope others will do the same”:
Shockingly, the prosecutor even called for action outside the
criminal justice system to insinuate that the Defendants
should be held accountable through some wider societal
effort. This type of language smacks of vigilante justice or
worse. There was no purpose for this statement other than
to impugn the Defendants’ character and reputation through
entirely inadmissible comments. See Id. (discussing
prosecutorial misconduct for statements that were intended
to inflame the passions or prejudices of the grand jury or to
inject broader issues than the accused’s guilt under the
controlling law).
The following statements by Wayne County Prosecutor Worthy were similarly troubling
and improper:
• “The impact of the Flint water crisis cases and what

happened in Flint will ‘span generations’”: “Generations”
of Flint residents are not at issue in the Flint water cases; the
cases cover a designated set of people who suffered from
Legionnaire’s Disease. The prosecutor’s statement to the
contrary was improper and designed to taint the jury pool;
• The Flint water cases have to do with “human decency”: A

criminal case is not a moral, religious or ethical exercise. It
is the application of facts to law to determine whether a
crime has been committed beyond a reasonable doubt. The
prosecutor’s pronouncement during a nationally televised
press conference that the Defendants’ “human decency” is
on trial tramples on almost every fundamental right that a
citizen of this country holds dear. A prosecutor is not the
moral authority and is certainly not in the position to
question or judge the Defendants’ “human decency.” A
prosecutor is supposed to dispassionately and equally
present evidence to a finder of fact to seek justice. The
prosecutor’s comments make clear a fundamental lack of
understanding regarding the role a prosecutor plays in this
process. See Id. (discussing prosecutorial misconduct for
raising irrelevant personal matters in an effort to discredit
and impugn the accused in the eyes of the jurors); and
27
• The Flint cases are about “simply giving a damn about all
humanity”: Shockingly, the prosecutor closed her remarks
by broadening the scope of supposed victims from all of
Flint’s residents, to future generations, to all of humanity. In
other words, the prosecutor claimed that the Defendants’
actions are responsible for the suffering of “all humanity.”
The absurdity of such a claim would be laughable if it were
not made in the context of the criminal justice system. The
Defendants’ liberty is at stake. They have spent a lifetime
building their careers, reputations, and families. For a
prosecutor to categorically impugn their character and
reputation in such an unfair and reprehensible way calls out
for ethical sanctions. See MRPC 3.6 and 3.8; LaFave at §
15.7.
During the arraignment press conference, Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel and the
two lead prosecutors repeatedly claimed that the lead prosecutors’ experience and seniority made
them ideally suited for the Flint water prosecutions. However, the basic and fundamental flaws in
the indictments, failure to follow even basic criminal procedures, and the lead prosecutors’
reprehensible and unethical statements during the arraignment press conference patently
demonstrate that the prosecution team falls far short of that standard.
It is also important to note that the prosecutors’ statements during the arraignment press
conference were not off-the-cuff remarks. The press conference was a planned event with scripted
statements. The prosecutors had ample time to reflect on what they were going to say and the
message they intended to deliver. Given the premeditated nature of their statements, this Court
should not give any deference or benefit of the doubt to the prosecutors. By their own claim, the
prosecutors are seasoned, experienced attorneys who are uniquely qualified to handle what they
call the “largest prosecution in Michigan history” – they should be treated as such.
Just as important, for purposes of the instant motion, these rampant Constitutional,
statutory, procedural and ethical failures call for a thorough vetting of the grand jury proceedings,
28
especially all non-testimonial/non-evidentiary colloquies between the prosecutors and one-person
grand juror. Not only does MCR 6.107 allow for such a review, this Court’s inherent and
supervisory authority to protect the integrity of the grand juror’s decision-making function
demands such a review. See LaFave at § 15.7 (discussing the Court’s inherent and supervisory
authority over the grand jury process). As LaFave aptly states, while courts should give due
deference to the grand jury's status as an independent body, courts also have a responsibility not
to accept indictments that are the product of the prosecutor's subversion of that body. See Id.
The fact that the prosecutors were willing to engage in such egregious misconduct on a
public stage begs the question of what they were willing to say behind closed doors during the
secretive grand jury process; a setting that the prosecutors still to this day wrongfully believe is
not subject to any scrutiny. See Gov’t Response at 2 (“The People are unaware of any authority
for the proposition that a defendant can challenge the validity of the indictment based on something
said by the prosecutor.”). The only way to shine light on this matter is to fully vet the one-person
grand juror proceedings to ensure compliance with the fundamental and basic rights discussed
throughout this submission.
III. DISCLOSURE OF GRAND JUROR PROCEDURAL DOCUMENTATION THAT

IS NOT SUBJECT TO GRAND JURY SECRECY RULES
The Defendants respectfully request that the Court Order the immediate disclosure of the
following documents that govern the procedures that the grand juror followed to carry out the task
of inquiring into the Flint Water Crisis:
• The “complaint” or “application” that was submitted to this

Court pursuant to MCL 767.3, which triggered the Flint
Water Crisis inquiry;
• This Court’s Order in response to the complaint or

application, appointing the one-person grand juror for a six
29
month term and setting forth the scope of the inquiry into the
Flint Water Crisis;
• Any Amended Order that added to, restricted, or modified

the scope of the one-person grand juror’s inquiry;
• This Court’s Order extending the one-person grand juror’s

inquiry for an additional six months, along with any other
substantive or procedural instructions that were provided to
the one-person grand juror during the course of the
investigation; and
• Any other substantive or procedural Orders, instructions or

statements that were provided to the one-person grand juror
by this Court, the Attorney General’s Office, or any other
source.
See MCR 8.119(I)(6) (“A court may not seal a court order or opinion, including an order or opinion
that disposes of a motion to seal the record.”).
CONCLUSION
WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, the Defendants respectfully request that:
(1) The Court incorporate the parties’ joint position into the Court’s MCR 6.107
certification that all of the grand jury testimony and exhibits should immediately be produced to
the Defendants after the Court conducts its in camera general review to ensure that the material
was obtained through proper grand jury procedures;
(2) The Court Order that all of the grand jury testimony and exhibits be produced to
the Defendants forthwith, beginning with all of the grand jury testimony that has already been
transcribed and all of the exhibits;
(3) The Court Order that the remaining grand jury testimony that has not been
transcribed shall be produced to the Defendants on a weekly rolling basis as that material is
transcribed;
30
(4) The Court conduct an in camera review of the grand jury colloquies between the
prosecutors and one-person grand juror and all other non-testimonial and non-evidentiary matters
occurring before the one-person grand juror to determine whether that material touches upon the
guilt or innocence of the accused pursuant to MCR 6.107;
(5) The Court Order the disclosure of the procedural documentation described in
Section III above that is not subject to grand juror secrecy rules;
(6) Re-calendar the Court’s status hearing currently scheduled for June 14, 2021 to a
date closer in time, denoting the new limited nature of this Court’s MCR 6.107 inquiry into only
grand jury colloquies between the prosecutors and one-person grand juror and all other non-
testimonial and non-evidentiary matters occurring before the one-person grand juror;
(7) Inform the Honorable Elizabeth Kelly of the more limited nature of the inquiry such
that Judge Kelly can determine whether the Initial Pre-trial Conference that was initially scheduled
for February 18, 2021, but moved to June 24, 2021, to a date closer in time; and
(8) Such other relief as the Court deems necessary or proper.
Dated: February 18, 2021. Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Seth B. Waxman

Seth B. Waxman (admitted pro hac vice)
Scott A. MacGriff (P55864)
DICKINSON WRIGHT PLLC
International Square
1825 Eye St., N.W., Suite 900
Washington, D.C. 20006
202-457-0160
swaxman@dickinsonwright.com
smacgriff@dickinsonwright.com
J. Benjamin Dolan (P47839)

2600 West Big Beaver Road, Suite 300
Troy, MI 48084
(248) 433-7200
31
bdolan@dickinsonwright.com
Counsel for Defendant Jarrod Agen
/s/ Todd R. Perkins

Todd R. Perkins (P55623)
The Perkins Law Group PLLC
615 Griswold Street, Suite 400
Detroit, Michigan 48226-3987
Ph.: (313) 964-1702
E: tperkins@perkinslawgroup.net
W: www.perkinslawgroup.net
/s/ Juan A. Mateo

JUAN A. MATEO (P33156)
GERALD K. EVELYN (P29182)
535 Griswold, Suite 1000
Detroit, MI 48226
(313) 962-3500
mateoja@aol.com
geraldevelyn@yahoo.com
Counsel for Defendant Darnell Earley
/s/ Alexander S. Rusek

Alexander S. Rusek (P77581)
White Law PLLC
2549 Jolly Road, Suite 340
Okemos, MI 48864
Ph.: (517)316-1195
E: alexrusek@whitelawpllc.com
Counsel for Defendant Howard Croft
/s/ William W. Swor

William W. Swor
2450 Guardian Building,
500 Griswold Street
Detroit, MI 48226
(313) 967-0200
wwswor@wwnet.net
32
Counsel for Defendant Gerald Ambrose
/s/ Harold Gurewitz

Harold Gurewitz (P14468)
333 West Fort Street, Suite 1400
Detroit, Michigan 48226
Ph.: (313) 628-4733
Fax: (313) 628- 4701
Counsel for Defendant Nancy Peeler
/s/ Randall S. Levine___________

Randall S. Levine (P30672)
136 E. Michigan Ave., 14th Floor
Kalamazoo, MI 49007
(269)382-0444
rlevine@levine-levine.com
Counsel for Richard Baird
/s/ Jerold Lax________________________

Jerold Lax (P16470)
Steven P. Tramontin (P68789)
Pear Sperling Eggan & Daniels, P.C.
24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Suite D-2000
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
(734) 665-4441
jlax@psedlaw.com
stramontin@psedlaw.com
Counsel for Defendant Eden Wells
/s/ Charles Chamberlain_______________

Charles E. Chamberlain (P33536)
Britt M. Cobb (P69556)
300 Ottawa Avenue, N.W., Suite 810
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503-2314
33
(616) 458-2212
cec@willeychamberlain.com
Counsel for Defendant Nick Lyon
/s/ Brian Lennon____________________

Brian P. Lennon (P47361)
Charles N. Ash, Jr. (P55941)
Warner Norcross + Judd, LLP
150 Ottawa Avenue NW
Suite 1500
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
616.752.2000
blennon@wnj.com
cash@wnj.com
Judith S. Gracey (P39766)

The Gracey Law Firm
2200 Beechmont Street
Keego Harbor, MI 48320
248.221.7726
judith@thegraceylawfirm.com
Counsel for Defendant Richard Snyder
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
The undersigned states that on February 18, 2021, a copy of the foregoing document was
caused to be filed with the clerk of the Court, and that service to counsel of record was made via
first class mail and via electronic mail.
/s/ Jill Merlo

An Employee of Dickinson Wright
34
EXHIBIT 1
STATE OF MICHIGAN
CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE 7th JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
GENESEE COUNTY
IN RE GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS, File No. 2020-113791-PZ

FILE NO. 2020-113791-PZ Hon. Duncan M. Beagle
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF

MICHIGAN, 7th Circuit Court
Case No. 21-047372
Plaintiff, Hon. Elizabeth A, Kelly
JARROD PETER AGEN,
Defendant.
Fadwa Hammoud (P74185)

Bryant Osikowicz (P72377) J. Benjamin Dolan (P47839)
Daniel John Ping (P81482) Ariana D. Pellegrino
Attorneys for the People (P79104)
Michigan Department of Attorney Attorneys for Defendant
General Dickinson Wright PLLC
3030 W. Grand Blvd., Ste. 10-200 2600 West Big Beaver Road, Suite
313.456.0180 300 Troy, MI 48084
hammoudf1@michigan.gov 248.433.7200
osikowiczb@michigan.gov bdolan@dickinsonwright.com
pingd@michigan.gov apellegrino@dickinsonwright.com
Kym L. Worthy (P38875) Seth B. Waxman (pro hac vice pending)

Molly Kettler (P59877) Scott A. MacGriff (P55864)
Attorneys for the People Attorneys for Defendant
Wayne County Prosecuting Attorney Dickinson Wright PLLC
1441 Saint Antoine Street, Floor 12 International Square
Frank Murphy Hall of Justice 1825 Eye St., N.W., Suite 0
Detroit, Michigan 48226 Washington, D.C. 20006
313.224.5777 202.457.0160
kworthy@waynecounty.com swaxman@dickinsonwright.com
kettlerm@michigan.gov smacgriff@dickinsonwright.com
1
PEOPLE’S RESPONSE TO DEFENDANT AGEN’S
MOTION TO PROCURE
GRAND JURY RECORDS PURSUANT TO MCR 6.107
NOW COMES Fadwa Hammoud, Solicitor General, by and through Bryant
Osikowicz, Assistant Attorney General, and in response to defendant’s motion,
states as follows:
Defendant timely moved for copies of grand jury records pursuant to MCR
6.107(A).
The People have no objection to Defendant receiving records to which he is
entitled. The People ask, however, that any order on this issue considers the fact
that the voluminous transcript is still being prepared. When those transcripts are
prepared, all parties should take care to follow the secrecy provisions that attach to
these materials pursuant to MCL 767.4 and MCL 767.19f.
The People consent to Defendant receiving all of the testimony and other
evidence gathered by the grand jury. But the People respectfully disagree that any
authority authorizes the release of material that does not bear on Defendant’s guilt
or innocence. (Def’s Mot ¶ 13.) It is axiomatic that an attorney’s statements are not
evidence. E.g., People v Bahoda, 448 Mich 261, 281 (1995). The People are
unaware of any authority for the proposition that a defendant can challenge the
validity of the indictment based on something said by the prosecutor. The same
goes for portions of the record that are plainly procedural and unrelated to guilt or
innocence, such as materials related to how the one-person grand jury was selected.
See also People v Maxson, 482 Mich 385, 402 (2008) (acknowledging distinction
2
between procedural matters—even “essential” or “constitutionally mandated”
ones—and “issues concerning guilt or innocence”). In fact, because they are outside
the scope of the court rule, these materials are among those whose production is
affirmatively prohibited by statute. See MCL 767.4; MCL 767.6a.
Accordingly, the People consent to a partial grant of Defendant’s motion and
suggest that this Court may dispense with in camera review of the grand jury
record to the extent it is limited to record evidence, i.e., testimony and exhibits.
WHEREFORE, the People respectfully request that the Court grant in part
and deny in part the defendant’s motion in accordance with the argument above.
Respectfully submitted,
Fadwa Hammoud
Solicitor General
Bryant Osikowicz (P72377)

Daniel Ping (P81482)
Assistant Attorneys General
Attorneys for the People
Solicitor General Division
3030 W. Grand Boulevard
Detroit, MI 48202
Dated: February 3, 2021
SG FW Agen, Jarrod/Response to Mot for Grand Jury Records (Agen)
3
EXHIBIT 2
EXHIBIT 3
STATE OF MICHIGAN
GENESEE COUNTY
Plaintiff,
v.
Case No. 21-047372-FH
JARROD PETER AGEN, Hon. Elizabeth A. Kelly
Defendant.
Fadwa Hammoud (P74184) J. Benjamin Dolan (P47839)

Bryant Osikowicz (P72377) DICKINSON WRIGHT PLLC
Michigan Department of Attorney General 2600 West Big Beaver Road, Suite 300
G. Mennen Williams Building Troy, MI 48084
525 West Ottawa Street (248) 433-7200
Lansing, MI 48933 bdolan@dickinsonwright.com
(517) 335-7622
HammoudF1@michigan.gov Seth B. Waxman (pro hac vice pending)
osikowiczb@michigan.gov Scott A. MacGriff (P55864)
Kym L. Worthy (P38875) International Square
Molly Kettler (P59877) 1825 Eye St., N.W., Suite 900
Wayne County Prosecuting Attorney Washington, D.C. 20006
1441 Saint Antoine Street, Floor 12 202-457-0160
Frank Murphy Hall of Justice swaxman@dickinsonwright.com
Detroit, Michigan 48226 smacgriff@dickinsonwright.com
(313) 224-5777
kworthy@waynecounty.com Attorneys for Defendant
kettlerm@waynecounty.com
NOTICE OF HEARING
TO: COUNSEL OF RECORD
1
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that Defendant Jarrod Peter Agen’s Motion to Dismiss
Indictment will be brought for hearing before the honorable Elizabeth A. Kelly on Monday,
February 8, 2021 at 8:30 a.m., or as soon thereafter as counsel may be heard.
/s/ J. Benjamin Dolan

Troy, MI 48084
(248) 433-7200
Seth B. Waxman (pro hac vice pending)

202-457-0160
Counsel for Defendant

Dated: January 29, 2021
The undersigned states that on the January 29, 2021, a copy of the foregoing document
was caused to be filed with the clerk of the Court, and that service to the following parties of
record was made via first class mail and via electronic mail on the following:
Dana M. Nessel (P51346)

MI DEP’T OF ATTORNEY GENERAL
G. Mennen Williams Building
525 West Ottawa St.
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 335-7622
miag@michigan.gov
2
/s/ Jill Merlo
3
STATE OF MICHIGAN
GENESEE COUNTY
Plaintiff,
v.
Case No. 21-047372-FH
JARROD PETER AGEN, Hon. Elizabeth A. Kelly
Defendant.
Fadwa Hammoud (P74184) J. Benjamin Dolan (P47839)

Bryant Osikowicz (P72377) DICKINSON WRIGHT PLLC
Michigan Department of Attorney General 2600 West Big Beaver Road, Suite 300
G. Mennen Williams Building Troy, MI 48084
525 West Ottawa Street (248) 433-7200
Lansing, MI 48933 bdolan@dickinsonwright.com
(517) 335-7622
HammoudF1@michigan.gov Seth B. Waxman (pro hac vice pending)
osikowiczb@michigan.gov Scott A. MacGriff (P55864)
Kym L. Worthy (P38875) International Square
Molly Kettler (P59877) 1825 Eye St., N.W., Suite 900
Wayne County Prosecuting Attorney Washington, D.C. 20006
1441 Saint Antoine Street, Floor 12 202-457-0160
Frank Murphy Hall of Justice swaxman@dickinsonwright.com
Detroit, Michigan 48226 smacgriff@dickinsonwright.com
(313) 224-5777
kworthy@waynecounty.com Attorneys for Defendant
kettlerm@waynecounty.com
DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS THE INDICTMENT
NOW COMES Defendant Jarrod Peter Agen, by and through his attorneys, Dickinson
Wright PLLC, and for his Motion to Dismiss respectfully states that the indictment in the above-
captioned case should be dismissed for the following three reasons:
1
(1) Mr. Agen’s one-count perjury indictment improperly relies entirely on bare,
general statutory language, which fails to provide Mr. Agen with Constitutionally required notice
of the false statement(s) he allegedly made during his Flint water testimony on February 11,
2017, in direct violation of dispositive United States and Michigan Supreme Court precedent,
factually identical cases decided by courts throughout the country, the United States and
Michigan Constitutions, and Michigan statutes;
(2) Venue is not proper in Genesee County because Mr. Agen’s Flint water testimony
took place in Lansing, Michigan, making venue proper in Ingham County, not Genesee County.
See MCL 600.8312 (“venue in criminal actions for violations of state law . . . shall be in the
district where the violation took place.”); and
(3) The Genesee County single-judge grand juror that returned the indictment against
Mr. Agen lacked jurisdiction to investigate and charge Mr. Agen because his Flint water
testimony took place in Ingham County, not Genesee County. See MCL 767.3 (limiting a single-
judge grand juror’s jurisdiction to crimes “committed within his jurisdiction.”).
FACTS
Mr. Agen is a 43 year old husband and father of two who has led an exemplary life of
public service and community involvement. He has never had any contact with the criminal
justice system whatsoever; having never been arrested for, or convicted of, any crime. Prior to
joining the Michigan Governor’s office in January 2014, Mr. Agen dedicated a significant
portion of his career to working for the federal government in the United States Department of
State and United States Department of Homeland Security.
2
In January 2014, Mr. Agen joined the Michigan Governor’s Office as Director of
Communications where he was the lead spokesperson for the Governor, handled media inquiries,
and coordinated public events and major speeches. In that role, Mr. Agen took no part in the
decision to switch the City of Flint’s water source to the Flint River; indeed, that decision had
already been made in 2013, prior to Mr. Agen’s tenure in the Governor’s office. Mr. Agen also
made no substantive policy decisions relating to Flint’s water during his tenure as Director of
Communications, which ran from January 2014 to January 2016. His role during that time
period was primarily focused on receiving and disseminating information to the press and public.
On January 4, 2016, Mr. Agen became the Governor’s Chief of Staff where he was
responsible for managing the Executive Office’s staff, coordinating with the Governor’s cabinet,
and advising the Governor. Law enforcement has never called into question Mr. Agen’s actions
during his time working in the Governor’s Office, and he is not the subject of criminal charges or
allegations of wrongdoing relating to that work.
In January 2017, Mr. Agen left the Governor’s Office to take on various roles in the
President and Vice President of the United States’ new administration in Washington, D.C. On
February 11, 2017, Mr. Agen voluntarily flew to Michigan to testify in the Flint water matter.
Mr. Agen’s testimony took place in Ingham County (not Genesee County) in a meeting room
located in the Office of the Michigan Attorney General, G. Mennen Williams Building, 525
West Ottawa Street, Lansing, Michigan 48909. Afterward, Mr. Agen returned to Washington,
D.C.
3
Nearly every day throughout his career, Mr. Agen’s profession has been to truthfully
answer questions from the leading journalists in the nation and in Michigan on a wide range of
public policy questions. He has never once been accused of a single false statement in the very
public roles he has had the privilege to hold.
During the almost four years that have passed since Mr. Agen testified in the Flint water
matter, Mr. Agen heard nothing from the Attorney General’s Office or anyone else regarding his
testimony. The news in January 2021 that he was being charged in connection with the Flint
water matter was a complete shock to Mr. Agen. Even more troubling was the fact that the
indictment charging Mr. Agen provides absolutely no information or facts describing what Mr.
Agen supposedly lied about. The indictment is a bare, intentionally deceptive document that
violates Mr. Agen’s Constitutional, statutory, and other rights, as detailed below.
Mr. Agen’s indictment states:
THE GRAND JURY OF THE COUNTY OF GENESEE

PRESENTS THAT:
On or about the above date in County of Genesee, State of

Michigan, the above-named defendant:
COUNT 1: PERJURY DURING AN INVESTIGATIVE

SUBPOENA EXAMINATION

conducted on February 11, 2017, by a Special Assistant Attorney
General pursuant to MCL 767A in the matter of the Flint Water
Crisis; contrary to MCL 767A.9. [767A.9].
FELONY: 15 years.
A copy of the indictment is attached hereto as Exhibit 1.
4
In truth, and in fact, Mr. Agen made no false statements during his February 11, 2017
testimony. This baseless, politically motivated prosecution is entirely designed to wrongfully
smear an upstanding member of the community and dedicated public servant, who passionately
worked for the citizens of Michigan under tragic circumstances that sadly did unspeakable harm
to the people of Flint, Michigan. To compound that tragedy through a wrongful and politically
motivated prosecution perverts the justice system in a way that should strike fear deep into every
American, especially devoted public servants, who but for the grace of God could fall victim to
prosecutors who are bent on abusing the very justice system they are sworn to uphold and
defend. This calculated, meritless, defamatory accusation also intentionally seeks to tarnish Mr.
Agen’s impeccable reputation as a communications spokesperson, yet provides no substance or
details. For those reasons, and the reasons discussed below, this matter should be dismissed.
ARGUMENT
I. THE FATALLY DEFECTIVE INDICTMENT SHOULD BE DISMISSED

BECAUSE IT FAILS TO PROPERLY APPRISE MR. AGEN OF THE NATURE
OF THE CHARGE AGAINST HIM
The indictment charging Mr. Agen relies entirely on bald statutory language that fails to
provide any facts, details or context relating to what he allegedly said that was false during his
testimony on February 11, 2017. The only assertion set forth in the indictment is that Mr. Agen:

conducted on February 11, 2017 . . . .”
The complete absence of any specific information in the indictment leaves Mr. Agen in
the dark and renders it impossible to determine what statement the single-judge grand juror
considered false. To allow prosecutors to substitute, in an after-the-fact exercise, their guess as
to what was in the single-judge grand juror’s mind would deprive Mr. Agen of the check on
5
prosecutorial power that the grand jury process was designed to secure. Such an abuse could
also cause the case to proceed on the basis of facts not found by, and perhaps not even presented
to, the single-judge grand juror who indicted Mr. Agen.
It is a fundamental tenet in our country that an accused person has an absolute right to be
informed of the nature of an accusation. See US Const, Am VI (“In all criminal prosecutions,
the accused shall enjoy the right to . . . be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation . . .
.”); Const 1963, art 1, § 20 (“In every criminal prosecution, the accused shall have the right to . . .
be informed of the nature of the accusation . . . .”). The due process mandates of US Const,
Ams IV, XIV, and Const 1963, art 1, § 17, have been codified into MCL 767.45(1), which states
that an indictment shall contain the “nature of the offense stated in language which will fairly
apprise the accused and the court of the offense charged.” See also MCR 6.112(D) (“The
information must set forth the substance of the accusation against the defendant . . . .”).
These bedrock principles have been applied to dismiss fatally defective indictments in
numerous cases that are identical or entirely analogous to the instant case, as detailed in the
following subsections: (A) dispositive United States Supreme Court and Michigan precedent;
(B) perjury cases decided throughout the country that are factually indistinguishable from Mr.
Agen’s case; and (C) leading treatises. Those discussions are followed by an application of the
controlling law to Mr. Agen’s case (subsection D) and an analysis of dispositive United States
Supreme Court and Michigan precedent establishing that the Attorney General’s Office cannot
cure the fatal defect in Mr. Agen’s indictment through a Bill of Particular or amending the
indictment (subsection E).
6
A. Dispositive United States Supreme Court and Michigan Precedent
The United States Supreme Court first applied these bedrock principles in 1962 to a
facially invalid indictment in the seminal case of Russell v US, 369 US 749; 82 S Ct 1038; 8 L
Ed 2d 240 (1962). The Russell Court held that a charging instrument that relies on generic
statutory language must also include a statement of facts and circumstances that informs the
accused of the specific offense, so: (1) the accused does not go to trial with the chief issue
undefined; (2) the prosecutor cannot freely fill in gaps of proof by surmise or conjecture; and (3)
the Court is informed of the facts alleged so it can decide whether the facts are sufficient to
support a conviction:
It is an elementary principle of criminal pleading, that where the

definition of an offence, whether it be at common law or by statute,
includes generic terms, it is not sufficient that the indictment shall
charge the offence in the same generic terms as in the definition;
but it must state the species,—it must descend to particulars.
United States v Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542, 558, 23 L.Ed. 588. An
indictment not framed to apprise the defendant with reasonable
certainty, of the nature of the accusation against him * * * is
defective, although it may follow the language of the statute.
United States v. Simmons, 96 U.S. 360, 362, 24 L.Ed. 819. In an
indictment upon a statute, it is not sufficient to set forth the offence
in the words of the statute, unless those words of themselves fully,
directly, and expressly, without any uncertainty or ambiguity, set
forth all the elements necessary to constitute the offence intended
to be punished; * * *. United States v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611, 612, 26
L.Ed. 1135. Undoubtedly, the language of the statute may be used
in the general description of an offense, but it must be
accompanied with such a statement of the facts and
circumstances as will inform the accused of the specific offense,
coming under the general description, with which he is
charged. United States v. Hess, 124 U.S. 483, 487, 8 S.Ct. 571,
573, 31 L.Ed. 516. See also Pettibone v. United States, 148 U.S.
197, 202—204, 13 S.Ct. 542, 545, 37 L.Ed. 419; Blitz v. United
States, 153 U.S. 308, 315, 14 S.Ct. 924, 927, 38 L.Ed. 725; Keck v.
United States, 172 U.S. 434, 437, 19 S.Ct. 254, 255, 43 L.Ed. 505;
Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 270, n. 30, 72 S.Ct. 240,
253, 96 L.Ed. 288. Cf. United States v. Petrillo, 332 U.S. 1, 10—
11, 67 S.Ct. 1538, 1543, 91 L.Ed. 1877.
7
* * *
The vice which inheres in the failure of an indictment . . . to

identify the subject under inquiry is thus the violation of the basic
principle that the accused must be apprised by the indictment, with
reasonable certainty, of the nature of the accusation against him, *
* *. United States v. Simmons, supra, 96 U.S. at 362. A cryptic
form of indictment in cases of this kind requires the defendant to
go to trial with the chief issue undefined. It enables his conviction
to rest on one point and the affirmance of the conviction to rest on
another. It gives the prosecution free hand on appeal to fill in the
gaps of proof by surmise or conjecture.
* * *
It has long been recognized that there is an important corollary

purpose to be served by the requirement that an indictment set out
the specific offence, coming under the general description, with
which the defendant is charged. This purpose, as defined in
United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542, 558, 23 L.Ed. 588, is to
inform the court of the facts alleged, so that it may decide whether
they are sufficient in law to support a conviction, if one should be
had.
* * *
Viewed in this context, the rule is designed not alone for the
protection of the defendant, but for the benefit of the prosecution
as well, by making it possible for courts called upon to pass on the
validity of convictions under the statute to bring an enlightened
judgment to that task. Cf. Watkins v. United States, supra.
Russell, 369 US at 765-769 (emphasis supplied and internal quotation marks omitted); see also
United States v Resendiz-Ponce, 549 US 102, 109-110; 127 S Ct 782; 166 L Ed 2d 591 (2007)
(United States Supreme Court’s most recent reaffirmation of the Russell doctrine).
The Michigan Supreme Court also discussed these bedrock principles in People v Brown,
299 Mich 1; 299 NW 784 (1941), similarly holding that indictments that use general or generic
statutory language require dismissal unless specific facts are provided to properly apprise the
accused of the nature of the offense:
8
The question here presented has been plainly passed upon by this
Court many times. Wherever it is essential to apprise the
defendant of the precise offense charged, and an averment in the
language of the statute is not sufficient to do so, the courts will
require that the information be more specific. People v. Taylor, 96
Mich. 576, 56 N.W. 27, 28, 21 L.R.A. 287.
In People v. Westerberg, 274 Mich. 647, 265 N.W. 489, 490, we

quoted approvingly from our decision in People v. Maki, 245
Mich. 455, 223 N.W. 70, the following: Both in this state and
elsewhere it is the rule that, where a statute uses general or generic
terms in describing an offense, does not sufficiently define the
crime, or set out all its essential elements, * * * an information
which alleges the crime in the words of the statute is not sufficient
but a more particular statement of facts is necessary.
Numerous authorities supporting the above proposition are cited in

the Maki case. It will not do to say . . . that the accused clearly
knew what offense he was charged with having committed. He is
entitled to be proceeded against under an information which with a
fair degree of certainty specifies the particular charge made against
him and which fixes the scope of the prosecution . . . . Not only is
such specification essential to defendant's preparation for trial, but
it also affords him protection of record from being placed twice in
jeopardy for the same offense. In this jurisdiction it is provided by
statute that: The indictment or information shall contain: 1. The
nature of the offense stated in language which will fairly apprise
the accused and the court of the offense charged * * *. C.L.1929,
§ 17259 (Stat. Ann. § 28.985).
A lesser measure of certainty than that above indicated in charging

one with a crime would not provide the accused with adequate
protection but instead would deprive him of his constitutional right
of due process of law.
Brown, 299 Mich at 3-5 (internal quotation marks omitted); People v Carriger, 37 Mich App
605, 609; 195 NW2d 25 (1972) (“The purpose of an information in a criminal case is to inform
the defendant of the charge made against him. Such facts must be averred as will lead to a
necessary conclusion of guilt, if admitted, without consideration of any allegations of guilt. The
sufficiency of an information cannot be tested by and does not depend upon the proofs. It either
is, or is not, upon its face, a good information.”).
9
The Michigan Court of Appeals, in a series of more recent unpublished decisions, has
restated these fundamental principles:
The federal and state constitutions provide a criminal defendant

with the right to notice of the nature and cause of the accusations
against him. US Const, Amends VI, XIV; Const 1963, art I, § 20.
The information must contain “[t]he nature of the offense stated in
language which will fairly apprise the accused and the court of the
offense charged.” MCL 767.45(1)(a). See also MCR 6.112(D)
(“The information must set forth the substance of the accusation
against the defendant ....”).
People v. Taamneh, 2019 WL 3986241, at *3, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of
Appeals, issued August 22, 2019 (Docket Nos. 342452; 342453); see e.g., People v Phillips,
2016 WL 1276369, at *1, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued March
31, 2016 (Docket No. 325854) (“A charging document provides adequate notice when it informs
the defendant of the charges he will have to defend against.”); People v Winchester, 2002 WL
864387, at *1, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued April 26, 2002
(Docket No. 228314) (“A criminal information must be as specific as possible after a reasonably
thorough investigation.”); People v Parkman, 2020 WL 3022552, at *11, unpublished per curiam
opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued June 4, 2020 (Docket No. 340943) (“Grounded in a
defendant's constitutional right of due process of law is the principle that an accused shall not be
called upon to defend himself against a charge of which he was not sufficiently apprised.”);
People v Horton, 2010 WL 624888, at *5, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of
Appeals, issued February 23, 2010 (“To determine whether an information provides sufficient
notice of the charges against a defendant, the dispositive question is whether the defendant knew
what acts he was being tried for so he could adequately put forth a defense.”) (Docket No.
290009); People v Mann, 2013 WL 1845611, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of
Appeals, issued May 2, 2013 (Docket No. 308945); People v Heinle, 2004 WL 1416251,
10
unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued June 24, 2004 (Docket No.
241570).1
The Michigan Supreme Court has dispositively applied these principles in several cases,
including a perjury case, to dismiss facially invalid indictments. In People v Vogt, 156 Mich 594
(1909), the defendant was charged with perjury for allegedly testifying falsely during a divorce
proceeding. Specifically, the defendant testified that he lived in Detroit in the two years
preceding his testimony in the divorce case. However, the defendant never testified that he lived
in Detroit in the two years preceding the filing of the divorce complaint, which necessarily
involved a different time frame. Nonetheless, the charging document alleged just such a lie;
namely, that the defendant did not live in Detroit in the two years preceding the filing of the
divorce complaint. The Michigan Supreme Court dismissed the charge, emphasizing that it is
not enough for facts to be alleged in a charging document; the facts alleged must establish a
falsehood:
The question is whether this information stated an offense. The

information contains no averment as to the date of the filing of the
bill of complaint in the chancery case. The only averment as to
what constituted the material question is that it was material as to
whether the complainant was a resident for two years preceding the
filing of his bill of complaint. The testimony he is charged with
having given related to a period of two years prior to the giving of
such testimony. The truth of this testimony is not negatived; the
only averment in that regard being that in truth and in fact the said
G. Edward Vogt was not a resident of the state of Michigan for two
years preceding the time of the filing of his bill of complaint. It is
clear, therefore, that there is no specific charge of the materiality of
the testimony which he in fact gave, nor is there a direct averment
of its falsity. Except where the materiality of it sufficiently
appears from the oath itself, the materiality of that part of the
oath in which perjury is assigned should be averred. The
general averment that ‘it became and was material to ascertain
1
Copies of the unpublished opinions are attached hereto as Exhibit 2 in order of
appearance.
11
the truth of the matter hereinafter alleged to have been sworn
to’ is held not to have been a good averment of materiality. It
is also essential that the averment of perjury shall consist of a
special averment negativing the oath, or some part of it.
Merely saying that the defendant swore falsely so and so would
be bad.” Archbold's Criminal Pleading, Evidence, and Practice
(23d Ed.) 1055 et seq.; Commonwealth v. Compton (Ky.) 36 S. W.
1116. See, also, Enders v. People, 20 Mich. 233. Where the
information fails to aver facts constituting an offense, it is not
subject to amendment. Byrnes v. People, 37 Mich. 515; People v.
Gaige, 26 Mich. 30.
The conviction is set aside, and the prisoner discharged.
Vogt, 156 Mich at 595-596 (emphasis added). 2
In People v Westerberg, 274 Mich 647 (1936), the defendant was charged with burglary
in Genesee County for breaking and entering into a store located in the City of Flint, but the
information failed to set forth any facts describing the felony the defendant allegedly intended to
commit once inside the store. The Court dismissed the indictment, stating:
People v. Maki, 245 Mich. 455, 223 N.W. 70, 75, is controlling.
The prevailing opinion in that case has established in this state the
rule governing informations of this character, and the law as there
settled should be followed. We quote: ‘Both in this state and
elsewhere it is the rule that, where a statute uses general or
generic terms in describing an offense, does not sufficiently
define the crime, or set out all its essential elements, or where a
charge in the language of the statute charges a mere legal
conclusion, an information which alleges the crime in the
words of the statute is not sufficient but a more particular
statement of facts is necessary.’ Citing numerous early Michigan
decisions. There is no answer, under the above rule, to appellant's
contention that the information filed against her does not specify
what particular felony was intended to be committed in connection
with the breaking and entering charge. It might have been murder,
arson, or some other felony. Appellant's contention is that the
information filed is insufficient under the rule stated in the Maki
Case in that the information is not so specific that he may fairly
prepare his defense. Just as it was necessary in the Maki Case for
2
MCL 767.2 provides that all provisions of the law that apply to informations also apply to
indictments.
12
the people to charge and prove some particular act of negligence,
so in this prosecution it was essential to charge and prove a
particular felony or a particular felonious intent. The word
‘negligent’ is no more a general or generic term as used in the
negligent homicide statute (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 16743, Re-
enacted by P.A.1931, No. 328, § 324) than is the word ‘felony’ as
used in section 110 of Act No. 328, P.A.1931 above quoted.
Where a specific intent is required by law to complete a crime, no

description of that crime can be complete without it. Wilson v.
People, 24 Mich. 410. It may be noted that the simplified form of
charging breaking and entering provided by statute in this state
requires specification of the particular felony which the accused
intended to commit. 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 17258. Under the rule
in the cited cases, defendant was entitled to have been more
specifically charged.
Westerberg, 274 Mich at 649-650 (emphasis added).
In People v Lightstone, 330 Mich 672 (1951), the defendants were charged with illegally
providing an undercover police officer tips on horse races. The charging document referred to a
“Racing Master” publication that was allegedly used by the defendants to provide the tips to the
police officer, but the charging document failed to specify which of two “Racing Master” tip
sheets formed the basis for the charge. Id. at 675. The Court dismissed the information, stating:
In People v. Taylor, 96 Mich. 576, 56 N.W. 27, 21 L.R.A. 287,

quoted in People v. Brown, 299 Mich. 1, 299 N.W. 784, 785, the
court said: Wherever it is essential to apprise the defendant of
the precise offense charged, and an averment in the language
of the statute is not sufficient to do so, the courts will require
that the information be more specific. See, also, People v.
Maki, 245 Mich. 455, 473, 223 N.W. 70; People v. Westerberg,
274 Mich. 647, 265 N.W. 489; and C.L.1948, § 767.45, Stat. Ann.
§ 28.985. The videlicet of the information is insufficient. The
material portions of the [Racing Master tip sheets] introduced at
the examination should have been included in the information.
Without this those accused were not sufficiently apprised of the
crime of which they were charged.
As said in the Brown case: It will not do to say, as possibly might

be said in the instant case, that the accused clearly knew what
offense he was charged with having committed. He is entitled to
13
be proceeded against under an information which with a fair
degree of certainty specifies the particular charge made against
him and which fixes the scope of the prosecution.
Notwithstanding the reasoning of the trial judge, he arrived at the

correct result. Defendants were entitled to have the information in
the instant case quashed and to be discharged. The order quashing
the information is affirmed.
Lightstone, 330 Mich at 678-679 (bracketed material added, internal quotation marks omitted,
and emphasis added).
B. Perjury Cases Decided Throughout the Country that are Factually

Indistinguishable from Mr. Agen’s Case
Courts throughout the country have applied these same Constitutional principles to the
exact circumstances presented in the instant case, repeatedly dismissing facially invalid perjury
indictments that relied entirely on bald, general statutory language. In People v Westendorf, 37
Colo App 111; 542 P2d 1300 (1975), the indictment stated:
That on or about the 26th day of February, 1974, in the County of

El Paso, Colorado, Henry Glen Westendorf, did unlawfully and
feloniously make a materially false statement in an official
proceeding, to-wit: A session of the El Paso County Special Grand
Jury, No. 19645, which he did not believe to be true and which was
made under an oath required and authorized by law: In violation of
(s 18—8—502, C.R.S .1973) . . .
Westendorf, Colo App at 112 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The Court dismissed the indictment, relying on Russell and stating the general rule that in
perjury cases, an indictment must describe the alleged false statements, either verbatim or in
substance, to survive dismissal:
Although the legislature has the power to require which elements

of an offense must be set forth in an indictment, the ultimate test of
the sufficiency of an indictment is whether it is sufficiently definite
to inform the defendant of the charges against him so as to enable
him to prepare a defense and to plead the judgment in bar of any
further prosecutions for the same offense. People v. Mazza, 182
14
Colo. 166, 511 P.2d 885; People v. Xericos, Colo., 525 P.2d 415;
Edwards v. People, 176 Colo. 478, 491 P.2d 566; Russell v. U.S.,
369 U.S. 749, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 8 L.Ed.2d 240.
Here, the indictment contains no statements which are alleged to

have been perjurious. And, the general rule is that a perjury
indictment which does not set forth the alleged false
statements, either verbatim or in substance, is insufficient to
charge the crime. People v. Aud, 52 Ill.2d 368, 288 N.E.2d 453;
People v. Coleson, 25 Ill.App.3d 43, 322 N.E.2d 600; Paxton v.
Walters, 72 Ariz. 120, 231 P.2d 458; 70 C.J.S. Perjury s 43; 60
AmJur.2d Perjury s 38.
* * *
In light of the decision in Broncucia, it follows that the absence

here of the alleged false statements in the indictment renders it
fatally defective.
Furthermore, a bill of particulars, even if it supplied, could not

have cured the defect. Russell, supra; Aud, supra. Although the
purpose of a bill of particulars is to define more specifically the
offense charged, Balltrip v. People, 157 Colo. 108, 401 P.2d 259,
“(a) bill of particulars is not a part of an indictment . . . nor an
amendment thereto. . . . It cannot . . . in any way aid an indictment
fundamentally bad . . . .” Wright v. People, 104 Colo. 335, 91 P.2d
499; Compare Xericos, supra, with People v. Ingersoll, 181 Colo.
1, 506 P.2d 364.
An insufficient indictment does not legally charge a crime or

subject defendant to the jurisdiction of the court. Rowse v. District
Court, 180 Colo. 44, 502 P.2d 422.
* * *
The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded with

directions to dismiss the indictment.
Id. at 112-113 (emphasis added); see also People v Fueston, 717 P2d 978, 981-982 (Colo App
1985), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds by People v Fueston, 749 P2d 952, 954 (Colo
1988) (dismissing false statement indictment that failed to identify which statements were
allegedly false in a liquor license application).
15
In People v Heatherly, 132 App Div 3d 1277; 17 NYS3d 220 (2015), the defendant was
charged with perjury, but the indictment failed to describe the alleged false statements, either
verbatim or in substance. The Court dismissed the indictment, citing the Russell principles and
emphasizing the inherent dangers to the grand jury process if a prosecutor is permitted to fill in
gaps and guess as to what was in the grand jury’s mind:
[W]e agree with defendant that the perjury count of the indictment
should have been dismissed because it was defectively vague, i.e.,
it failed to set forth the particular falsehood with clarity along with
the government’s factual basis for asserting that it was false
(United States v. Serafini, 7 F.Supp.2d 529, 538, affd. 167 F.3d
812; cf. People v. Ribowsky, 156 A.D.2d 726, 727, 549 N.Y.S.2d
480, affd. 77 N.Y.2d 284, 567 N.Y.S.2d 392, 568 N.E.2d 1197).
An indictment for perjury must contain all of the essential
elements of the offense ... and must set forth the alleged false
testimony so as to apprise the defendant of the particular
offense with which he or she is charged (35B N.Y. Jur. 2d,
Criminal Law: Principles and Offenses § 1494; see Serafini, 7
F.Supp.2d at 538; United States v. Slawik, 548 F.2d 75, 83–84).
Here, nothing in the record before us gives any indication what the
grand jury thought was false (Slawik, 548 F.2d at 83; cf. People v.
Santmyer, 255 A.D.2d 871, 872, 680 N.Y.S.2d 367, lv. denied 93
N.Y.2d 902, 689 N.Y.S.2d 714, 711 N.E.2d 990). Because the
indictment failed to identify the particular falsehoods alleged to
have been made by defendant, the indictment failed to provide her
with the requisite fair notice of the accusations made against her,
so that she would be able to prepare a defense (People v. Iannone,
45 N.Y.2d 589, 594, 412 N.Y.S.2d 110, 384 N.E.2d 656).
Moreover, despite numerous pretrial requests for particularization

by defense counsel, the People never identified the particular
falsehoods allegedly made by defendant (cf. Ribowsky, 156 A.D.2d
at 727, 549 N.Y.S.2d 480). Rather, the prosecutor identified
particular subject areas that he believed were perjurious. To allow
the prosecutor, or the court, to make a subsequent guess as to what
was in the minds of the grand jurors at the time they returned the
indictment would deprive the defendant of a basic protection
which the guaranty of the intervention of a grand jury was
designed to secure. For a defendant could then be convicted on the
basis of facts not found by, and perhaps not even presented to, the
grand jury which indicted him or her ... The lack of specific
allegations in the District Attorney’s charge to the grand jury on
16
the perjury count renders it impossible to determine which specific
statement or statements of defendant the grand jury found to be
false. It is impossible to determine what the grand jury intended
when it voted on the perjury charge ... Since the grand jury
presentation and legal instructions do not answer these questions,
the perjury count should have been dismissed (People v. Harkins,
152 Misc.2d 984, 988–989, 579 N.Y.S.2d 847, quoting Russell v.
United States, 369 U.S. 749, 770, 82 S. Ct. 1038, 8 L.Ed.2d 240).
Heatherly, 132 App Div 3d at 1278-1279 (internal quotation marks omitted and emphasis
added); see also United States v Serafini, 7 F Supp 2d 529, 538 (MD Pa 1998) (stating “an
indictment must set forth the particular falsehood with clarity along with the government's
factual basis for asserting that it is false, such that a jury can determine the falsity of the
statement . . . . A jury cannot be allowed to speculate on (1) the prosecutor's meaning, (2) the
defendant's meaning, and (3) the grand jury's meaning . . . . The indictment must evidence a
meeting of the minds.”).
In People v Aud, 52 Ill 2d 368; 288 NE2d 453 (1972), the indictment stated:
[T]hat on the 30th day of November, 1970, in the City of

Shawneetown, Illinois, at and within said County, George Aud
committed the offense of perjury, in that he under oath, before
Judge Don A. Foster of the Circuit Court of the County of Gallatin
in the Second District of the State of Illinois in a proceeding
entitled: The People of the State of Illinois v. George Kilmer,
Defendant, Case Number 70—CM—25, charging the Defendant
with the offense of selling and delivering alcoholic liquor to a
person under the age of 21 years, did make false statements
material to the issue or point in question which he does (sic) not
believe to be true. In violation of Section 32—3, Chapter 38,
Illinois Revised Statutes, 1969 * * *.
Aud, 52 Ill 2d at 369.
The trial court dismissed the indictment, and the government appealed to the Illinois
Court of Appeals, which affirmed the trial court’s dismissal, stating:
The Illinois Perjury Statute is framed in general terms and the

words contained therein do not set forth all the elements necessary
17
to constitute the offense intended to be punished. The
indictments in the present case did not allege a single fact and
there was nothing in them from which the defendants could tell
definitely what acts they were charged with. The indictments
are therefore void. People v. Green, 368 Ill. 242, 13 N.E.2d 278;
People v. Brown, 336 Ill. 257, 168 N.E. 289; 70 C.J.S. Perjury s
43, p. 509; 41 Am.Jur., p. 25.
People v Aud, 1 Ill App 3d 867, 868; 276 NE2d 97 (1971) (emphasis added).
The government appealed to the Illinois Supreme Court, which affirmed the lower courts’
dismissals, emphasizing the absence of any precedent upholding a perjury indictment that failed
to describe the allegedly false statement:
(A)n indictment phrased in the language of the statute creating the

crime is sufficiently certain where the words of the statute so
particularize the offense as by their use alone to notify the accused
of the precise offense charged against him. (Citations.) But where
the statute does not specifically define the crime, or does so only in
general terms, some act showing an alleged violation of the statute
must be averred.
We have been referred to no decision of any court which has

sustained an indictment for perjury that did not set forth the
alleged false statement, either verbatim or in its substance. We
have found no such case. That is because the offense of perjury
can be committed only by the use of words; the words used are
both the offense and the means by which the offense is committed.
Perjury thus differs from burglary, for example, in which the
validity of the indictment does not depend on whether the unlawful
entry was through the front door, the rear door or a window, and
from murder, in which the validity of the indictment does not
depend on whether the victim was killed by strangulation, by
stabbing or by shooting. (See, People v. Coleman (1971), 49 Ill.2d
565, 569, 276 N.E.2d 721.) Those offenses are adequately charged
by an indictment that uses the language of the statute creating the
crime. But where the means used are integral parts of the
offense, as is the case in an indictment for perjury, they must
be stated. See, People v. Grieco, 44 Ill.2d 407, 411, 255 N.E.2d
897; People v. Coleman, 49 Ill.2d 565, 571, 276 N.E.2d 721.
18
The judgment of the appellate court in the consolidated case is
affirmed.
Aud, 52 Ill 2d at 370-371 (emphasis added).
C. Leading Treatises
These principles and accompanying cases discussing fatally defective indictments are
catalogued in the leading treatises. With regard to perjury charges, the treatises state:
A complaint alleging perjury must state all the facts necessary to

show that the defendant is guilty of the crime. It must set out the
facts showing the defendant's statement to be false.
1A Gillespie, Michigan Criminal Law & Procedure (2d ed), §17:33.
An indictment charging a defendant with perjury must set forth the

particular falsehood with clarity, along with the government's
factual basis for asserting that it is false, such that a jury can
determine the falsity of the statement. Thus, as a general rule, the
words alleged to be perjurious must be set forth in the indictment.
70 CJS, Perjury, § 56.
More generally, the leading treatises discuss and explain the critical importance of a
charging document providing proper notice to an accused:
A defendant is entitled to be proceeded against under an

information which, with a fair degree of certainty, specifies the
particular charge made against the defendant and fixes the scope of
the prosecution. This specification is essential to the defendant's
preparation for trial, and it affords him or her protection from
being placed twice in jeopardy for the same offense. In criminal
prosecutions, the accused is entitled to demand and know the
nature and cause of the accusations against him or her. In charging
the offense, a detailed recital of the evidence by which it will be
established is not required. Facts that must be averred are those
that, if admitted, would constitute the offense and establish the
guilt of the accused. The elements of the offense must be so stated
that the defendant can know what he or she is to meet and can
prepare for his or her defense.
* * *
19
Pleadings are assumed as necessarily containing, according to the
constitution, enough to inform an innocent person of facts intended
to be shown against him or her.
* * *
All systems of civil as well as criminal pleading require that facts

must be averred that, if admitted, will lead to the necessary legal
conclusion of liability or guilt. If the facts alleged would not to
themselves require this inference, no allegation of guilt will help
them. The result must follow from the facts and not from the
pleader's conclusion.
Gillespie, §17:10.
Among the objects to be accomplished by the mode of setting forth

the criminal charge, with its essential and descriptive
circumstances, the following have always been recognized as
fundamental: (1) to identify the particular transaction charged as
criminal, so that the defendant will not be tried for an offense
different from that for which the grand jury has found the bill or,
when under our law the information is substituted, different from
that to which the person verifying the information intended to
swear; (2) that the defendant's conviction or acquittal may enure to
his or her subsequent protection, should the defendant be again
prosecuted for the same offense, and though the identity may be
shown by evidence from another source where it does not clearly
appear from the record, yet it would be more difficult for the
defendant to show the identity where no specific description is
given in the indictment; (3) to inform the defendant of the
particular transaction constituting the offense for which he or she is
to be tried, that the defendant may be able to prepare a defense;
and (4) to enable the court, looking at the record after the
conviction, to decide whether the facts, as charged, are sufficient to
support the conviction and warrant the judgment and to guide the
court in the infliction of the proper measure of punishment.
In order that the accused may not be deprived of his or her

constitutional right of due process of law, the defendant is entitled
to be proceeded against under an information which, with a fair
degree of certainty, specifies the particular charge made against
him or her and fixes the scope of prosecution since specification is
essential to the defendant's preparation for trial and also affords
him or her protection of record from being twice placed in
jeopardy for the same offense.
20
* * *
The purpose of an information in a criminal case is to inform the

defendant of the charge made against him or her. Facts must be
averred that will lead to a necessary conclusion of guilt, if
admitted, without consideration of any allegations of guilt. The
sufficiency of an information cannot be tested by and does not
depend on the proofs as it either is or is not on its face a good
information. The dispositive question is whether the defendant
knew what acts he or she was being tried for so that the defendant
could adequately put forth a defense.
Gillespie, §17:13; see also 2 Modern Constitutional Law, § 27:8 (3rd ed) (“if the statute is
pleaded in the indictment in general terms it must be accompanied with such a statement of facts
and circumstances as will inform the accused of the specific offense, coming under the general
description, with which he is charged.”); 1 Orfield’s Criminal Procedure Under the Federal
Rules, § 7:85 (stating same); 41 Am Jur 2d Indictments and Informations, § 104 (“the statutory
words must be supplemented by other allegations that plainly, intelligibly, and explicitly, or
clearly and accurately set forth the elements of the offense, with sufficient precision . . . .”).
D. Application of the Controlling Law to Mr. Agen’s Case
Mr. Agen’s indictment completely fails to meet these exacting standards, merely stating
that he “[d]id knowingly and willfully make a false statement or statements under oath during
investigative subpoena interview testimony conducted on February 11, 2017 . . . .” This simple
recitation of general statutory language with no factual support does nothing to identify the
particular allegedly false statement, making it impossible for Mr. Agen to prepare a defense. See
e.g., Russell, 369 US at 766 (“A cryptic form of indictment in cases of this kind requires the
defendant to go to trial with the chief issue undefined.”); Heatherly, 132 App Div 3d, at 1278
(“Because the indictment failed to identify the particular falsehoods alleged to have been made
21
by defendant, the indictment failed to provide her with the requisite fair notice of the accusations
made against her, so that she would be able to prepare a defense.”).
Mr. Agen testified for several hours in the Flint water matter, resulting in what is likely a
several hundred page long transcript. Mr. Agen and this Court are left to guess which particular
exchange in what is likely thousands of lines of testimony is allegedly false. Such a futile and
Constitutionally incongruent exercise has been specifically rejected by the Michigan Supreme
Court. See, e.g., Vogt, 156 Mich at 595-596 (dismissing perjury charge relating to allegedly
false testimony in a divorce proceeding); Westerberg, 274 Mich at 649-650 (dismissing burglary
charge that failed to identify the alleged felony the defendant intended to commit after breaking
and entering); Lightstone, 330 Mich at 678-679 (dismissing gambling charge that failed to
specify the evidence that was being relied upon). Courts throughout the nation have similarly
rejected such specious pleading in the context of perjury cases that are factually indistinguishable
from Mr. Agen’s case. See, e.g, Westendorf, 37 Colo App at 112-113; Heatherly, 132 App Div
3d at 1278-1279; People v Aud, 52 Ill 2d at 370-371.
The bare allegation contained in Mr. Agen’s indictment also opens the door to the
Michigan Attorney General’s Office improperly filling in gaps of proof by surmise or conjecture.
See, e.g., Russell, 369 US at 766 (“It gives the prosecution free hand on appeal to fill in the gaps
of proof by surmise or conjecture.”). The indictment does not belong to the Attorney General. It
is the grand juror’s indictment. The Attorney General is in no position to determine what the
grand juror relied upon or meant when returning the indictment. If it were otherwise, the
prosecutors could repeatedly move the goal posts as they see fit. See, e.g., Heatherly, 132 App
Div 3d at 1279 (“To allow the prosecutor, or the court, to make a subsequent guess as to what
was in the minds of the grand jurors at the time they returned the indictment would deprive the
22
defendant of a basic protection which the guaranty of the intervention of a grand jury was
designed to secure.”).
The single-judge grand juror may have returned the indictment based on one portion of
Mr. Agen’s testimony while the Attorney General may be improperly proceeding against Mr.
Agen based on an entirely separate portion of the testimony. See, e.g., Heatherly, 132 App Div
3d at 1279 (without specificity in the indictment, “a defendant could then be convicted on the
basis of facts not found by, and perhaps not even presented to, the grand jury which indicted him
or her.”). The grand jury process was put in place to provide a check on a prosecutor’s power,
not to be a swinging gate that the prosecutors can open or shut as they please. In other words,
there must be a meeting of the minds between what the grand juror relied upon to return the
indictment and what the Attorney General is proceeding upon throughout the prosecution. See,
e.g., Serafini, 7 F Supp 2d at 538 (“The indictment must evidence a meeting of the minds.”).
The indictment also presents to this Court the entirely separate problem of having to
decide at the close of the government case-in-chief or after trial in the context of motions for
directed verdict of acquittal, see MCR 6.419 (A), (B) & (C), whether there is a sufficient factual
basis for the decision. See, e.g., Russell, 369 US at 766 (specificity in the indictment is also “to
inform the court of the facts alleged, so that it may decide whether they are sufficient in law to
support a conviction, if one should be had.”). As it stands, this Court will have no basis to make
any comparison between the facts proven at trial and those alleged in the indictment because the
indictment is devoid of any facts. This Court will be in the exact same unenviable position at
that time as Mr. Agen and the Court are in now; left to guess what testimony the single-judge
grand juror considered false.
23
The indictment also creates significant double jeopardy concerns. Mr. Agen could be
acquitted at trial based on the government’s failure to prove a falsehood contained in one portion
of his testimony, but then re-indicted on a completely separate portion of his testimony. See,
e.g., People v Waclawski, 286 Mich App 634, 706; 780 NW2d 321 (2009) (“The information
duly notifies a defendant of the charges instituted against the defendant and further eradicates
double jeopardy issues in the event of a retrial.”). Because the current indictment provides no
clarity as to which portion of his transcript is allegedly false, Mr. Agen’s ability to argue at some
point in the future that a new indictment is barred on double jeopardy grounds would be severely
curtailed.
The sufficiency of Mr. Agen’s indictment also cannot be tested by, and does not depend
on, the evidence the Attorney General claims it could present. It is either good upon its face or it
is not. See, e.g., Carriger, 37 Mich App at 609 (“The sufficiency of an information cannot be
tested by and does not depend upon the proofs. It either is, or is not, upon its face, a good
information.”); Gillespie, §17:10 (“If the facts alleged would not to themselves require this
inference, no allegation of guilt will help them. The result must follow from the facts and not
from the pleader's conclusion.”); Id. at §17:13 (“The sufficiency of an information cannot be
tested by and does not depend on the proofs as it either is or is not on its face a good
information.”).
The key is that the offense of perjury can only be committed by the use of words. Mr.
Agen’s words constituted both the supposed offense and the means by which the supposed
offense was allegedly committed. As the courts have held, “where the means used are integral
parts of the offense, as is the case in an indictment for perjury, they must be stated.” See Aud, 52
Ill 2d at 371. Mr. Agen’s perjury indictment completely fails in this regard. The dispositive
24
question is whether Mr. Agen is able to determine what acts he is being tried for so he can
adequately put forth a defense. The answer to that question is unquestionably “no,” requiring
dismissal of the indictment.
E. The Indictment’s Fatal Defect Cannot be Cured through a Bill of Particulars

or Amending the Indictment
The typical procedures prosecutors use to salvage defective indictments are not available
to the Attorney General in the instant case because the indictment is Constitutionally and
irreparably flawed. In Russell, the United States Supreme Court addressed the use of these
procedural tools to remedy defective indictments, but made critically clear that a facially invalid
indictment that fails to provide Constitutionally required notice to the accused cannot be
resuscitated through mere procedural mechanisms:
It is argued that any deficiency in the indictments in these cases

could have been cured by bills of particulars. But it is a settled
rule that a bill of particulars cannot save an invalid indictment. See
United States v. Norris, 281 U.S. 619, 622, 50 S. Ct. 424, 425, 74
L. Ed. 1076; United States v. Lattimore, 94 U.S. App. D.C. 268,
215 F.2d 847; Babb v. United States, 5 Cir., 218 F.2d 538; Steiner
v. United States, 9 Cir., 229 F.2d 745; United States v. Dierker,
D.C., 164 F. Supp. 304; 4 Anderson, Wharton's Criminal Law and
Procedure, s 1870.
* * *
To allow the prosecutor, or the court, to make a subsequent guess

as to what was in the minds of the grand jury at the time they
returned the indictment would deprive the defendant of a basic
protection which the guaranty of the intervention of a grand jury
was designed to secure. For a defendant could then be convicted
on the basis of facts not found by, and perhaps not even presented
to, the grand jury which indicted him. See Orfield, Criminal
Procedure from Arrest to Appeal, 243.
This underlying principle is reflected by the settled rule in the

federal courts that an indictment may not be amended except by
resubmission to the grand jury, unless the change is merely a
matter of form. Ex parte Bain, 121 U.S. 1, 7 S. Ct. 781, 30 L. Ed.
25
849; United States v. Norris, 281 U.S. 619, 50 S. Ct. 424, 74 L. Ed.
1076; Stirone v. United States, 361 U.S. 212, 80 S. Ct. 270, 4
L.Ed.2d 252. If it lies within the province of a court to change the
charging part of an indictment to suit its own notions of what it
ought to have been or what the grand jury would probably have
made it if their attention had been called to suggested changes, the
great importance which the common law attaches to an indictment
be a grand jury, as a prerequisite to a prisoner's trial for a crime,
and without which the Constitution says ‘no person shall be held to
answer,’ may be frittered away until its value is almost destroyed.
* * * Any other doctrine would place the rights of the citizen,
which were intended to be protected by the constitutional
provision, at the mercy or control of the court or prosecuting
attorney; for, if it be once held that changes can be made by the
consent or the order of the court in the body of the indictment as
presented by the grand jury, and the prisoner can be called upon to
answer to the indictment as thus changed, the restriction which the
constitution places upon the power of the court, in regard to the
prerequisite of an indictment, in reality no longer exists.' Ex parte
Bain, supra, 121 U.S. at 10, 13, 7 S. Ct. at 786. We reaffirmed this
rule only recently, pointing out that ‘The very purpose of the
requirement that a man be indicted by grand jury is to limit his
jeopardy to offenses charged by a group of his fellow citizens
acting independently of either prosecuting attorney or judge.’
Stirone v. United States, supra, 361 U.S. at 218, 80 S. Ct. at 273.
Russell, 369 US at 769-771.
Michigan Courts follow these long-established rules. In Vogt, 156 Mich at 596, the
Michigan Supreme Court made clear that a facially invalid perjury indictment cannot be
amended to remedy a fatal defect, stating “[w]here the information fails to aver facts constituting
an offense, it is not subject to amendment.” See also People v Newson, 173 Mich App 160, 164;
433 NW2d 386 (1989), vacated in part on other grounds, 437 Mich 1054 (1991) (“the
information may not be amended in derogation of a defendant's right to be fairly apprised of the
charge against him.”); People v Kohlhoff, 2014 WL 94360, at *5, unpublished per curiam
opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued January 9, 2014 (Docket No. 312456) (stating same);
People v Gillis, 1996 WL 33349409 at *3, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of
26
Appeals, issued October 11, 1996 (Docket No. 157075) (“An information may not be amended
in derogation of a defendant's right to be fairly apprised of what it is he is called upon to
defend.”); Gillespie, § 17:48 (“Where an information fails to aver an essential element of an
offense, it is not subject to amendment.”).
Because Mr. Agen’s indictment entirely fails to provide any notice of the supposedly
false statement he allegedly made during his testimony, the government cannot make use of a bill
of particulars or an amendment to the indictment to remedy the indictment’s fatal flaw. Should
the government attempt to do so, this Court should summarily reject those efforts based on the
case law and rules cited above.3
II. THE INDICTMENT SHOULD BE DISMISSED BECAUSE VENUE IS NOT

PROPER IN GENESEE COUNTY
Mr. Agen’s Flint water testimony took place in a meeting room inside the Michigan
Attorney General’s Office located in Lansing, Michigan. Venue for any allegedly false
statement made during that testimony is proper in Ingham County as the “county where the
violation took place,” not Genesee County. See MCL 600.8312 (“venue in criminal actions for
violations of state law . . . shall be in the county where the violation took place.”).
The Michigan Supreme Court recently addressed venue in the context of criminal cases,
concluding that venue is proper in the location where the crime was committed (the “crime-
committed” formula), which is informed by the nature of the crime alleged, the location of the
acts constituting it, and the verbs used in the charging statute:
3
The indictment is also defective because the government failed to attach “a list of all
witnesses known to the prosecuting attorney who might be called at trial and all res gestae
witnesses known to the prosecuting attorney or investigating law enforcement officers.” MCL
767.40a.
27
A criminal trial should be by a jury of the county or city where the
offense was committed. People v. Lee, 334 Mich. 217, 226, 54
N.W.2d 305 (1952). See also 4 La Fave et al., Criminal Procedure
(4th ed.), § 16.1(c), pp. 777-778 (American jurisdictions ... all
utilize the same formula for designating the particular district in
which the prosecution must be initiated and trial held: that district
in which the crime shall have been committed.). This is known as
the ‘crime-committed’ formula.
* * *
Although we have at times said that “trial should be by a jury of

the county or city where the offense was committed,” Lee, 334
Mich. at 226, 54 N.W.2d 305 (emphasis added), there should be no
confusion that—in the absence of an applicable statutory
exception—this is a mandatory aspect of criminal venue in
Michigan.
* * *
The Supreme Court has said that “the locus delicti must be
determined from the nature of the crime alleged and the location of
the act or acts constituting it.” United States v. Anderson, 328 U.S.
699, 703, 66 S. Ct. 1213, 90 L. Ed. 1529 (1946). One author
suggested that identifying the “essential verb” in the statute
creating a crime is the critical inquiry in identifying the proper
venue for a federal prosecution. Dobie, Venue in Criminal Cases
in the United States District Court, 12 Va. L. Rev. 287, 289 (1926).
This has given rise to the “verb test” that is influential in federal
court.
People v McBurrows, 504 Mich 308, 313-315; 934 NW2d 748 (2019).
Here, Mr. Agen’s testimony took place in the Attorney General’s Office located in
Lansing, Michigan, clearly making the location of the acts constituting the alleged offense in
Ingham County, not Genesee County. The statute charging Mr. Agen states:
A person who makes a false statement under oath in an

examination conducted under this chapter knowing the statement is
false is guilty of perjury . . . .
MCL 767A.9 (emphasis supplied).
28
Under the verb test, Mr. Agen “made” the allegedly false statement in Lansing,
Michigan, again making venue proper in Ingham County, not Genesee County. Similarly, the
elements of a perjury charge demonstrate that venue is proper in Ingham County, not Genesee
County. See e.g., People v Kozyra, 219 Mich App 422, 428-429; 556 NW2d 512 (1996)
(perjury’s elements are: (1) the administration to the defendant of an oath authorized by law, by
competent authority; (2) an issue or cause to which the facts sworn are material; and (3) willfully
false statements or testimony regarding those facts). Here, the oath was “administered” in
Ingham County, the facts “sworn to” took place in Ingham County, and the allegedly false
statements and testimony took place in Ingham County. None of the acts Mr. Agen engaged in
took place in Genesee County. As a result, venue is not proper in Genesee County, and the
indictment should be dismissed.
III. DISMISSAL OF THE INDICTMENT IS REQUIRED BECAUSE THE SINGLE-

JUDGE GRAND JURY OPERATING IN GENESEE COUNTY DID NOT HAVE
JURISDICTION OVER ACTS TAKING PLACE IN INGHAM COUNTY
Because Mr. Agen’s Flint water testimony took place in Ingham County, the single-judge
grand juror did not have jurisdiction to investigate and indict Mr. Agen. See MCL 767.3 (a
single-judge grand juror may investigate and charge only crimes allegedly “committed within his
jurisdiction.”). Here, the single judge grand juror was the Honorable David Newblatt, a Circuit
Court judge on the 7th Circuit Court, which consists of Genesee County. See MCL 600.508
(“The seventh judicial circuit consists of the county of Genesee and has 9 judges.”).
Accordingly, Judge Newblatt, in his capacity as grand juror, was limited to investigating
and charging crimes committed in Genesee County. See Const 1963, art 6, § 11 (“Each circuit
judge shall hold court in the county or counties within the circuit in which he is elected . . . .”);
see also Petition of Hickerson, 301 Mich 278, 282; 3 NW2d 274 (1942) (recognizing that, for
29
purposes of the jurisdiction of a one-man grand jury, “the controlling element [is] the territorial
jurisdiction of the court conducting the grand jury,” not the court’s subject-matter jurisdiction);
In re Watson, 293 Mich 263, 269; 291 NW 652 (1940) (recognizing that a Wayne County
circuit judge, “as a one-man grand jury, is empowered to investigate gambling in Wayne
county”).
The remedy for an indictment charging offenses outside the grand jury’s jurisdiction is
axiomatic: a trial court must quash the indictment returned by a grand jury that lacked
jurisdiction. See, e.g., People v Lauder, 82 Mich 109, 135; 46 NW 956 (1890) (“In a case where
a grand jury was impaneled without any jurisdiction whatever . . . it would be the duty of the
court, upon proper showing, to quash the indictment.”); People v DiPonio, 20 Mich App 658,
665; 174 NW2d 572 (1969) (quashing indictment charging offenses outside the grand
jury’s jurisdiction). Because the single-judge grand juror lacked jurisdiction to charge Mr. Agen,
the indictment should be dismissed.
30
WHEREFORE, Jarrod Agen now requests that this Honorable Court grant his Motion to
Dismiss for each of the three independent grounds discussed above.
/s/ J. Benjamin Dolan

Troy, MI 48084
(248) 433-7200
Seth B. Waxman (pro hac vice pending)

202-457-0160
Counsel for Defendant

Dated: January 29, 2021
The undersigned states that on the January 29, 2021, a copy of the foregoing documents
was caused to be filed with the clerk of the Court, and that service to the following parties of
record was made via first class mail and via electronic mail on the following:
Dana M. Nessel (P51346)

MI DEP’T OF ATTORNEY GENERAL
G. Mennen Williams Building
525 West Ottawa St.
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 335-7622
miag@michigan.gov
/s/ Jill Merlo
31
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Defendants' Joint Supplemental Brief in Support of Motions To Procure Grand Jury Records - Filed - White Law

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Defendants' Joint Supplemental Brief in Support of Motions To Procure Grand Jury Records - Filed - White Law

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STATE OF MICHIGAN

CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE 7TH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

JARROD PETER AGEN, Hon. Duncan M. Beagle

DEFENDANTS’ JOINT SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF IN SUPPORT

attorneys and Defendants of the progress of the in camera inspection.

be produced to the Defendants immediately.

procedural logjam that neither side sought or desires.

be produced to the Defendants immediately.

dispute between the parties; namely:

• The production of grand jury colloquies between the

• The production of any other grand jury non-testimonial/non-

procedural documentation that is not subject to grand jury secrecy rules.

I. THE PEOPLE AGREED TO THE FULL PRODUCTION OF THE GRAND JURY

process of reviewing the lengthy grand jury record in this matter.

be the first step.

to determine which pieces of evidence – line-by-line, fact-by-fact and exhibit-by-exhibit – “touch

of a similar size, creating a massive and unwieldy record.

The complexities and nuances of determining on a fact-by-fact basis which evidence

to which Defendants should receive which information.

such an analysis could literally be endless.

analyze this matter.

States v Price, 566 F3d 900, 907 (9th Cir 2009)).

Response to Agen’s Motion to Procure Grand Jury Records at 2.

by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Defendants intend to present similar challenges to the government’s case.

(1) Discussions between the prosecutor and one-person grand

(2) How the one-person grand juror was selected; and

innocence whether testimonial/evidentiary or not, including especially instances of grand jury

prosecutorial negligence or intentional misconduct.

governing the disclosure of grand jury colloquies and other non-testimonial/non-evidentiary

1. The Prosecutors Returned Facially Invalid Indictments

particular statement of facts is necessary.”).

For example, Defendant Agen’s indictment merely states:

THE GRAND JURY OF THE COUNTY OF GENESEE

On or about the above date in County of Genesee, State of Michigan,

COUNT 1: PERJURY DURING AN INVESTIGATIVE

Did knowingly and willfully make a false statement or statements

the nature of the charge against him.1

767.40a(1) – no such information was provided.

2. The Prosecutors Failed to Follow Basic Criminal Procedures

government’s case with prejudice.

derived from the prosecution’s use of privileged (now tainted) information.

Michigan Rules of Professional Conduct 3.6(a)(1), 3.6(a)(5), and 3.8(e).

below in Section D):

Statements by Solicitor General Fadwa Hammoud:

Statement by Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy:

The nearly 40 minute press conference can be viewed at: https://www.michigan.gov/ag/0,4534,7-

grand jury record, including disclosure to the Defendants of the non-testimonial/non-evidentiary

C. Legal Standards Governing Discovery of Grand Jury Colloquies and other

record . . . that touches on the guilt or innocence of the accused . . . .”

MCR 6.107(A) does not carve out:

(1) Discussions between the prosecutor and one-person grand

(2) How the one-person grand juror was selected; or

(3) Any other non-testimonial/non-evidentiary colloquies with,

judge himself.” Meister v People, 31 Mich 99, 104 (1875).

• Statements that were intended to inflame the passions or

• Deception in the presentation of evidence that put before the

• Failing to properly inform the grand jury concerning the

• Failing to provide exculpatory evidence to the grand jury;

• Appealing to the grand juror’s personal pride in the

• Informing the grand jurors that the target was suspected of

• Inviting jurors to associate the accused with a disfavored