Topic

ARCHITECTURE OF MUMBAI : IN TERMS OF

PREMODERN AND MODERN ERA

Submitted By
Harshit Gupta
B.Arch. IV Year

Guided by
AR. SUPRIYA SINHA

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

BHAGWAN MAHAVEER SCHOOL OF

ARCHITECTURE, JAGDISHPUR

SONEPAT-131001 (INDIA)

1
1.1 AIM .............................................................................................3
1.2 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................ 3
1.3 METHODOLOGY...........................................................................3
2 INTRODUCTION OF MUMBAI .....................................................4
2.1 GEOGRAPHY OF MUMBAI...........................................................6
2.2 CULTURE .....................................................................................8
3 HISTORY OF MUMBAI .................................................................9
3.1 PORTUGUESE PERIOD .................................................................9
3.2 BRITISH PERIOD .........................................................................11
3.3 18TH CENTURY ..........................................................................14
3.4 INDIAN FREEDOM MOVEMENT .................................................16
3.5 20TH CENTURY ..........................................................................16
4 TIMELINE OF MUMBAI ...............................................................18
5 MUBAI AS FINANCIAL CAPITAL OF INDIA.....................................22
5.1 Home of Textile Industry.............................................................23
5.2 OTHER SECTORS..........................................................................24
6 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF MUMBAI.......................................25
6.1 VICTORIAN GOTHIC ARCHITECTUREI...........................................25
6.1.1 CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI TERMINUS............................................27
6.2 INDO-SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE...............................................36
6.3 ART-DECO....................................................................................36
6.3.1 THE CINEMATIC ERA.................................................................39
6.3.1.1 REGAL CINEMA......................................................................40
6.3.1.2 METRO CINEMA....................................................................41
6.3.1.3 EROS CINEMA........................................................................42
6.4 CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE................................................43
6.4.1 KOHINOOR SQUARE..................................................................44

2
1.1 AIM
-Study of pre modern and modern Architecture in case of Mumbai.

1.2 OBJECTIVES
-To study, architectural typology of premodern and modern
mumbai.
-To analyse, what changes were made by britishers in mumbai.
-To study, why mumbai is known as the financial capital of india.
-To analyse, how people adapt the change in their developing city.

1.3 METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
Basic introduction of mumbai, history of mumbai ,background study

INVESTIGATION
study social impact , identify culture and tradition of mumbai

DATA COLLECTION

PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

- study of mode of thinking - review of available data
- knowing background - through books , online
studies surfing

ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

interpretation and presentation

3
2 INTRODUCTION OF MUMBAI

4
M
- umbai formerly known as Bombay is the capital city of the Indian
state of Maharashtra. According to the United Nations, as of 2018,
Mumbai is the most populous city in the country and the seventh-most
populous city in the world with a population of roughly 20 million.

- As per Indian government population census of 2011, Mumbai is the

most populous city in India with an estimated city proper population of
12.5 million living under Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai.

- Mumbai is the centre of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, the sixth

most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over
23 million.Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India
and has a deep natural harbour.

- In 2008, Mumbai was named an alpha world city. It has the highest
number of millionaires and billionaires among all cities in India.
Mumbai is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Elephanta
Caves, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, and the city's distinctive
ensemble of Victorian and Art Deco buildings.

- The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were originally home to

communities of Marathi language speaking Koli people.

- Human habitation of Mumbai

existed since the Stone Age, the Kolis
and Aagri(a Marathi fishing
community) were the earliest known
settlers of the islands.

- The name Mumbai is an eponym,

derived from the name of a local
Goddess called Mumbadevi.

5
- The history of this beautiful city dates back to the formation of the
seven islands, namely Colaba, Mazagaon, Mahim, Parel, Bombay Island,
Worli and Old Woman's Island.

- This group of islands infact formed a part of the kingdom of Ashoka,

the famed Buddhist emperor of India.

- Originally, the seven islands were a part of the kingdom of Ashoka.

After Ashoka's demise, countless rulers of the Silahara dynasty took
over until the Kingdom of Gujarat annexed the islands in 1343 AD and
remained such till 1543 AD.

- Following the death of the king, the ownership of these islands was
passed on and they were later colonized by a number of different rulers.

- From the early 19th century, the city went under a massive
reconstruction and also experienced a boost in the economy during the
American Civil War.

- Apart from the reconstruction and the ownership, Mumbai (previously

called Bombay) has also been witness to mass carnages during the
Second World War and the Hindu-Muslim Riots.

- A series of refurbishments and battles later, the city was

officially deemed as the capital of the state of Maharashtra

2.1 GEOGRAPHY OF MUMBAI

Mumbai is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of Salsette Island,
which lies between the Arabian Sea to the west, Thane Creek to the
east and Vasai Creek to the north.

- Mumbai's suburban district occupies most of the island. Navi Mumbai

is east of Thane Creek and Thane is north of Vasai Creek. Mumbai
consists of two distinct regions: Mumbai City district and Mumbai
Suburban district, which form two separate revenue districts of
Maharashtra.

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- The city district region is
also commonly referred to
as the Island City or South
Mumbai. The total area of
Mumbai is 603.4 km2 (233
sq mi). Of this, the island city
spans 67.79 km2 (26 sq mi),
while the suburban district
spans 370 km2 (143 sq mi),
together accounting for
437.71 km2 (169 sq mi)
under the administration of
Municipal Corporation of
Greater Mumbai (MCGM).

- The Mumbai Metropolitan

Region which includes
portions of Thane, Palghar
and Raigad districts in
addition to Greater Mumbai,
covers an area of 4,355 km2
(1681.5 sq mi). It sits on
Salsette Island (Sashti Island),
which it partially shares with
the Thane district.

- Mumbai is bounded by the

Arabian Sea to the west.
Mumbai consists of two revenue districts.
Many parts of the city lie just
above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49
ft); the city has an average elevation of 14 m (46 ft).[154] Northern
Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly, and the highest point in the city is 450 m
(1,476 ft) at Salsette in the Powai–Kanheri ranges.

- The Sanjay Gandhi National Park (Borivali National Park) is located

partly in the Mumbai suburban district, and partly in the Thane district,
and it extends over an area of 103.09 km2 (39.80 sq mi).

7
2.2 CULTURE

- Mumbai's culture is a blend of traditional festivals, food, music, and

theatres. The city offers a cosmopolitan and diverse lifestyle with a
variety of food, entertainment, and night life, available in a form and
abundance comparable to that in other world capitals. Mumbai's history
as a major trading centre has led to a diverse range of cultures,
religions, and cuisines coexisting in the city. This unique blend of
cultures is due to the migration of people from all over India since the
British period.

Culture of Mumbai Culture of Mumbai

- Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema—Dadasaheb Phalke laid the

foundations with silent movies followed by Marathi talkies—and the
oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20th century. Mumbai also
has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood, Marathi and
Hollywood movies.

- The Mumbai International Film Festival and the award ceremony of the
Filmfare Awards, the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi
film industry in India, are held in Mumbai. Despite most of the
professional theatre groups that formed during the British Raj having
disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving "theatre
movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English, and other regional
languages

- The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the

month of January, which is
organised by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation
(MTDC) at the historic Banganga Tank
in Mumbai.
8
 3 HISTORY OF MUMBAI
3.1 PORTUGUESE PERIOD
- The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth
of their religious orders in Bombay. The islands were leased to Mestre
Diogo in 1534.

- The San Miguel (St. Michael Church)

in Mahim, one of the oldest churches
in Bombay, was built by the Portuguese
in 1540.

- In 1543 AD, the Portuguese seized the

isles from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and
they remained in their control until 1661.
Following this period, the isles were
ceded as dowry to Catherine de Braganza
when she married Charles II of England.
San Miguel (St. Michael Church)
- He, in turn, leased the isles to the East India Company during their
colonization in 1668 and that's when the city was named Bombay
"Bom Bahia," which means "good bay.". In a matter of seven years,
the population of the city rose from a mere 10,000 to 60,000 in 1675.

- The Portuguese encouraged intermarriage with the local population,

and strongly supported the Roman Catholic Church.

- The first English merchants arrived

in Bombay in November 1583, and
travelled through Bassein,
Thane, and Chaul.

- During 1560, Bombay's main trade

was coconuts and coir.

- The St. Andrew Church at Bandra

was built in 1575
The St. Andrew Church

9
DAVIE'S SKETCH OF BOMBAY HARBOUR 1626

10
- The Battle of Swally was fought between the British and the
Portuguese at Surat in 1612 for the possession of Bombay.
- Castella de Aguada (Fort of the
Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese
at Bandra in 1640 as a watchtower
overlooking the Mahim Bay, the Arabian
Sea and the southern island of Mahim.

- The growing power of the Dutch by the

middle of the seventeenth century
forced the Surat Council of the British
Fort of the Waterpoint
- Empire to acquire Bombay from King John IV of Portugal in 1659.

3.2 BRITISH PERIOD

- On 19 March 1662, Abraham Shipman was appointed the first
Governor and General of the city.

- On being asked to hand over Bombay and Salsette to the English, the
Portuguese Governor contended that the island of Bombay alone had
been ceded, and alleging irregularity in the patent, he refused to give
up even Bombay
- He was forced to retire to the
island of Anjediva in North
Canara and died there in October
1664.

- In November 1664, Shipman's

successor Humphrey Cooke
agreed to accept Bombay
without its
island of Anjediva dependencies.However, Salsette,
Mazagaon,
Sion, Dharavi, and and Wadala still remained Parel,
under Worli,
Portuguese
possession.

- Later, Cooke managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala

11
for the English.

- On 21 September 1668, the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668, led to

the transfer of Bombay from Charles II to the English East India
Company , The Company immediately set about the task of opening up
the islands by constructing a quay and warehouses. A customs house
was also built , Fortifications were built around Bombay Castle.

- The harbour was also developed during

Gerald Aungier governorship, with space
for the berthing of 20 ships, In 1670, the
Parsi businessman Bhimjee Parikh
imported the first printing press into
Bombay.

- Between 1661 and 1675 there was a

sixfold increase in population from harbour
10,000 to 60,000.
- Yakut Khan landed at Sewri on 14
February 1689, and razed the
Mazagon Fort in June 1690.

- The arrival of many Indian and

British merchants led to the
development of Bombay's trade by
the end of the seventeenth
Mazagon Fort
century.
- By 1710, the construction of Bombay Castle was finished, which
fortified the islands from sea attacks by European pirates and the
Marathas.

- He established the Marine force, and

constructed the St. Thomas Cathedral
in 1718, which was the first Anglican
Church in Bombay.

12

Mayor's court
- The Maratha victory forced the British to push settlements within
the fort walls of the city.
- In 1728, a Mayor's court was
established in Bombay and the first
reclamation was started which was a
temporary work in Mahalaxmi, on the
creek separating Bombay from
Worli.The shipbuilding industry started
in Bombay in 1735and soon the Naval
Dockyard was established in the same
year.

- Under new building rules set up in 1748, many houses were

demolished and the population was redistributed, partially on
newly reclaimed land.
- Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia, a member
of the Wadia family of shipwrights and
naval architects from Surat, built the
Bombay Dock in 1750,which was the
first dry dock to be commissioned in
Asia.

- In 1769, Fort George was built on the

site of the Dongri Fort and in 1770, the Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia
Mazagaon docks were built.

Fort George Mazagaon docks

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- The construction of the Sion Causeway (Duncan Causeway)
commenced in 1798

-The construction of the Sion Causeway was completed in 1802 by

Governor Jonathan Duncan. It connected Bombay Island to Kurla in
Salsette. On 17 February 1803, a fire raged through the town,
razing many localities around the Old Fort, subsequently the British had
to plan a new town with wider roads.

3.3 18th CENTURY

- The educational and economic progress of the city began with the
Company's military successes in the Deccan. The Wellington Pier (Apollo
Bunder) in the north of Colaba was opened for passenger traffic in 1819
and the Elphinstone High School was established in 1822.

- The construction of the new mint commenced in 1825. With the

construction of a good carriage road up the Bhor Ghat during the
regimes of Mountstuart Elphinstone and Sir John Malcolm gave
better access from Bombay to the Deccan.

- The Asiatic Society of Bombay (Town Hall) was completed in 1833, and
the Elphinstone College was built in 1835. In 1836, the Chamber of
Commerce was established.

- In 1838, the islands of Colaba and Little Colaba were connected to

Bombay by the Colaba Causeway.

14
- In 1838, the islands of Colaba and Little Colaba were connected to
Bombay by the Colaba Causeway.In the same year, monthly
communication was established between Bombay and London.The
Bank of Bombay, the oldest bank in the city, was established in 1840,
and the Bank of Western India in 1842.

Cotton bales at the port in

University of Bombay Bombay, India, 1860's.
- The first-ever Indian railway line began operations between Bombay
and neighbouring Thane over a distance of 21 miles on 16 April 1853.
The Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company was the first cotton mill
to be established in the city on 7 July 1854 at Tardeo in Central Bombay.

- The University of Bombay was the first modern institution to be

established in India in 1857.

- The Victoria Gardens was opened to the public in 1862. The Bombay
Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies were started in 1863 to make
Bombay merchants independent of the English.

15
- The Princess Dock was built in 1885 as part of a scheme for
improving the whole foreshore of the Bombay harbour. The first
institute in Asia to provide Veterinary Education, the Bombay
Veterinary College, was established in Parel in Bombay in the year
1886.

the Bombay Veterinary College The Victoria Terminus in Bombay,

3.4 INDIAN FREEDOM MOVEMENT

- The Victoria Terminus of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, one of
the finest stations in the world, was completed in May 1888.

- On 15 August 1947, finally India was declared independent. The last

British troops to leave India, the First Battalion of the Somerset Light
Infantry, passed through the arcade of the Gateway of India in Bombay
on 28 February 1948.

3.5 20TH CENTURY

- After the Partition of India on 15 August 1947, over 100,000 Sindhi
refugees from the newly created Pakistan were relocated in the
military camps five kilometres from Kalyan in the Maharashta Region.

- In April 1950, Greater Bombay District came into existence with the
merger of Bombay Suburbs and Bombay City.

- It spanned an area of 235.1 km2 (90.77 sq mi) and inhabited

2,339,000 of people in 1951. The Municipal Corporation limits were
extended up to Jogeshwari along the Western Railway and Bhandup
along the Central Railway.

16
- The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay was established in 1958
at Powai, a northern suburb of Bombay.

- Flora Fountain was renamed Hutatma

Chowk ("Martyr's Square") as a memorial
to the Samyukta Maharashtra movement.

- In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and

Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed.

- Nehru Centre was established in 1972 at

Worli in Bombay.The Mumbai Metropolitan
Region Development Authority (MMRDA) The Hutatma Chowk memorial
was set up on 26 January 1975 by the with the Flora Fountain,
Government of Maharashtra.

Nehru Centre Jawaharlal Nehru Port

- The Jawaharlal Nehru Port was commissioned on 26 May 1989 at
Nhava Sheva with a view to de-congest Bombay Harbour

- In 1996, the newly elected Shiv Sena-led government renamed the

city of Bombay to the native name Mumbai,
after the Koli native Marathi people Goddess Mumbadevi.

17
 4 TIMELINE
Consecration of
1534 Mumbai 1661 Population 1672 the first Tower of
ceded to the risen to 60,000 Silence and first
Portuguese. from 100,000 Fire temple
East India EIC leased the
seven islands of The Mumba
company
1612 came to 1668 Mumbai from 1675 Devi temple
Charles II built
india
Grant
Medical Siddhivinayak Start of
1845 1801 1735
College temple built at shipbuilding
founded. Prabhadevi. industry
Mahim Causeway first Royal Asia's first
1846 between Salsette 1810 Navy ship 1750 dry dock
and Mahim built Mumbai

First railway line

St. Peters St Francis D'Assisi
in India between
1853 Mumbai and 1874 School was 1908 High School
set up established
Thane.

University of Veermata Jijabai Gateway of

1857 Mumbai 1887 Technological 1911 India is built
Institute
established.
established
Mumbai
becomes the reclamation Sydenham
1960 1940 1913
capital of of land College
Maharashtra. established.

Bombay IIT Bombay King Edward

1995 renamed 1958 established 1926 Memorial Hospital
Mumbai. inaugurated.

18
19
20
MAP OF MUMBAI NOW

21
5 MUBAI AS FINANCIAL CAPITAL OF INDIA
- The geographical location of Mumbai port on the west coast made it
economic hinge and trade window to the west. The two trade
business made Mumbai prosperous and center for business hub. The
Opium trading and textile industry made Mumbai prosperous. Many
of the businessmen were Parsis who contributed for flourishing these
industries in Bombay. Three Parsi families were most active in
Bombay’s textile industry: Petit, Wadia and Tata.

- Mumbai entered in opium trade, a product of the poppy plant, that

turned Mumbai into a prosperous and thriving port. Parsi merchants
of Gujarat and Mumbai entered this trade in the early 19th century
and, thanks to their monopoly of the trade for over six decades,
Mumbai was turned into a thriving and prosperous port. It also turned
the Parsis into an affluent community.

TATA MOTORS IN MUMBAI Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy

- Mumbai Parsis who dominated this lucrative trade set up at least 14

firms at Canton and some of them even settled down here. Jamsetjee
Jeejeebhoy and Co., Cawasji & Co., and Dadyseth & Co. were the
leading Parsi firms; David Sasoon & Sons had also made heavy
investments in the trade like the British merchants of Mumbai.

22
5.1 Home of Textile Industry
In 1854, there was textile industry revolution which made Mumbai
major textile industries in the country, employing over a million
workers. The foundation was laid by a rich parsi, Cowasji Davar by
establishing Mumbai Spinning and Weaving Co. with a capital of
Rs.500,000.

Maneckji Nusservanji Petit, another wealthy Parsi formed the Oriental

Spinning and Weaving Co. in August 1854. After the establishment of
the first mill, within decades nearly thirteen mills employing over 8,000
people sprang up.

Slowly other wealthy Indians from

other parts of country took interest in
this lucrative industry. These included
Bhatias, Sindhis, Parsis from Gujarat.
The textile industry became the hub of
Mumbai’s industrial growth in
subsequent years.

The cotton Boom of 1860-65 the

growth of Bombay was enormous led
to increase of the cotton
trade.Comparative details of Cotton
Trade.
Maneckji Nusservanji Petit
Year Amount
1793 £ 156
1802 £ 27,876
1812 £ 108,824
1828 £ 1,882,71

The textile industry dominated Mumbai’s economy, by the 1920s.

23
5.2 OTHER SECTORS

In banking and insurance business Mumbai became India’s leading

centre. Its bullion markets in Jhaveri Bazaar and Shaikh Memon Street
were India’s largest. All these contributed to make Mumbai India’s
leading capital market. By 1914, eighty-seven per cent of the total
value of India’s capital investment and nearly half the value of the
private industrial investments were invested in Mumbai. Since then,
Mumbai has become the financial capital of India and a place
of immeasurable influence in India’s economic as well as political life.

Jhaveri Bazaa

Shaikh Memon Street

24
 6 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF MUMBAI
- The architecture of Mumbai blends Gothic, Victorian, Art Deco,
Indo-Saracenic and contemporary architectural styles. Many
buildings, structures and historical monuments remain from the
colonial era. Mumbai, after Miami, has the second largest number of
Art Deco buildings in the world.

6.1 VICTORIAN GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Municipal Corporation Building

- Mumbai Architecture came to be present through the British in the

18th and early 19th centuries.

- At first it was the neoclassical style of architecture but later, the

Victorian Gothic style (also known as Gothic revival) came to dominate
the city.

- Where the neoclassical has an orderly monochromatic presence, the

Gothic style is expressive, disjointed with surfaces of lives colors,
beautified with carved and narrative elements, consisting of flying
buttresses, lancet windows and stained glass.

-At first, due to the immense freed space it obtained, Gothic building

25
only served as churches, as religious buildings built by people of the
11th century.

- However, soon enough there came a need for public halls, parliament
houses, mansions, and the Gothic era was the solution. Indian
architects came to analyze this style and represent it and put it into
play in relation with the climate, and in relation to society's plans and
sensibilities.

- This style, the blend of Gothic and contemporary styles, is what came
to be known as "Mumbai Gothic."

- According to writer Jan Morris,

"Mumbai is one of the most
characteristically Victorian cities in
the world, displaying all the grand
effrontery of Victorian eclecticism".

- The British influence on buildings

in the city is evident from the Jan Morris
colonial era.

- However, the architectural features include a range of European

influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering,
Romance arches and Tudor casements often inter-fused with
traditional Indian features.

- Mumbai City Hall was built during the period 1820 and 1835, by
Colonel Thomas Cowper.

- The Fort campus of the University of Mumbai and Rajabai Tower,

Saint Xavier's College, The Secretariat, Telegraph Office, Wilson
College, and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus are also fine
examples of gothic architecture in the city.

26
6.1.1 CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI TERMINUS

- The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly known as Victoria

Terminus in Mumbai, is an outstanding example of Victorian Gothic
Revival architecture in India, blended with themes deriving from Indian
traditional architecture.

- The building, designed by the British architect F.W. Stevens, became

the symbol of Bombay as the ‘Gothic City’ and the major international
mercantile port of India.

- The terminal was built over ten years starting in 1878 according to a
High Victorian Gothic design based on late medieval Italian models. Its
remarkable stone dome, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground
plan are close to traditional Indian palace architecture.

- It is an outstanding example of the meeting of two cultures as British

architects worked with Indian craftsmen to include Indian architectural
tradition and idioms forging a new style unique to Bombay.

- India has some of the world’s most outstanding architecture ranging

from rock cut caves, to temples, mosques and mausoleums, medieval
palace complexes, step wells and churches.

27
- View of the front façade with different mode of transport in the
forecourt (Late 19th & Early 20th Century)

- VIEWS OF FRONT FAÇADE OF CST, MUMBAI (20th Century)

28
GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

29
SECOND FLOOR PLAN

ATTIC FLOOR PLAN

30
TERRACE FLOOR PLAN

WEST ELEVTION

31
 EAST ELEVTION

NORTH ELEVTION

SOUTH ELEVTION

32
 CHARACTERSTICS FEATURES

The Dome is placed on a high Building has very ornate WI

drum having two levels of very Railing and Gate.
good quality stained glass panels
on its 8 sides.

High quality stained glass at top Ribbed Dome resting on an

panels. The Original Stained Glass with Octagonal Drum.
coats of arms and corresponding
paintings of locomotives.

Use of polychrome masonary, The Dome - Crowning feature

animal motifs & coats of arms of CST. Intricate Carving on CST.
decorates this building
everywhere.
33
Encaustic tile dado in Banquet Highly decorated, coloured &
Hall. glided WI railing.

Decoration of steel work - A very Gothic Revival Interiors – Ribbed

conspicuous Gothic Revival detail. wall with gilt work still intact.

High quality maw tile dado in its Arch tympanums decorated with
star chamber. Indian Flora & Fauna. Use of local
species of animals in carving.

34
Windows on second floor arches on second floor

details of tower

sectional elevation of dome

35
6.2 INDO-SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Gateway of India

Sangrahalaya

- The Indo-Saracenic style developed in the second half of the 19th

century, combining Islamic and Hindu architectural styles with its
characteristic domes, arches, stained glasses, spires, and minarets. The
Gateway of India and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya
are good examples of this architectural type in the city.

6.3 ART-DECO

high court mumbai flora fountain mumbai

- The Deco period began in 1910 when Art Nouveau slid out of fashion.

- Art deco's linear symmetry was a distinct departure from the flowing
asymmetrical organic curves of its predecessor style art nouveau.

36
- Cubism, Orphism, Futurism and Constructivism provided an abstract,
geometric language that was quickly assimilated into the Deco style
and the high styles of European tradition continued to provide
inspiration.

- Art Deco had a unique impact in America,

especially in New York. Skyscrapers such as
the Chrysler Building became icons of the
new style, while jazz became the music of
the city. The popularity of Hollywood films
did much to promote Art Deco to an
international audience worldwide.

- Art Deco is one of Mumbai's least noticed

architectural styles, though Mumbai and its
suburbs possibly have the largest number the Chrysler Building
of Art Deco buildings in the world.

- Art Deco in India (and especially in Mumbai) evolved into a unique

style that came to be called Deco-Saracenic. Essentially, it was a
combination of the Islamic and the Hindu architectural styles.

37
- The main features of the Indo Saracenic Style were the construction
of domes, arches, spires, stained glasses and minarets.

- The interiors have Victorian influences while the exterior was Indian.
Deco details touch every architectural aspect – lamps, flooring, wood
paneling, lifts, railings and grills, muntins, chajjas or weather shades,
plinth copings and mouldings, cornices, verandahs and balconies,
bronze and stainless steel fittings, brackets, etched glass, ornamental
sculptures that extended to names carved out in giant letters, facades
that are very airy and built in stepped -back style, etc.

- Mumbai's Art Deco stands out not only because it uses the easy
blend of Deco-Saracenic but also because architects have used a
variety of materials to express design freely.

- For instance, many buildings have been constructed entirely out of

reinforced cement concrete but has a facing of Malad stone. Bharat
Tiles, India's oldest tile manufacturers, also played an integral part in
the shaping of Art Deco interiors. Some of the most visited
architectural sites in Mumbai are:

• The Mahalakshmi Temple

• The Jahangir Art Gallery
• The High Court
• The General Post Office
• The Flora Fountain
• Regal Cinema

- Art Deco architecture in Mumbai developed during the 1930s and

produced distinctly angular shaped buildings with facades. Mumbai
has the second largest number of Art Deco buildings in the world.

- The Art Deco style is also extremely popular amongst various Cinema
halls that sprung up in the early to mid 20th Century including Metro
Cinema, Eros Cinema, Liberty Cinema and even Regal Cinema.

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6.3.1 THE CINEMATIC ERA

- As the era of 1930s arrived the country had a need of more

residential and commercial structure to grow and empower the
economy, so 1930- 1935 were the year of infrastructure growth in
Mumbai, but as the lifestyle of the people improved the investors
started to invest in the area of entertainments that is CINEMA. AND
THIS GAVE THE RISE OF INDIAN CINEMA WITH MANY CINEMAS BUILT
AROUND MUMBAI WITH ART-DECO STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE…

- LETS SEE FEW EXAMPLES OF THE CINEMAS WHICH WERE THE

LANMARK OF THIS ERA

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6.3.1.1 REGAL CINEMA
85 years ago to the day,
the Regal was opened at
what was called Wellington
Circle by Bombay's
governor Sir Frederick
Sykes. Opened in 1933,
Regal was designed by
Charles Stevens, the son of
the famous 19th century
architect F. W. Stevens. Its
interiors were designed to create an impression of airiness, coolness
and size in harmony with the modern simplicity of the exteriors. The
elevator up from the parking area was a major innovation at the time.

The tiger head motifs on its intricate designs or patterns on

front façade symbolizes its the façade which represents the
grandeur at the time it was architectural style.
inaugurated.

“The once fancy and posh

exteriors of Regal may have
worn out with time, but the
old world charm and the
history that it carries
continues to attract the
young and old alike"…. The erected columns on upper end
of the structure indicates the style.

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6.3.1.2 METRO CINEMA
Metro is located in the
Dhobitalao area of
Mumbai. The Art Deco
cinema opened on 5 June
1938, and initially
exhibited movies made by
MGM. The interior, floors,
walls, ceilings as well as
the furniture, was in
shades of red and pink the
films were classy, so was the audience at Metro. In 1955 Metro was
the venue for the first Filmfare Awards night.

The column and the theatre The interior were still preserved in
hoarding colour creates an art- art-deco style flooring
deco style oriented theme

“Many of the unique

characteristics of this
structure has been vanished
maybe after the restoration/
renovation.”
The column of the structure follow
the façade to the top

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6.3.1.3 EROS CINEMA
The foundation of Eros
Cinema was laid in 1935
and opened in
1938.Partially faced with
red Agra sandstone, this
building is painted cream.
The two wings of this Art
Deco building meet up in a
central block. The foyer is
in white and black marble
with touches of gold. Marble staircases with chromium handrails lead
up to the upper floor. The murals are in muted colours depicting Indian
architectures

The ziggurat built at the top Streamline and smooth edges

Use of patterns and grids Architectural lettering at top

and at the entrance door along with streamline support
below window
- “The art-deco characteristics of this theatre was well preserved over
the time both at the façade and interior”…

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6.4 CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

- As the wealthiest city in India, Mumbai attracts an enormous amount

of international investment and has seen a large number of modern
high-rise office buildings and flats spring up in recent decades.

- In many parts of the city, particularly the newer suburbs, modern

buildings dominate the landscape away from the old part of the city.
Mumbai has by far the largest number of skyscrapers in India, with 956
existing buildings and 272 under construction and many more planned
as of August 2009.

- The tallest skyscrapers in Mumbai include the Palais Royale, The

Imperial, and One Avighna Park.

the Palais Royale One Avighna Park.

43
- The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)
was established in 1974 by the Government of Maharashtra to manage
the planning and co-ordination of development activities in the city
and to overlook the architectural development of the city.

- In 1995 the Heritage Committee in Mumbai was established and,

unifying architects, historians and citizens to preserve the city's
tradition architectural heritage.

- A grading system has since been used under the heritage regulations
to categorize buildings according to importance: the most important
landmarks of national significance are categorized as Heritage Grade I,
buildings of regional importance as Heritage Grade II and buildings of
urban importance as Heritage Grade III.

6.4.1 KOHINOOR SQUARE

- Kohinoor square is a 52-story 203-metre (666 ft) semi-twin, mixed-

use skyscraper located on the land previously owned by Kohinoor Mills
in Shivaji Park, Mumbai, India. It is situated at the junction of LJ Road
and Gokhale Road.

- The Kohinoor Square complex comprises a main skyscraper and a

residential skyscraper which are for mixed use.

44
- Houses, hotels, residences and a high-end shopping malls are being
constructed by the Kohinoor Group under Kohinoor CTNL
Infrastructure Corporation.

- The building is one of the tallest mixed-use buildings in India, as well

as one of the tallest in South Asia as of 2013.

- The building design makes it environmentally friendly, using

technologies such as floor-to-ceiling insulated glazing to contain heat
and maximize natural light, and an automatic daylight dimming system.

- The site is located at Dadar , a

suburb of Mumbai.

- The site is in commercial hub

Surrounded by various high end
national and international
offices and luxurious
apartmenrts. Kohinoor square view from road

SITE PLAN

45
 CENTRAL CORE PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN WITH RESPECT TO SITE

46
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN (OFFICE)

5TH FLOOR PLAN (OFFICE)

47
 15TH FLOOR PLAN (OFFICE)

15TH FLOOR PLAN (RESIDENCE)

48
 17TH FLOOR PLAN (OFFICE)

32TH FLOOR PLAN (RESIDENCE)

49
STRUCTURE SYSTEM

- The structure
comprises a concrete
core and post-
tensioned concrete slab
and spandrel beams.

- The average centre to

centre distance between
columns is9.5 m.

- The column is of 1.8 x 1.8 m .

- The tube system concept is based on the idea that a building

can be designed to resist lateral loads.

- This assembly of columns and beams forms a rigid frame that

amounts to a dense and strong structural wall along the
exterior of the building.

SUSTAINABLE FEATURES

- 15 double height landscaped sky gardens and more than a

dozen height terraces, to act as tranquil and refreshing
breakout zones.

- Low flow faucets, dual flush toilets, grey water systems and
storm water & rain water management systems – all the parts
of our commitment to the environment

50
 1. Rain water collection.
2. Sky gardens
3. High performance façade.
4. High efficiency ventilation
system.
5. Daylight harvesting
&dumming controls.
6. Black & grey water reuse.
7. Environmentally preferable
material.
8. Green roof.
9. Energy centre.
10. Native adapted
landscape
11. Onsite waste water
treatment.
12. Recyclable sorting &
collection.
13. Natural ventilation.
SUSTAINABLE FEATURES

FACADE
- The façade consists of faceted unitized
aluminium curtain walls with provisions
for high performance double glass façades
on the tower.

- Diamond edges of the building having

aluminum flashing with LED lighting are
the unique feature and make it
complicated façade design. All the Glasses
are articulated glasses & can sustain
design wind pressure of 4.5 to 5.0 kPa. -

- The building design makes it

environmentally friendly, using
technologies such as floor-to-ceiling
insulated glazing to contain heat and
maximize natural light, and an automatic
daylight dimming

51