‫ا‬ ‫دة ا‬

‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬

‫ ل‬#‫ا‬$ ٢٠١٨ / ٢٠١٧

Scientific Section
(١ ‫) ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دات ا‬ ‫حا‬ (0‫ ص‬. 2‫ د‬0‫وأ‬ 0 3 4 :‫ ص‬/0 ‫ا‬

‫و‬ ‫و‬ ! " ‫ ا‬#$‫أ‬ 0‫ و‬25 6‫وا‬

(٢٩ ‫) ص‬ ‫ ص‬. ‫ ا‬2‫ ر‬4 ‫ ل‬9 :‫ ل‬# ‫ا‬

(٣٠ ‫) ص‬ , 3 4‫ * ط و‬+( .* ‫ ا‬-‫ و‬:2/3 ‫ا‬

(٣٥ ‫) ص‬ & ‫ * ط ( ا' ت‬+( , - .* ‫ ا‬/ " ‫ * ت ا‬:<4 : 4 5 6 ‫ ت‬8‫ا‬9

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0988660384 muayadabuhamdan@gmail.com
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
Introduction ( p 5 )
coin ( )‫ع‬ invent a new word or phrase ‫ة‬ ‫رة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ع‬
irrevocably ‫ﺑ‬ done in a way that cannot be changed ‫ه‬ ! " ‫ﺑ‬#
warfare ‫' ب‬$‫ ( ا‬$‫) آ‬ the weapons and ideas used in fighting in war ‫' ب‬$‫" ل ) ا‬$‫ ) ا‬+ , $‫) ر ا‬-‫ ' وا‬.-‫ا‬
People have probably been asking questions about the world around 4 5' ‫ي‬75$‫ ا‬#$ $‫ا‬ 8.‫ن أ‬23 ‫ س‬0$‫ ' أن ا‬$‫ ا‬+
them since they first developed the power of speech many thousands ‫آ!ف‬ ‫ >م‬$‫" رة ? ا‬$‫? ا‬$‫و‬-‫ ّ ة ا‬$ ‫ّروا‬2ّ ‫ أن ط‬70+ #;‫ﺑ‬
of years ago, but it is only relatively recently that what we call C55 ً 5,E F55 C55 ‫ و‬7550+ 455") 5 $ ،‫ات‬2055,$‫ ا‬5+ ‫ ة‬5 @
‘science’ has been widely practised. .J.‫ ق وا‬E ? ‘# ِ ’ #.‫ ا‬G H + .‫ ر‬+
Indeed, the word ‘scientist’ was coined less than two hundred years .‫ م‬5 M 5+ 5+ 5 ‫ أ‬750+ ‘#ِ$ 5 ’ 5 C L‫ ا‬، " "'$‫) ا‬
ago. Previously, individuals whom we would call scientists were 5) ‫ن‬25) ُ ‫ا‬2E 5 ‫ء‬ #; ,E 7$‫ ص ا‬Q-‫ ا‬،N$‫ذ‬
known in the English-speaking world as natural philosophers. . ‫ ط‬T.>) #. ‫ ﺑ‬U E!‫ي ' ث ا‬7$‫ ا‬#$ $‫ا‬
The origins of science are uncertain. From 3500 BCE the people of F 5 Q ‫ أ‬5 ‫م ﺑ‬.‫ ق‬٣٥٠٠ ‫ م‬5 $‫ ا‬5 + .‫ ة‬5 W+ 5 X #55 $‫ل ا‬255Y‫أ‬
Sumer, a civilisation from the area that is now Iraq, began to record ،‫ اق‬5 $‫ ّ ? ا_ن ا‬5, 5 $‫ ا‬5" 0 $‫ ا‬5+ ‫] رة‬3 2‫ وھ‬، +2.
accurate and thorough measurements of the world around them. .#;‫ ﺑ‬4 ' ‫ي‬7$‫ ا‬#$ $ + Q‫ ت د " و‬. a, ‫ﺑ‬
The ancient Egyptians developed the study of astronomy, . 0;$‫ ت وا‬b $‫ وا‬N T$‫ ا‬.‫ ء درا‬+ "$‫ن ا‬2 c $‫ر ا‬2ّ ‫ط‬
mathematics, geometry and medicine. .F $‫وا‬

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Later, in ancient Greece, Aristotle took some steps towards adopting d555 ‫? ﺑ‬555 2 555.‫ م أر‬555 ‫ أ‬، 555 "$‫ ن ا‬555E2 $‫ ا‬555) ،N555$‫ ذ‬555 ‫ﺑ‬

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the empirical method, which dictates that all theories must be tested F5a G5E‫ل إ‬25" 5 $‫ ا‬، 5 a $‫ ا‬5" $‫ ا‬50 25'E ‫ات‬2 $‫ا‬
against observations in the natural world. . $‫ ا‬#$ $‫ ) ا‬f3> $‫ ا‬H ‫ ت ط‬f0$‫ ر ّ ا‬L‫ا‬
y.
India was also an early cradle of scientific thought. For example, ،‫ ل‬5@ $‫ ا‬5. ? . $‫ ا‬T $ ً‫ ا‬+ ً‫; ا‬+ ً ] ‫ أ‬0;$‫ ا‬CE
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Aryabhata (476–550 CE) worked out an accurate model of gravitation, ، 5 ‫ ذﺑ‬a $ H55 ‫ذج د‬255 E‫? أ‬55 (٥٥٠ – ٤٧٦) 5 ;‫ ار ﺑ‬5
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based on the sun as centre of the solar system. . , $‫ ا‬2 a $ ً‫ا‬U + k $‫ س ا‬.‫م ? أ‬2"
China also has a proud and impressive history of scientific thought and . 5 $‫ وا! ف ا‬T$‫ ا‬+ @+‫ ف و‬+ l ‫ أ ] ً ر‬c $
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discovery. Sometimes known as the ‘four great inventions of China’, 5 f $‫ ا‬5 ‫رﺑ‬-‫ ا ت ا‬L!‫; ’ا‬Em‫ ً ﺑ‬E 3‫ ف أ‬+ ‫ ّ ت‬X ‫و‬
gunpowder, papermaking, printing and the compass irrevocably ، 5Y2 $‫ وا‬5 $‫رق وا‬255$‫ ا‬055Y‫ رود و‬5 $‫ ا‬5‫ وھ‬،‘ 5c $
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changed warfare, communication and navigation. . 3> $‫ !ت وا‬c !‫' ب وا‬$‫ا‬ ‫ﺑ‬
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However, scientific method was only perfected during what is known 5c $ ‫ ف ﺑ‬5 ُ 5+ ‫ ء‬50n‫إ! أ‬ $‫ " ا‬$‫ا‬ #$ ، $‫و‬
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as the Islamic Golden Age (from approximately the 8th to the 14th 5 J5‫ اﺑ‬$‫ ن ا‬5"$‫? ا‬5$‫ إ‬+ 5@$‫" ن ا‬$‫ ا‬+) +>.o‫ھ ا‬7$‫ا‬
5 L‫ ّّاح و‬5 25‫ وھ‬،C$2T ‫ روﺑ ت ﺑ‬F .(ً " ‫ >دي‬+
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centuries CE). Robert Briffault, a surgeon and an expert in human

society, wrote the following in his book, The Making of Humanity: : $‫ ا‬0Y ،G‫ﺑ‬ ) + ،‫ ي‬$‫ ا‬J a $‫) ا‬
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What we call science arose as a result of new methods of experiment, F55 a $‫ ا‬5 ) ‫ ة‬5 a$‫ ق ا‬5 $ 5 a E m55 E #55 G 5 ,E 5 +
observation and measurement which were introduced into Europe by . 5 ‫? أوروﺑ‬55$‫ ب إ‬5 $‫ ا‬5 ; L‫ أد‬5 $‫ س وا‬5 "$‫ وا‬5 f3> $‫وا‬
the Arabs. Science is the most momentous contribution of Arab #$ 5 $ 5 ‫ ﺑ‬$‫ رة ا‬5]' $ 5 ‫ أھ‬5@ -‫; م ا‬5.o‫ ا‬25‫ ھ‬# $‫ا‬
civilisation to the modern world. .q '$‫ا‬
One person in particular, Ibn al-Haytham, who conducted experiments ‫ ى‬5 ‫ي أ‬75$‫ ا‬، #@5 ;$‫ ا‬5‫ اﺑ‬25‫ وھ‬،‫ ص‬L ‫ ﺑ‬r Q ‫ ك‬0‫وھ‬
ً
on optics, is sometimes regarded as the ‘father of science’ as he ‫ ن‬5 G5E- ‘‫م‬25 $‫ ا‬2‫ ’أﺑ‬E 3‫أ‬ ُ ،‫ ت‬c $‫ رب ? ا‬a
pioneered modern scientific method. . @ '$‫ا‬ $‫ " ا‬$‫ ) ا‬M‫ ا‬$‫ا‬
It is no accident that the English words ‘algebra’, ‘chemistry’ and ‫ ت‬5 $ 5 ‫ " ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬U E!‫ ت ا‬$‫ ) أن ا‬c$‫ا‬ + k $‫و‬
‘physics’ all derive from Arabic. . ‫ ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬+ " + ; ‘‫ ء‬U T$‫ء‘ و’ا‬ $‫’ا‬،‘ a$‫’ا‬
Over the succeeding generations, science has worked wonders, + ,ّ 3 q 3 ،F -‫ ا‬# $‫ا‬ ، "3>$‫ ل ا‬-‫و) ا‬
improving our lives in a great variety of ways. Transport, medicine ‫ ل‬55c !‫ وا‬F55 $‫ وا‬55"0$ ) . 55 20 +‫ و‬55 M‫ ق را‬55 ‫ ﺑ‬550 3
and communication are just three examples. . @+‫ أ‬n>n ‫ د‬a+
Of course, we must remember that scientific knowledge should be 5 $‫ ا‬5) $‫ ام ا‬5.‫ ا‬F5a GE‫ أ‬7 E ‫ أن‬Fa ،J $ ‫ﺑ‬
used with wisdom and care. Modern warfare and global pollution are 5 $ 5@+ E25 $‫ث ا‬2 $‫' @ وا‬$‫' ب ا‬$‫ ا‬.‫ر‬73‫ﺑ' و‬
two examples of the negative effects that can occur if science is J55+ 5+ $‫ ا‬#55 ‫ ث إن‬5' ‫ أن‬5 5 $‫ ا‬5,$‫ ات ا‬nm55 $‫ا‬
handled badly. .u . ‫ ﺑ‬# $‫ا‬

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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا يا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا ا‬
Waste Disposal and Recycling ! " ‫ دة ا‬%‫ * ا ) ت وإ‬+ ," ‫ ( ا‬p 6 )
dispose +r to throw away or get rid of something +‫ ء‬Q +r ‫ أو‬+
landfill ‫ ت‬TE ‫ ة‬T3 a site used to dispose of waste material by burying ;0)‫ د‬H ‫ط‬ ‫ ت‬T0$‫ ا‬+ r $‫م‬ , J 2+
dangerous L able to cause harm or injury ‫] ر‬$‫ذى أو ا‬-‫ ا‬F , ‫در ? أن‬
leacheate ‫ رة‬c - 3 Q‫ ُر‬water that has been leached out from a larger object ‫ ء أ‬Q + vQ ‫ ء‬+
trickle , to flow slowly in drops or a thin stream H ‫ول ر‬ ‫ات أو‬ )u ‫ يﺑ‬a
sanitary ّ
'Y relating to the conditions needed for an area to be ‫ن‬2 $ " 0+ ; ' $‫وط ا‬ $‫ﺑ‬H +
healthy or hygienic 'Y ‫أو‬ .
municipal ‫ﺑ ي‬ relating to or belonging to the government of a city 0 + ‫ إدارة‬r ‫ ﺑـ أو‬H
clay ‫ ل‬c Y – ‫ ط‬a type of heavy, sticky earth used to make pots, ... E‫وا‬-‫ ا‬J0c$ ‫ م‬, "@$‫ج ا‬U $‫ اب ا‬$‫ ا‬+ ‫ع‬2E
1) Every year, people throw away huge quantities of rubbish. In ‫ ط ت‬5 E 5) . 5+ "$‫ ا‬5+ 5 M ‫ ت ھ‬5 ‫ س‬50$‫ ا‬5+ ،‫ّ م‬ )
their daily activities, people generate many types of waste, ‫رق‬25$‫ ا‬5; ) 5 ‫ ﺑ‬،‫ ت‬T0$‫ ا‬+ ‫ا @ ة‬2E‫ ج أ‬E‫ إ‬# ، +2 $‫ س ا‬0$‫ا‬
including used paper, empty packages and food scraps. .‫ م‬$‫ و)]>ت ا‬X‫ ر‬T$‫ ا‬T X-‫وا‬ , $‫ا‬
Homes, businesses and other places in the community all ‫ ت‬5 x 0 ; J a $‫ ى ) ا‬L-‫ ا‬+-‫ت وا‬y 0 $‫ زل وا‬0 $‫ا‬
produce substantial quantities of waste. Three methods of 5c$‫ ت ا‬5 T0$‫ ا‬5+ r 5 $ ‫ ط ق‬n>n ‫ ك‬0‫ ھ‬.‫ ت‬T0$‫ ا‬+ M ‫ھ‬
disposing of solid waste are to bury it, to burn it or to recycle it. . ; 0c ‫ ; أو إ دة‬3 ‫; أو‬0)‫وھ د‬
Until recently, people often disposed of waste in open holes in 5) ‫ ت‬5 T0$‫ ا‬5+ ‫ن‬25c ‫ س‬50$‫ ن ا‬5 5+ ً $ X ،F C ‫ ? و‬3

t
the ground, called open landfills. But these open dumps were . 532 T $‫ ت ا‬5 T0$‫ ا) ( ا‬+ ) T3 ? , ،‫رض‬-‫ ) ا‬32 T+ T3

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dangerous. .‫ ة‬L 32 T $‫ ت ا‬$‫ه ا‬7‫ ھ‬CE $‫و‬
Rainfall dissolved some of the chemicals from the waste, forming ،‫ ت‬5 T0$‫ ا‬5+ 5 M $‫اد ا‬25 $‫ ا‬+ ] ‫ ر ' ﺑ‬+-‫ ا‬4 , ‫ن‬
y.
a liquid called leachate. Leachate could pollute the soil, run off ‫ أو‬، 5‫ ﺑ‬$‫ث ا‬25 ‫ أن‬3 5Q $ 5 . 3 Q ّ $‫ ? ا‬, ً>M . ‫و‬
ls
into streams and lakes, or trickle down into the groundwater. . )2a$‫ ه ا‬$‫? ا‬$‫ إ‬, ‫ ' ات أو‬$‫ اول وا‬a$‫? ا‬$‫ ّ ب إ‬,
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Some countries have banned the use of open dumps. Another 5T3 5+ L‫ع آ‬2E . 32 T $‫ ت ا‬$‫ ام ا‬.‫ ان ا‬$‫ ا‬d ‫ ﺑ‬C 0+
type of landfill is called a sanitary landfill, which is specially 5 ‫ ؤھ ﺑ‬5 E‫ إ‬# 5 5 $‫ وا‬، ّ '5c$‫ ت ا‬5 T0$‫ ة ا‬5T3 ? 5, ‫ ت‬T0$‫ا‬
. ‫ ن أ‬+m‫ ت ﺑ‬T0$ ‫ ظ ﺑ‬T 3>$ ‫ ص‬L
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constructed to hold the waste material more safely.

A sanitary landfill holds municipal solid waste, construction ‫ ت‬5T +‫ و‬، 5 $‫ا‬ 5c$‫ ت ا‬5 T0$‫' ا‬55c$‫ ت ا‬5 T0$‫ ة ا‬5T3 ‫ي‬25'
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debris and some types of agricultural and industrial waste. . 0c$‫را وا‬U$‫ ت ا‬T0$‫اع ا‬2E‫ أ‬d ‫ ء وﺑ‬0 $‫ا‬
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Once a sanitary landfill is full, it is covered with a clay cap to ‫ د‬5 ‫ﺑ‬o 5 $‫ ا‬5+ ‫ ء‬5 ‫ ﺑ‬5; # ، ّ 'c$‫ ة ا‬T'$‫ ا‬u $3
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keep rainwater out. . $‫ ء ا‬+

Even well-designed landfills can pollute the soil and groundwater. ‫ ه‬5 $‫ وا‬5‫ ﺑ‬$‫ث ا‬25 ‫ أن‬5 # 5c $‫ ة ا‬5ّّ a$‫ ت ا‬5 T0$‫ ا‬5T3 ?5 3
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And while capped landfills can be reused for some purposes, such d 5$ ‫ ة‬5 $‫ ت ا‬5 T0$‫ ا‬5T3 ‫ ام‬5.‫إ دة ا‬ 0 ‫ وﺑ‬. )2a$‫ا‬
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as parks, they cannot be used for housing or agriculture. . ‫را‬U$‫ أو ا‬, $ ;+‫ ا‬.‫ا‬ ! ،‫ھ ت‬U 0 $‫@ ا‬+ ،‫ھ اف‬-‫ا‬
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. For disposing of waste, people used open holes in the ground which are called…………….
a. leacheate b. debris c. landfills
2. Open landfills are ...............
a. safe b. harmful c. a good way of disposing of waste
3. Leacheate can cause ……………..
a. water pollution only b. soil pollution only c. water and soil pollution
4. Capped landfills can be reused for ..............
a. parks b. housing c. agriculture
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
5. a type of heavy sticky earth used to make pots, bricks,etc 6. able to cause harm or injury
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
7. People throw away many kinds of waste such as…. 11. Open landfills have been banned because they …...
8. To get rid of waste, countries can ……………….. 12. A sanitary landfill is designed to …………..………
9. Leacheate is a liquid formed when ……………… 13. To keep rainwater out, a sanitary landfill ………..…
10. Leacheate is dangerous because it ………………. 14. Even well-designed landfills can …………..………
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
solid FY having a fixed shape; not a liquid or gas ‫ ز‬X ‫>ً أو‬M . k $ ‫؛‬C‫ ﺑ‬n Q G$
waste ‫ ت‬TE materials that are no longer needed and are thrown away. ; +‫ ر‬# ‫' ; و‬E E #$ ‫اد‬2+
compost ‫ د‬. decayed organic material used as a plant fertilizer E ‫ د‬, ‫ م‬, 0T + 2] ‫ دة‬+
‫ د‬. ?$‫ل إ‬2' to make plants …… into compost ‫ د‬. ?$‫ إ‬..... ‫ ت‬0$‫ل ا‬2'
ّ
reduce + " to make something less in size or amount $‫ أو ا‬#a'$‫ ) ا‬+ ‫ ء‬Q + "
volume #a3 the total amount of something +‫ء‬ $ $‫ا‬ $‫ا‬
toxic ‫م‬. containing poison or caused by poisonous substances + ,$‫اد ا‬2 $‫ ا‬G , ‫ أو‬#,$‫ي ? ا‬2 '
pesticide ‫ي‬ 3 + a substance used to destroy harmful insects ‫] رة‬$‫ات ا‬ '$‫ "] ء ? ا‬$ ‫م‬ , ‫ دة‬+
residue –‫ت‬T + the small part of something that is left after the main part ‫ي "? ﺑ‬7$‫ ا‬+ ‫ ء‬Q + c$‫ء ا‬Ua$‫ا‬
"‫ﺑ‬ is used , M $‫ء ا‬Ua$‫ ام ا‬.‫ ا‬# ‫أن‬
incineration ;Y – ‫ ق‬3 the process of destroying something by burning ‫' ق‬$‫ ا‬H ‫ط‬ +‫ ء‬Q +
2) Another solution is municipal solid waste composting. With this ‫ه‬755;‫ ﺑ‬.‫ د‬5 . ?55$‫ إ‬5 $‫ ا‬5 c$‫ ت ا‬5 T0$‫ ا‬5 2' 255‫ ھ‬5 L‫ آ‬5 3
technique, all the solid waste that a community produces can be J55 a $‫ ا‬5;a 0 5 $‫ ا‬5c$‫ ت ا‬5 T0$‫ ّ ا‬5 5 2' 5 ، 5 0" $‫ا‬
composted. .‫ د‬. ?$‫إ‬
This would dramatically reduce the volume of waste disposed of in 5;0+ r 5$‫ ا‬# 5 5 $‫ ت ا‬5 T0$‫ ا‬#5a3 5+ ‫ " ﺑ‬. ‫ا‬7‫ھ‬

t
ne
sanitary landfills. . ّ 'c$‫ ت ا‬T0$‫ ا‬T3 )
One disadvantage of this type of composting is that heavy metals ‫ دن‬5 $‫ أن ا‬25‫ د ھ‬5. ?5$‫ إ‬5 2' $‫ ا‬+ ‫ع‬20$‫ا ا‬7‫ وئ ھ‬,+ ‫ ى‬3‫إ‬
and toxic pesticide residues may be left in the compost. y.
.‫ د‬,$‫"? ) ا‬ +ّ ,$‫ا‬ '$‫ ات ا‬$‫ ت ا‬T +‫@" و‬$‫ا‬
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The burning of solid waste is called incineration. This process has . ' $‫ ا‬d ‫ﺑ‬ $‫ا ا‬7;$ . ;c$‫ ? ا‬, c$‫ ت ا‬T0$‫ ق ا‬3
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some advantages over landfills. .‫ ت‬T0$‫ ا‬T3 ?

Incinerators take up less space and do not pollute groundwater. . )2a$‫ ه ا‬$‫ث ا‬2 !‫و‬ ‫اً أ‬U 3 ‫ ' رق‬$‫ا‬
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The heat produced by burning solid waste can be used to generate 5) 5c$‫ ت ا‬5 T0$‫ ق ا‬53 5 5a 0$‫ ارة ا‬5'$‫ ام ا‬5.‫ ا‬5
electricity. .‫ ; ﺑ ء‬$‫ ا‬$2
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Unfortunately, incinerators also have disadvantages. For example, H5 ،‫ ل‬5@ $‫ا‬ 5. ?5 .ً 5] ‫ وئ أ‬5,+ ‫ رق‬5' $ ،€'$‫ء ا‬2,$
they release some pollution into the air. .‫اء‬2;$‫ث ) ا‬2 $‫ ا‬d ‫ﺑ‬
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And although incinerators reduce the volume of waste by as much 5c 5,0‫ ت ﺑ‬T0$‫ ا‬#a3 + " ‫ ' رق‬$‫ أن ا‬+ #X $‫و ? ا‬
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as 90 percent, some waste still remains, and this has to be disposed ) ;0+ r $‫ ا‬Fa $‫ وا‬،‫ ت‬T0$‫ ا‬d ‫ "? ﺑ‬، % ٩٠ ?$‫إ‬
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of somewhere. .+‫ ن‬+

Incinerators also cost much more money to build than landfills. .‫ ت‬T0$‫ ا‬T3 + @ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫داً أ‬2"E ً ] ‫ ' رق أ‬$‫ ء ا‬0‫‚ ﺑ‬
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. ……...of municipal solid waste can be composted. a. 100% b. 90 % c. 50 %
2. Incineration causes ………….. a. water pollution b. air pollution c. both ( a) and (b)

3. Through incineration, we can get rid of …….waste. a. some b. most c. all

4. Building landfills................. than incinerators. a. costs more money b. needs less space c. costs less money
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
5. a substance used to destroy harmful insects and small animals
6. containing poison or caused by poisonous substances
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
7. The municipal solid waste composting technique 9. Incinerators have advantages over
would……………………………………………….. landfills in that they …………,....……...
8. The problem with solid waste composting is that ………….. 10. Electricity can be produced from…….…
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
process a series of actions that are done in order to achieve a ‫ل‬2Y2 $ ;‫" م ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬# ‫) ل‬-‫ ا‬+ , .
x$ particular result 0 + a E ?$‫إ‬
to make something ready to be used or sold J $‫ ام أو ا‬.>$ ً‫ا‬U‫ ً ھ‬8 Q a
raw ‫م‬L natural; not changed by humans $‫ه ا‬ #$ – ‫ط‬
aluminum ‫م‬2 0 $‫أ‬ a light silver-grey metal ‫ دي‬+‫ )] – ر‬GE2$ ‚ TL ‫ ن‬+
can a metal container where food or drink is preserved ; ) ‫ اب‬$‫م أو ا‬ $‫ ا‬€T3 # E + ‫و‬3
ore U) rock or earth from which metal can be mined ;0+ ‫ن‬ $‫اج ا‬ .‫ا‬ ‫ر أو اب‬2 Y
mine F"0 – ‫ج‬ , to dig a deep hole in the ground to remove coal, gold ‫اج‬ .! ‫رض‬-‫ ة " ) ا‬T3 T'
etc out of the earth ‫رض‬-‫ ﺑ ط ا‬+ l$‫ ا‬F‫ھ‬7$‫ وا‬#'T$‫ا‬
conserve ? €) ' prevent from being overused ‫ام‬ .!‫) اط ) ا‬o‫ ا‬J0
melt ;c0 to become a liquid by heating , $‫ ا‬H ‫ط‬ >M . v c
temperature ‫' ارة‬$‫ا‬ ‫در‬ a measure of how hot or cold a place or something is + ‫ ء‬Q ‫ ن أو‬+ ‫ ارة أو ﺑ ودة‬3 ‫س‬
damage +ّ to cause physical harm to something – destroy +ّ – + ‫ء‬ $ ً ‫ د‬+ ً‫ را‬b F ,
3) The process of reclaiming raw materials and reusing them is called ‫ دة‬5 ‫ ? إ‬5 ُ ;+‫ ا‬5 .‫ دة ا‬5 ‫ م وإ‬5 $‫اد ا‬255 $‫ داد ا‬5 .‫ ا‬5
recycling. Recycling reduces the volume of solid waste. . c$‫ ت ا‬T0$‫ ا‬#a3 J 0c $‫ " إ دة ا‬.( ‫ و‬$‫ )ا‬J 0c $‫ا‬
Recycling also saves the energy needed to obtain and process raw ?55 ‫ل‬255c' $ 5 ; 'E 5 $‫ ا‬5 $‫ ً ا‬5 ] ‫ أ‬J 055c $‫ دة ا‬5 ‫)ّ إ‬255

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materials. Most recycling involves four main categories of product: 5 ‫ أرﺑ‬J 05c $‫ دة ا‬5 ‫ ت إ‬5 #5f + .‫ م‬$‫اد ا‬2 $‫ ا‬a$ +‫و‬
metal, glass, paper and plastic. .N .> $‫رق وا‬2$‫ ج وا‬U$‫ ن وا‬$‫ ا‬:‫ ت‬a 0 $‫ ا‬+ , M‫اع ر‬2E‫أ‬
Common metals such as iron and aluminum can be melted down 5555 '$ y.
M 5555 $‫ دن ا‬5555 $‫ ام ا‬5555.‫ دة ا‬5555 ‫; وإ‬5555Y 5555
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and reused. The aluminum in soft drink cans, for example, can be ‫ وﺑ ت‬5 $‫ ا‬F5 5) ‫م‬2 0 $-‫ ا‬J 0c ‫إ دة‬ .‫م‬2 0 $-‫وا‬
recycled. .‫ @ ل‬$‫ ا‬. ? ، T T $‫ا‬
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Recycling metal saves money and causes less pollution than 5a$ + 5+ 5 ‫ ً أ‬n2 F , ‫د و‬2"0$‫ ن ا‬$‫ ا‬J 0c ‫) إ دة‬2
processing new materials. With recycling, no ore needs to be mined, ‫ اج‬5 .‫? ا‬55$‫ ج إ‬5 'E ! ،J 055c $‫ دة ا‬5 ‫ إ‬J55+ .‫ ة‬5 a$‫اد ا‬255 $‫ا‬
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transported to factories or processed. Recycling metals also helps to J 05c ‫ دة‬5 ‫ إ‬5, . ; a$ + ‫ أو‬JE c $‫? ا‬$‫" ; إ‬E ‫ات أو‬U )
.‫ دة‬a + $‫ارد ا‬2 $‫ه ا‬7‫ ? ھ‬f) ' $‫ دن أ ] ً ) ا‬$‫ا‬
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conserve these nonrenewable resources.

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Recycling glass is easy and inexpensive. Glass pieces can be melted J5 "$‫; ا‬5Y 5 . 5T + 5 X‫; و‬5. ‫ ج‬5 U$‫ ا‬J 05c ‫إ دة‬
down over and over again to make new glass containers. The ;5c0 .‫ ة‬5 5 ‫ ز‬5E‫ أوا‬J05c$ ‫ ة‬5+ 25 ‫ ة‬+ U$‫ا‬
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recycled pieces melt at a lower temperature than the raw materials. .‫ م‬$‫اد ا‬2 $‫ ا‬+ ‫ ارة أ‬3 ‫ ; ﺑ ر‬0c ‫ د‬$‫ ا‬J "$‫ا‬
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Therefore, less energy is required. Recycling glass also reduces the 5+ ً 5] ‫ ج أ‬5 U$‫ ا‬J 05c ‫ دة‬5 ‫ " إ‬. ‫' ج ط أ‬E ،N$7$‫و‬
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environmental damage caused by mining the raw materials that are ‫م‬ 5, 5 $‫ م ا‬5 $‫اد ا‬2 $‫اج ا‬ .‫ ا‬G , ‫ي‬7$‫ ا‬8 $‫] ر ا‬$‫ا‬
used to make glass. .‫ ج‬U$‫ ا‬0Y )
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. Processing new metal …………..…..than a. causes more b. needs a lower c. costs less money
recycling it. ( ٢٠١٥ – ١‫) د‬ pollution temperature
2. Recycling .......energy and raw materials. a. needs more b. does not need c. saves

3. Recycling glass is ............... a. expensive b. not expensive c. difficult

Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
4. rock or earth from which metal can be mined 5. makes something less
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
6. The main materials that can be recycled are ….…... 9. Recycling metal saves money because with it ..........
7. One reason why recycling metal is better than 10. Recycling glass saves energy because …...........……
processing new materials is that it ……………..….. 11. Recycling glass requires ...........................(٢٠١٥ -١‫) د‬
12. Recycling glass is better for the environment
8. It is possible to recycle common metals like ……….
because it…………………………………………..
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
liquid = fluid M. a substance that is not a solid or a gas like water ‫ ء‬$ ‫ ز‬X ‫أو‬ Y C, $ ‫ دة‬+

pulp ‫رق‬2$‫ ا‬0 a a soft, wet mass of material, often made from wood ‫ن‬2 + $ X ، ‫ دة ط ورط‬$‫ ا‬+
and used to make paper ‫رق‬2$‫ ا‬J0c$ ‫ م‬, ‫ و‬F $‫ ا‬+ 20c+

resin x0 ‫ ا‬$‫ا‬ a thick, sticky liquid that comes out of trees or a ‫ دة‬+ ‫ ر أو‬aQ-‫ ا‬+ ‫ج‬ ‫ج‬U$‫و‬ n M.
similar substance produced chemically M ; E‫ إ‬# G$ G;‫ ﺑ‬+

detergent Tf0+ ‫ دة‬+ a liquid or powder used for washing clothes……. .... k‫ >ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬, $ ‫م‬ , ‫ق‬2',+ ‫ أو‬M .

carpet(ing) ‫ د‬a. a thick layer of fabric used to cover the floor b‫ر‬-‫ا‬ $‫م‬ , x ,0$‫ ا‬+ 0 n " ‫ط‬

fibre filling ‫ة‬2 3 a material made from many small threads, often ،‫ة‬ c$‫ط ا‬2 $‫ ا‬+ @ $‫ ا‬+ 20c+ ‫ دة‬+
‫ ف‬$-‫ا‬ used to fill or insulate ‫ل‬U $‫ أو ا‬2 ' $ ‫ م‬, + ً $ X

4) About 17 trees are needed to make one metric ton of paper. ‫ل‬25' .‫رق‬25$‫ ا‬5+ ‫ ي‬5 + 5‫ ط‬05c$ ‫ ة‬a5Q ١٧ $‫ا‬253 ‫' ج‬E
Paper mills turn wood into a thick liquid called pulp. .‫رق‬2$‫ ا‬0 a ? , n M . ?$‫ إ‬F $‫رق ا‬2$‫ ا‬JE c+
Pulp is spread out and dried to produce paper. Pulp can also be 055Y 5 .‫رق‬255$‫ ج ا‬5 Eo 5 ;T Ta ‫رق و‬255$‫ ا‬5 0 a 5 #5
made from used paper, such as old newspapers. Most paper ّ $‫ ا‬5@+ ،‫ م‬5, $‫رق ا‬25$‫ ا‬5+ ً ] ‫ أ‬0 a $‫ا‬
5 . 5 "$‫'‚ ا‬5c
products can only be recycled a few times. .4") ‫ ّ ات‬$ ‫ر‬2$‫ ت ا‬a 0 $‫ ا‬#f + J 0c ‫إ دة‬

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Recycled paper is not as smooth or as strong as paper made from 5+ ‫ع‬205c $‫رق ا‬25$‫ ا‬5E + ‫ أو‬5+2 0‫ ﺑ‬k $ G 0c ‫ د‬$‫رق ا‬2$‫ا‬

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wood pulp. Each time paper is recycled, the new paper is rougher, ‫رق‬25$‫ن ا‬25 ، 5; ) ‫رق‬25$‫ ا‬J 0c ‫ ّ ة د‬+ ّ ) .‫رق‬2$‫ ا‬0 a
.ً‫ادا‬2. @ ‫ ً وأ‬T b‫ و‬E2 L @ ‫ أ‬a$‫ا‬
weaker and darker.
y.
When oil is refined to make petrol and other products, solid ?5" ،‫ ى‬5L-‫ ت ا‬5a 0 $‫ وا‬U0 $‫ ا‬0c$ 4T0$‫ا‬ # +0
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materials called resins are left over; resins can be heated, ‫ ھ‬5 ‫ ت و‬5a0 ‫ ا‬$‫ا‬ 5, 5 ‫ ت؛‬5a0 ‫ ا‬$‫ ? ا‬5, Y ‫اد‬2+
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stretched and molded into plastic products. . .>‫ ت ﺑ‬a 0+ 0c$ F$‫ا‬2 ) ; b‫وو‬
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Common products made from plastic include milk jugs, detergent ،F5 '$‫ ا‬H ‫ ر‬5‫ أﺑ‬N .> $‫ ا‬+ 20c $‫ ا‬M $‫ ت ا‬a 0 $‫ا‬
containers and soft drink bottles. . T T $‫ وﺑ ت ا‬$‫ت ا‬ ‫ ت وز‬Tf0 $‫ و ت ا‬3‫و‬
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When they are recycled, the new plastic can take on very different 5T + ً! 5Q‫ أ‬7 ‫ أن‬a$‫ ا‬N .> $ ،G 0c ‫ إ دة‬0
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forms, such as carpeting, park benches or fiber filling for jackets ‫ ات‬5, $ ‫ ف‬5 $-‫ات ا‬25 3 ‫ ت أو‬5‫ھ‬U 0 $‫ ا‬5 "+ ‫ د أو‬aّ 5,$ ،ً‫ا‬
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and many other things. .‫ ى‬L-‫ ء ا‬Q-‫ ا‬+ @ $‫وا‬

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Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

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1. Pulp is …………………. a. a solid b. a gas c. a liquid

2. To produce high-quality paper we use pulp made a. used paper b. wood c. recycled materials
from ................. ( ٢٠١٥ – ١‫)د‬
3. Plastic products can be made from ............... a. pulp b. soft drink bottles c. resins
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
4. a soft, wet mass of material, used to make paper 5. a liquid or powder used for washing
Complete the following sentences with information from the text

6. Pulp can be made from ………………………………………… 10. Resins are made into plastic products

7. To produce paper, pulp is ……………………………………… after they are …………………..…..

11. Two examples of plastic products are
8. After recycling paper many times, it becomes ................(٢٠١٥ -١ ‫) د‬
…………………………….…………
9. Resins are …………………………………………..

vessel ‫و ء‬ a container used for holding liquids M‫ا‬2,$ ‫ ظ ﺑ‬T 3>$ ‫م‬ , ‫و‬3

pulses ‫ب‬2 3 seeds such as peas that you can eat ; ‫ أ‬N0 ‫ ز!ء‬$‫@ ا‬+ ‫ور‬7‫ﺑ‬
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
5) Recycling is not a complete answer to the solid waste problem. d55 ‫ ﺑ‬. 5c$‫ ت ا‬5 T0$‫ ا‬5 $ ً 5 M ;E ً>53 C5 , $ J 055c $‫ دة ا‬5 ‫إ‬
Some materials cannot be recycled. There are not enough uses for 55 ) ‫ ت‬+‫ ا‬55.‫ ك ا‬550‫ ھ‬k 55$‫ و‬. ; 055c ‫ دة‬55 ‫ إ‬55 ! ‫اد‬255 $‫ا‬
some recycled products, such as low-quality newspaper. .‫دة‬2a$‫ا‬ ‚'c$‫@ ا‬+ ، ; 0c ‫ د‬$‫ ت ا‬a 0 $‫ ا‬d $
Finally, all recycling processes require energy and create some d55 ‫ ﺑ‬F 5 , ‫ و‬5 ‫ ط‬J 055c $‫ دة ا‬5 ‫ ت إ‬5 ّ 5 F55 ،ً‫ ا‬5 L‫وأ‬
pollution. Not all the materials we use have to be recycled. By ‫ دة‬5 „‫ ﺑ‬. ;+ 5 ,E 5 $‫اد ا‬255 $‫ ّ ا‬5 J 055c ‫ دة‬5 ‫ إ‬F55a ! .‫ث‬255 $‫ا‬
reusing objects, we can reduce the need for disposal sites and the ‫ ت وا_!ت‬5 T0$‫ ت ا‬5 $ 5 '$‫ ا‬5+ " $‫ ا‬00 ،‫ ء‬Q-‫ ام ا‬.‫ا‬
polluting machinery used for some recycling processes. .J 0c $‫ت إ دة ا‬ d ‫ ) ﺑ‬+ , $‫ث ا‬2 $ , $‫ا‬
Empty glass bottles and jars can become flower vases, candle ‫ ت‬5 ‫ھ‬U+ 5 X‫ ر‬T$‫ ا‬5 U$‫ ا‬5 E‫وا‬-‫ار وا‬255"$‫ ا‬v 5 c ‫ أن‬5
holders or storage vessels for rice, pulses and sugar. Plastic ‫ب‬2555 '$‫ ز وا‬555$‫ ا‬U555 $ 555 ‫ع أو أو‬2 555 $ ‫>ت‬+ 5553 ‫رود أو‬2555 $
bags can be used as floor coverings or for insulating your ‫ ت أو‬b‫…ر‬$ Xm .> $‫ ا‬FM "'$‫ ام ا‬.‫ا‬ . ,$‫وا‬
home. .‫ زل‬0 $‫ل ا‬U $
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. ........................ can be recycled. a. All materials b. Not all materials c. No materials
2. We can get floor coverings by ….. a. reusing plastic bags b. reusing glass bottles c. neither (a) nor ( b)
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
3. containers for holding liquids 4. seeds that you can eat
Complete the following sentences with information from the text

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5. Instead of recycling objects, we can …….…….….. 7. The advantage of reusing objects is that ……..……
6. Two disadvantages of recycling are that…………. 8. An example of reusing objects is when ………….

methane ‫ ن‬+ a gas that you cannot see or smell y. G ‫ أن اه أو‬J , !‫ز‬X
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carbon , ‫ أ‬En a gas produced when animals breathe out or when ‫) أو‬U$ ‫ ت ﺑ‬E‫ا‬2 '$‫م ا‬2" + 0 G E‫ إ‬# ‫ ز‬X
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dioxide ‫ن‬2‫ ﺑ‬$‫ا‬ carbon is burned in the air ‫اء‬2;$‫ن ) ا‬2‫ ﺑ‬$‫ ق ا‬3 # + 0
vent ') an opening that allows air, gas or liquid to pass in and out ‫ ور‬$ ‫ ﺑ‬M ,$‫ ز أو ا‬$‫اء أو ا‬2; $ v , ' )
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compact 4] pack things together closely and neatly H E‫ وأ‬# '+ ‫ ﺑ ]; ﺑ‬J+ ‫ ء‬Q‫م أ‬U'
well 8‫ﺑ‬ a deep hole in the ground from which people take water ‫ ء‬$‫ س ? ا‬0$‫; ا‬0+ c' ‫رض‬-‫" ) ا‬ ‫ ة‬T3
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dissolve ' to make a solid mix with a liquid and be a part of it G0+ ً‫ءا‬U ‫ن‬2 ‫ و‬M . J+ ‫ج‬U Y ‫ دة‬+ a
1 ‫ة ) ت‬2)
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A Sanitary Landfill (p9)

Leachate treatment: The collected leachate is pumped into holding 55) 55; #55 55 $‫ ا‬3 55Q ّ $‫ ا‬l55b # 55 : 3352ّ ‫ ا‬334
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tanks and treated with chemicals. Any leftover solids are collected ‫اد‬25 $‫ ا‬J5 # 5 . 5 M $‫اد ا‬2 $ 5‫ ; ﺑ‬a$ +‫ و‬f) 3 ‫ ت‬E‫ا‬UL
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and transported to a safe disposal site. . +‫ ت آ‬TE F + ?$‫" ; إ‬E‫ " و‬$‫ ا‬c$‫ا‬
Gas recovery: Bacteria break down waste in a landfill, producing ،‫ ت‬TE ‫ ة‬T3 ) ‫ ت‬T0$‫ ا‬N T ‫ﺑ‬ $‫م ا‬2" :‫داد ا ز‬2"7‫ا‬
methane and carbon dioxide. These gases could build up pressure in 5 ‫ أن‬5 .‫ن‬25‫ ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬5, ‫ أ‬E n ‫ ز‬X‫ ن و‬$‫ ا‬x 0 q 3
the landfill and cause an explosion. .ً‫ را‬aTE‫ ا‬F , ‫ ت و‬T0$‫ ة ا‬T3 ) ً b ‫ زات‬$‫ه ا‬7‫ھ‬
To avoid that, vent pipes collect the gases and release them. The ‫ ق‬53 # . ;" ‫ زات و‬$‫ ا‬2; $‫ ا‬F ‫ ﺑ‬E‫ أ‬J a ،N$‫ ذ‬F0a $
gases are sometimes burned off in a flare. .F;$ ) ً E 3‫ زات أ‬$‫ا‬
Solid waste layers: Compacting the waste reduces its volume and 55; a3 55+ ‫ ت‬55 T0$‫ ا‬4 55b 55 " : 9 33 ‫ ت ا‬33 ) ‫ ت ا‬33 9‫ط‬
keeps the landfill from settling. Each layer of compacted waste is ‫ ت‬5 T0$‫ ا‬5+ 5" ‫ ط‬5 ?5 .r 5 ‫ أن‬5+ ‫ ة‬5T'$‫و ' ا‬
covered with a layer of clean soil or plastic. .N .> $‫ أو ا‬T f0$‫ ﺑ ا‬$‫ ا‬+ " ‫ط ﺑ‬2 ] $‫ا‬
Monitoring wells: Testing wells surround the landfill. The wells are 5 ‫ ا‬+ # 5 .‫ ت‬5 T0$‫ ة ا‬5T'‫ ﺑ‬5 ‫ ا‬+ ‫ ر‬5‫ آﺑ‬4 5' : 9;‫ا‬2 ‫آ= ر ا‬
monitored to detect any waste polluting the groundwater. . )2a$‫ ه ا‬$‫ث ا‬2 ‫ ت‬T0$‫ ا‬CE + ‫ ﺑ إذا‬$ ‫ا_ﺑ ر‬
Leachate collection: Water moving through the landfill dissolves ‫ ت‬5 T0$‫ ة ا‬5T'‫ وره ﺑ‬+ 0 ‫ ء‬$‫ ' ا‬: 5 2ّ ‫ ! ا‬4‫ﺗ‬
substances from the waste material, forming leachate, which collects J5 a 5 $‫ وا‬، 3 5Q ّ $‫ ا‬5 q5 3 ،‫ ت‬5 T0$‫ ا‬+ ً ‫اد ا‬2+
at the bottom. . T.-‫) ا‬
Liners: Layers of clay and plastic line the bottom and sides of the ‫ اف‬5 ‫ وأط‬T55.‫ أ‬N 5 .> $‫ وا‬5 $‫ ت ا‬5 " ‫ط‬ 5 : ‫ ت‬3 @9 ‫ا‬
landfill. The liners keep liquids from leaking into the soil. . ‫ ﺑ‬$‫? ا‬$‫ إ‬M‫ا‬2,$‫ ّ ب ا‬, E $‫ه ا‬7‫ ھ‬J0 .‫ ت‬T0$‫ ة ا‬T3
-6-
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
Daily Life in Space ‫ ء‬B) ‫ ا‬C ‫ةا‬ ‫ا‬ ( p 10 )
survive ‫' ة‬$‫ا‬ ? ?" to keep alive ‫' ة‬$‫ا‬ ? ?"
airtight # '+ not allowing air to escape or pass through G$>L + ‫ ور‬$‫وج أو ا‬ $ ‫اء ﺑ‬2; $ v , !
shuttle ‫ك‬2 + a form of transportation that travels back and - ً ‫ وذھ ﺑ‬8 " 0 "0$‫ ل ا‬Q‫ أ‬+ Q
forth - a vehicle that can travel into space ‫] ء‬T$‫? ا‬$‫ " إ‬0 ‫أن‬ +
atmosphere ‫ي‬2a$‫ >ف ا‬$‫– ا‬2a$‫ا‬ the mixture of gases surrounding the Earth ‫رض‬- ‫ ﺑ‬4 ' $‫ زات ا‬$‫ ا‬x U+
mechanism $‫آ‬ a system of parts working together in a machine $‫ ﺑ ]; ) آ‬J+ ‫اء‬U ‫ أ‬G ) ‫ م‬fE
microgravity ‫ة‬ c$‫ ذﺑ ا‬a$‫ا‬ very weak gravity ً‫ا‬ T b ‫ذﺑ‬
6) Great explorers have travelled across deserts, the Antarctic 55 "$‫ رة ا‬55"$‫' رى وا‬55c$‫ ا‬55 ‫ م‬55f $‫ن ا‬2T55 , $‫ ) ا‬55.
and up mountains, braving extreme conditions and facing great ً 5 )‫ن ظ و‬2;‫ ﺑ‬5 a ‫ا‬2E 5 q55 3 ،‫ ل‬5 a$‫ ا‬$ 5 ‫? أ‬55$‫ وإ‬5 ‫ﺑ‬20a$‫ا‬
danger. . f ‫ را‬L‫ن أ‬2; ‫ا‬2 ‫ ة و‬Q
Now, people even travel into space where the conditions are far 55@ ‫ وف أ‬55f$‫ ا‬q55 3 ‫ ء‬55]T$‫? ا‬55$‫? إ‬55 3 ‫ س‬550$‫ ) ا‬55, ،‫ا_ن‬
more extreme and a tiny mistake can mean death within thirty 5n>n ) ‫ت‬2 $‫ ا‬4 , $‫ ا‬m $‫ ا‬0 ‫أن‬ ‫رة ﺑ @ و‬2 L
seconds. . En
They do not do it for fun or to place their country’s flag on a planet; ?55 #55‫ ﺑ>دھ‬#55 J55b2$ ‫أو‬ 5 , $‫ ا‬5 - k 5 $ ‫ا‬755;‫ن ﺑ‬255+2"
they are in space because they are highly qualified scientists who ‫ى ل‬2 ,+ ? ‫ن‬2 ‫ھ‬W+ ‫ء‬ #;E- ‫] ء‬T$‫ ) ا‬#;) ‫؛‬F 2
.ً‫ھ م ا‬

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need to carry out very important work. 7 T0 ‫ن‬2 '

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For a human being to go into space, survive and conduct important ‫م‬25" ‫ ة و‬5 '$‫ ا‬5 ?5 ?5" ‫ ء و‬5]T$‫? ا‬5$‫ ي إ‬5 ‫ ﺑ‬M F‫ھ‬7 $
research, there needs to be careful organisation and planning. . " ‫ًد‬ ‫ ً و‬f0 ‫ ك‬0‫ن ھ‬2 ‫ أن‬Fa ، + ‫ﺑ' ث ھ‬m‫ﺑ‬
Daily life inside an airtight space shuttle or space station requires y. 5 '+ ‫ أو‬#55 '+ M 5 ]) ‫ك‬255 + 5 L‫ دا‬5 +2 $‫ ة ا‬5 '$‫ ا‬F55
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much more than just oxygen and heat. .‫' ارة‬$‫ وا‬a, -‫ د ا‬a+ + @ ‫ أ @ ﺑ‬M ])
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People require the correct atmosphere, a mechanism for removing 5, ‫ أ‬E 5n ‫ ز‬5X 5$‫زا‬o 5 $‫ وآ‬،F5. 0 $‫ ا‬25a$‫ س ا‬50$‫ ج ا‬5 '
the carbon dioxide that living things produce, and a reliable means of 5 ;‫ق ﺑ‬255n2+ 5 .‫ وو‬، 5 ّ '$‫ ت ا‬5 0M $‫ ا‬G55a 0 ‫ي‬755$‫ن ا‬255‫ ﺑ‬$‫ا‬
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day-to-day living in microgravity (ways of eating, drinking and ‫ ب‬$‫ وا‬-‫ ة ) ط ق ا‬c$‫ ذﺑ ا‬a$‫ ) ا‬+2 $‫ا‬ $
washing, for example). .(‫ @ ل‬$‫ ا‬. ? ، , $‫وا‬
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For humans to survive in space for months at a time, all these things ،‫ ة‬3‫وا‬ )‫; د‬Q- ‫] ء‬T$‫' ة ) ا‬$‫? ا‬ $‫"? ا‬ $
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need to be very carefully planned. .‫ ة‬Q 0 ‫ر ﺑ‬2+-‫ه ا‬7‫ ّ ھ‬$ 4 $‫ ا‬Fa

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If, for example, the carbon dioxide extractor doesn’t work, or the ‫ أو‬،‫ن‬2‫ ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬, ‫ أ‬E n U+ #$ ‫ إذا‬،‫ @ ل‬$‫ ا‬. ?
system for maintaining the correct atmosphere breaks down, then ‫ف‬255. #;E„55) ،F55. 0 $‫ ا‬255a$‫? ا‬55 5 f) ' $‫ م ا‬5 fE 5
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they will die. .‫ا‬2 2

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Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

1. People travel into space to...................
a. raise their country’s flag b. do research c. have fun
2. Organisation and planning are important for people to ................ ( ٢٠١٠ ‫) د‬
a. go into space b. continue to live and conduct research c. both (a) and (b)
3. In a space station, the air is...................
a. allowed to pass through b. allowed to escape c. neither (a) nor (b)
4. Daily life inside a space shuttle needs …………. ( ٢٠١٠ ‫) د‬
a. oxygen, heat and other features b. oxygen and heat c. only oxygen
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
5. the mixture of gases surrounding the Earth …………… 6. a vehicle that can travel into space ……………..
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
7. Living in space is so dangerous that 9. In addition to oxygen and heat, daily life in a space
………………………………………………… station requires ……………………………
8. In order to carry out an important work, astronauts 10. If the carbon dioxide extractor doesn’t work,
should be ………………….…………. humans……………………….. ( ٢٠١٠ ‫) د‬
-7-
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
cylinder E‫ا‬2 .‫ا‬ a shape or container with circular ends M‫; ت دا‬E ;$ ‫ و‬3 ‫أو‬ Q
seal ‫ ب‬, E+ a substance used to keep air.. out of something + ‫ ء‬Q ‫ رج‬L .. ‫اء‬2;$‫" ا‬ $‫م‬ , ‫ دة‬+
astronaut ‫ )] ء‬M‫را‬ someone who travels and works in a spaceship ‫)] ء‬ + ) ‫) و‬, r Q
vacuum ‫ اغ‬T$‫ا‬ a space that is completely empty of all gas ‫ زات‬$‫ا‬ +ً+ ‫ ل‬L ‫)] ء‬
spare ‫ ط‬3‫ ا‬- ‫ ر‬X J an extra item or amount ) b‫إ‬ ‫ دة أو‬+
mission ّ ;+ an important job someone has been given to do G‫" م ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬+ r Q + F ‫ھ م ط‬
skilled ‫ھ‬+ having a special ability or talent Y L ‫ھ‬2+ ‫ رة أو‬G$
team H ) a group of people who work together ً + ‫ن‬2 ‫ س‬0$‫ ا‬+ 2 a+
international $‫دو‬ connected with two or more countries @ ‫أو أ‬ $‫ ﺑ و‬4 +
laboratory + a special room where a scientist does experiments ‫ رب‬a ‫ ﺑ‬#$ $‫م ) ; ا‬2" Y L ) X
contain ‫ي‬2 ' have or hold ‫ي‬2 ' ‫ أن‬N
Earth ‫رض‬-‫ا‬ the planet that we live on G ‡ E ‫ي‬7$‫ ا‬F 2 $‫ا‬
7) All the correct materials, food, oxygen cylinders and fuels have Fa ‫د‬2 2$‫وا‬ a, -‫ ت ا‬E‫ا‬2 .‫اء وا‬7 $‫ وا‬. 0 $‫اد ا‬2 $‫ّ ا‬
to be prepared and supplied correctly. .F. 0+ ‫ود ﺑ; ﺑ‬U $‫'] ھ وا‬
All the machinery and seals that keep the air in, the cabin pressure 555) ‫اء‬2555;$‫? ا‬555 €) 555' 555 $‫ ب ا‬555, $‫ ت ا‬555 E +‫ ّ ا_!ت و‬555
correct and that protect the astronauts from the freezing cold 5+ ‫ ء‬5]T$‫ رواد ا‬5 ' 5 $‫ ً وا‬5. 0+ ‫ ة‬5a'$‫ ا‬4 b‫ و‬، L‫ ا‬$‫ا‬

t
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vacuum of space have to work perfectly every second of every 5En ّ 5 ‫م‬5 ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ أن‬Fa ‫] ء‬T $ a $‫ رد ا‬$‫ اغ ا‬T$‫ا‬
minute. ." ‫د‬ +
The machinery is complex, yet it must not break down once; all y.
‫ ّ ات‬5 $‫ ا‬5 :‫ ّّة‬5+ 5
55 ‫' ود‬+ F 5 ,‫ ر ﺑ‬55 $‫ ا‬J55
! ‫ أن‬F5a N5$‫ ذ‬J5+‫ و‬،‫ ة‬5" + ‫ا_!ت‬
55 3 5 ! N55$‫ ذ‬J55+‫ و‬، 5 + ‫ھ‬
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the supplies are important, yet spares cannot be carried because of
limited space. .‫ ن‬$‫ا‬
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A small miscalculation in the planning and preparation of the space M 5]T$‫ ا‬5 ; $ ‫ اد‬5 o‫ وا‬4 5 $‫ ا‬5) 4 5, $‫ ﺑ ا‬,'$‫ ا‬m $‫ا‬
ch

mission will probably mean the death of everyone on board. 5+ #X 5$‫? ا‬5 . 5;0 + ?5 + ‫ت‬2+ 0 ‫ ' أن‬$‫ ا‬+
Despite this, people can survive very successfully in space for 5 )‫; د‬55Q- ‫ ء‬5 ]T$‫ ا‬5 ) 5 ‫ ح‬5 a0‫ ء ﺑ‬5 " $‫ س ا‬5 0 $ 5 ،‫ا‬755‫ھ‬
s

months at a time. .‫ ة‬3‫وا‬

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They can live in relative comfort, and they can carry out important ! 5 + ‫ ل ھ‬5 ‫ أ‬755 T0 #;055 ‫ و‬، 5,E 53‫ را‬5) ‡ 5 $‫ ا‬#;055
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work that could not be done anywhere on Earth. .‫رض‬-‫ ن ? ا‬+ ‫" م ﺑ; ) أي‬$‫ا‬
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Any space mission involves enormous risks, but with a highly H5 ) ‫د‬2 ‫ و‬J+ $‫ و‬، , ‫ ط‬+ M ]) ;+ ّ F
trained, skilled and hard-working team, people can be prepared for ‫ س‬50$‫إ اد ا‬ ، a+ُ ‫ ھ و‬+‫ و‬F ‫ ر‬$‫ ا‬+ ‫ى ل‬2 ,+ ?
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and can conduct space missions of great scientific importance. .‫ة‬ ‫; أھ‬$ M ]) ‫" م ﺑ ; ت‬$‫ ا‬#;0 ‫و‬
The International Space Station (ISS) contains laboratories where ‫ رب‬5a $‫ اء ا‬5 ‫ إ‬5; ) # 5 ‫ ﺑ‬5 + 5 $‫ ّ و‬$‫ ء ا‬5]T$‫ ا‬5 '+ ‫ي‬255'
scientific experiments are carried out that cannot be done on Earth 555;)>X F 555,‫رض ﺑ‬-‫? ا‬555 555;‫ م ﺑ‬555 "$‫ ا‬555 ! 555 $‫ ا‬55 $‫ا‬
because of its atmosphere and heavy gravity. . 2"$‫ي و ذﺑ ; ا‬2a$‫ا‬
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. Spares cannot be carried in a space station because ..............
a. they are not necessary b. they are easy to carry c. there is not enough space
2. The experiments that are carried out in space cannot be done on Earth because the earth has .................
a. no gravity b. strong gravity c. weak gravity
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
3. a space that is completely empty of all gas……………. 4. having a special ability or talent………….
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
5. All the correct materials taken into space need to 7. A small error in the preparation of a space mission
be……………………………………..… (٢٠١٠‫) د‬ may cause ...............................................................
6. Seals and machinery on a space station 8. In order to conduct a successful space mission,
should…………………………………… (٢٠١٠‫) د‬ astronauts should be ..............................................
-8-
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
crew # ‫ط‬ all the people who work on a spaceship ‫)] ء‬ + + ? ‫ن‬2 7$‫ س ا‬0$‫ا‬
tiny ً‫ا‬ Y very small ً‫ا‬ Y
purification "0 the removal of dirty or harmful substances ‫] رة‬$‫أو ا‬ .2$‫اد ا‬2 $‫ ا‬$‫إزا‬
maintenance E Y the repairs that are necessary to keep something ) +‫ ء‬Q? f) ' $ ‫] ور‬$‫ ت ا‬3>Yo‫ا‬
in good condition ‫ة‬ $3
protect ' to stop harm or damage ‫] ر‬$‫ذى أو ا‬-‫ ‚ ا‬2
oxygen a, ‫أ‬ a gas that has no colour or smell, but is $ ‫ وري‬b G0 $‫ و‬، 'M‫ن أو را‬2$ G$ k $ ‫ ز‬X
necessary for most plants and animals to live ‫ ت‬E‫ا‬2 '$‫ ت وا‬0$‫ ا‬#f + ‡
8) Not many people work in space at any one time, as crews on a ‫ن‬25 q5 3 ،C5 2$‫ ا‬kTE ) ‫] ء‬T$‫ س ) ا‬0$‫ ا‬+ @ $‫ا‬ !
space station are always as small as possible. It means that there 50 ‫ا‬75‫ وھ‬.‫ ن‬+o‫ ة ﺑ" ر ا‬Y ً M‫] ء دا‬T$‫' ا‬+ ) # ‫ا‬2 $‫ا‬
are very few people to do all the technical, scientific and 5 $‫ وا‬5 0" $‫ ل ا‬5 -‫ ّ ا‬5 ‫ م ﺑ‬5 " $ ‫ س‬50$‫ ا‬+ ً‫ا‬ "$‫ ك ا‬0‫أن ھ‬
domestic jobs. . $U0 $‫وا‬
Everyone shares the huge workload and the tiny living area. The .‫ ة‬5c$‫ا‬ 5,$‫ ا‬3 5,+‫ و‬5 "@$‫ ا‬5 $‫ ء ا‬5 ‫ ) أ‬J a$‫رك ا‬
crew are all highly qualified scientists who have important work #; 5 ‫ھ م‬ #; $ ‫ى ل‬2 ,+ ? ‫ن‬2 ‫ھ‬W+ ‫ء‬ G # $‫ا‬
to do. .G‫" م ﺑ‬$‫ا‬
But they also live in a small area that must be kept clean and they ?55 5f) ' $‫ ا‬#; 5 ‫ ة‬5Y 3 5,+ 5) ً 5] ‫ن أ‬255 #;055 $‫و‬

t
need to prepare food, maintain the systems on board and still fit 5;0 + ?5 fE-‫ ا‬E Y‫ و‬،‫ م‬$‫ اد ا‬o ‫ن‬2 ' #‫ ) ; وھ‬fE

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in enough time between their main jobs to get enough sleep and ?5 ‫ل‬25c' $ 5, M $‫ ا‬#;$ 5 ‫ أ‬5‫ ً ﺑ‬5 ) ً 5 ‫ ون و‬a N$‫ ذ‬J+‫و‬
exercise. . ‫ ر‬$‫م وا‬20$‫ ا‬+ #; T
y.
The astronauts carry out the cleaning in between their main duties; ‫ن‬25Tf0 q 3 ‫ ؛‬, M $‫ ا‬#; ‫ ‚ ﺑ وا‬f0 $ ‫] ء ﺑ‬T$‫م رواد ا‬2"
ls
they clean the meal area, change the air purification system’s ‫اء‬25;$‫ ا‬5 "0 ‫ م‬5fE ) 5c+ ‫ و ون‬،‫ م‬$ cc $‫ ا‬3 , $‫ا‬
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filters, collect the rubbish and wipe down the walls and floors. .‫ ت‬b‫ر‬-‫ ران وا‬a$‫ن ا‬2', ‫ ت و‬T0$‫ن ا‬2 a ‫و‬
Each astronaut also has maintenance roles, looking after ‫ة‬U; - 5‫ن ﺑ‬250 q5 3 ، E 5Y ‫] ء أ ] ً أدوار‬T$‫ رواد ا‬+ ّ $
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important systems. On board the ISS, the environmental control # ' 5 $‫ة ا‬U55; ‫ أ‬# ' 5 ، 5 $‫ و‬$‫ ء ا‬5 ]T$‫ ا‬5 '+ 5 + ?55 . 5 + ;$‫ا‬
and life support systems control elements such as atmospheric ‫ي‬25a$‫ ا‬4 5]$‫ ا‬5@+ Y 0 ‫' ة ﺑ‬$‫ ? ا‬f) ' $‫ة ا‬U; ‫ وأ‬8 $‫ا‬
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pressure, oxygen levels and water recycling. .‫ ء‬$‫ وإ دة و ا‬a, -‫ ت ا‬2 ,+‫و‬
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Often, maintaining these important controls involves working on 5 '+ ‫ رج‬L $‫ ا‬N + ;$‫ ا‬# ' $‫ة ا‬U; ‫ أ‬E Y F ،ً $ X
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the outside of the space station in a space suit which itself has to 5 M‫ را‬5 ' ‫ أن‬F55a 5 ; ‫ ذا‬5 '‫ ﺑ‬5 $‫ وا‬M 5 ]) G55$ ‫ ﺑ‬5 ) ‫ ء‬5 ]T$‫ا‬
protect the astronaut from space and provide the means for a ‡ 55 $‫ ا‬55 $‫ ا‬55 55 $‫ ا‬M 55.2$‫ ا‬+W55 ‫ ء و‬55]T$‫ ا‬55+ ‫ ء‬55]T$‫ا‬
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human to live for a few hours (such as oxygen). .( a, -‫@ ا‬+ ) ‫ ت‬. ] $
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Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

1. The technical and domestic jobs on a space station are done by …………….
a. all astronauts b. one astronaut c. robots
2. Astronauts do the cleaning .................their duties. ( ٢٠١٢ ‫) د‬
a. after they finish b. before they start c. during the performance of
3. Astronauts work ………….
a. inside the space station only b. outside the space station only c. inside and outside the space station
4. A space suit must protect the astronaut and provide him with ................ ( ٢٠١٢ ‫) د‬
a. hydrogen b. oxygen c. nitrogen
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
5. to stop harm or damage 6. the removal of dirty or harmful substances
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
7. On a space station, the crew’s number ………………………………. 11. The systems that often need to be
8. The three types of job every astronaut has to do are ………..……… worked on from outside the station are …...
9. One of the cleaning roles of an astronaut is……………….....…. 12. In working outside the station, an
10. One of the maintenance roles of an astronaut is……. (٢٠١٢ ‫) دورة‬ astronaut wears……………………..
-9-
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
compartment ‫ ة‬a3 a separate section or part of something + ‫ ء‬Q + cT0+ ‫ء‬U ‫ أو‬#,
float – 2T move slowly through the air ‫اء‬2;$‫ ) ا‬u ‫' ك ﺑ‬
blindfold 0 ‫ﺑ‬c a cloth that covers someone’s eyes to prevent +G 0 $ +r Q 0 ‫ش‬
them from seeing ‫ ؤ‬$‫ا‬
bone f one of the hard parts that together form the ;$‫ ً ا‬+ $‫ ا‬c$‫اء ا‬U -‫ ا‬3‫أ‬
skeleton of a human or animal ‫ان‬2 3 ‫ ن أو‬,Eo f $‫ا‬
gravity ‫ ذﺑ‬a$‫ا‬ the force that attracts a body towards the ‫رض‬-‫ ا‬U + 2'E #, ‫ب‬7a $‫ة ا‬2"$‫ا‬
centre of the Earth
treadmill $‫; ز ا‬ a device used to exercise by walking and ‫و‬ $‫ ا‬H ‫ط‬ $ ‫ م‬, $‫آ‬
‫ ي‬a$‫وا‬ running, but without travelling "0 $‫ﺑ ون ا‬ $‫ و‬،‫ ي‬a$‫ا‬
9) There is no day and night in space, so sleep is simply planned ‫م‬250 $ 4 5 $‫ ا‬# 5 ‫ ط‬5, ‫ ﺑ‬N$75$‫ و‬،‫ ء‬5]T$‫ ) ا‬$‫; ر و‬E 2 !
for when it is most convenient. .F,E-‫ ا‬C 2$‫ ' ا‬+ 0
Astronauts sleep in small compartments using sleeping bags. F55M "3 + 5 ,+ ‫ ة‬55Y ‫ ات‬5 a3 55) ‫ ء‬5 ]T$‫ م رواد ا‬5 0
They are loosely strapped into these so that they will not float out 5; ‫ ر‬L ‫ ا‬25T ! 5 $ ‫ وة‬5L ‫ ﺑ‬5; ) #5; ‫ رﺑ‬# 5 q5 3 . ‫م‬250$‫ا‬
of them in their sleep. . #;+2E ‫ ء‬0n‫أ‬
Blindfolds and earplugs are also available for the astronauts, who ،‫] ء‬T$‫ واد ا‬$ ‫) ة‬2 + ] ‫ذن أ‬-‫ ادات ا‬.‫و‬ -‫ ا‬FM c ‫ن‬2
might find it difficult to sleep with the noise from the machines. ً
.‫ ا_!ت‬x ab F ,‫ ﺑ‬Y ‫م‬20$‫ ون ا‬a 7$‫ا‬

t
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Daily routines should allocate eight hours for sleeping. Most of .‫م‬2550 $ ‫ ت‬5 . E 5 n r 5 c 5 +2 $‫ ا‬5 0 ‫ و‬$‫ ل ا‬5 -‫ ا‬F55
the time, however, astronauts will normally sleep for around six, C55. $‫ا‬2553 55 ‫ ط‬55 ‫ ء ﺑ‬55]T$‫ م رواد ا‬550 C55 2$‫ ا‬#55f + 55 $
as they often have so much work to do. y.
. ;‫" م ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬#; ً‫ ك أ ل @ ة ا‬0‫ن ھ‬2 + ً $ X GE- ،‫ ت‬.
ls
Another important part of spending any long period in space is ‫ل‬25c'$‫ ا‬25‫ ء ھ‬5]T$‫ ا‬5) 5 2‫ ة ط‬5 ) ‫ ء‬5] 0 L‫ء ھ م آ‬U
getting the right amount of exercise so that the bones and muscles ‫ م‬555f $‫? ا‬555" ‫ أن‬555 ‫ أ‬555+ ‫ ر‬555 $‫ ا‬555+ 555. 0+ 555ّ ?555
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can stay strong. . 2 ‫ ]>ت‬$‫وا‬

05, q 3 ، ‫ ذﺑ‬a$‫ة ا‬2 ; ‫ا‬2 ‫ﺑ‬ $‫ ً ' ك ا‬M‫رض دا‬-‫? ا‬
ch

On Earth human beings are always moving against the force of

gravity, with the bones and muscles supporting the body. .#,a$‫ ]>ت ا‬$‫ م وا‬f $‫ا‬
s

In space there is no gravity so the bones and muscles weaken very ‫>ت‬55] $‫ م وا‬55f $‫ ‚ ا‬55] ‫ا‬755;$‫ و‬55 ‫ذﺑ‬ 55 2 ! ‫ ء‬55]T$‫ ا‬55)
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quickly. .‫ة‬ ,‫ﺑ‬

5 $‫ ا‬5) ً " . ‫] ء ] ء‬T$‫ ' ج رواد ا‬،‫] ء‬T$‫) ا‬
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In space, astronauts need to do about two hours of exercise a day,

using exercise machines such as treadmills and exercise bikes. . ‫ ر‬$‫ودرا ت ا‬ $‫; ز ا‬a ‫ ر‬$ ‫ ام آ!ت‬. ‫ ﺑ‬،ً +2
w

Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

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1. Astronauts use earplugs to .................. ( ٢٠١٣‫) د‬

a. keep listening to each other b. increase the noise of the machines c. avoid the noise of the machines
2. Astronauts will normally sleep for less than eight hours because they have ………….
a. a lot of free time. b. a lot of work c. nothing to do ( ٢٠١٣‫) د‬
3. Astronauts use exercise machines in order to ……………..
a. have fun b. keep the muscles and bones strong c. weaken the bones and muscles
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
4. the force that attracts a body towards the centre of the Earth.
5. a cloth that covers someone's eyes to prevent them from seeing .
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
6. Because there is no day and night in space, ………. 8. On Earth, the bones and muscles can stay strong
7. In order not to float out of their sleeping bags, because ………………………………………….
9. The bones and muscles of the astronauts would
astronauts .................................................. ( ٢٠١٣‫) د‬
become weak very quickly if they ……… (٢٠١٣ ‫)د‬
stabilize ً‫ " ا‬,+ G a make something stable ً‫ " ا‬,+ ً 8 Q a

resuscitation ‫ ش‬E‫إ‬ reviving someone from unconsciousness 2$‫ )" ان ا‬$ 3 + + r Q ‫ اج‬L‫إ‬
- 10 -
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا يا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا ا‬
10) At the start of the 1960s, when Yuri Gagarin first went ?5$‫ ر إ‬5X X ‫ري‬25 F5‫ ذھ‬+ 50 ، $‫" ن ا‬$‫ ت ا‬0 . ‫) ﺑ ا‬
into space, the food was bite-sized and kept in small F5 ‫ ﺑ‬E‫ أ‬5) €5T'ُُ ‫ ن‬5 ‫ و‬5 " $‫ ا‬#5a'‫ م ﺑ‬$‫ ن ا‬،‫ ّّة‬+ ‫ول‬- ‫] ء‬T$‫ا‬
aluminum tubes. .‫م‬2 0 $-‫ ا‬+ ‫ ة‬Y
Food was designed this way so that it wouldn’t take up too much 3 5,+ 5 ! 5 $ 5" $‫ه ا‬75;‫ م ﺑ‬5 $‫ ا‬# 5c # 5 ‫)" ن‬
room and could be eaten in a single mouthful before it floated 255T ‫ أن‬5 ‫ ة‬5 3‫ وا‬5 " ‫ ﺑ‬G55$‫ و‬0 ‫ ن‬5 +o ‫ن ﺑ‬255 ‫ اً و‬5 ‫ ة‬5
away. .ً ‫ﺑ ا‬
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just need to have hot or cold water added. Fruit and nuts can also .45") ‫ رد‬5 $‫ ر أو ا‬5'$‫ ء ا‬5 $‫ ا‬d5 ‫ ) ﺑ‬5b‫ ج إ‬5 ' $‫وا‬ .>‫ﺑ‬
be eaten in space. .ً ] ‫] ء أ‬T$‫ز ) ا‬2a$‫ وا‬G ‫ا‬2T$‫أ ا‬
When drinking liquids, a straw is used to suck the liquid out of a 5 + M ,$‫ ص ا‬c +! Y c+ ‫ م‬, ، M‫ا‬2,$‫ ب ا‬Q 0
sealed package. It mustn’t spill or float out of the cup, or it could GE„) !‫ وإ‬،‫ ن‬a0T$‫ا‬ ً‫ﺑ ا‬ ‫ أو‬H$ 0 ! ‫ أن‬Fa . +2 +
damage some of the computers. .F .‫ا‬2'$‫ ا‬d ‫ ﺑ‬+
Another, equally important, issue to address is the toilet. In space 55‫; ھ‬55 00. ، 55 ‫ھ‬-‫ ا‬55+ 55 ‫ ر‬$‫ ا‬k55TE ?55 ،‫ ى‬L‫ أ‬$m55,+‫و‬
this is largely similar to one on Earth, with the difference being ?55 ‫ م‬5 ّ '$‫ ة ا‬5 5 ‫? در‬55$‫ إ‬G‫ ﺑ‬5 ‫ا‬755‫ ھ‬،‫ ء‬5 ]T$‫ ا‬5 ) .‫ م‬5 ّ '$‫ا‬
that astronauts have to strap themselves onto it. .G‫ ﺑ‬#;,TE‫ أ‬4‫] ء رﺑ‬T$‫ ق ) أن ? رواد ا‬T$‫ا‬ ‫ و‬،‫رض‬-‫ا‬
In place of running water to flush it, there is a vacuum-cleaner- 555,0 $‫ ا‬G 555 ‫ م‬555fE ‫ ك‬5550‫ ھ‬،G555T f0 $ 555 ‫ ر‬a$‫ ه ا‬555 $‫ ا‬555+ ً! 555‫ﺑ‬
like system to suck up the waste, which is then dried and N555$‫ ذ‬555 ‫ ﺑ‬555;T Ta # 555 555 $‫ وا‬،‫ خ‬555.‫و‬-‫ ص ا‬555c +! 555 M ‫ ; ﺑ‬$‫ا‬
disposed of on Earth. .‫رض‬-‫; ? ا‬0+ r $‫وا‬

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People need to keep clean in space to stay healthy and avoid 5. ‫ا‬25" $ ‫] ء‬T$‫ ) ) ا‬f0$‫ ? ا‬f) ' $‫ س ا‬0$‫' ج ا‬
spreading germs. They do this by washing themselves with #;55,TE‫ أ‬5 ,X H55 ‫ ط‬5 N$755‫ن ﺑ‬255+2" .# n‫ ا‬5 a$‫ ا‬5 E ‫ا‬255 0a ‫و‬

does not need water or produce foam.

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ethanol cloths or wet towels, and they use special shampoo that ! ‫ ص‬5 L 2 + 5 Q ‫ن‬2+ 5 , ‫ و‬، 5 ‫‚ رط‬55Q 0+ ‫ل أو‬2E 5 @ ‫ ش ا‬5 "‫ﺑ‬
.‫ة‬2X‫ ر‬x 0 !‫ ء و‬+ ‫' ج‬
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Each astronaut in the crew has a specific assigned role and ?555" ‫ و‬555 + r555c + ‫ دور‬# 555 $‫ ا‬555) ‫ ء‬555]) 555M‫ ّ را‬555 $
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receives intensive training for it. The crew medical officer is in 555 ‫ول‬W555,+ '55c$‫ ا‬# 555 $‫ ا‬4‫ ﺑ‬555b .G55 555T@ + ‫ ر ت‬55
charge of the sick and is trained in first aid and in stitching up 555‫ ط‬L 555)‫ و‬555 $‫و‬-‫ ) ت ا‬555.o‫ ا‬555) G555 ‫ ر‬# 555 ‫? و‬555b $‫ا‬
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wounds and giving injections. . "'$‫ وح وإ ء ا‬a$‫ا‬

The medical kit on board will treat minor injuries and illnesses in ‫ اض‬5 +-‫ ﺑ ت وا‬5 Yo‫ ا‬5 $‫ ا‬5 + ?55 5 $‫ ات ا‬5 $‫ ا‬x$ 5
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space and can be used to stabilise the patient’s condition during ‫ " ة‬,+ d $‫ ا‬$ 3 a$ ;+‫ ا‬.‫ا‬ ‫] ء و‬T$‫ ) ا‬T T $‫ا‬
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the flight back to Earth. All the crew are trained in emergency ‫ ش‬5 E‫? إ‬5 G # $‫ ا‬F ‫ ر‬# .‫رض‬-‫? ا‬$‫دة إ‬2 $‫ ا‬3‫ ء ر‬0n‫أ‬
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resuscitation after a heart attack. . ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ارئ ﺑ‬2 $‫ا‬

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Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

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1. Today, food is kept in .................. a. aluminum tubes b. dishes c. plastic containers

2. In space, astronauts' food could be eaten by
putting it into the mouth…………. ( ٢٠١٤ – ١‫) د‬ a. using forks b. at one time c. using spoons
3. In space, if water floated out of a container, the
computers could become………… ( ٢٠١٤ – ٢‫ ) د‬a. useless b. updated c. useful
4. In the toilet in space, there is ................... a. running water b. a vacuum- c. a vacuum cleaner
cleaner-like system
5. The shampoo used in space ............... a. has foam b. needs water c. neither (a) nor (b)
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
6. the planet we live on 7. reviving someone from unconsciousness
Complete the following sentences with information from the text:
8. Food was bite-sized and kept in small aluminum tubes so 11. To be able to do the job well, each
astronaut in the crew……… (٢٠١٤ – ٢‫)د‬
that………………………………………………..
12. The member of crew who is trained in
9. Astronauts must remain clean in space in order to…(٢٠١٤ – ٢ ‫) د‬ first aid is ……………..…….………..
10. The toilet in space is different from that on Earth in that ……… 13. The medical emergencies that can be
treated in space are ……………….
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
provide +W - ‫" م‬ to make something available , to offer ‫ " ّم‬، ً 3 + ً 8 Q a

evolution ‫ل‬2' $‫ ا‬- ‫ر‬2 $‫ا‬ the scientific idea that plants and animals develop ‫ر‬2 ‫ ت‬E‫ا‬2 '$‫ ت وا‬0$‫أن ا‬ $‫ ة ا‬T$‫ا‬
and change gradually over a long period of time 2‫ ط‬0+‫ ) ) ة ز‬a ‫ر‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬

combustion ‫ اق‬3‫ا‬ the process of burning something +‫ ء‬Q‫ ق‬3

by-product ( nm ) x 0+ a side effect – something additional that is ‫ ء‬0n‫ أ‬G E‫ إ‬# ) b‫ ء إ‬Q – ‫ي‬2E n nm
‫ي‬2E n produced during a natural or industrial process 0Y ‫أو‬ ‫ط‬
11) One of the main goals of ( I S S ) is to provide a place to ‫ اء‬5 o ‫ ن‬5 + +m5 5 $‫ و‬$‫] ء ا‬T$‫ ' ا‬$ , M $‫ھ اف ا‬-‫ ا‬3‫أ‬
conduct experiments that require one or more of the conditions ‫ ء‬5]T$‫ ا‬5) ‫دة‬25 2 $‫ وط ا‬5 $‫ ا‬5+ 5@ ‫ أو أ‬53‫ وا‬F5 ‫ رب‬a
found in space (such as microgravity). .(‫ ة‬c$‫ ذﺑ ا‬a$‫@ ا‬+ )
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on humans. Astronauts study how long periods in space affect the ?5 ‫ ء‬5]T$‫ ا‬5) 5 2 $‫ ات ا‬5 T$‫ ا‬nm ‫] ء‬T$‫ رس رواد ا‬. $‫? ا‬
body by working on subjects like bone loss and fluid shifts. . M‫ا‬2,$‫ م و ّ!ت ا‬f $‫ ‚ ا‬b @+ J b‫ا‬2+ ? $ ‫ ﺑ‬#,a$‫ا‬
The effect of near weightlessness on evolution, development and ،2555 0$‫ر وا‬2555 $‫ل وا‬2555' $‫? ا‬555 ‫زن‬2555$‫ ام ا‬555 E‫ ا‬G 555Q nm555
growth, and the internal processes of plants and animals, are now ً 555] ‫ ا_ن أ‬555‫ ھ‬،‫ ت‬555E‫ا‬2 '$‫ ت وا‬555 0 $ 555 L‫ ا‬$‫ ت ا‬555 $‫وا‬
also the subject of research. . q' $‫ ا‬Jb2+
The physics of fluids in microgravity is not completely 55+2;T+ C55, $ ‫ ة‬55c$‫ ا‬5 ‫ ذﺑ‬a$‫ ا‬55) M‫ا‬255, $ 55 M U T$‫ ا‬5 $ '$‫ا‬

t
M‫ا‬25,$‫ج ( ا‬U5+ ) 45 L 5 ،‫…رض‬5$ ً 5)>L ،‫ ء‬5]T$‫ ا‬5) .ً +

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understood. In space, unlike on Earth, fluids can be mixed or
combined almost regardless of their relative weights. . ,0$‫; ا‬E‫أوزا‬ f0$‫ ا‬d ‫ ّ ; ( " ً ﺑ‬b‫ ھ )و‬32 ‫و‬

would not mix well on Earth. By examining reactions that are ‫ھ‬W
y.
Researchers also want to study the combination of fluids that 4 5 ! $‫ وا‬M‫ا‬2,$‫ ( ا‬#b ) 32 .‫ن أ ] ً درا‬2@3 $‫ا‬
$‫ >ت ا‬T $‫ ا‬.‫ درا‬H ‫ط‬ ‫رض ﺑ‬-‫? ا‬
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slowed down by low gravity and low temperatures, scientists ً 5] ‫ ء أ‬$‫ ا‬+m ، ]T 0 $‫' ارة ا‬$‫ ودر ت ا‬T ]$‫ ذﺑ ا‬a$‫ا‬
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also hope to gain new insights into the way matter is made up. .‫ دة‬$‫ن ) ; ا‬2 $‫" ا‬ $ #;) ?$‫ إ‬Y2 $‫ا‬
Researchers also hope to examine combustion in an environment 5; ) 5 ‫ ذﺑ‬a$‫ن ا‬25 58 ‫ ﺑ‬5) ‫ اق‬3!‫ ا‬.‫ن أ ] ً درا‬2@3 $‫ ا‬+m
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with less gravity than on Earth. .‫رض‬-‫ ? ا‬G ‫ ھ‬+ ‚ b‫أ‬

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Any information they can find involving the efficiency of the ‫ أو‬، 5 T$‫ اق ا‬5 3!‫ ا‬5 T‫ ﺑ‬H5 5‫ دھ‬a ‫ إ‬#;05 ‫ ت‬+2 + ‫أ‬
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actual burning, or the creation of by-products, could improve the ، 5 $‫ ج ا‬5 E‫ إ‬5 5) 5,' ‫أن‬ ، 2E @$‫ ت ا‬a 0 $‫ ج ا‬E‫إ‬
process of energy production, which would be of economic and . 8 ‫ د وﺑ‬c ‫ ة ا‬M ) ‫ن ذات‬2 . $‫وا‬
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environmental interest.
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Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

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1. In space, fluid's relative weights ……………..the way they are mixed. ( ٢٠١٦ – ٢‫) د‬
a. influence b. do not affect c. change
2. Astronauts have done researches on the influence of ……………in space. ( ٢٠١٦ – ٢‫) د‬
a. low gravity on humans b. heavy weight on growth c. the external process of plants
3. Because of the low gravity and low temperatures in space, reactions....................
a. are not possible b. take less time c. take more time
4. Improving the process of energy production leads to ..............
a. less harm to the environment b. increase in costs c. both (a) and (b)
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
5. the process of burning something 6. liquids
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
7. In ( ISS ), scientists do experiments that need..…(٢٠١٦ – ٢‫ )د‬9. On Earth, liquids can be mixed depending on...

8. Working on bone loss and fluid shifts will help astronauts to 10. Astronauts can improve the process of
………….…...................................................... (٢٠١٦ – ٢‫)د‬ energy production by finding................

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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
The IT Age ‫ت‬ ‫ ا‬G ‫ﺗ‬2 % ( p 14)
contour ‫ رزة‬$‫ط ا‬2 $‫ا‬ outline of a shape + $ ‫ ر‬$‫ط ا‬2 $‫ا‬
Instead of paying with notes and coins, customers can now pay with ‫ ا_ن‬M 5‫ﺑ‬U $ 5 ، 5 E $‫ أو ا‬5 ‫ر‬2$‫ا‬ $ ‫ ﺑ‬J) $‫ ا‬+ ً! ‫ﺑ‬
their fingerprints! A scanner records the contours of your fingertip M255b '55. + a55, !#; ‫ ﺑ‬5 Y‫ ت أ‬5 c‫ ﺑ‬H55 ‫ ط‬5 J) 5 $‫ا‬
and sends the image electronically to your bank, which removes the 5 ‫رة ﺑ‬255c$‫ ا‬5. ‫ و‬N 5Y‫ ف إ‬5‫ ط‬5) ‫ رزة‬5 $‫ط ا‬255 $‫ا‬
money from your account. .N‫ ﺑ‬,3 + ‫د‬2"0$‫ ا‬F', ‫ي‬7$‫ وا‬،N) c+ ?$‫ إ‬E‫ و‬$‫ا‬

implementation H the action of putting something into effect 7 T0 $‫ ا‬Jb2+ + ‫ ء‬Q Jb‫و‬
software ‫ ت‬a+ $‫ ا‬the programs that control what a computer is able to do G‫" م ﺑ‬$‫ب ا‬2. ' $ ‫ﺑ‬# ' $‫ ا‬x+‫ ا‬$‫ا‬
hardware ‫ ات‬$‫ا‬ computer equipment ‫ب‬2. '$‫ ات ا‬+
palm $‫ ا‬3‫را‬ the inner side of your hand $ L‫ ا‬$‫ ا‬FE a$‫ا‬
refrigerator >n an electrical equipment used for keeping food cool ً‫م ﺑ ردا‬
$‫ ا‬€T'$ ‫ م‬, M ‫; ز ; ﺑ‬
12) The modern world is defined by IT, or Information v 5c+ 5;‫ ظ‬.‫ ت‬5+2 $‫ ا‬2$20 ‫ ﺑ‬q '$‫ ا‬#$ $‫‚ ا‬ #
Technology. The term ‘Information Technology’ emerged in the 5 5 $‫ و‬، $‫" ن ا‬$‫ ت ا‬0 . ) ‫ ت‬+2 $‫ ا‬2$20
1970s, but it can in fact be traced back to World War II, ، E @$‫ ا‬$ $‫' ب ا‬$‫? ا‬$‫'" " إ‬$‫ ) ا‬G ‫د ر‬2 ‫أن‬
when the military and early computer specialists worked together 2 $ ً + M‫وا‬-‫ ا‬F .‫ا‬2'$‫ ا‬2 Y c L‫ وا‬, $‫ا‬ +0
to develop electronics, computers and information theory. .‫ ت‬+2 $‫ ا‬fE‫ و‬F .‫ا‬2'$‫ وا‬،‫ ت‬E‫ و‬$!‫ا‬
IT has a broad remit encompassing the design, development, 2555 ‫ و‬# 555c 555 J555.‫ ل وا‬555a+ ‫ ت‬555+2 $‫ ا‬555 2$20 $
implementation and management of computer-based information ‫ب؛‬25. '$‫ س ا‬.‫م ? أ‬2" $‫ ت ا‬+2 $‫ ا‬#fE ‫ وإدارة‬H ‫و‬

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systems; particularly software applications and computer hardware. .‫ب‬2. '$‫ ّ ات ا‬+‫ ت و‬a+ $‫" ت ا‬ ً Y2cL‫و‬
In short, IT deals with the use of computers and computer software F 5.‫ا‬2'$‫ ام ا‬5.‫ ا‬J5+ ‫ ت‬+2 $‫ ا‬2$20 + ،‫ ر‬c L ‫ﺑ‬
y.
to convert, store, process, transmit and retrieve information ‫ دة‬5.‫ وا‬5"E‫ و‬5a$ +‫ و‬U5 ‫ و‬2' $ ‫ب‬2. '$‫ ت ا‬a+ ‫وﺑ‬
securely. IT comprises various disciplines: Data Management, :‫ دئ‬5 + ‫ ة‬5 ‫ ت‬5+2 $‫ ا‬5 2$20 #5] . 5+‫آ‬ ‫ ت ﺑ‬+2 $‫ا‬
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Computer Networking, Software and Computer Engineering are all F 555555.‫ا‬2'$‫ ا‬555555. 0‫ب وھ‬2555555. '$‫ ت ا‬555555Q‫ ت و‬555555E $‫إدارة ا‬
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crucial components. . , M‫ ت ر‬E2 + ; ‫ ت‬a+ $‫وا‬

In recent years, the field has ballooned through advances in ‫ر‬255 $‫>ل ا‬55L 5 + ‫ ل‬55a $‫ا ا‬755‫ ھ‬J55.2 ،‫ ة‬55 L-‫ات ا‬2055,$‫ ا‬5 )
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computer applications and the Internet, to include mobile ‚55 ‫ا‬2;$‫ ا‬5 $ ،C55E E!‫ب وا‬255. '$‫ ت ا‬5 " 5 ) 5 Y '$‫ا‬
telephones, computer games and video technology as well as new ‫ ق‬5‫? ط‬5$‫ ) إ‬bo ‫ ﺑ‬2 T$‫ ا‬2$20 ‫ب و‬2. '$‫ ب ا‬$‫ وأ‬$ "0$‫ا‬
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ways of sharing, processing and storing information electronically. . E‫ و‬$‫ ت ا‬+2 $‫ ا‬U ‫ و‬a$ +‫ رك و‬$ ‫ة‬
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The abbreviation ICT – Information and Communication ‫ ت‬55+2 $‫ ا‬55 2$20 550 ‫ي‬755$‫ ا‬-( ICT ) ‫ ر‬55c L!‫ ا‬5
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Technology – which refers explicitly to electronic communication, $ 555 $ ‫ ﺑ‬2555‫ وھ‬، 555E‫ و‬$!‫ ا‬555Y‫ا‬2 $ ً 3‫ ا‬555Y – ‫ !ت‬555c !‫وا‬
. ‫ا‬U + ‫ف ﺑ‬2$m+ v c+
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is thus an increasingly familiar term.

In a matter of decades, computers have developed from large, b‫ة و‬ ‫ آ!ت‬+ F .‫ا‬2'$‫رت ا‬2 ،‫د‬2" ‫) ) ة‬
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bulky machines to highly sophisticated devices that fit in the 5) ; 5b‫ و‬5 ‫ ل‬5 ‫ى‬2 5,+ ?55 ‫رة‬255 + ‫ة‬U55; ‫? أ‬55$‫إ‬
palm of your hand. . $‫ ا‬3‫را‬
Computers are evolving as rapidly as the ways in which people 555 $‫ ق ا‬555 $‫ ا‬555; ) ‫ر‬2555 555 $‫ا‬ 555,$ ‫ ﺑ‬F 555.‫ا‬2'$‫ر ا‬2555
use them; one electronics company is developing a refrigerator ‫ ت‬555 E‫ و‬$!‫ ت ا‬555Q ‫ ى‬5553‫ر إ‬2ّ 555 ‫ ؛‬555;‫ س ﺑ‬5550$‫; ا‬+ 555,
that, when it is empty, emails a shopping list to the nearest 5 M 5; ) 5 E‫ و‬$‫ إ‬$ 5.‫ ر‬5. ، 5X‫ن ) ر‬255 + 50 ، >n
supermarket! . a + ‫? أ ب‬$‫ق إ‬2ّ ,
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. Data management and computer networking are........parts of IT. a. important b. unimportant c. secondary
2. When computers were first invented , they were ................. a. small b. tiny c. very big
3. Computers are developing ................. a. slowly b. quickly c. gradually
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
4. the programs that control what a computer is able to do 5. the inner side of your hand
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
6. The two branches of society which joined forces to 8. The term IT expanded in recent years to include …
develop IT are.................................................... 9. Today computers can be so small that they can …….
7. The things that computers can do to information 10. The refrigerator being developed by the electronics
are to ……………………………………………… company is able to ………………..
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
data ‫ت‬E ‫ﺑ‬ information or facts HM "3 ‫ ت أو‬+2 +
wireless .! a system that uses radio signals instead of wires ‫>ك‬.-‫ ا‬+ ً! ‫ﺑ‬ .! ‫ رات‬Q‫م إ‬ , ‫ م‬fE
transceiver ‫ ل‬.‫ " ل وإر‬.‫; ز ا‬ a device that can transmit and receive ‫ !ت‬c !‫ " ل ا‬.‫ ل وا‬.‫ إر‬G0 ‫;ز‬
communications
graphics ‫ر‬2Y pictures ‫ر‬2Y
vehicle + a machine used to transport people or things ‫ ء‬Q-‫ س أو ا‬0$‫" ا‬0$ ‫ م‬, $‫آ‬
13) The management of data is crucial to the IT industry and refers 5 ‫ ت و‬5+2 $‫ ا‬5 2$20 05Y 5) . .‫ ت أ‬E $‫إدارة ا‬
to the analysis, organisation and storage of information within a ‫ أو‬،‫ب‬2555. '$‫ ا‬555) ‫ ت‬555+2 $‫ ا‬U555 ‫ و‬# 555f0 ‫ و‬555 ' ?555$‫إ‬
computer, or a group of electronic devices. . E‫ و‬$!‫ة ا‬U; -‫ ا‬+ 2 a+
A computer network is a set of computers or devices connected to 5 c $‫ة ا‬U55; -‫ أو ا‬F 5 .‫ا‬2'$‫ ا‬5 + 5 2 a+ ‫ب‬255. '$‫ ا‬5 Q
each other. A Local Area Network ( LAN) serves a relatively small 5 + ، ً ,E ‫ ة‬Y 8 ‫ ' ﺑ‬$‫ " ا‬0 $‫ ا‬Q ‫ م‬. ;] ‫ﺑ‬
environment, a university for example, ،‫ @ ل‬$‫ ا‬. ?
while a Wide Area Network (WAN) spans a larger area; ‫ م‬555, : 555 ‫ أ‬3 555,+ 555.‫ا‬2$‫ ا‬555" 0 $‫ ا‬555Q 555 555 0 ‫ﺑ‬
multinational companies use WANs to connect their offices in ‫ ل‬5c >$ 5.‫ا‬2$‫ ا‬5" 0 $‫ ت ا‬5Q ‫ ت‬,0a$‫ دة ا‬$‫ت ا‬ $‫ا‬
different countries. . T + ‫ﺑ ; ) دول‬
A wireless network is different because it transfers data over sets of 5+ ‫ ت‬5 2 a+ ? ‫ ت‬E $‫" ا‬0 ;E- T + .>$‫ا‬ $‫ا‬
radio transceivers, instead of through cables. .‫ ﺑ>ت‬$‫ ا‬+ ً! ‫ ﺑ‬، .>$‫ ل ا‬.‫ر‬o‫ " ل وا‬.!‫ة ا‬U; ‫أ‬

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The programs that control what a computer is able to do are known ‫ ف‬555 G555‫ م ﺑ‬555 "$‫ب ا‬2555. ' $ 555 555 ‫ ﺑ‬# ' 555 555 $‫ ا‬x+‫ ا‬555 $‫ا‬
as software. Applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, ‫ ت‬5E $‫ ا‬5 ‫ا‬2 ‫ص و‬2c0$‫ ت ا‬a$ + @+ ‫" ت‬ .‫ ت‬a+ $ ‫ﺑ‬

management are all examples of computer software.

y.
media and graphics programmes, and personal information 55; 5 c $‫ ت ا‬5 +2 $‫ر وإدارة ا‬255c$‫ ا‬x+‫ ا‬5 ‫ وﺑ‬4M 5 .2$‫وا‬
.‫ب‬2. '$‫ ت ا‬a+ ‫ﺑ‬ @+‫أ‬
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Computer engineering combines elements of electrical engineering #55 ‫ و‬5 M ‫ ; ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬5 . 0;$‫ ا‬5 + 5 Y 0 ‫ب‬255. '$‫ ا‬5 . 0‫ ھ‬J55 a
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and computer science. Computer engineers are involved in many 5 + ‫ @ ة‬FE‫ا‬2 ) ‫ب‬2. '$‫ ا‬2. 0;+ ‫ رك‬.‫ب‬2. '$‫ا‬
aspects of computing, from the design of personal computers to 5 fE-‫ ا‬5 ‫ ا‬+ ?$‫ إ‬c $‫ ا‬F .‫ا‬2'$‫ ا‬# c + ،‫ب‬2. '$‫ا‬
ch

monitoring the many subsystems in motor vehicles. .‫ ' ت‬$‫ت ذات ا‬ $‫ دة ) ا‬$‫ا‬ T$‫ا‬
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
s

1. The management of data is .................. in Information Technology.

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a. not included b. unnecessary c. essential

w

2. To connect their offices in different countries, multinational companies use ...................

a. Local Area Networks b. Wide Area Networks c. neither (a) nor (b)
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Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
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3. information or facts 4. pictures

Complete the following sentences with information from the text
5. Instead of using cables, wireless networks use………….. 7. Computer engineering combines the two
6. A word processor is an example of ……………………… disciplines of ……………………………….
malfunction ( a device ) to fail to work normally ‫ط‬ ‫ﺑ‬ $‫) ا‬ T (‫) ;ز‬
digit #‫ر‬ one of the written signs that represent the + ‫ اد‬-‫@ ا‬ $‫ﺑ ا‬2 $‫ رات ا‬Qo‫ ا‬3‫أ‬
numbers 0 to 9 (٩) ?$‫( إ‬.)
millennium T$-‫ا‬ a period of 1,000 years ‫ م‬١٠٠٠ ‫) ة‬
meteorology 2a$‫ د ا‬Y‫ر‬-‫ا‬ the scientific study of weather conditions 2a$‫ وف ا‬f $ $‫ ا‬.‫ را‬$‫ا‬
embedded H' +ُ fixed firmly in a surrounding mass '+ ‫ م ﺑ‬3„‫ ﺑ‬C @+
infrastructure ' $‫ ا‬0 $‫ا‬ the basic structure a country needs to work $ $‫ و‬$‫' ; ا‬ $‫ ا‬. .-‫ ا‬0 $‫ا‬
transaction (‫ ري‬a ) + a business deal such as buying and selling J ‫ اء وﺑ‬Q @+ $‫ ا‬r +
debate ‫ل‬ serious discussion involving lots of people ‫ س‬0$‫ ا‬+ @ $‫ ا‬G ) ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫" ش‬E
expenditure ‫ ق‬TE‫إ‬ the total amount of money an organisation or ,.W+ G"T0 ‫ي‬7$‫ ل ا‬$‫ ا‬+ $ o‫ ا‬Š $‫ا‬
person spends during a particular amount of time 0 + 0+‫ ء ) ة ز‬0n‫ أ‬r Q ‫أو‬
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا يا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا ا‬
14) One of the most significant moments in IT history occurred at 55 2$20 l ‫ ر‬55 55) 55 ‫ أھ‬55@ -‫ ت ا‬55f' $‫ ى ا‬553‫ إ‬C55 ‫و‬
the close of the twentieth century when experts predicted that ‫ اء أن‬5 $‫ ا‬m55 0 + 5 0 5 $‫ ن ا‬5 "$‫ ا‬5 ;E 5 ) ‫ ت‬5 +2 $‫ا‬
computer systems would malfunction at midnight on 31 December ‫ن أول‬2E 5 ٣١ 5 $ ‚55c 0+ 5 ) 5 . ‫ب‬255. '$‫ ا‬5 fE‫أ‬
1999. .١٩٩٩
Computer scientists speculated that IT programmes would stop 5 ‚ 2 5. ‫ ت‬5+2 $‫ ا‬5 2$20 x+‫ب أن ﺑ ا‬2. '$‫ ء ا‬J 2
working or produce incorrect results because they stored years with ‫ات‬2055,$‫ن ا‬U55 C55E 5 ;E- ' '55Y 5 X xM 5 E 5 ‫ أو‬5 $‫ا‬
two digits instead of four – 98 instead of 1998, for example. .‫ @ ل‬$‫ ا‬. ? ،١٩٩٨ + ً! ‫ ﺑ‬٩٨– ‫ أرﺑ‬+ ً! ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺑ‬
They believed that the year 2000 would be represented by 00, and ‫ ه‬5 ,T # 5 .‫ و‬، 00 ‫ @ ب‬5 . ٢٠٠٠ ‫ م‬5 $‫ ون أن ا‬5 " ‫ا‬2E 5
would be interpreted by software as the year 1900. This became ‫ ف‬5 ‫ا‬755‫ ھ‬v 5 Y‫ أ‬.١٩٠٠ ‫ م‬5 $‫ ا‬G55E‫? أ‬55 ‫ ت‬5 a+ $‫ ا‬5 5 +
known as the Millennium Bug, or the Year 2000 Problem. .٢٠٠٠ ‫ م‬$‫ا‬ + ‫ أو‬T$-‫ا‬ ‫ﺑ‬
They predicted that IT systems, ranging from meteorological 555‫ اوح ﺑ‬555 555 $‫ا‬، ‫ ت‬555+2 $‫ ا‬555 2$20 555 fE‫ا أن أ‬2555 2
devices and hospital equipment to data storage systems in U55 5 fE‫ ت وأ‬T55 , $‫ ات ا‬5 +‫ي و‬255a$‫ ا‬5 Y $‫ة ا‬U55; ‫أ‬
governments, banks and airports, would fail. . T . ،‫ رات‬$‫ رف وا‬c $‫ ت وا‬+2 '$‫ ت ) ا‬E $‫ا‬
It was thought that embedded systems that also made use of date H5 0+ 5+ T , ً ] ‫ أ‬CE $‫ '" ا‬$‫ ا‬fE-‫ن ُ " أن ا‬
logic, such as utilities and other crucial infrastructure, would ‫; ر‬0 5 . ،‫ ى‬5 L-‫ ا‬5 . .-‫ ا‬5 ' $‫? ا‬550 $‫ وا‬H)‫ ا‬$ 5 ،l ‫ ر‬5 $‫ا‬
collapse too. .ً ] ‫أ‬
When midnight arrived, the Millennium Bug caused only minimal 5 T T‫ اراً ط‬5 b‫ أ‬5 T$-‫ ا‬5 + C 5 . ، 5 $‫‚ ا‬55c 0+ ّ 5 3 + 5 0
damage; some Australian bus-ticket machines failed to work and a 555 $‫ ا‬555) $‫ ا‬55.‫ ا‬555) ‫ا‬755 $‫ ا‬J555 ‫ آ!ت‬d55 ‫ ﺑ‬C 555 ) ‫؛‬455")

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few British banking transactions were temporarily disrupted. .C W+ ‫ ﺑ‬E $‫ ) ا‬c $‫>ت ا‬+ $‫ ا‬+ "$‫ ا‬C ‫و‬

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Many still debate whether the Millennium Bug’s limited effect was 5 $ ‫ ود‬5 ' $‫ ا‬nm55 $‫ ن ا‬5 ‫ إذا‬5 ) 5 @ $‫ دل ا‬5 a ‫ال‬U55 5 +
thanks to substantial government expenditure or whether its ‫ ھ‬555 ; ‫ ن‬555 ‫ أو إذا‬555 $‫ ا‬+2555 '$‫ ق ا‬555TEo‫ ا‬555]T‫ ﺑ‬555 T$-‫ا‬
predicted threat was over-stated by the media. y. .‫ >م‬o‫ا‬ + G ) ً $ + J 2 $‫ا‬
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Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
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1. The Millennium Bug happened ……………..of the twentieth century.

a. at the beginning b. at the end c. in the middle
ch

2. It was expected that at midnight on 31 January, IT systems .................

a. would not function normally b. would function well c. would be destroyed
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3. Some scientists predicted that IT programmes would give ………… results (٢٠١٤ – ١‫)د‬
.e

a. right b. wrong c. accurate

4. The damage caused by the Millennium Bug was ………….. (٢٠١٤ – ١‫) د‬
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a. great b. big c. small

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5. The speculations of computer scientists about the Millennium Bug ...............

w

a. happened as was expected b. proved to be true c. were over-rated

Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
6. fixed firmly and deeply in a surrounding mass 7. to fail to work normally
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
8. It was thought that the year 2000 would be interpreted as 1900 because .............................................................
9. Examples of embedded systems that make use of date logic are .........................................................................
10. ٢٠١٤ – ١‫د‬
In Australia, the Millennium Bug caused ............................................................................................................
11. One of the effects of the Millennium Bug was that ..............................................................................................
12. The predicted threat of the Millennium Bug was expressed strongly by .............................................................. ٢٠١٤ – ١‫د‬
transform - ‫ل‬2'
ّ to change completely from one form to another L‫? آ‬$‫ إ‬Q + + ‫ﺑ‬
thrive ‫دھ‬U to become successful or strong and healthy ً .‫ ً و‬2 ‫ ' ً أو‬E v c

accessible ‫ ح‬+ can be reached or used G ‫ل‬2c'$‫ل أو ا‬2Y2$‫ا‬

parallel ‫از‬2+ to be side by side with the same distance, or to occur ‫ أو ' ث‬، ) , $‫ ا‬kT0‫ ﺑ‬F0 ?$‫ ً إ‬0 ‫ن‬2
at the same time C 2$‫ ا‬kTE )
opt out of + F',0 to choose not to participate in something +‫ ء‬Q ) ‫ر‬ $‫م ا‬ ‫ر‬
image ‫رة‬2Y a picture that appears on the computer screen ‫ب‬2. '$‫ ا‬Q Q ? ;f ‫رة‬2Y
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا يا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا ا‬
15) Over one hundred million websites, made up of billions of web ‫ رات‬5 + 5+ ‚$m ، $‫ ? ا‬J 2+ ‫ن‬2 + M + U +
pages, now exist. The Internet has transformed the way people C55E E!‫ ا‬5 Q ‫ ت‬5 ّ X .‫دة ا_ن‬255 2+ ،F55 2$‫' ت ا‬T55Y 5 +
communicate with each other and access information, and continues ?55 ‫ا‬2 5c' ‫ و‬#;055 ‫ ﺑ‬5 ) ‫ س‬50$‫ ا‬5; ) 5Y‫ا‬2 5 $‫ ا‬5" $‫ا‬
to evolve every day. .‫م‬2 ّ ‫ر‬2 $‫ ) ا‬, ‫ و‬،‫ ت‬+2 $‫ا‬
Recent scholarship suggests that by 2020, the Internet will be a ‫ن‬2 555. ،٢٠٢٠ ‫ م‬555 ‫ل‬2555 '‫ ﺑ‬G555E‫ أ‬555@ '$‫ ت ا‬555.‫ را‬$‫ ا‬555;f
thriving, low-cost network of billions of devices, accessible to ،‫ة‬U55; -‫ رات ا‬5 + 5+ 5T $‫ ا‬5 ‫ ة و‬5‫دھ‬U+ 5Q C5E E!‫ا‬
anyone, anywhere. .‫ ن‬+ ‫ ) أي‬J a $ 3 +
Some Internet professionals also predict that it will provide a 5 ‫از‬2+ 5" "3 ‫ " م‬5. ;E‫ أ ] ً أ‬CE E!‫ ا‬2) '+ d ‫ ﺑ‬J 2
reality parallel to our own. Virtual Reality will allow people to live, ‫ا‬255 ‫ن‬m55‫ س ﺑ‬50 $ 5b‫ ا!) ا‬5" "'$‫ ا‬v 5, . . 0 5$ 5" "' $
work and interact with others in an electronic world, driven by the G55 ' ، 5 E‫ و‬$‫ ا‬#$ 5 5 ) #;55] ‫ ﺑ‬J55+ ‫ا‬2 5 Y‫ا‬2 ‫ا و‬255 ‫و‬
Internet. .CE E!‫ا‬
Some fear, however, that Virtual Reality will encourage people to ‫ س‬5 0$‫ ا‬Ja55 . 5 b‫ ا!) ا‬5 " "'$‫ أن ا‬d 5 $‫? ا‬55 5 $‫و‬
opt out of human society, creating a world of two halves, with 5+ ً 5 $ H 5. q5 3 ،‫ ي‬5 $‫ ا‬J a $‫ ا‬+ ‫' ب‬,E!‫? ا‬
those in Virtual Reality losing touch with the realities of the real JM ‫ و‬J+ ‫ ل‬c !‫ ا‬b‫'" " ا!) ا‬$‫ ) ا‬+ G ) "T ، TcE
world. . " "'$‫ ا‬#$ $‫ا‬
Today, designers and inventors are using the Internet in increasingly ‫ ق‬555 ‫ ﺑ‬C555E E!‫ن ا‬2555 $‫ن وا‬2 555c $‫ م ا‬555, ،‫م‬2555 $‫ا‬
innovative ways. Two students at Keio University in Japan have 5) 2 5 5 + 5) ‫ ن‬5 $ ‫ ط‬x 5E‫ أ‬. 5 ‫ا‬U + 255'E ?55 G55 ‫اﺑ ر‬
recently produced the Internet Umbrella. .CE E!‫ ا‬f+ ً‫ ا‬LW+ ‫ ﺑ ن‬$‫ا‬

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The umbrella’s handle contains a projector that displays images from 5+ ‫ر‬25c$‫ ض ا‬5 ‫" ط‬5.‫ ز إ‬5; ?5 f $‫ ا‬d "+ ‫ي‬2 '

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the Internet onto the underside of the umbrella’s canopy. . f $‫ ء ا‬X + L‫ ا‬$‫ ا‬#,"$‫ ? ا‬CE E!‫ا‬
The umbrella is also fitted with a Global Positioning System that + 5 '$ v 5 , $ 5 ‫ ت‬5 ‫ ھ‬a ‫ م ا‬5 f0‫ ً ﺑ‬5 ] ‫ة أ‬U55;a+ 5 f $‫ا‬
allows carriers to find their way, wherever they are, while looking at y. 5‫ رط‬L ?5$‫ ون إ‬5f0 5 0 ‫ ﺑ‬،‫ا‬2E 5 0 ‫ أ‬،#;" ‫ د ط‬a ‫ إ‬f $‫ا‬
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a three-dimensional map projected into the umbrella above them. .#; 2) f $‫? ا‬ ;‫" ط‬.‫ إ‬# ‫ﺑ د‬-‫ ا‬n>n
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Even large companies, when developing their products, use the ‫ م‬555, ، 555; a 0+ ‫ر‬2555 + 5550 ،‫ ة‬555 $‫ ت ا‬555 $‫? ا‬555 3
Internet to interact with their customers. A prominent sports-shoe 5 b ‫ ر‬5 73‫ أ‬J055c+ 2 5 . 5;0M ‫ زﺑ‬J55+ 5Y‫ا‬2 $ C55E E!‫ا‬
$‫? ا‬ b ‫ ر‬73‫ أ‬# c $ + $‫ﺑ رز ا‬
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manufacturer is inviting the public to design trainers online. .

The design is then sent electronically to a factory, where it is made to q5 3 ،J0c+ ?$‫ إ‬E‫ و‬$‫ا‬ ‫ ﺑ‬N$‫ ﺑ ذ‬# c $‫ ل ا‬.‫ إر‬#
s

the customer’s specifications. It is certain that the Internet, and 5 W $‫ ا‬5+ .‫ن‬2‫ﺑ‬U$‫ ; ا‬b‫ و‬$‫ ت ا‬TY‫ا‬2 $‫ ا‬F,3 G 0Y #
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Information Technology in general, will continue to transform the 5) 5, . ،‫ م‬5 5 ‫ ت ﺑ‬+2 $‫ ا‬2$20 ‫ و‬،CE E!‫أن ا‬
world we live in, in ways we have yet to imagine. . ; E ‫ أن‬N$‫ ذ‬J+ 0 ‫ ﺑ ق‬،G ) ‡ E ‫ي‬7$‫ ا‬#$ $‫ا‬
w

Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

w

1. Now, there are ………….websites and web pages. a. so many b. a few c. some
w

2. It is expected that by 2020, the Internet will be … a. expensive b. cheap c. difficult to access
3. Living in a virtual reality makes people…...their real world. a. far from b. close to c. involved in ( ٢٠١٦-١‫)د‬
4. Designers and inventors use the Internet in ................. ways. a. traditional b. creative c. careless (٢٠٠٩‫)د‬

5. The Internet Umbrella ..............users to find their way. a. helps b. prevents c. fails (٢٠٠٩ ‫) د‬

6. The sports- shoe manufacturer invites people to................. a. sell trainers b. go the c. help in making
factory their own trainers
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
7. becoming very successful …………… 8. pictures that appear on a computer screen …..
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
9. It is expected that the cost of the Internet in the future will ……….……….……………………… (٢٠١٦ -١‫)د‬
10. By 2020, the Internet will be used by ………………………………..….……………………………… (٢٠٠٩‫)د‬
11. Virtual Reality will help people to communicate with others in………………………………………… (٢٠٠٩‫) د‬
12. Some experts fear that Virtual Reality will …………………………………………………………… (٢٠٠٩ ‫) د‬
13. The projector in the Internet Umbrella shows ………………..……………………..…………… ( ٢٠١٦ -١‫)د‬
14. After a customer designs his sports- shoe online, it …………………………………………….………………
- 16 -
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
Alfred Nobel I= ‫د‬2) ‫ا‬ ( p 18 )
innovator + someone who introduces changes and new ideas ‫ة‬ ً‫ات وأ) را‬ L r Q
armament ‫ ي‬, ‫د‬ military weapons and equipment , $‫ات ا‬ $‫ ' وا‬.-‫ا‬
view ‫رأي‬ a personal opinion c Q ‫رأي‬
patent ‫ اع‬L‫ﺑ اءة ا‬ the sole right to make, use or sell an invention ‫ اع‬L‫ ا‬J ‫ام أو ﺑ‬ .‫ ا‬، J0Y ) 32$‫ ا‬H'$‫ا‬
gelatin > a substance used in food preparation, photographic ‫ت‬ ‫ م و‬$‫ م ) إ اد ا‬, ‫ دة‬+
processes and glue ‫ اء‬$‫ ا) وا‬X2 2T$‫ ا‬2c $‫ا‬
obituary E a notice of the death of someone, often in a newspaper T 'Y ) ً $ X ، + r Q ‫ت‬2 ‫إ >ن ﺑ‬
request F ask politely ‫دب‬W+ ‫ﺑ‬F
16) Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, ‫ ء‬5 #$ 5 ( ١٨٩٦ – ١٨٣٣ ) 5‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ د‬5T$‫ ي ا‬255,$‫ ن ا‬5
innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite. .C + 0 $‫ ع ا‬+‫ ي و‬, ‫ د‬Jّ 0c+‫و‬ +‫ س و‬0;+‫و‬
Nobel was born on 21 October, 1833, in Stockholm, Sweden. He . 255,$‫ ا‬،#$2; 2 5 . 5 ) ،١٨٣٣ ‫ أول‬5 ٢١ 5 ) 5 ‫ﺑ‬2E 5 $‫و‬
was educated in Russia, France and the United States. He was 5) ً 5" ‫ ن ط‬5 .‫ ة‬5' $‫! ت ا‬2$‫ وا‬,E )‫ و‬.‫ ) رو‬G ?"
fluent in five languages and had a great interest in literature. .‫دب‬- ‫اً ﺑ‬ G+ ‫ ت و ن اھ‬$ , L
Nobel was also very interested in social and peace-related issues, ،‫>م‬5,$ ‫ ﺑ‬H ]‫و‬ ‫; ً أ ] ً ﺑ"] ا‬+ ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ن‬
and held views that were considered radical for his time. .GE +‫ ) ز‬$ ‫راد‬ CE ‫و ن ' آراء‬

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Nobel travelled widely, then returned to work in his father’s factory CE 5 . 5) ‫ ه‬5$‫ وا‬J055c+ 5) 5 $ ‫ د‬5 #55n‫ و‬،ً‫ ا‬5 @ 5‫ﺑ‬2E ) 5.

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in St Petersburg, Russia. Later, in Sweden, Nobel began to ‫„ اء‬555‫ ﺑ‬555‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ أ‬555‫ ﺑ‬، 2555,$‫) ا‬،N555$‫ ذ‬555 ‫ ﺑ‬. 555.‫ رو‬،‫ غ‬555. ‫ﺑ‬
experiment with explosions. In 1867, he received a patent for ‫ اع‬555 L‫ اءة ا‬555‫? ﺑ‬555" ،١٨٦٧ ‫ م‬555 .‫ ات‬555aT $‫? ا‬555 ‫ رب‬555a
dynamite.
y. .C + 0 $
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About 1875 he produced an even more powerful explosive called > a$‫ ? ا‬, @ ‫ى ﺑ‬2 ‫ ات أ‬aT + x E‫ أ‬١٨٧٥ ‫ م‬$‫ ا‬$‫ا‬23
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blasting gelatin. In all, Nobel held more than 100 patents. Nobel ١٠٠ 5 5 U 5+ ?5 5‫ﺑ‬2E 5c3 ، $ 5 ‫إ‬ ‫ ﺑ‬. aّ T $‫ا‬
died in 1896 and was buried in Stockholm. .#$2; .‫ ود) ) ا‬١٨٩٦ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ ت‬+ .‫ اع‬L‫ﺑ اءة ا‬
ch

The incorrect publication in 1888 of a premature obituary of ‫ م‬5 5,E ) T '5Y + ‫ﺑ‬20$ + 0$ v 'Y X E
Nobel by a French newspaper, condemning him for his invention of ‫ وراء‬G55E‫ ل إ‬5 " ، C + 0 5 $ G5 ‫ ا‬L‫ ا‬F 5 ,‫ ﺑ‬5 ; ) G550 ،١٨٨٨
s

.G 2+ ‫اره ك إرث أ)] ﺑ‬

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dynamite, is said to have brought about his decision to leave a

better legacy after his death.
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On November 27, 1895, Alfred Nobel made his last will in Paris. 5) ‫ ة‬5 L-‫ ا‬G 5Y‫ و‬5‫ﺑ‬2E Jb‫ و‬،١٨٩٥، ٢٧ E @$‫ا‬ )
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When it was opened and read after his death, the will caused a lot ً! 5 5 Y2$‫ ا‬C 5 .، G55 2+ 5 ‫ ﺑ‬5 ; ‫ و اء‬5 ;' ) 5 0 .k ‫ ر‬5 ‫ﺑ‬
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of controversy both in Sweden and internationally, as Nobel had G5 ‫ و‬n 5+ ً‫ ا‬5 ُ‫ءا‬U ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ ك‬q 3 ،ً $‫ ودو‬2,$‫اً ) ا‬
left much of his wealth for the establishment of a prize! !‫ة‬UM k .m $
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. Dynamite and blasting gelatin are ................ a. explosives b. obituaries c. patents
2. Nobel first tested dynamite in …………….. a. Russia b. France c. Sweden
3. Dynamite is .................. blasting gelatin. a. more powerful than b. less powerful than c. as powerful as
4. The newspaper ....Noble for inventing dynamite. a. admired b. thanked c. attacked
5. The incorrect publication of Nobel's death a. neglect peace- b. establish his own c. refuse any
(٢٠١٧
caused him to make his decision to..……. – ١ ‫د‬ ) realted issues prize medal
6. ............. made Nobel make his will of the prize. a. His 100 patents b. The obituary c. His family
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
7. a notice of the death of someone 8. someone who introduces changes and new ideas
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
(٢٠١٧ – ١ ‫) دورة‬
9. Noble was not only a chemist. He was also …….. 12. In his life, Nobel had a great interest in ….……….
10. Noble could speak ……….......…… (٢٠١٥ J ‫) دورة‬
13. In order to leave a better legacy, Nobel…………..
11. In his time, Nobel’s opinions were looked at as ….
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
The Nobel Prize I= ‫ ة‬K G ( p19)
2$2 U T$‫ا‬ a science that studies the way in which the ‫ م‬, ‫ﺑ; أ‬ $‫ " ا‬$‫ رس ا‬#
physiology
(‫ ] ء‬-‫‚ ا‬M ‫ وظ‬# ) bodies of living things work '$‫ ت ا‬0M $‫ا‬
a person who is honoured with an award for ‫ ز‬aE‫ ا‬F ,‫ة ﺑ‬UM a‫ " ه ﺑ‬# r Q
laureate ‫ة‬UM ? Y3
outstanding creative or intellectual achievement ‫إﺑ ا أو ) ي ﺑ رز‬
the group of people elected to discuss and make 0 $ #;‫ ﺑ‬E‫ ا‬# ‫ س‬0$‫ ا‬+ 2 a+
parliament ‫ ن‬$ ‫ﺑ‬
a country’s laws. $‫ دو‬E‫ا‬2 .‫و‬
v0 - to officially give someone something like a prize ‫ة‬UM @+ 8 Q .‫ر‬ ‫ ﺑ‬c Q
award
‫ة‬UM - a prize ‫ة‬UM
17) Nobel's family opposed the establishment of the Nobel Prize, and ‫ س‬0$‫ ا‬d)‫ ور‬، ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM k .m ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ ت‬.‫ أ‬Cb‫ر‬
the people he asked to award the prize refused to do what he had .G 5Y‫ ) و‬G ‫" م ﺑ ط‬$‫ة ا‬UM a$‫ ا‬v0+ #;0+ F ‫ ط‬7$‫ا‬
requested in his will. Thus, it was five years before the first Nobel ‫ة‬UM ‫ أول‬v0+ ‫ن‬2 ‫أن‬ ‫ات‬20. k L ‫ ّ ت‬+ ،‫ا‬7 ‫وھ‬
Prize could be awarded in 1901. .١٩٠١ ‫ ً م‬0 + ‫ﺑ‬2E
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honouring men and women from ‫ ء‬5,0$‫ ل وا‬5 $‫ ّّم ا‬5 5‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM 5 C5E ،١٩٠١ ‫ م‬$‫ ا‬70+
all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in Physics, ‫ ء‬55 U T$‫ ا‬55) 55 ‫ھ‬7 $‫ ا‬#; ‫ زا‬55aEo ‫رض‬-‫" ع ا‬55Y‫ ّ أ‬55 55+
Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. .‫>م‬,$‫دب وا‬-‫ وا‬F $‫ أو ا‬2$2 U T$‫ ء وا‬$‫وا‬
Who selects the Nobel Laureates? In his last will and testament, Alfred ،‫ ة‬5 L-‫ ا‬G 5 Y‫ و‬5 ) ‫ة؟‬UM 5 a$‫? ا‬55 5 Y '$‫ ر ا‬5 5+

t
5 $‫و‬W, $‫ ت ا‬,.W $‫ ص ا‬L ‫ﺑ ﺑ‬2E T$‫ ا‬rcL

ne
Nobel specifically designated the institutions responsible for the prizes
he wished to be established: : ;, .m ) FX‫ ر‬$‫ ا‬UM‫ا‬2a$‫ا‬
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize in
Physics and Chemistry, the Karolinska Institute for the Nobel Prize in
y. ‫ ء‬555 U T$‫ ا‬555) 555‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM 555a$ 555 $‫ا‬
5 2$2 U T$‫ﺑ ) ا‬2E ‫ة‬UM a$ ,0 $‫ ; رو‬+ ،‫ء‬
2555,$‫ ا‬555 ‫ د‬-‫ا‬
$‫وا‬
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Physiology or Medicine, ،F $‫أو ا‬
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the Swedish Academy for the Nobel Prize in Literature, and a ‚$m5 50a$‫ و‬،‫دب‬-‫ ا‬5) 5‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM a$ 2,$‫ا‬ ‫ د‬-‫ا‬
committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Parliament ‫ ن‬555 $ $‫ ا‬555 555+ #;‫ ﺑ‬555 E‫ ا‬# 555 ‫ ص‬555Q‫ أ‬555, L 555+
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(Storting) for the Nobel Peace Prize. .‫>م‬, $ ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM a$ a ‫ و‬0$‫ا‬
In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in k T55. ‫ة‬UM 5 NE 5 , ‫ ر‬k T55. k55.‫ أ‬،١٩٦٨ ‫ م‬5
s

Economics in memory of Alfred Nobel. The Royal Swedish Academy C55 ‫ ُو‬. 5 ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ د‬5 T$‫ ى ا‬755$ ً‫ ا‬5 ‫ د‬5 c !‫ ا‬5 ) NE 5 , ‫ر‬
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of Sciences was given the task of selecting the Economics Prize 5Y '$‫ ر ا‬5 L‫ ا‬5 ;+ ‫م‬25 $ 5 $‫ ا‬25,$‫ا‬ ‫… د‬$
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Laureates starting in 1969. .١٩٦٩ ‫ ﺑ أت م‬$‫ د ا‬c >$ ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM ?

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Presentation ceremonies are held on December 10, the anniversary of ‫ ى‬5 ‫ ذ‬،١٠ ‫ن أول‬2E 5 5 ) UM‫ا‬255a$‫ ا‬# 5 " #55.‫ ا‬+ 5 "
Nobel’s death. The Nobel Foundation in Stockholm supervises the v05+ ?5 #$2; 2 . ) ‫ﺑ‬2E ,.W+ ‫ف‬ . ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫و) ة‬
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awarding of the prizes. .UM‫ا‬2a$‫ا‬

The peace prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway. The other prizes are UM‫ا‬25a$‫ ا‬# " # .x ‫ و‬0$‫ ا‬،2 .‫>م ) أو‬,$‫ة ا‬UM v0+ #
presented in Stockholm. Each Nobel Prize winner receives a gold 5‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM 5 ‫ ل‬50 5+ ّ 5 5c' .#$2; 2 . ) ‫ ى‬L-‫ا‬
medal, a diploma and prize money. . $ + ‫ة‬UM ‫م و‬2 ‫ ودﺑ‬، ‫ ذھ‬$‫ ا‬+ ?
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. Nobel's family disagreed with Nobel's a. interest in b. will to offer a c. invention of
……………………………………... (٢٠١٥ – ٢‫) د‬ literature prize dynamite
2. Nobel Prize honours people from .................. a. all over the world b. Norway only c. Sweden only
3. Noble Prize is presented ................ (٢٠١٥ E @$‫ ورة ا‬$‫) ا‬

a. at the beginning of each year b. in the memory of Nobel's birth c. in the memory of Nobel's death
4. The institutions responsible for awarding the Nobel Prize were determined by …….. (٢٠١٧ – ١‫) د‬

a. the Swedish government b. memerbs of Nobel's family c. Nobel himself

Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
5. a science that studies the way in which the bodies of living things work
6. the group of people elected to discuss and make a country’s laws.
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا يا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا ا‬
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
٢٠١٧ - ١‫د‬
7. When Nobel's will was opened and read, his family ...........................................................................................
8. The first prize was granted after five years because............................................................................................
9. Nobel prizes are awarded to people for their ……………………………………………………………………
10. The Royal Swedish Academy chooses laureates for ...........................................................................................
11. All Nobel prizes are presented in Stockholm except .................................................................... (٢٠١٥ E @$‫ ورة ا‬$‫)ا‬
12. The prizes are awarded on December 10 because it is …………………………………………………………
13. The person awarded a Noble Prize is given ……………………………………………………………………
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nomination for the Nobel Prizes I= K‫ ا‬4 L 52" ‫ا‬ ( p 20)
Each year the respective Nobel Committees send individual invitations c Q ‫ات‬2 ‫د‬ $‫ﺑ ا‬2E ‫ ن‬a$ . ،‫ّ م‬ )
to thousands of members of academies, university professors, scientists ‫ ت‬555 + a$‫ة ا‬7 555.‫ ت وأ‬555 ‫ د‬-‫ ا‬555) ‫ ء‬555] -‫_!ف ا‬
from numerous countries, previous Nobel Laureates, members of ?555 ‫ن‬2"‫ ﺑ‬555. ‫ن‬2 555Y 3‫ و‬،‫ دة‬555 + ‫ دول‬555+ ‫ ء‬555 $‫وا‬
parliamentary assemblies and others, asking them to submit the names F55 ‫ ون‬5 L‫ وآ‬5 E $ $‫ ا‬k$ 5 a $‫ ء ا‬5 ] ‫ وأ‬،‫ة‬UM 5 a$‫ا‬
of candidates for the Nobel Prizes for the coming year. . $ $‫ ا‬0, $ ‫ﺑ‬2E UM‫ا‬2a$ 'Q + ‫ ء‬.‫ ا اح أ‬#;0+
These nominators are chosen in such a way that as many countries and + +‫د‬ ‫أ‬ @ ; ) # " ‫ ﺑ‬#‫ رھ‬L‫ ا‬#
universities as possible are represented each year. .‫ ت ّ م‬+ a$‫ ول وا‬$‫ا‬

t
ne
The Nobel Prize has been given to several people from the Arab World, 5 ‫ ﺑ‬5‫ ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬#$ 5 $‫ ا‬5+ ‫ ص‬5Q‫ ة أ‬$ ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM C ‫أ‬
including: Mohamed El Baradei (Egyptian, Peace, 2005), Ahmed H. 3‫ أ‬، ( ٢٠٠٥، ‫>م‬,$‫ ا‬،‫ ي‬c+) ‫ اد‬$‫' ا‬+ : #; )
Zewail (Egyptian and American, Chemistry, 1999) and Naguib Mahfouz F aE‫( و‬١٩٩٩ ‫ ء‬$‫ ا‬، +‫ ي وأ‬c+ ) ‫ زو‬.‫ ھـ‬.
(Egyptian, Literature, 1988).
y.. (١٩٨٨ – ‫دب‬-‫ ي – ا‬c+ ) ‫ظ‬2T'+
ls
And several prominent figures from the Arab world have been #;' 5 Q #55 5 ‫ ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬#$ 5 $‫ ا‬5 + ‫ رز‬5 ‫ ص ﺑ‬5 Q‫ ة أ‬5 ‫و‬
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nominated for Nobel Prizes. . ‫ﺑ‬2E UM‫ا‬2a$

The Syrian philosopher Michel Allawerdi was nominated for the Peace G' 555Q #555 ‫ دي‬555 ‫ ا!و‬555 + ‫ري‬2555,$‫ف ا‬2555, T$‫ا‬
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Prize in 1951, for his use of music in spreading peace across the world. ?" .2 $ G+‫ ا‬.! ،١٩٥١ ‫>م م‬, $ ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM a$
The identity of Nobel nominees are kept secret for fifty years after their ‫ة‬UM 5a $ 'Q $‫ ا‬2‫ "? ھ‬. #$ $‫>م ) ا‬,$‫ ا‬E )
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nomination. .#;' Q ‫ ًﺑ‬+ , L‫ ة‬$ ّ .

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The Nobel Prize and Naguib Mahfouz ‫) ظ‬ M 4 ‫ و‬I= ‫ ة‬K G ( p 21)

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1911: Born in the old Gemaliya quarter of Cairo on 11 December, ، ١١ ‫ ھ ة‬55"$‫ ا‬55) # 55"$‫ ا‬55 $ a$‫ ا‬553 55) 55$‫ و‬:١٩١١
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Mahfouz was the youngest of seven siblings. His father was a civil ‫ ن‬5 .‫ة‬255L‫ أ‬5. 5+ 5Y-‫ظ ا‬255T'+ ‫ ن‬5 ، ‫ن أول‬2E 5
servant. Cairo’s busy narrow streets became the inspiration for his " 5]$‫ وا‬5 3‫د‬U $‫ ھ ة ا‬5"$‫ارع ا‬25Q C' Y‫ أ‬.ً T‫ظ‬2+ ‫ه‬2‫أﺑ‬
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work. .G$ - ‫; م‬$o‫ا‬

1934: Graduates from Cairo University with a degree in philosophy. . T, T$‫" ھ ة ﺑ„ زة ) ا‬$‫ا‬ + +‫ج‬ :١٩٣٤
1936: Abandons an MA in philosophy to become a full-time writer. 5 $ ‫ غ‬T $ T, T$‫ ) ا‬, + $ .‫ر‬ ?ّ :١٩٣٦
Starts working as a civil servant to fund his writing. .G ‫ل ﺑ‬2 $ ‚‫ظ‬2 $ ‫ ﺑ أ ﺑ‬.F
1939: His first novel, The Curse of the Ra, is published. .‫ ار‬-‫ ا‬q ،G$ ‫ ت أول روا‬E :١٩٣٩
1956-7: The three volumes of the Cairo Trilogy are published. .‫" ھ ة‬$‫ ا‬n>@$ n>@$‫ ات ا‬a $‫ت ا‬ E : ٧ – ١٩٥٦
1971: Retires from the Egyptian Civil Service. . c $‫ ا‬+ $‫ ا‬T ‫ظ‬2$‫ ا‬+ " :١٩٧١
1988: Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. . ‫…دب‬$ ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM v0+ :١٩٨٨
1989: Joins a group of writers and intellectuals supporting the rights of ‫ي‬75555$‫ا‬
5555 T $‫ ب وا‬5555 $‫ ا‬5555+ 5555 2 a $ #5555]E‫ ا‬:١٩٨٩
authors in Arab countries. . ‫ ﺑ‬$‫ ول ا‬$‫ ) ا‬T$W $‫ق ا‬2"3 ‫ن‬2
2005: His final book, The Seventh Heaven, is published. . ‫ ﺑ‬,$‫ ء ا‬,$‫ ا‬2‫ وھ‬،G$ ‫ب‬ L‫ آ‬E :٢٠٠٥
2006: Becomes increasingly unwell and almost completely blind. Dies ?5 ‫ ً أ‬5 " v 5Y‫ وأ‬5 ‫ا‬U + 5 ‫ ً ﺑ‬5] + v Y‫ أ‬:٢٠٠٦
at the age of 94. .٩٤ ) ‫ ت‬+ .ً +
Upon his death he is the third oldest Nobel Laureate and the only 5 32$‫ ا‬F55 $‫ وا‬5‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM 5a‫ ﺑ‬UM 5) 5 ‫ أ‬q55$ n ‫ن‬255 G55 2 ‫ﺑ‬
Arabic language writer to have won the Nobel Prize. . ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM ‫ ل‬E ‫ي‬7$‫ ﺑ ا‬$‫ ا‬$ ‫ﺑ‬

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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
novel ‫روا‬ a long written story 2‫ﺑ ط‬2 + c

trilogy n>n a series of three parts ‫اء‬U ‫ أ‬n>n + , .

masterpiece M‫را‬ a work of art or literature considered the best that a ‫ ن‬0) Ga E‫ أ‬+ ])‫أ‬ ‫ أو أدﺑ‬0)
particular artist or writer produced +F ‫أو‬
18) Naguib Mahfouz was an Egyptian novelist who became one of the ;5Q‫ أ‬3‫ أ‬v Y ‫ ً و أ‬c+ ً M‫ظ روا‬2T'+ F aE ‫ن‬
most famous writers in the Arab world when he won the Nobel Prize ‫…دب‬5$ 5‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM 5 ‫ ل‬E + 0 ‫ ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬#$ $‫ ب ) ا‬$‫ا‬
for Literature in 1988. . ١٩٨٨ ‫م‬
The award raised the profile of Arabic literature and Mahfouz’s books $ 5 $ ‫ ﺑ‬C55 ‫ و‬5 ‫ ﺑ‬$‫دب ا‬-‫ ا‬5 E + 5 + ‫ة‬UM 5 a$‫ ا‬C55 )‫ر‬
were subsequently translated into many languages. .‫ ت @ ة‬$ ?$‫ظ إ‬2T'+ F
Mahfouz wrote thirty novels, over one hundred short stories, dozens of ‫ ة‬5c 5c 5M + 5 5 U +‫ روا و‬n>n ‫ظ‬2T'+ F
film scripts and more than two hundred articles. . $ "+ M + + @ ‫)>م وأ‬-‫ص ا‬2cE + ‫ ات‬$‫وا‬
His first novels explored Egyptian history and were intended to be part 5;‫ ﺑ‬5c" ‫ ن‬5 ‫ ي و‬c $‫ ا‬l ‫ ر‬$‫? ا‬$‫و‬-‫ ا‬G ‫ روا‬CT .‫ا‬
of a monumental cycle of thirty books, charting the entire history of J‫ ﺑ‬55 ،ً 55‫ﺑ‬ 55n>n 55+ ‫ ة‬55$ L 55, . 55+ ‫ء‬U55 ‫ن‬255 ‫أن‬
Egypt. .G ‫ ي‬c $‫ ا‬l ‫ ر‬$‫ا‬
The project was never completed but Mahfouz often dealt with history, 5+ ‫ظ‬25T'+ ‫ ن‬5 5+ ً 5 $ X 5 $‫ اً و‬5‫ وع أﺑ‬5 $‫ا‬ #$
society and politics in his work. .G ) . ,$‫ وا‬J a $‫ وا‬l ‫ ر‬$‫ ا‬J+

t
ne
Mahfouz was an experimental writer and is credited with modernising ‫دب‬-‫ ا‬q 555' ‫ ﺑ‬G555$ 555E‫ ً و‬555 a ً 555 ‫ظ‬2555T'+ ‫ ن‬555
Arabic literature. . ‫ ﺑ‬$‫ا‬

y.
His epic Cairo Trilogy, which most critics consider to be his ،G5 M‫ د را‬5"0$‫ ا‬#5f + 5‫ھ‬ 5 $‫ وا‬،‫ ھ ة‬5"$‫ ا‬5 n>n G ' +
5 #.‫ ا‬. 'TY ١٥٠٠ ‫ " رب‬+ + ‚$m # b ‫ھ‬
ls
masterpiece, is a huge work of around 1,500 pages. Each volume is
named after a street in Cairo: Palace Walk (1956), Palace of Desire 55c"$‫ ا‬55‫ ﺑ‬:‫ ھ ة‬55"$‫ ا‬55) ‫ رع‬55Q #55.‫ ا‬55+ ‫ذ‬2Lm55+ 55 a+
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(1957) and Sugar Street (1957). . ( ١٩٥٧ ) ,$‫( وا‬١٩٥٧ ) ‫ق‬2 $‫ ا‬c ،(١٩٥٦)
The trilogy charts the life of three generations of the Abd al-Jawad ،‫اد‬255a$‫ ا‬5 ‫ ة‬5.‫ أ‬5) ‫ ل‬5 ‫ أ‬5n>n ‫ ة‬5 3 5 n>@$‫ ا‬5
ch

family, spanning the period from 1917 to the end of the Second ‫' ب‬$‫; ا‬E ? 3‫ و‬١٩١٧ ‫م‬ + ‫ ة‬T$‫) ا‬ $‫وا‬
World War. . E @$‫ ا‬$ $‫ا‬
s
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The books are remarkable because in them Mahfouz handles a huge 5+ 5 b 5 2 a+ 5 ; ) x$ 5 ‫ظ‬255T'+ ‫ن‬- 5 + ‫ ھ‬F55 $‫ا‬
cast of well-drawn characters with great skill and masters the Arabic " 5 25‫ ة وھ‬5 ‫ رة‬5; ‫وﺑ‬ ‫ ﺑ‬+2. $‫ ت ا‬c $‫ا‬
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novel form, which had only come into being a few years previously. .‫ات‬20. ]‫ﺑ‬ 4") ;‫ي ظ‬7$‫ وا‬، ‫ ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬M‫ ّ وا‬$‫ا‬ $‫ا‬
w

Mahfouz was the third oldest living Nobel Laureate and the only ‫ ة‬5 '$‫ ا‬5 ?55 5‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM 5a‫ ﺑ‬UM 5 ) 5 ‫ أ‬q55$ n ‫ظ‬255T'+ ‫ ن‬5
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Arabic language writer to have won the Nobel Prize. . ‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM ‫ ل‬0 ‫ي‬7$‫ ﺑ ا‬$‫ ا‬$ ‫ ﺑ‬32$‫ ا‬F $‫وا‬
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. Mahfouz liked to .....................
a. try new things b. imitate others c. write in a traditional way
2. Cairo Trilogy is a very .................... work of literature.
a. short b. bad c. long
3. In Cairo Trilogy, he created ................. characters.
a. a few b. a large number of c. no
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
4. a person honoured with an award for outstanding achievement 5. long written stories
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
6. Mahfouz’s books were translated into many 9. Sugar Street is a street in ………………………..
languages after he…………….………………….. 10. The events in Cairo Trilogy happen between ………
7. He not only wrote novels but also ……………… 11. Mahfouz is different from all other Arab writers in
8. He had a project of a cycle of books but ………… that ……………..………………………………….

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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
What is Caffeine ? * C ‫ھ ا‬ ( p 22 )
extract r , remove or obtain a substance from something + ‫ ء‬Q + ‫ دة‬+ ? c' ‫ أو‬U
odourless G$ 'M‫! را‬ having no smell G$ 'M‫! را‬
powder ‫ق‬2',+ a dry substance in the form of very small pieces ً‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ YJ Q? ) ‫ دة‬+
stimulant G 0+ a substance that makes people more alert or excited @‫أ‬ , ' + ‫أو‬ ; 0 + ‫ س‬0$‫ا‬ a ‫ دة‬+
prescription TY‫و‬ the instructions for a medicine or treatment ‫ واء أو >ج‬$ ‫ت‬
tolerance ّ' the degree to which someone can suffer something E ‫ ) ; أن‬r $‫ ا‬J , $‫ ر ا‬$‫ا‬
without being damaged ‫] ر‬$‫ ا‬G$ F , ‫ دون أن‬+ ‫ ء‬Q +
blood vessels 2+‫د‬ ‫أو‬ tubes that carry blood through the tissues and organs ‫ ] ء‬-‫ وا‬a,E-‫>ل ا‬L + ‫ م‬$‫ا‬ ' F ‫ ﺑ‬E‫أ‬
19) Chemically speaking, caffeine was first extracted from plants 5 + ?55$‫و‬-‫ ة ا‬5 $ ) 5 $‫ >ص ا‬5 .‫ ا‬#5 ، 5 M $‫ ا‬5 3 0$‫ ا‬5 +
in its pure form in 1820. But now, it can be made in the 5) G 05Y ‫ ا_ن‬$‫ و‬.١٨٢٠ ‫ ف م‬c$‫ ا‬G ‫ ت ﺑ‬0$‫ا‬
laboratory. . $‫ا‬
Caffeine is an odourless, slightly bitter solid. Caffeine dissolves ‫ ء‬5 $‫ ا‬5) ) 5 $‫' ا‬0 .ً> ‫ ّ ة‬+‫; و‬$ ‫ن‬2$ ! Y ‫ دة‬+ ) $‫ا‬
in water and alcohol and its crystals look like needles. . ‫ﺑ‬o‫ ا‬G ‫را‬2 ‫ ﺑ‬G ‫ل و‬2' $‫وا‬
When caffeine is removed from the source plant and reduced to G 5Q ?5$‫ إ‬GT T ‫ ر و‬c $‫ ت ا‬0$‫ ا‬+ ) $‫ اج ا‬.‫ ا‬# + 0
its purest state, it forms a white powder. .ً ] ‫ ً أﺑ‬2',+ ،‫" ء‬E @ -‫ا‬

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This powdered form of caffeine is very bitter, which is why many 555+ 555 @ $‫ا ا‬7555;$‫ و‬،ً ‫ ا‬555 555+ُ ‫ق‬2'555,+ 555Q ?555 ) 555 $‫ا‬
drinks containing caffeine also contain lots of sugar or other 5,$‫ ا‬5+ @ $‫ي أ ] ً ا‬2' ) $‫ي ا‬2' $‫وﺑ ت ا‬ $‫ا‬
sweeteners. y. .‫ ى‬L-‫ ' ت ا‬$‫أو ا‬
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Caffeine is used as a stimulant of the heart and nervous system ‫اﺑ ت‬ 5 b‫ ا‬5 ) 5 c $‫ ز ا‬5 ;a$‫ وا‬F55 " $ G55 0 ) 5 $‫ م ا‬5 ,
in certain disorders and is found in a number of non- $‫ ا‬#$-‫ ت ا‬0 ,+ ‫'] ات‬+ + ‫د‬ ) ‫د‬2 2+ 2‫ وھ‬0 +
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prescription pain-killing preparations. . TY‫ھ ﺑ ون و‬7L‫أ‬

Caffeine may not be addictive in the classic sense, but the body #5,a$‫ا‬ 5 $‫ و‬،‫ ي‬5 " $‫? ا‬0 $ 5‫ ن ﺑ‬5+‫د‬Ž$ ً 5,+ ) $‫ن ا‬2 !
ch

does build up a tolerance over time. .C 2$‫ ور ا‬+ J+ ً> ' 0

Some people find it difficult to function without at least one cup ‫ة‬25;"$‫ا‬ 5+ ‫ ن‬5a0) 5 -‫? ا‬5 ‫ ون‬5‫ ً ﺑ‬5Y $‫ س ا‬0$‫ ا‬d ‫ ﺑ‬a
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of strong coffee or tea in the morning. .‫ ح‬c$‫ ي ) ا‬$‫أو ا‬ "@$‫ا‬

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The stimulating effects of caffeine are caused by a central nervous ‫داد‬U55 .‫ي‬U55 + 5 c ٌ 5 T ) 5 $ 5 ; 0 $‫ ات ا‬nm55 $‫ ا‬F 5 ,
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reaction. The heart rate increases, blood vessels expand and the ‫ غ‬+ 5 $‫? ا‬55" ‫ و‬5 2+ $‫ ا‬5 ‫و‬-‫ ا‬J55.2 ‫ و‬،F55 "$‫ ﺑ ت ا‬5 b ‫ ل‬5 +
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brain receives more oxygen. This effect can last up to an hour. . . ‫ ة‬$ nm $‫ا ا‬7‫أن وم ھ‬ . @ ‫ أ‬a, ‫أ‬
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Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

1. Caffeine which is taken from plants is a little …….. a. bitter liquid b. sweet solid c. bitter solid
(٢٠١٧ – ١–‫دورة‬
( ٢٠١٧ ٢‫) ) د‬ withour a smell with a smell without a smell
2. As a solid, caffeine has ............... a. no smell b. a nice smell c. a strong smell
3. The heartbeat ................ when caffeine is taken. a. becomes less b. becomes more c. is not affected
4. The blood vessels .................. when caffeine is taken. a. widen b. become narrow c. are not affected
5. Caffeine affects the human body by making……….. a. the brain gets b. the blood c. the heart rate
(٢٠١٧
(٢٠١٧– –١٢‫دورة‬
‫) )د‬ less oxygen vessels become decreases
greater in size
6. Caffeine has the effect of a stimulant as a result of ........ a. body tolerance b. its powdered c. a central
form nervous reaction
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
7. mixes with a liquid and becomes part of it 8. the instructions for a medicine or treatment
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
9. Caffeine is not only extracted from plants but it........ 12. In certain disorders, caffeine can stimulate……....
(٢٠١٧ – ٢‫) د‬
10. Caffeine takes the form of a white powder when….. 13. Caffeine can be found in …….…
11. Many caffeinated drinks have sweeteners because.. 14. The stimulating effect of caffeine can continue for….
- 21 -
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
species c) – ‫ع‬2E a group or kind of animals or plants ‫ ت‬0$‫ ت أو ا‬E‫ا‬2 '$‫ ا‬+ ‫ع‬2E ‫أو‬ 2 a+

source ‫ ر‬c+ a thing that you get something from G0+ + ‫ ء‬Q ? c' ‫ ء‬Q

contain ‫ي‬2 ' to have something inside or as a part of G0+ ‫ء‬Ua ‫ أو‬G L‫ ً ) دا‬8 Q ‫ي‬2'

brand ‫ر‬+ a product from a particular company 0 + Q + x 0+

method " ‫ط‬ a particular way of doing something +‫ء‬ ‫" مﺑ‬$ 0 + " ‫ط‬
20) Caffeine is a stimulant found in many plant species. The ‫ در‬55c $‫ ا‬. 55 0$‫ا‬ M 55cT$‫ ا‬55+ 55 @ $‫ ا‬55) ‫د‬255 2+ G55ّّ 0+ ) 55 $‫ا‬
most common natural sources of caffeine are coffee, tea and ?5 ،‫ و‬5 $‫ ي وا‬5 $‫ة وا‬25;"$‫ ا‬5‫ ) ھ‬5 $ ً 2 5Q 5@ -‫ا‬ $‫ا‬
cocoa, although cocoa contains a comparatively low amount. ً. ,E ? ‫ و‬$‫اء ا‬2 3‫ ا‬+ #X $‫ا‬

Coffee (which varies according to brand and method of ‫ ون‬5‫ ﺑ‬، 5‫ اد( ھ‬5 o‫ ا‬H5 ‫ وط‬5 ‫ ر‬$ ً 5")‫ع و‬250 5 $‫ ة ) وا‬R ‫ا‬
preparation) is, without a doubt, one of the most popular natural ً 5‫ﺑ‬2 ‫ي‬25 ' .ً 2 5Q 5 $‫ ) ا‬5 $‫ در ا‬5c+ 5@ ‫ ى أ‬53‫ إ‬،N5Q
sources of caffeine. A 170g cup of instant coffee contains about 5 + ‫ ام‬5 + ٦٠‫ رب‬5 " 5 + ?55 ‫ة‬U‫ ھ‬5 a$‫ة ا‬255;"$‫ ا‬5 + ‫ غ‬١٧٠G55 )
60mg of caffeine. . ) $‫ا‬

Tea also contains varying amounts of caffeine. Green tea has ‫ ي‬5 $‫ي ا‬255' . ) 5 $‫ ا‬5 + 5 ‫ و‬T + ‫ ت‬5 ?55 ً 5 ] ‫ ي أ‬3 S ‫ي ا‬255 '
the lowest, with only 35mg per 170g cup; black tea has up to ‫ي‬255' ،‫ غ‬١٧٠ G55 ) ‫ب‬255 5 $ ‫ ام‬5 + ٣٥ 455") ، 5 5 ‫ أ‬5 ]L-‫ا‬
75mg, depending on the brand and country of origin. .m 0 $‫ ر وﺑ ا‬$‫ ام ا دا ? ا‬+ ٧٥ ?$‫ إ‬c + ‫د‬2.-‫ ي ا‬$‫ا‬

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Cocoa is one of the healthiest natural sources of caffeine. 28g of ‫غ‬٢٨ ‫ي‬25' . '5Y ‫ @ ھ‬-‫ ) ا‬$ $‫ در ا‬c $‫ ا‬3‫ و أ‬T ‫ا‬
baking chocolate contains about 25mg of caffeine, but a glass of ‫س‬m5 5 $‫ و‬، ) 5 $‫ ا‬+ ‫ ام‬+ ٢٥ ‫ " رب‬+ ‫ ّّة‬$‫ ا‬G !2 2 $‫ ا‬+
chocolate milk barely reaches 5mg. y.
.‫ ام‬+ ٥ ?$‫ إ‬c ‫ د‬$ ‫ ﺑ‬F '$‫ ا‬G !2 2Q +
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Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
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1. In comparison with the other sources of caffeine, the amount of caffeine in cocoa is .................
a. the most b. the least c. the highest
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2. Black tea has ....................... green tea.

a. more caffeine than b. less caffeine than c. the same amount of caffeine as
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3. ......................... is one of the healthiest natural sources of caffeine.

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a. Coffee b. Tea c. Cocoa

w

Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
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4. a product from a particular country 5. a particular way of doing something

Complete the following sentences with information from the text
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(٢٠١٧ – ٢‫) د‬
6. Caffeine can be found in many plant species such as ..........................................................................................
7. The amount of caffeine in coffee differs depending on .........................................................................................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What are the Health Effects of Caffeine? ‫ *؟‬C ‫ات ا‬2 JU" ‫ھ ا‬
metabolism ‫ ">ب‬.!‫ا‬ the chemical processes that occur within a living 3 M ) ‫ ' ث‬$‫ ا‬M $‫ت ا‬ $‫ا‬
being in order to stay alive ‫' ة‬$‫"? ? ا‬ $
intake - ‫ ول‬0 an amount of any substance taken into the body #,a$‫ ا‬L‫ھ دا‬7L‫ أ‬# ‫ دة‬+ ‫ أ‬+
beverage ‫وب‬ + any type of drink ‫وﺑ ت‬ $‫اع ا‬2E‫ أ‬+ ‫ع‬2E ‫أي‬
circulation 2+ $‫ ورة ا‬$‫ا‬ the continuous motion by which the blood travels ‫ م‬$‫ " ﺑ; ا‬0 $‫ ة ا‬, $‫ا‬ '$‫ا‬
through all parts of the body #,a$‫اء ا‬U ‫) أ‬
digestive ]‫ھ‬ connected with breaking down food in the stomach ‫ة‬ $‫م ) ا‬ $‫ ا‬N T ‫ ﺑ‬Y ‫ذات‬
urination ‫ل‬2 $‫ط ح ا‬ getting rid of the liquid waste from your body #,a$‫ ا‬+ M ,$‫ ت ا‬T0$‫ ا‬+ r $‫ا‬
lethal C + sufficient to cause death ‫ت‬2 $‫ ا‬F , $ ‫ف‬
diuretic ‫ل‬2 $ ‫ ر‬+ a drug that causes an increased passing of urine ‫ل‬2 $‫ ازد داً ) ط ح ا‬F , ‫" ر‬
dehydration ‫ ف‬Ta$‫ا‬ losing a large amount of water from the body #,a$‫ ا‬+ ‫ ء‬$‫ ا‬+ ‫ة‬ ‫)" ان‬
- 22 -
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
21) There is much debate about the health effects of caffeine, and ‫ إذا‬5 )‫ و‬، ) 5 $ '55c$‫ ات ا‬nm55 $‫ل ا‬2553 J55.‫ ل وا‬5 ‫ ك‬5 0‫ھ‬
whether these effects are primarily positive or negative. . . ‫ ﺑ أم‬a ‫ إ‬. .‫أ‬ ‫ ات ﺑ‬nm $‫ه ا‬7‫ ھ‬CE
Caffeine, particularly in coffee, has been studied closely to 5 ' $ H ‫د‬ ‫ ﺑ‬G .‫ درا‬C ،‫ة‬2;"$‫ ً ) ا‬Y2cL‫ و‬، ) $‫ا‬
determine where it may be of benefit, and where it may cause ‫ب‬25X + 5 X ‫ ات‬nm5 F 5, ‫أن‬ ‫ وأ‬،‫ ة‬M ) ‫ن ذو‬2 ‫أ‬
undesirable effects. . ;‫ﺑ‬
Caffeine is a stimulant. In healthy adults this means that the effects ‫ ات‬nm555 ‫ أن‬5550 ‫ا‬7555‫ھ‬ 555,$‫ ا‬$ 555 $‫ ا‬5550 .G555ّ 0+ ) 555 $‫ا‬
of caffeine will tend to make one feel more alert and less sleepy, ‫ س‬5 E‫ و‬5 ‫ أ‬5f" ‫ ﺑ‬5 r 5 $‫ ا‬5 a ‫? أن‬$‫ إ‬Ga ) $‫ا‬
and will temporarily boost metabolism. .C W+ ‫ ">ب ﺑ‬.!‫ ا‬+ U ‫ و‬، ‫أ‬
Yet because it is a stimulant, one of the effects of caffeine is a let- 5 ‫ ء ﺑ‬5 ‫ ) ار‬5 $‫ ات ا‬nm55 53‫„ن أ‬55) ،G5َ 0+ G55E‫ أ‬5 ‫ ﺑ‬N55$‫ ذ‬J55+‫و‬
down a few hours after intake. If a person drinks coffee or other ‫ة أو‬25555;"$‫ ا‬r 5555 $‫ ب ا‬5555 ‫ إن‬.G5555$‫ و‬0 5555+ 5555 ‫ ت‬5555.
caffeinated beverages all day, they are unlikely to feel this drop in 5+ ،‫ ر‬5;0$‫ال ا‬2‫ ) ط‬$‫ي ? ا‬2' $‫ ى ا‬L-‫ وﺑ ت ا‬$‫ا‬
mood or alertness. .G 0 $‫اج أو ا‬U $‫ط ) ا‬2 ;$‫ا ا‬7;‫ﺑ‬ ‫ ' أن‬$‫ ا‬X
The person who drinks caffeinated beverages in the morning only, 5) ) 5 $‫? ا‬5 ‫ي‬25' 5 $‫ وﺑ ت ا‬$‫ب ا‬ ‫ي‬7$‫ ا‬r $‫ا‬
however, may find themselves feeling more tired as the day J5+ 5 ‫ أ‬F5 ‫ ﺑ‬5 G5,TE 5a ،‫ ل‬3 ‫ ? أ‬،4") ‫ ح‬c$‫ا‬
progresses. .‫; ر‬0$‫" ّ م ا‬
When taken in small amounts, caffeine increases the circulation and 5 ‫ و‬5 2+ $‫ ورة ا‬5$‫ ) ا‬5 $‫ ّّع ا‬5, ، ‫ ﺑ ت‬G$‫ و‬0 0
is considered harmless for most people. When taken in large ?5 ،‫ ة‬5 ‫ ﺑ ت‬G$‫ و‬0 0 .‫ س‬0$‫ ا‬#f $ ,0$ ‫ ر ﺑ‬b X
amounts, however, it causes nervousness and loss of sleep. .‫رق‬-‫ وا‬2 $‫ ا‬F , ،‫ ل‬3 ‫أ‬

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The use of caffeine also may cause rapid heart rate, increase in ‫ ﺑ ت‬5 b ‫ ل‬5 + 5 ) ً ‫ ر‬5 , ً 5 ] ‫ ) أ‬5 $‫ ام ا‬5 .‫ ا‬F 5 , 5

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urination, headaches and digestive disturbances. A lethal dose of . 5]‫اﺑ ت ھ‬ 5b‫ اع وا‬5Y‫ل و‬25 $‫ ح ا‬5‫ وازد د ) ط‬،F "$‫ا‬
caffeine is about 10g. .‫ غ‬١٠ ) $‫ ا‬+ $‫ا‬ a$‫" رب ا‬
Because caffeine is a mild diuretic , the effects of caffeine upon 75$‫? ا‬5 y. ) 5 $‫ ات ا‬nm5 ،‫ل‬2 $ ‫ ل‬+ ‫ ر‬+ ) $‫ن ا‬-
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those who do not have sufficient fluid intake may include mild ‫ ف‬555T 555 555 M‫ا‬2555,$‫ ا‬555+ 555 ) ‫ ت‬555 ‫ن‬2$‫ و‬5550 !
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dehydration. .4.2 +
If one regularly indulges in caffeinated beverages, fluid intake of ) 555 $‫? ا‬555 ‫ي‬2555' 555 $‫ وﺑ ت ا‬555 $‫ ا‬r 555 $‫ ب ا‬555 ‫إن‬
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water or juices should be increased. . c $‫ ء أو ا‬$‫ ا‬+ M‫ا‬2,$‫ت ا‬ ‫ ز دة‬Fa ،‫ م‬f E ‫ﺑ‬
Doctors urge people especially to monitor caffeine intake during ) 5 $‫ ت ا‬5 5 ‫ ا‬+ ?5 ‫ ص‬L ‫ س ﺑ‬0$‫ط ء ا‬-‫ ا‬q'
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very hot weather, or when travelling to hot climates. The effects of ‫ خ‬0+ ‫ ذات‬H‫ ط‬0+ ?$‫ إ‬T,$‫ ا‬0 ‫ أو‬،‫' ارة‬$‫ا‬ $‫ ا‬k" $‫ ء ا‬0n‫أ‬
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caffeine in such conditions are likely to be more harmful than ‫ أن‬5 ' $‫ ا‬5+ ‫ ع‬5b‫و‬-‫ه ا‬75‫ ھ‬5@+ 5) ) 5 $‫ ات ا‬nm5 .‫ ر‬53
beneficial. . ) E ;0+ @ ‫ رة أ‬b ‫ن‬2
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Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

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1. One of the positive effects of caffeine is to make people feel ................. ( ٢٠١١ ‫) د‬
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a. active b. sad c. sleepy

2. Caffeine tends to ..................metabolism.
a. reduce b. increase c. stop
3. A person may feel more tired as the day progresses if he / she .................
a. drinks coffee all day b. drinks coffee in the morning only c. doesn’t drink coffee
4. When there isn’t sufficient intake of fluid with caffeine....................is caused. ( ٢٠١١ ‫) د‬
a. metabolism b. alertness c. dehydration
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
5. a drug that causes an increased passing of urine 6. an amount of any substance taken into the body
Complete the following sentences with information from the text

7. Caffeine may be beneficial, but it may …………….
٢٠١١ ‫د‬
8. One of the negative effects of caffeine is …………
9. Taking caffeine in small amounts…………………
10. Nervousness and loss of sleep are caused
when………………………….……………(٢٠١١ ‫) د‬
11. About 10 grams of caffeine is…………….(٢٠١١‫) د‬
12. The amount of caffeine that can kill a person is …..
13. Fluid intake should be increased if……………….
14. It is advised to monitor caffeine intake during
very hot weather because ………………………

- 23 -
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
compromise 4.‫ و‬3 an agreement that comes from each side accepting ‫ط ف); أ‬ ‫ل‬2 H ‫ط‬ # T‫ا‬
2, less than what they want ‫ه‬ +

flavor ;E the particular taste of a food or drink ‫ اب‬Q ‫م أو‬ $U $‫ ا‬# $‫ا‬

molecule ‫يء‬U the smallest unit into which any substance can be ‫ ; دون أن‬$‫ دة إ‬+ ‫ أي‬# ," ‫ ة‬3‫و‬ Y‫أ‬
divided without losing its own chemical nature M $‫; ا‬ ‫" ط‬T

soaking J"E leaving something in liquid for a time +U$‫ ا‬+ ‫ ة‬T$ M . ) + ً 8 Q ‫ك‬

saturated J + holding as much water or moisture as can be absorbed GY c +‫ ا‬G0 ‫ي‬7$‫" ر ا‬$ ‫ﺑ ﺑ‬2‫ ء أو رط‬+ '

22) When you go to a coffee shop, you look at the menu. The first ‫ ء‬5 Q ‫ أول‬. 5 M "$‫? ا‬55$‫ إ‬5f0 ‫ و‬،‫ة‬255; 5a + ?55$‫ إ‬F‫ھ‬755 + 50
thing that appears on the list is the following: Caf or Decaf or Half ‚5cE" ‫ ف" أو‬5 ‫ة " ف" أو "د‬2; : $ $‫ ا‬M "$‫; ? ا‬f
Caf Coffee. You may get confused. .N ‫ رﺑ‬. "‫ف‬
‘Caf’ means ‘Caffeine’: the coffee contains the full quantity of 5+ 5 + 5 ? ‫ي‬2 ' ‫ة‬2;"$‫ أي أن ا‬: ) "‫ " ف‬0
caffeine. . ) $‫ا‬
‘Decaf’ means ‘Decaffeinated’: the coffee contains 3% caffeine. ?5 ‫ي‬25 ' ‫ة‬25;"$‫ أن ا‬50 ‫ا‬75‫ ﺑ ون ) وھ‬0 "‫"د ف‬
‘Half Caf’ means ‘Half Caffeinated’: the coffee is a mixture of ‫ة‬25;"$‫ أي أن ا‬: ) 5 ‚5cE 50 "‫‚ ف‬cE" . ) %٣

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50% caffeinated and 50% decaffeinated. . ) ‫ ﺑ ون‬% ٥٠ ‫ ) و‬% ٥٠ q 3 x U+

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Many people who like caffeinated coffee drink Half Caf because it ?5 ‫ي‬25' 5 $‫ة ا‬25;"$‫ن ا‬25 ' 75$‫ س ا‬50$‫ ا‬5+ 5 @ $‫ب ا‬
y.
reduces their caffeine intake while still packing a punch. It also 5 + 5 0 ‫ ) ﺑ‬5 $‫ ا‬5 5+ 5 " 5;E- "‫ ف‬5 ‚55cE" ) 5
allows people to drink twice as many cups of coffee, compared to ‫ د‬5 ‚ 5 b ‫ ب‬5 ‫ س ﺑ‬5 0 $ ً 5 ] ‫ أ‬v 5 , .‫ي‬255 nm55 5 ;$ ‫ال‬U55
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those who drink Caf. ."‫ب " ف‬ + J+ E‫ " ر‬$ ‫ ﺑ‬،‫ة‬2;"$‫ا‬ 0)
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Half Caf is a nice compromise for those who prefer the taste of 5 $‫ة ا‬255;"$‫ ا‬#55 ‫ ط‬5]
ّ T 5 $ 5 ّ 455.‫ و‬5 3 "‫ ف‬5 ‚55cE"
. ) $‫ ا‬+ . ,3 G$‫ي ? ) و‬2 '
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caffeinated coffee but are sensitive to caffeine.

In most methods of decaffeination, flavour molecules are separated 5 5; 0$‫ ت ا‬58 U 5c) # ، ) $‫ع ا‬UE ‫ ط ق‬#f + )
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from the beans along with caffeine molecules. . ) $‫ ت ا‬8 U J+ ‫ور‬7 $‫ا‬
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An agent is used to bind the caffeine in order to remove it, and then ‫ د‬5 ُ #n‫ و‬،G UE # $ ) $‫ ا‬J+ ‫>ر ط‬$ 4 .‫ ام و‬.‫ ا‬#
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the flavour molecules are returned to the beans through soaking. .J"0$‫>ل ا‬L + ‫ور‬7 $‫? ا‬$‫ ; إ‬0$‫ ت ا‬8 U
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One method uses baths already saturated with flavour molecules to 5; 0$‫ ت ا‬58 Ua‫ " ﺑ‬5,+ 5 + ‫ ت‬5+ ّ 3 ‫ ق‬5 $‫ ى ا‬53‫ م إ‬5,
.‫ور‬7 $‫ ; ا‬E €T3 ) ‫ ة‬, $
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help preserve the flavor of the beans.

How the beans are decaffeinated can have a significant effect on the ً‫ ا‬nm55 5;$ ‫ن‬255 ‫ أن‬5 ) 5 $‫ع ا‬U55E 5; ) # 5 5 $‫ ا‬5" $‫ا‬
coffee’s taste. .‫ة‬2;"$‫اق ا‬7+ ? ً‫ا‬
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. People can drink twice as many cups of coffee when they drink...........
a. Caf b. Half Caf c. Decaf
2. Baths are saturated with flavour molecules to help ................... the flavour of the beans.
a. remove b. reduce c. keep
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
3. leaving something in liquid for a time
4. holding as much water or moisture as can be absorbed
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
5. Half Caf is a good beverage for people who ………………………….. 7. Soaking is used to …………….
6. What plays an important factor in the coffee’s taste is how …………..

- 24 -
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
Modern Medicine ‫ ا‬M@ ‫ا‬ ( p 26 )
undergo ‫ـ‬$ J] to experience something unpleasant ‫ر‬. X‫ء‬ ‫ﺑ‬
surgery 3‫ا‬ medical treatment to repair or remove something L‫ ء دا‬Q $‫>ح أو إزا‬Yo ‫ ط‬a$ +
inside the body #,a$‫ا‬
conventional ‫" ي‬ what is normally done ‫ط‬ ‫ﺑ‬# +
incision J – HQ a surgical cut made in skin or flesh #' $‫ أو ا‬a$‫ ) ا‬# 3‫ا‬ J
patient d + the person who undergoes surgery or receives ‫ أو "? >ج‬3‫ ا‬a$ J] ‫ي‬7$‫ ا‬r $‫ا‬
medical treatment ‫ط‬
sterile #" + completely clean and not containing any bacteria ‫ي أ ﺑ‬2 ' !‫ ً و‬+ ‚ fE
contaminated ‫ث‬2 + dirty or harmful because of dangerous or unclean T fE X ‫ة أو‬ L ‫اد‬2+ F ,‫ ر ﺑ‬b ‫ أو‬l.‫و‬
substances
23) Unless you are very lucky, you will probably have to undergo ‫ أن‬N5 F 2 . GE‫ ' أ‬$‫ ا‬+ ،ً‫ظ ً ا‬2f'+ #$ +
surgery at some point in your life. Surgery is used to solve problems 53‫ ا‬a$‫ م ا‬5, .N5 3 5+ 5+ C5 ‫ و‬5) 53‫ ا‬a $ J]
that cannot be treated with conventional medicines. . " $‫دو ا‬- ‫ ; ﺑ‬a$ + ! $‫ا‬ $‫' ا‬$
Surgery has been practised since ancient times. It requires a doctor to ‫م‬255" ‫ أن‬F55 ‫ و‬. 5 b $‫ ا‬5 0+‫ز‬-‫ ا‬7550+ 5 3‫ ا‬a$‫ رس ا‬5
make an incision into the patient’s flesh to repair or remove something 5+ ‫ ء‬5Q 5$‫>ح أو إزا‬5Yo d 5 $‫ ا‬#5'$ 5) J5 َ"‫ ﺑ‬F ‫ط‬

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within the body. .#,a$‫ا‬
In the modern era, surgery has become far safer and more ً 2 Q @ ‫ ً وأ‬E +‫ أ @ أ‬3‫ ا‬a$‫ ا‬C' Y‫ أ‬،q '$‫ ; ا‬$‫) ا‬
y.
commonplace than in the past, and it is now employed to cure a wide ‫>ج‬55 $ ‫ م ا_ن‬5 , ‫ و‬، 5 b $‫ ا‬5 ) G55 C55E 5 + 5 @ ‫ﺑ‬
.‫ اض‬+-‫ ا‬+ ‫ة‬ 2 a+
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range of ailments.
The surgical process is very complex and a lot of care and patience is ‫ ص‬55'$‫ ا‬55+ 55 @ $‫ ا‬F55 ‫ اً و‬55 55" + 553‫ ا‬a$‫ ا‬55 $‫ا‬
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required before a surgical operation can begin. It is essential that every 5. .-‫ر ا‬25+-‫ ا‬5+ . 3‫ ا‬a$‫ا‬ $‫أن أ ا‬ c$‫وا‬
. n2 + X‫ و‬T fE ‫ ت‬$‫ ) ا‬X ) ‫ ات‬$‫أن "? ا‬
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item in the operating theatre remain clean and uncontaminated.

Clean, sterile items that are free of germs are kept separate from ‫ ظ‬5T 3!‫ ا‬# # n‫ ا‬a$‫ ا‬+ $ $‫ " وا‬$‫ وا‬T f0$‫ ات ا‬$‫ا‬
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contaminated items at all times. All surgical equipment is sterile and, ّ 55 .#55M‫ دا‬5 ‫ ﺑ‬55n2 $‫ ات ا‬5 $‫ ا‬5 55cT0+ 5 ‫ ﺑ‬5 ;‫ﺑ‬
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if it comes into contact with any unclean surface, it must be removed 55‫ وﺑ‬55;0 ‫ س ﺑ‬55 55c3 ‫ وإن‬، 55 " + 55 3‫ ا‬a$‫ ات ا‬55 $‫ا‬
or re-sterilised immediately. .‫' ل‬$‫ ; أو إ دة " ; ) ا‬$‫ إزا‬Fa ،‚ fE X v .
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Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

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1. All the items used in surgery should be .......... a. unclean and b. clean and sterile c. separate from
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contaminated each other

٢٠١٦ - ٢‫د‬
2. The surgical process is very ……………… a. easy b. simple c. complicated
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
3. a surgical cut made in skin or flesh 4. completely clean and not containing any bacteria
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
5. The patient has to undergo surgery when his 8. In comparison with surgery in the past, surgery today is …..
medical problem……………………………
9. Before a surgical operation , there needs to be ……………....
6. To perform surgery a doctor has to…………
10. Any surgical item or equipment that is touched by any dirty
7. People undergo surgery in order to……......... ٢٠١٦ - ٢‫د‬
surface must……………………………..........................

anaesthetic ‫ ّر‬+ a drug that stops you feeling pain N $ #$- ‫ر ﺑ‬2 $‫ ‚ ا‬2 ‫" ر‬
numb ‫ر‬ to make somebody unable to feel anything ‫ ء‬Q ‫ي‬m‫ر ﺑ‬2 $‫در ? ا‬ Xًc Q a
paralyse to make someone lose the ability to move '$‫" رة ? ا‬$‫" ا‬T + ً c Q a
unconscious 2$‫ا‬ ) unable to see or move in a normal way ‫" ط‬ ‫ﺑ‬ '$‫ ؤ أو ا‬$‫در ? ا‬ X
- 25 -
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا يا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا ا‬
24) Besides the surgeon, the most important member of the surgical 53‫ ا‬a$‫ ا‬H5 T$‫ اد ا‬5)‫ أ‬5+ ‫ د‬5) #‫ أھ‬،‫ ّّاح‬a$‫? ا‬$‫ ) إ‬bo ‫ﺑ‬
team is the anaesthetist. It is this person’s job to administer the drugs v 5 , 5 $‫ ا‬5 " $‫ إدارة ا‬r 5 $‫ا ا‬755‫ ھ‬5 .‫ ّ ر‬5 $‫ ا‬255‫ھ‬
that allow the patient to undergo surgery at all. . 3‫ ا‬a$‫ا‬ $ ‫ع‬2] $ ‫ ﺑ‬d $
Because surgery would be incredibly painful if a patient could feel ‫ ع‬555.‫ إذا ا‬F555 ‫ رھ‬555 ‫ ﺑ‬555 $W+ ‫ن‬2 555. 5553‫ ا‬a$‫ن ا‬-
what was happening, anaesthetics are the only way to make surgery 5 " $‫ ا‬5 ‫ ھ‬5 $‫ ا‬5 ‫ أدو‬،‫ ث‬5 ' 5 ‫ر ﺑ‬2 5 $‫ ا‬d 5 $‫ا‬
possible. . 0 + 3‫ ا‬a$‫ ا‬a$ ‫ ة‬32$‫ا‬
Local anaesthetics are used for smaller surgeries. They only numb a 5;) . Y-‫ ا‬3‫ ا‬a$‫ت ا‬ $ b2 $‫ ّ رات ا‬$‫ م ا‬,
small area of skin so the patient doesn’t feel the operation as it d 5 $‫ ا‬5 ! N$75$‫ و‬5 a$‫ ا‬5+ 45") ‫ ة‬5Y 3 5,+ ‫ر‬
happens. General anaesthetics are much more serious. . @ ‫ ﺑ‬L‫ أ‬+ $‫ ّ رات ا‬$‫ ا‬. ;n‫ و‬3 ‫ ء‬0n‫أ‬ $‫ﺑ‬
They paralyse the patient and render them unconscious so that a ‫ ّّاح‬5a$‫ا‬ 5 5 $ 2 $ ً‫ ) ا‬G a ‫ و‬d $‫ا‬ ;)
surgeon can operate much more easily, without fear of sudden ‫ ت‬55 3 55+ ‫ف‬255L ‫ دون‬، 55 @ ‫ ﺑ‬55 ‫ أ‬$2;55,‫ ﺑ‬55 $‫ ا‬55+
movements that could cause an accident or harm the patient. .d $ ] ‫ ً أو‬n‫ د‬3 F , ‫أن‬ $‫ وا‬8 T+
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. An anaesthetist is a person who provides the patient ( ٢٠١٦ – ٢‫) د‬
with drugs to ….…. him feeling pain during surgery. a. allow b. help c. stop
2. The most important member of the surgical team is... a. the anaesthetist b. the surgeon c. the nurse
3. The next most important member of the surgical
team is ................ a. the anaesthetist b. the surgeon c. the nurse

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4. ........ administers the drugs to make surgery possible. a. The surgeon b. The patient c. The anaesthetist
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
5. to make somebody unable to feel anything y.
6. the person who undergoes surgery
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Complete the following sentences with information from the text
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7. The patient must remain unconscious during a 9. Local anaesthetics are different from general ones
surgery because sudden movements may…………. ٢٠١٦ - ٢‫د‬ in that they .............................................................
10. General anaesthetics are different from local ones
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8. If anesthetics are not used, surgery would be ...........

in that they ………………………………………
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bacteria $‫ا‬ small living things, some of which cause illness ‫ ض‬$‫ ا‬F , ;0+ d $‫ ا‬،‫ة‬ Y 3 ‫ ت‬0M
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cell L the smallest part of a living thing 3 M + ‫ء‬U Y‫أ‬

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antibiotic ‫ي‬2 3 ‫] د‬+ a drug used to kill bacteria $‫ "] ء ? ا‬$ ‫م‬ , ‫"ر‬
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25) Bacteria are tiny cells that live everywhere on Earth, including 5) 5 ‫ ﺑ‬،‫رض‬-‫? ا‬5 ‫ ن‬5 + ّ 5 ) ‡ " ‫> د‬L $‫ا‬
in our bodies. They are responsible for spreading many types of 555+ ‫ ة‬555 @ ‫اع‬2555E‫ ر أ‬555 E‫ ا‬555 $‫و‬W555,+ 555‫ وھ‬. 0+ 555, ‫ أ‬N555$‫ذ‬
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diseases through infection. .‫ وى‬$‫>ل ا‬L + ‫ اض‬+-‫ا‬

If the wrong types of bacteria are allowed to grow in our bodies, ، 0+ 55, ‫ أ‬55L‫ دا‬2 0$ 55‫ ﺑ‬55 $‫ ا‬55+ m55 $‫اع ا‬255E…$ v ِ 55ُ.ُ ‫إذا‬
they can cause respiratory failure, digestive problems or 55b‫ ا‬+‫ أو أ‬55]‫ ھ‬55 + ‫ ً أو‬55,T0 ً>55 ) F 55, ‫ أن‬55;0
ً
dangerous skin diseases like gangrene. . 0 0 $‫@ ا‬+ ‫ ة‬L
Fortunately, in the modern world, numerous antibiotics have been 5 2 3 ‫ دات‬5 ]+ 255 #55 ،q 5 '$‫ ا‬#$ 5 $‫ ا‬5 ) ،€55'$‫ ا‬5 ,'$
developed that can protect us from, or even destroy, these ‫ه‬755‫ ھ‬،?55 ‫ ء‬5]"$‫ ا‬5;0 ?55 3 ‫ أو‬، 5+ 50 3 5;0 ‫ دة‬5 +
dangerous types of bacteria. . $‫ ا‬+ ‫ة‬ $‫اع ا‬2E-‫ا‬
The first antibiotic to be discovered was penicillin and it remains ‫ دات‬5] $‫ ا‬53‫ و "? أ‬,0 $‫ ا‬2‫ ھ‬G) ‫ ا‬# ‫ي‬2 3 ‫] د‬+ ‫أول‬
one of the most useful and important antibiotics in use today. ‫ ي‬0 5.‫ ا‬#ِ$ 5 .‫م‬25 $‫ ا‬G+‫ ا‬5.‫ ا‬# ‫ ة وأھ‬M ) @ -‫ ا‬2 '$‫ا‬
Scottish scientist called Alexander Fleming, who noticed it by 555+ ‫ أول‬2555‫ ھ‬، ) 555Y G555f3! ‫ي‬7555$‫ ا‬،Š5550 ) ‫ ر‬E 555, $‫ ? ا‬555
accident, first discovered penicillin. . ,0 $‫ا ‚ ا‬
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. Antibiotics are made to ...... a. protect us from bacteria b. spread diseases c. cause respiratory failure
2. Penicillin is .................. a. not used today b. a harmful antibiotic c. the first antibiotic discovered
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
3. small living things, some of which cause illness 4. a drug used to kill bacteria
- 26 -
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
5. Bacteria are ………………………………………………………… 7. Fleming is the scientist who….…
6. Some bacteria are dangerous because they may ……………………
mould T $‫ا‬ a soft substance that grows on food kept too long 2‫ ة ط‬T$ G‫ ظ ﺑ‬T 3!‫ ا‬# ‫ ? ط م‬2 0 ‫ دة ط‬+
fever ? ّ '$‫ا‬ a disease in which one has a very high temperature ً‫ا‬ T +r $‫ ارة ا‬3 ‫ در‬G ) ‫ن‬2 ‫ ض‬+
drug ‫"ر‬ a medicine or a substance for making medicines ‫دو‬-‫ ا‬J0c$ ‫ دة‬+ ‫دواء أو‬
revolutionise ‫ُ' ث‬ to completely change the way people do ‫ء‬ ‫ س ﺑ‬0$‫م ﺑ; ا‬2" $‫ " ا‬$‫ ا‬+ ‫ﺑ‬
‫رة‬2n something or think about something + ‫ ون ﺑ ء‬T ‫ أو‬+
26) While researching a certain type of dangerous bacteria, Fleming, 555 $‫ ا‬555+ 555 + ‫ع‬2555E ?555 ‫ ث‬555'‫ﺑ‬m‫م ﺑ‬2555" ‫ ن‬555 555 0 ‫ﺑ‬
who was notoriously untidy, left some samples of bacteria on a bench 5+ ً 5] ‫ ك ﺑ‬5 ،G5$ ‫ي ن ; ﺑ„ھ‬7$‫ ا‬،Š0 ) ،‫ة‬ $‫ا‬
in the corner of his laboratory for a month while he went on holiday 5 0 ‫; ﺑ‬5Q ‫ ة‬5 $ ‫ ه‬+ ‫" ) زاو‬+ ? $‫ ت ا‬0
with his family. .G .‫ أ‬J+ ‫ ) إ زة‬F‫ذھ‬
When Fleming returned he noticed that mould had grown on one of his G5 0 ‫ ى‬53‫? إ‬5 ?5 E َT َ $‫ أن ا‬€3! Š0 ) ‫ د‬+ 0
samples and that this mould had destroyed all the bacteria it touched. . ;, $ $‫ا‬ $‫ّ ا‬ +ّ ‫ د‬T $‫ا ا‬7‫وأن ھ‬
Fleming was very excited by this discovery and he soon began to test ‫ ر‬5 L ‫' ل ﺑ‬$‫ف وﺑ أ ) ا‬ !‫ا ا‬7;‫ ً @ اً ﺑ‬a; + Š0 ) ‫ن‬
the mould on other types of disease causing bacteria. .‫ ض‬$ , $‫ا‬ $‫ ا‬+ ‫ ى‬L‫اع أ‬2E‫ ? أ‬T $‫ا‬

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555+ 555T + ‫ ة‬555 @ ‫اع‬2555E‫? أ‬555 nm555 555T $ ‫‚ أن‬555 ‫ا‬

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He learned that the mould had an effect on many different types of
bacteria; it could combat the bacteria that caused scarlet fever, ? '$‫ ا‬C . $‫ا‬ $‫ ا‬+‫" و‬+ GE +„‫؛ )" ن ﺑ‬ $‫ا‬
pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria, and that it was able to cure ،‫ ق‬5 0 $‫ وا‬M '55,$‫ ب ا‬5 ; $!‫ي وا‬255M $‫ ب ا‬5 ; $!‫ وا‬5 U+
these diseases.
y.
.‫ اض‬+-‫ه ا‬7‫ ھ‬a$ + ? ً‫ن درا‬
"$‫ا‬
‫و‬
ls
At first, the mould, which Fleming named penicillin, worked slowly 5 ، 5,0‫ ﺑ‬#.‫ ا‬Š0 ) G H ‫ي أط‬7$‫ ا‬، T $‫ ا‬، ‫ ا‬$‫) ا‬
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and Fleming was unable to find a chemist skilled enough to N55 ‫ء‬5 #ِ$ 5 ‫ د‬5a ‫? إ‬55 ً‫ درا‬5 Š550 ) 5 #55$‫ و‬u55 ‫ﺑ‬
manufacture it in any great amount. .‫ة‬ ‫ ﺑ ت‬G 0c$ ) $‫ ; رة ا‬$‫ا‬
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It was only ten years later, when a team of researchers at Oxford 5) @3 5 $‫ ا‬5+ H5 ) ‫ام أن ﺑ أ‬2 ‫ة أ‬ ‫ى ﺑ‬2. ‫ ' ث‬#$‫و‬
s

University, led by Howard Florey, began to test the medical uses of ‫ ت‬+‫ ا‬5 .!‫ ر ا‬5 L ‫ ﺑ‬،‫ري‬255 ) ‫ ورد‬5 ‫ دة ھ‬5 "‫ ﺑ‬،‫رد‬2T55, ‫ أ‬5 +
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penicillin, that it began to be made in large quantities. .‫ ﺑ ت ة‬G 0c‫ ﺑ ؤوا ﺑ‬0‫ وھ‬، ,0 $ $‫ا‬
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It is still one of the most effective and commonly used drugs in use ً 2 5555Q 5555@ -‫ وا‬5555 ) 5555@ -‫ا‬ 5555" $‫ ا‬55553‫ال أ‬U5555 5555+
.‫م‬2 $‫ ا‬+ , $‫ا‬
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today.
Many years after his discovery, Fleming would remark “I certainly 5 m $ ‫ ﺑ‬45 L‫ أ‬#$ ":Š0 ) ‫ ر‬Q‫ أ‬،‫ات @ ة‬20,‫ ﺑ‬G) ‫ﺑ ا‬
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didn’t plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the world’s ‫ د‬5]+ ‫ ف أول‬5 ‫ ا‬H5 ‫ط‬ G F $‫رة ) ا‬2n ‫ اث‬3o
first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. But I suppose that’s exactly what I 5+ ‫ا‬75‫ أن ھ‬5" ‫ أ‬50 $‫ و‬. 5 $‫ ا‬5 ‫ أو‬،#$ $‫ي ) ا‬2 3
did”. ".ً + G )
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. Fleming left the bacteria for a month because .....................
a. he went on holiday b. he wanted to discover penicillin c. he was untidy
2. The bacteria were destroyed...............
a. by the mould b. because they were left for a month c. by other types of bacteria
3. Penicillin was manufactured in large quantities ...................
a. as soon as Fleming discovered it b. after ten years of his discovery c. after a month of his discovery
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
4. medicines or substances for making medicines 5. a room in which a scientist does experiments
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
6. The diseases that penicillin can cure are ................................................................................................................
7. It was not possible at first to make penicillin in large quantities because .............................................................
8. The medical uses of penicillin were tested and developed by ...............................................................................
- 27 -
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ( ‫صا‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
resistance +‫" و‬+ the ability to stop something from harming you NM‫ا‬7 ‫إ‬ + ‫ ء‬Q J0+ ? ‫" رة‬$‫ا‬
eliminate U to remove completely + ‫ ﺑ‬U
multiply ‚ ] to breed and replicate ( increase ) rapidly ,‫داد ( ﺑ‬U ) n ‫اوج و‬U
disease ‫ ض‬+ an illness which affects a person, an animal or a plant ‫ ت‬E ‫ان أو‬2 3 ‫ أو‬r Q ? nW ‫ ض‬+
prevent J0 to stop something from happening + ‫ ء‬Q ‫ وث‬3 ‚ 2
avoid F0a to keep oneself away from somebody or something + ‫ ء‬Q ‫ أو‬+ r Q G,TE ُ
27)Antibiotics are incredibly useful and they have transformed modern F5 $‫ ت ا‬5 X 5 ‫ھ و‬75+ 5 ‫ ة ﺑ‬5 T+ 2 '$‫ ] دات ا‬$‫ا‬
medicine. However, there is a danger that we use them too much. .ً‫ا‬ ً‫; @ ا‬+ ,E 0E‫ أ‬+ L ‫ ك‬0‫ ھ‬، $‫ و‬.q '$‫ا‬

The more we use antibiotics, the more the bacteria they fight get used to ‫ دت‬5 ‫ ا‬5 ، 5 2 '$‫ دات ا‬5 ] $ 0+‫ا‬ 5 .‫ ازداد ا‬5
them and build up a resistance. . +‫" و‬+ C0‫)'; وﺑ‬ $‫ا‬ $‫; ا‬

There are many reasons why this might happen. Often patients stop ‚55 2 5+ ً 5 $ X .N5$‫ وث ذ‬53 ‫ ل‬5 3! ‫ ة‬5 @ ‫ ب‬5.‫ ك أ‬50‫ھ‬
taking a course of antibiotics when they start to feel better but before all ‫ ؤون‬5 + 50 2 '$‫ ] دات ا‬$ ‫ >ج ﺑ‬7L‫أ‬ ?b $‫ا‬
the bacteria have been eliminated. . $‫ّ ا‬ $‫ إزا‬# ‫أن‬ $‫ و‬,' ‫ون ﺑ‬

5@ -‫ى وا‬25 -‫ن ا‬25 ?5" 5 $‫ ا‬5 $‫ أن ا‬50 ‫ا‬7‫وھ‬

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This means that the bacteria that survive are the strongest and most

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resistant. These resistant bacteria will multiply and spread and, in future, 55)‫ و‬، 5 0 ‫ و‬5 +‫ " و‬$‫ ا‬5 $‫ه ا‬755‫ ھ‬n 5 . . 5 +‫" و‬+
will not be eliminated by the same antibiotics. . 2 '$‫ ] دات ا‬$‫ ا‬kT0‫ ; ﺑ‬$‫ إزا‬# $ ، " , $‫ا‬
y.
There is a real danger that these new “superbugs” could cause diseases " 5 ‫ ر‬$‫ ا‬# n‫ ا‬5 a$‫ه " ا‬755‫ ھ‬F 5 , ‫ن‬m55‫ ﺑ‬5 " "3 5 L ‫ ك‬5 0‫ھ‬
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that antibiotics are unable to fight. . ; +‫" و‬+ 2 '$‫ ] دات ا‬$‫ ا‬Ua ً b‫ ا‬+‫ ة أ‬a$‫ا‬
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It is very important not to overuse antibiotics in order to prevent bacteria 5 2 '$‫ دات ا‬5] $‫ام ا‬ .‫ ط ) ا‬TE ! ‫اً أن‬ #; $‫ ا‬+
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from becoming too resistant. . +‫ " و‬$‫ ة ا‬Q v c ‫ أن‬+ $‫ ا‬J0 E $

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Try to avoid antibiotics unless strictly necessary and, if you are taking ‫ ور‬5b 5 #5$ 5+ 2 '$‫ ] دات ا‬$‫ ا‬F0a ‫ ول أن‬3
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them, make sure you take everything prescribed and don’t just stop N5$ ‚Y2 + ‫ ول‬0 ‫ أن‬m ، ;$‫ و‬0 C0 ‫ وإن‬،ً‫ا‬
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when you feel better. . ,' ‫ﺑ‬ + 0 ‚ 2 !‫و‬

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You should always wash your hands, especially when you feel ill, to 5 + 50 ً 5Y2cL‫ و‬،#5M‫دا‬ 5 ‫ ﺑ‬N 5 5, ‫ أن‬Fa
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make sure you kill all of the resistant bacteria. . +‫ " و‬$‫ا‬ $‫ّ ا‬ ? ‫"] ء‬$‫ ا‬+ m $ ،‫ ض‬$ ‫ﺑ‬
Choose the correct answer a , b or c :
1. Bacteria can become too resistant when ...................
a. antibiotics fight them b. antibiotics are used c. antibiotics are overused
2. A person taking a course of antibiotics should .....................
a. stop when he feels better b. take everything prescribed c. stop before the bacteria are eliminated
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
3. removed completely 4. the ability to stop something from harming you
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
5. Antibiotics can have a negative effect if ………… 8. When a course of antibiotics is not completed, the
6. Antibiotics can be dangerous if they are used too bacteria that survive are …………………………..
much because ……………………………………… 9. The bacteria surviving from an incomplete course
7. Patients should not stop taking antibiotics by of antibiotics could cause………………………….
themselves when they ……………………………. 10. Washing the hands ……………………………….

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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ‫ة‬2 ‫ا‬+ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ص‬ ‫ ا‬W7‫ل أ‬
1) 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. clay 6. dangerous 7. used paper, empty packages and food scraps. 8. bury, burn or recycle it. 9. rainfall
dissolves some of the chemicals from the waste. 10. could pollute the soil, run off into streams and lakes, or trickle down into the
groundwater. 11. are dangerous 12. hold the waste material more safely. 13. is covered with a clay cap 14. pollute the soil and groundwater.
2) 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. pesticide 6. toxic 7. dramatically reduce the volume of waste disposed of in sanitary landfills.
8. heavy metals and toxic pesticide residues may be left in the compost. 9. take up less space and do not pollute groundwater. 10. the heat
produced by burning solid waste.
3) 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. ore 5. reduces 6. metal, glass, paper and plastic. 7. saves money. 8. iron and aluminum 9. no ore needs to be
mined, transported to factories or processed. 10. the recycled pieces melt at a lower temperature than the raw materials. 11. less energy
12. reduces the environmental damage caused by mining the raw materials that are used to make glass.
4 ) 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. pulp 5. detergent 6. wood or used paper, such as old newspapers 7. spread out and dried
8. rougher, weaker and darker. 9. solid materials left over when oil is refined to make petrol and other products.
10. heated and stretched 11. milk jugs and detergent containers.
5) 1. b 2. a 3. vessels 4. pulses 5. reuse them. 6. some materials cannot be recycled and there are not enough uses for some recycled
products, such as low-quality newspaper. 7. we can reduce the need for disposal sites and the polluting machinery used for some recycling
processes. 8. plastic bags are used as floor coverings.
6) 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. atmosphere 6. shuttle 7. a tiny mistake can mean death within thirty seconds. 8. highly qualified scientists
9. the correct atmosphere, a mechanism for removing the carbon dioxide that ……………….microgravity 10. will die
7) 1. c 2. b 3. vacuum 4. skilled 5. prepared and supplied correctly. 6. work perfectly every second of every minute.
7. the death of everyone on board. 8. highly trained, skilled and hard-working.
8) 1. a 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. protect 6. purification 7. is always as small as possible. 8. technical, scientific and domestic jobs.
9. cleaning the meal area. 10. looking after important systems. 11. the environmental control and life support systems 12. a space suit
9) 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. gravity 5. blindfolds 6. sleep is simply planned for when it is most convenient. 7. are loosely strapped into these bags.

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8. human beings are always moving against the force of gravity, with ……….. the body. 9. didn’t get the right amount of exercise.
10) 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. Earth 7. resuscitation 8. it wouldn’t take up too much room and could be eaten in a single
mouthful before it floated away. 9. stay healthy and avoid spreading germs. 10. astronauts have to strap themselves onto it. 11. has a specific
assigned role and receives intensive training for it.
11) 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. combustion 6. fluids
y.
12. the crew medical officer 13. minor injuries and illnesses
7. one or more of the conditions found in space 8. study how long periods in
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space affect the body. 9. their relative weights. 10. any information involving the efficiency of the actual burning, or the creation of by-products.
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12) a 2. c 3. b 4. software 5. palm 6. the military and early computer specialists 7. convert, store, process, transmit and retrieve it.
8. mobile phones, computer games and video technology as well as new ways of sharing, processing and storing information electronically.
9. fit in the palm of your hand. 10. email a shopping list to the nearest supermarket ( when it is empty).
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13) 1. c 2. b 3. data 4. graphics 5. radio transceivers. 6. software. 7. electrical engineering and computer science.
14) 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. c 6. embedded 7. malfunction 8. they stored years with two digits instead of four
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9. utilities and other crucial infrastructure 10. only minimal damage 11. some Australian bus-ticket machines failed to work 12. the media
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15) 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. thriving 8. images 9. be low 10. anyone, anywhere 11. an electronic world, driven by the Internet.
12. encourage people to opt out of human society, creating a world of two halves, with those in Virtual Reality losing touch with the realities of
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the real world. 13. images from the Internet 14. is sent electronically to a factory, where it is made to the customer’s specifications.
16) 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. b 6. b 7. obituary 8. innovator 9. an engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite.
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10. five languages. 11. radical. 12. literature 13. left much of his wealth for the establishment of a prize.
17) 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. physiology 6. parliament 7. opposed the establishment of the Nobel Prize 8. his family opposed the ……in his
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will 9. outstanding achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. 10. the Nobel Prize in Physics and
Chemistry 11. the peace prize 12. the anniversary of Nobel’s death. 13. a gold medal, a diploma and prize money.
18) 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. laureate 5. novels 6. won the Nobel Prize. 7. short stories, film scripts and articles.
8. it was never completed. 9. Cairo 10. 1917 and the end of the Second World War. 11. he won the Nobel Prize.
19) 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. dissolves 8. prescription 9. can ( also ) be made in the laboratory 10. it is removed from the source
plant and reduced to its purest state. 11. the powdered form of caffeine is very bitter 12. the heart and nervous system
13. a number of non-prescription pain-killing preparations. 14. an hour
20) 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. brand 5. method 6. coffee, tea and cocoa. 7. brand and method of preparation.
21) 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. diuretic 6. intake 7. cause undesirable effects. 8. a let- down a few hours after intake.
9. increases the circulation and is considered harmless for most people. 10. caffeine is taken in large amounts 11. a lethal dose. 12. about 10 g
12. one regularly indulges in caffeinated beverages. 13. the effects of caffeine in such conditions are likely to be more harmful than beneficial.
22) 1. b 2. c 3. soaking 4. saturated 5. prefer the taste of caffeinated coffee but are sensitive to caffeine.
6. the beans are decaffeinated. 7. return the flavour molecules to the beans.
23) 1. b 2. c 3. incision 4. sterile 5. cannot be treated with conventional medicines. 6. make an incision into the patient’s flesh 7. repair or
remove something within the body. 8. far safer and more commonplace. 9. a lot of care and patience 10. be removed or re-sterilised immediately.
24) 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. numb 6. patient 7. cause an accident or harm the patient. 8. incredibly painful. 9. numb a small area of skin
10. render the patient unconscious.
25) 1. a 2. c 3. bacteria 4. antibiotic 5. tiny cells that live everywhere on Earth, including in our bodies.
6. cause respiratory failure, digestive problems or dangerous skin diseases like gangrene. 7. first discovered penicillin.
26) 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. drugs 5. laboratory 6. scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria.
7. Fleming was unable to find a chemist skilled enough to manufacture it. 8. a team of researchers at Oxford University, led by Howard Florey.
27) 1. c 2. b 3. eliminated 4. resistance 5. we use them too much. 6. the bacteria they fight get used to them and build up a resistance.
7. start to feel better. 8. the strongest and most resistant. 9. diseases that antibiotics are unable to fight. 10. kills all of the resistant bacteria.
- 29 -
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ‫ة‬2 ‫ا‬+ ‫ا‬ ‫ا يا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
Great Scientists and Inventors - Short stories Around the World
[ ‫ة ل ا‬2 ; + ; – ‫ م‬Z ‫ ن ا‬%2", ‫ا ء وا‬
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1) Stars in His Eyes ( p 38 )
\ % C‫ م‬4 ‫ا‬
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!@ ‫[ ا‬RC‫و‬ G2" ‫ ] ا‬% I ‫ ا " ن ( و " ا‬C !=‫ا‬2 ‫) ا _ ال ا‬ K ; * ‫ا^ ت‬2C I 5 ] % ‫ ا " ن‬C + ‫د ا‬2‫ﺗ‬
Galileo was a starry-eyed child. He often imagined himself flying through 5 G,TE ‫ ن‬+ ً $ ) .ً $ 3 ً>T‫ ط‬2 $ ‫ن‬
the clouds. He was sent away to school to become a doctor, but he did not #$ G0 $‫ و‬،ً ‫ ط‬v c $ .‫ ر‬$‫? ا‬$‫ إ‬.‫ أر‬.‫م‬2 $‫ ا‬4.‫و‬
learn easily. His favourite subject was mathematics. He believed that it ‫ )" ن‬.‫ ت‬b $‫] ا‬T $‫ ا‬G ‫ ّد‬+ CE . $2;,‫ ﺑ‬#
could be a key to understanding the world around him. .G$23 #$ $‫ ا‬#;T$ ً 3 T+ ‫ن‬2 ‫أن‬ ;E‫" أ‬
At the age of eighteen, Galileo made his first discovery. He was in a .G5$ ‫ ف‬5 ‫ أول ا‬2 $ 5 H5"3 ،‫ ة‬5 50+ @$‫ا‬ )
ً ً
church when he heard a strange noise. He noticed that an oil lamp was ‫ ح‬5c+ €53! . 5 X 2Y J . + 0 , 0 ) ‫ن‬
swinging backwards and forwards. He also heard the lamp’s chain ً 5] ‫ أ‬J 5.‫ و‬.‫ م‬+-‫? ا‬$‫ ‚ وإ‬$‫? ا‬$‫ إ‬v ‫ر‬m 2‫ وھ‬C ‫ز‬
hitting against the wall, and it seemed to him that they were both 5 ; ‫ أن‬G55$ ‫ ى‬5 ‫ وﺑ‬،‫ ار‬5 a$‫ ب ا‬5 ] ‫ ح‬5 c $‫ ا‬5 , .
moving at the same time. .C 2$‫ ا‬kT0‫ ' ن ﺑ‬E
He hurried home to find out if what he thought was true. He took two 75L‫ أ‬.ً ' '5Y ‫ ده‬5" ‫ ن ا‬5 5+ ‫ إذا‬a $ C $‫? ا‬$‫ ع إ‬.‫أ‬

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pieces of lead that were of the same weight and tied them to two short ?5$‫ إ‬5 ; ‫زن ورﺑ‬25$‫ ا‬k5TE 5 ;$ ‫ ص‬5Y ّ $‫ ا‬+

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ropes of equal length. He fixed the ropes to a chair. . . ?$‫' إ‬$‫ ا‬Cّّ n .‫ل‬2 $‫ ا‬kT0‫ﺑ‬ c 3
N5,+‫زن؛ أ‬25$‫ ا‬J5+ G5 ;E 5+ G , $ ً> 3 ‫ ه‬$‫أ ? وا‬
He gave his father one rope to hold at the end with the weight; he held
the other rope higher than his father’s. They let go of the weights at the
y. kTE ) E‫ز‬2$‫ا‬ .‫ ه‬$‫ وا‬3 + ? ‫ أ‬L_‫' ا‬$‫ا‬
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same time and then counted the number of swings backwards and ?5$‫‚ وإ‬5 $‫? ا‬5$‫ ت إ‬5' ‫ر‬m $‫ د ا‬5 ّ 5 ‫ ﺑ‬5+ #5n‫ و‬C 2$‫ا‬
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forwards. Both father and son reached one hundred together. Both ropes 5Y‫ و‬.ً 5 + 8+ # $‫; ا‬ ‫ وا!ﺑ‬$‫ا‬2$‫ ا‬Y‫ و‬.‫ م‬+-‫ا‬
arrived at the same point at the same time. .C 2$‫ ا‬kTE ) "0$‫ ا‬kTE ?$‫' >ن >ھ إ‬$‫ا‬
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The old Italian man could not know then that his son had just discovered ‚55 ‫ ا‬5 G550‫ أن اﺑ‬5 ;0 3 ‫ز‬255a $‫ا‬ $ 5 o‫ ف ا‬5 #55$
،‫ات‬205,$‫ ت ا‬58 $ ،G5E‫ ً أ‬5] ‫ ف أ‬5 #5$‫ و‬. 5 f " "3
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a great fact. Nor did he know that, for hundreds of years, men would use
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his knowledge to measure time with a clock and to watch the stars and 5. ‫ ام‬5. ‫ ﺑ‬C55 2$‫ س ا‬5 "$ G55 ) + ‫ س‬50$‫ م ا‬5, .
sun moving in the sky. .‫ ء‬,$‫ ' ك ) ا‬k $‫م وا‬2a0$‫ ھ ة ا‬+‫و‬
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To Galileo, it was only the beginning. Next, he said that two different ‫ ل إن‬5 ،N55$‫ ذ‬5 ‫ ﺑ‬. 5 ‫ د ﺑ ا‬5a+ C55E ،2 $ 5a$ 5,0$ ‫ﺑ‬
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weights fall together if they come down from the same height. ‘Not .‫ ع‬T ‫ ا!ر‬kTE + ‫ ً إذا ھ‬+ ‫" ن‬, T + E‫وز‬
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possible!’ his friends said. ‘Everyone knows that a penny falls faster
than a feather!’
And up to the top of the Tower of Pisa he climbed. He carried a ball in
each hand, but one was ten times as heavy as the other. He let go of
them at the same time and heard the crowd become silent when the balls
hit the ground together. They had just seen something they could not
believe!
For the rest of his life he worked to make things that the whole world
still uses and enjoys today. He made a compass that could always point
North. He used a magnet to explain many things about the Earth. He
measured the temperature of the air with a thermometer.
Finally, he proved to the world that the Earth and the other planets in our
solar system move around the sun, which is at the centre. To do this, he
built a telescope through which he could study the stars, the sun and the
moon.
From a boy who had science in his blood and stars in his eyes, he grew to ‫ن‬2 $ ُ ،G 0 ) ‫م‬2a0$‫ وا‬G+‫ ) د‬# $‫ ن ا‬$‫ و‬+
be a great man who opened the beauties of the heavens to people on Earth.
- 30 -
k05 $‫ أن ا‬J5 a$‫ ف ا‬5 ’ .‫ ؤه‬5Y‫ ل أ‬5 ‘ً 0 + k $ ’
‘. $‫ ا‬+ ‫ ع‬.‫ أ‬4",
5 $‫ و‬، 5 ّ 5 5) ‫ ة‬5 5 3 .‫ا‬U5 ‫ﺑ ج ﺑ‬ ?$‫ إ‬H , ‫و‬
5 ; ‫ أو‬.‫ ات‬5+ 5 ‫ ى ﺑ‬5L-‫ ا‬5+ "n‫ اھ أ‬3‫ إ‬CE
+ 5 Y ‫ا‬2' 5 Y‫ أ‬5 ‫ و‬5 '$‫ ا‬J 5 .‫ و‬C55 2$‫ ا‬k55TE 5 )
8 5Q ‫ ھ وا‬5Q 5") .ً + ‫رض‬- ‫ ن ﺑ‬$‫ ا‬C ‫ ار‬+ 0
!G" c ‫ا‬2 , #$
G55 #$ 5 $‫ال ا‬U55 5 + 5 $‫ ء ا‬5 Q-‫ ا‬J055c$ 5 G55 3 5 " $
5 ‫ أن‬5;0 5Y2‫ ﺑ‬J0Y .‫م‬2 $‫ ﺑ; ا‬J , ‫; و‬+ ,
5 ‫ ة‬5 @ ‫ ء‬5Q‫ أ‬,T $ ً , ‫ ط‬0 + ‫ م‬.‫ ا‬.‫ ل‬$‫? ا‬$‫ ً إ‬M‫دا‬
.‫ ارة‬3 ‫ان‬U ‫اء ﺑ‬2;$‫ ارة ا‬3 ‫ س در‬.‫رض‬-‫ا‬
5) ‫ ى‬5L-‫ ا‬F5 ‫ا‬2 $‫رض وا‬-‫ أن ا‬#$ 5 $ C n‫ أ‬،ً‫ ا‬L‫وأ‬
5) J5" 5 $‫ وا‬،k 5 $‫ل ا‬23 ‫ ور‬, $‫ ا‬0 2 a+
G55$>L 5 + 55 ‫ب‬2 5 , ?550‫ ﺑ‬،‫ا‬755;‫ م ﺑ‬55 " $ .U55 $‫ا‬
. "$‫ وا‬k $‫م وا‬2a0$‫ ا‬.‫درا‬
.‫رض‬-‫ س ? ا‬0 $ ‫ ء‬,ّ $‫ ل ا‬v ) ً f ً> ‫ر‬
0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ‫ة‬2 ‫ا‬+ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
2) Life that Kills I" ‫ا " ﺗ‬ ‫ تا‬K ‫ا‬ ( p 40)
Today, we can protect ourselves against many illnesses that once 5 $‫ اض ا‬5+-‫ ا‬5+ 5 @ $‫ ا‬5+ 05,TE‫ أ‬5 'E ‫ أن‬500 ،‫م‬25 $‫ا‬
meant death to thousands of people. This is because of the work of a #ِ$ 5 5 F 5 ,‫ا ﺑ‬755‫ ھ‬.‫ س‬5 0$‫ت آ!ف ا‬255+ ً 5 +2 5 0 C55E
famous French scientist who suffered much in his own life so that 5+ ‫ ون‬5L_‫ا‬ 5 5 $ G 3 ) ً‫? @ ا‬E ;Q ,E )
others might live. .‡ $‫ا‬
Louis Pasteur was a bright boy, although his teachers said he was ‫ا‬2$ 5 G5 + ‫ أن‬5+ #X ّ 5$‫? ا‬5 ،ً 5 +! ً‫ ا‬$‫ر و‬2 . ‫ ﺑ‬k 2$ ‫ن‬
slow and always behind the rest of his class. The reason for this ‫ وراء‬F ,$‫ ا‬.‚c$‫ ً ﺑ" ط>ب ا‬M‫ ً و ‚ دا‬8 ‫ ن ﺑ‬GE‫إ‬
was simple: Louis was very careful in everything he did. He wanted .G5‫م ﺑ‬25" ‫ ن‬5 ‫ ء‬5Q ّ 5 5) ً‫ ا‬5 ً c 3 k 2$ ‫ ن‬:4 ,‫ا ﺑ‬7‫ھ‬
to understand all that he studied and he asked many questions. . 8.-‫ ا‬+ @ $‫ح ا‬ ‫ و ن‬G.‫ در‬+ ّ #;T ‫أراد أن‬
‘Listen,’ shouted an angry teacher one day. ‘You’re supposed to F5 a ‫ ض أن‬5 T $‫ ا‬5+’ .ً 5+2 F5b X #5 + ‫ خ‬5Y ‘J .‫’ا‬
answer the questions, not ask them!’ But he never stopped asking ‫ ح‬5‫ ط‬5 ً‫ ا‬5‫‚ أﺑ‬5 2 #5$ G50 $‫; !‘ و‬$m5, ‫ ! أن‬، 8.-‫? ا‬
questions. There was one special question he asked: What were F 555, ‫ي‬7555$‫ ا‬555+ :G$m555. ً 555Y L ً!‫ا‬W555. ‫ ك‬5550‫ ن ھ‬555 . 8555.-‫ا‬
illnesses caused by? In time, he discovered answers that have helped ‫ ت‬5. $‫ﺑ ا‬2 -‫ ا ‚ ا‬،F. 0 $‫ ا‬C 2$‫ اض؟ ) ا‬+-‫ا‬
men to live longer ever since. . '$‫ ا‬N$‫ ذ‬70+ ‫ل‬2‫ ‡ أط‬$‫ س ? ا‬0$‫ا‬
He worked very hard to keep life going on, both in animals and ‫ ت‬5E‫ا‬2 '$‫ > ا‬$ ،‫' ة‬$‫ ار ا‬.‫ ? ا‬€) ' $ a‫ﺑ‬
people. When the silkworms began dying and France’s silk-makers 5 '$‫ا ا‬2 E 5Y ‫ ن‬5 ‫ت و‬2 $ ‫' ﺑ‬$‫ ﺑ أ دود ا‬+ 0 .‫ س‬0$‫وا‬
were losing money, they turned to Pasteur for help. He found the .‫ ة‬, $ ً ‫ر ط‬2 . ‫? ﺑ‬$‫وا إ‬Wa$ ،#‫دھ‬2"E ‫ ون‬, ,E ) )
trouble. . $‫و و ا‬

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Certain living germs, called bacteria, attacked the silkworm eggs. ‫ض دود‬2555 ‫ ﺑ‬C555 ‫ ھ‬، 555 $‫ ّ ? ا‬555, ، 5550 + 555ّ 3 # n‫ ا‬555
These same germs, or ones like them, can attack food, animals and 5 ;+ 5 ;0 ، 5 ; @+ # n‫ ا‬5 ‫ أو‬،N55 # n‫ ا‬5 a$‫ ا‬k55TE . 5 '$‫ا‬

germs without killing the animals or people.

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even people. We must learn how to fight them. We must kill the . 5;') E ‚ # E ‫ أن‬Fa .‫ س‬0$‫ ? ا‬3‫ ت و‬E‫ا‬2 '$‫ وا‬،‫ م‬$‫ا‬
.‫ س‬0$‫ ت أو ا‬E‫ا‬2 '$‫" ا‬E ‫ دون أن‬# n‫ ا‬a$‫? ا‬ ]"E ‫ أن‬Fa
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Pasteur found a way to kill the germs on silkworm eggs and the ‫ض دود‬255 ‫? ﺑ‬55 # n‫ ا‬5a$‫? ا‬55 ‫ ء‬5]" $ 5" ‫ر ط‬2 5. ‫ ﺑ‬5 ‫و‬
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whole country was thankful. But during his years of work three of his 5 $‫ات ا‬205. ‫ ء‬50n‫ أ‬5 $‫ و‬.G$ ‫ ة‬Q ; $‫ ا‬CE ‫' و‬$‫ا‬
own children died. .GM 0‫ أﺑ‬+ n>n ‫ ت‬+
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Even in his sadness he believed that other children’s lives could be L_‫ ل ا‬T‫ط‬-‫ ة ا‬3 ‫" ذ‬E‫إ‬ GE‫ ن " أ‬GEU3 ) ? 3
saved if he could stop germs from spreading. Next he helped farmers 53>T$‫ ا‬5. N5$‫ ذ‬5 ‫ ﺑ‬.# n‫ ا‬5a$‫ ر ا‬E‫ إ " ف ا‬+ ‫إذا‬
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to fight germs that were killing their chickens. He also went one step F5‫ ذھ‬.#; 5 ‫? د‬5 5]" C5E $‫ ا‬# n‫ ا‬a$‫ )' ا‬+ ?
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further. .N$‫ ذ‬+ ‫ة أﺑ‬2 L ً ] ‫أ‬

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Pasteur made the germs weak and fed the chickens with the weak # n‫ ا‬a$ 555‫ ج ﺑ‬555$‫ى ا‬7ّ 555X‫ و‬T 555b # n‫ ا‬555a$‫ر ا‬2 555. ‫ ﺑ‬555
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germs. They did not become ill; their own bodies went to work .# n‫ ا‬5a$‫ ا‬5b 5 ;+ 5, ‫ أت أ‬5‫ ض؛ )" ﺑ‬#$ . T ]$‫ا‬
against the germ. Then they were safe from any more attacks from .# n‫ ا‬5a$‫ ا‬k55TE 5+ " 5,+ ‫ ت‬5 a‫ أي ھ‬5+ ‫ ن‬5+m‫ ﺑ‬C55E #55n
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the same germ. Thus began Pasteur’s plan of vaccinations to stop ً 3 aE C""3 .‫ ض‬$‫ " ف ا‬o v " $ ‫ر‬2 . ‫ ﺑ‬L ‫ا ﺑ أت‬7;‫وﺑ‬
illness. It was a success with animals. But, what about people? ‫ س؟‬0$‫ا‬ ‫ ذا‬+ ، $‫ و‬.‫ ت‬E‫ا‬2 '$‫ ا‬J+
While he was asking himself this question, he had a chance to answer 5‫ ﺑ‬Ž$ 5Y T$‫ ا‬G5$ C'05. ،‫ال‬W,$‫ا ا‬7‫ ھ‬G,TE ‫ل‬m, ‫ن‬ 0‫ﺑ‬
it. A woman brought him her son, who had been bitten by a mad dog. ّ
N5 5) .‫ر‬2 5,+ F G] ‫ي‬7$‫ ا‬، ;0‫ أة اﺑ‬+‫ ا‬G$ C .G
In those days, such a bite meant a slow and painful death. .ً $W+‫ ً و‬8 ‫ ً ﺑ‬2+ ] $‫ه ا‬7‫@ ھ‬+ 0 CE ،‫ م‬-‫ا‬
But the child’s mother had heard of Pasteur’s work with such dogs; ‫>ب؛‬55 $‫ه ا‬755‫? ھ‬55 ‫ر‬2 5. ‫ ﺑ‬5 5 5T $‫ أم ا‬C 5. 5 $‫و‬
he got the germs out from the dogs’ mouths and used them to make a 555Q 555 $ ;+ 555.‫>ب وا‬555 $‫اه ا‬2555)‫ أ‬555+ # n‫ ا‬555a$‫ ج ا‬555L‫أ‬
weaker form of the same germ. Pasteur put these weak germs into the # n‫ ا‬555a$‫ه ا‬7555‫ر ھ‬2 555. ‫ ﺑ‬J555b‫ و‬.# n‫ ا‬555a$‫ ا‬k555TE 555+ ‚ 555b‫أ‬
boy’s body fourteen times and he lived! !‫ ّ ة و ش‬+ ‫ أرﺑ‬$2$‫ ا‬#, ) T ]$‫ا‬
Doctors heard of Pasteur’s work. They began to be more careful. . 5 ‫ أ‬5 ‫ن ﺑ‬255Y ' ‫ ؤوا‬5 ‫ ﺑ‬.‫ر‬2 5 . ‫ ﺑ‬5 ‫ ء ﺑ‬5 ‫ط‬-‫ ا‬J 5 .
They stopped putting people with different kinds of illnesses in the 5+ 5T + ‫اع‬25E‫ أ‬5+ ‫ن‬2E 5 75$‫ س ا‬50$‫ ا‬J5b‫ و‬5 ‫ا‬2T 2
same room. Germs could be carried from one person to the other. r Q + # n‫ ا‬a$‫ " ا‬0 ‫أن‬ . ) $‫ ا‬kTE ) ‫ اض‬+-‫ا‬
They also took more time to clean their hands, the beds and the ‫ ّّة‬5.-‫ وا‬#; 5 ‫‚ أ‬5 f0 5) ‫ل‬25‫ ً أط‬5 ‫وا أ ] ً و‬7L‫ أ‬. L‫? آ‬$‫إ‬
rooms, to kill germs before they spread. . 0 ‫أن‬ # n‫ ا‬a$‫ "] ء ? ا‬$ ،‫ ف‬$‫وا‬
After Pasteur’s discoveries, there were fewer deaths. He also studied ً 5 ‫ا‬2E‫ درس أ ] ً أ‬. ‫ ك و) ت أ‬0‫ ن ھ‬،‫ر‬2 . ‫ﺑ ا ) ت ﺑ‬
different kinds of food and discovered new kinds of germs, so small ،# n‫ ا‬555a$‫ ا‬555+ ‫ ة‬555 ً 555 ‫ا‬2E‫‚ أ‬555 ‫ وا‬555 ‫ط‬-‫ ا‬555+ 555T +
they could only be seen by a microscope. .4") ;a $ ‫ ھ ; إ! ﺑ‬+ ! q '‫ ة اً ﺑ‬Y
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ‫ة‬2 ‫ا‬+ ‫ا‬ ‫ا يا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا ا‬
Pasteur’s life was filled with work and the long wait for answers. . 5‫ﺑ‬2 …$ 5 2 $‫ ر ا‬5f E!‫ وا‬5 $ ‫ ﺑ‬58 + ‫ر‬2 5. ‫ ة ﺑ‬3 CE
Now, because his answers were right, the world is a healthier place 5 @ ‫ ً أ‬5 E + #$ 5 $‫ ا‬v 5 Y‫ أ‬، ' '55Y C55E G55 ‫ﺑ‬2 ‫ن أ‬- ،‫وا_ن‬
to live in. .G ) ‡ $ 'Y

3) The Hidden Power ), ‫ة ا‬ ‫ا‬ ( p 42)

She was a poor girl who worked to get money to pay for her lessons. ?55 J) 5 $ ‫ ل‬5 $‫? ا‬55 ‫ل‬255c' $ C55 ‫ ة‬5 ") ‫ ة‬5 ) C55E
She became the most famous woman scientist of her time. That is the 5c N5 . 5;E +‫ ز‬5) ‫; ة‬5Q 5 ِ$ @ ‫ أ‬C' Y‫ أ‬. ;.‫درو‬
story of Marie Curie’s life. She did not mind working and she took ‫ ا‬5 @ G5 0 #5$‫و‬ $‫ ا‬+ +7 #$ .‫ري‬2 ‫ ري‬+ ‫ ة‬3
little notice of the honours that were given to her in later years. This ّ 5. ‫ا‬75‫ ن ھ‬5 . 5"3>$‫ا ; ا‬205. 5) 5;$ C'0+ $‫ ا‬.‫…و‬$
was the secret of her greatness. .; f
Marie lived in Poland where her father was a teacher. Everyone soon ‫ ل‬5'$‫ و) ا‬. .‫ ر‬+ ‫ ھ‬$‫ ن وا‬q 3 ‫ ا‬0$2‫ ري ) ﺑ‬+ CQ
saw that Marie had a quick mind. When she was quite young, she ،‫ ة‬5Y C5E + 0 . . ; ‫ ري ﺑ‬$ ‫ أن‬J a$‫ ا‬€3!
loved nothing better than to spend hours reading books. But her body .F55 $‫ اءة ا‬5 5 ) ‫ ت‬5 ,$‫ ء ا‬5 ] 5 + 5 @ ‫ ً أ‬8 5 Q F55' #55$
was thin and weak, so her mother often asked her to leave her lessons 5;+‫ أ‬C5E 5+ ً $ X N$7$‫ و‬،ً T b‫' >ً و‬E ; , ‫ن‬ $‫و‬
and play out in the sun. .k $‫ ا‬C' ً ‫ ر‬L F ‫; و‬.‫; أن ك درو‬0+ F
Marie’s mother died when her youngest daughter was only ten. From 5 ‫ ى‬5c$‫ ا‬5; 0‫ اﺑ‬5 ‫ ن‬5 + 50 ‫ ري‬5+ ‫ ة‬5$‫ وا‬C )2
then on, Marie knew that she would have to work hard at her lessons if ; ‫ ري أن‬+ C) ،ً‫ ا‬Y‫ و‬C 2$‫ ا‬N$‫ ذ‬70+ .4") ‫ات‬20.
she wanted to be successful in her life. She studied very hard and won 555) 555' E ‫ن‬2555 ‫; إن أرادت أن‬555.‫ درو‬555) 555a‫ ﺑ‬555 $‫ا‬
top honours at her school. . ; .‫ ر‬+ ) .‫و‬-‫ ا‬J)‫ أر‬C$ E‫و‬ a‫ ﺑ‬C.‫ در‬. ; 3

t
ne
Marie and her older sister dreamed of studying in France. Their father, . 5 ,E ) 5 ) 5 .‫ را‬$ ‫ ن ﺑ‬5 ' ‫ ى‬5 $‫ ا‬5 ; L‫ ري وأ‬5 + C55E
however, did not earn enough money to send them there. It was Marie ;E‫ إ‬.‫ ك‬0‫; ھ‬$ .‫ر‬o ) ً‫دا‬2"E 0a ; $‫وا‬ #$ $‫و‬
who thought of a plan: she would teach at home and send money to ‫د‬25"0$‫ ا‬. ‫ و‬C $‫ ّرس ) ا‬. : L ) ‫ ) ت‬+ ‫ ري‬+
y.
Bronya. After her sister finished studying, she could get work and send 555 $‫ ا‬555;0 ، ; 555.‫ درا‬555; L‫ أ‬555;0 ‫ أن‬555 ‫ ﺑ‬. 555 E‫? ﺑ و‬555$‫إ‬
ls
Marie the money to study there herself. . ;,T0‫ ك ﺑ‬0‫ ھ‬.‫ را‬$ ‫ ري‬$ ‫د‬2"0$‫ ل ا‬.‫وإر‬
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With tears in their eyes the girls parted, and Marie worked very hard 5a‫ ري ﺑ‬5+ C5 ‫ و‬،‫ ن‬5 T$‫ ا‬C5 )‫ ا‬، 5 ; 0 ) ‫ع‬2+ $‫وا‬
ً
for six years to pay for her sister’s studies. At last it was Marie’s ‫ ا‬5 L‫ وأ‬. 5; L‫ أ‬5.‫ ت درا‬5"TE J) 5 $ ‫ات‬2055. C55. ‫ ة‬5 $ 5
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turn, but by the time she got to France, her sister was married and ?55$‫ إ‬G55 ) C 5 Y‫ي و‬755$‫ ا‬C55 2$‫ ا‬5 ) 5 $‫ و‬،‫ ري‬5 + ‫ ء دور‬5
could not give her much help. .‫ة‬ ‫ ة‬,+ ;$ ‫ أن " م‬J , #$‫ ; و‬L‫ أ‬C ‫و‬U ، ,E )
s

.‫ء‬255b ‫ ارة أو‬5 3 ‫ ون‬5 ‫ ة ﺑ‬5 Y 5 ) X 5 ) ‫ ري‬5 + C55.‫در‬

Marie studied in a small room without heat or light. She lived on bread
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and tea most of the time, but all she ever thought of was mathematics ‫ذت‬2' 5.‫ ا‬5 $‫ و‬،C5 2$‫ ا‬#5f + ‫ ي‬5 $‫ وا‬U5 $‫? ا‬5 CQ
‫ق‬25)‫ و‬، 5; $ ‫ا‬75‫ ن ھ‬5 . 5‫ ھ‬T ?5 ‫م‬25 $‫ ت وا‬b $‫ا‬
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and science. This was her world, and above all, she liked her
experiments. She met and married Pierre Curie, a young scientist who ،‫ري‬2 ‫ ﺑ‬C ‫و‬U ‫ و‬C ‫ و ﺑ‬. ;‫ رﺑ‬a Cّّ 3‫ أ‬،‫ ء‬Q ّ
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had already earned respect. . " $‫ " ً ? ا‬,+ c3 ‫ ب‬Q #ِ$

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Together they made their experiments in an old wooden house that ً 5 ‫ رداً ورط‬5‫ ن ﺑ‬5 # 5 5 L C5 ‫ ﺑ‬5) ;‫ رﺑ‬a ‫ ًأ‬+
was too cold and damp for their health. They knew that some elements C5E #$ 5 $‫ ) ا‬Y 0 $‫ ا‬d ‫ ) أن ﺑ‬. ; 'Y ? ً‫ا‬
in the world gave off a strange power that could go through other ‫ه‬7‫ و ا ھ‬.‫ ى‬L-‫ ء ا‬Q-‫ اق ا‬L‫; ا‬0 X ‫ة‬2 ‫ ر‬c
objects. They found more of this power in some elements than in 5 ; 5+ ‫ا‬75‫ وھ‬،‫ ى‬5L‫ أ‬5+ 5@ ‫ أ‬5Y 0 $‫ ا‬d ‫ّة ) ﺑ‬2ّ "$‫ا‬
others, which made them believe that it must be a new element itself. .G ‫ﺑ' ذا‬ c0 GE‫" ان أن ! ﺑ أ‬
For four years they tried experiments to separate this powerful new 5c0 $‫ا ا‬75‫ ھ‬5cT$ ‫ رب‬a ‫" م ﺑ‬$‫ و! ا‬3 ‫ات‬20. J‫رﺑ‬-
element. Then they found something which they called radium. Its . ‫م‬255 ‫ راد‬#55.‫ ا‬G55 5" ‫ ً أط‬8 5Q ‫ ا‬5 ‫ و‬#55n . ‫ي‬255"$‫ ا‬5 a$‫ا‬
power was very much greater than the power contained in other 5Y 0 $‫ ا‬5; 2 ' 5 $‫ة ا‬2"$‫ ا‬+ @ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ أ‬G 2 CE
elements. . ‫ ى‬L-‫ا‬
They were given the Nobel Prize for their great discovery, but they 5] + 5E 5 ;0 $‫ و‬،# 5f $‫ ); ا‬5 ! 5‫ﺑ‬2E ‫ة‬UM 5 '0+
were too ill to go to Stockholm themselves to receive it. They used ‫د‬25"0$‫ ا‬+ .‫ ا‬. ; ,T0‫; ﺑ‬+> .! #$2; 2 . ?$‫ھ ب إ‬7 $ ً‫ا‬
the money for further experiments on the uses of radium. They found G5E‫ ا أ‬5 ‫ و‬.‫م‬25 ‫ اد‬$‫ ت ا‬+‫ ا‬5.‫? ا‬5 ‫ رب‬5a $‫ ا‬5+ U $‫) ا‬
it could be used in treating diseases. .‫ اض‬+-‫ ) >ج ا‬G+‫ ا‬.‫ا‬
Pierre died suddenly just after he had been offered a good post at the 555) ‫ ة‬555 555T ‫ وظ‬G555 ‫ ض‬555 ُ ‫ أن‬555 ‫ة ﺑ‬m555a) 555 ‫) ﺑ‬2555
Sorbonne. Marie Curie was given the post. She thus became the first . 5T ‫ظ‬2$‫ري ا‬255 ‫ ري‬5+ C55 ‫ أ‬.‫ة‬U55 ‫ ة و‬5 T‫ن ﺑ‬2‫رﺑ‬255,$‫ا‬
woman ever to teach there. She continued their work and made many C55 ‫ ﺑ‬.‫ ك‬5 0‫ ّرس ھ‬5 5 $‫? ا‬55$‫و‬-‫ أة ا‬5 $‫ ا‬C' 5 Y‫ا أ‬755 ‫وھ‬
more important discoveries. . + ;$‫ ا! ) ت ا‬+ ً‫ا‬ @ $‫ ا‬C""3‫; و‬
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ‫ة‬2 ‫ا‬+ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
In 1911 she received another Nobel Prize. It is the only time in ‫ ة‬32$‫ ّّة ا‬$‫ ا‬CE "$ .‫ ى‬L‫ﺑ أ‬2E ‫ة‬UM C" ١٩١١ ‫م‬
history that two Nobel Prizes have been given to the same person. CT5 ‫ ا‬.r 5 $‫ ا‬kT05$ 5‫ﺑ‬2E UM 5 v05 ‫ أن‬l ‫ ر‬$‫) ا‬
Marie Curie discovered a hidden power and gave it to the world. It k55TE C55E 5 $‫ و‬.#$ 5 $ ; + 5 ‫ و‬5 TL ‫ة‬255 ‫ري‬255 ‫ ري‬5+
was this same power, however, that killed her in 1934. .١٩٣٤ ‫; م‬ $‫ ا‬N ‫ة‬2"$‫ا‬
4) A Sound in the Air ‫ اء‬R ‫ ا‬C ‫ ت‬1 ( p 44)
People laughed at Guglielmo Marconi all through his life because he G55E- G55 3 ‫ال‬255‫ ط‬E2 ‫ ر‬5 + 2 $ 5 ?55 ‫ن‬2 '55] ‫ س‬5 0$‫ ن ا‬5
had such big ears. But it is possible that he heard sounds through 5+ ً ‫ا‬25Y‫ أ‬J 5, ‫ ن‬GE‫أ‬ $‫ ا‬+ $‫ و‬. E‫ أذ‬G$ ‫ن‬
those ears which other people could not hear. And he worked all his 5 ‫ و‬. ; 5 . ‫ ون‬5 L_‫ س ا‬5 0$‫ ا‬J 5 , #55$ 5 E‫ذ‬-‫ ا‬N55 ‫>ل‬55L
life to send those sounds back through the air to a waiting, listening 5f 0 #$ 5 $ ‫اء‬25;$‫ا‬ ‫ات‬2Y-‫ ا‬N ‫ ل‬.‫ دة إر‬o G 3 ‫ال‬2‫ط‬
world. .J , ‫و‬
Young Marconi had the best teachers to give him lessons at home. 5) ً 5.‫ درو‬G5M o $‫ أ)] ا‬c$‫ ا‬E2 ‫ ر‬+ 0 ‫ن‬
He loved books, especially those on science. He had a curious mind ً
5" G55$ ‫ ن‬5 . 5;0+ 5 $‫ ا‬5Y2cL‫ و‬،F55 $‫ ا‬F55' ‫ ن‬5 .G5 ‫ﺑ‬
and always wanted to prove to himself what he read. .‫ أه‬+ G,T0$ C @ ‫ ً أن‬M‫ وأراد دا‬$2])
One day, when he was sitting by an open window, it seemed that a ، 532 T+ ‫ة‬75) E 5+ ‫" ب‬$ 5‫ ﺑ‬k5 a ‫ ن‬+ 0 ،‫ م‬-‫ ا‬3‫) أ‬
thousand noises filled his ears. ‘Where are they all coming from?’ m55 5 ‫ أ‬5+ ’ .G55 E‫… أذ‬55 ‫ات‬255Y-‫ ك آ!ف ا‬50‫ أن ھ‬G55$ ‫ ا‬5‫ﺑ‬
And where will they go? What happens to all the words people say? 5;$2" 5 $‫ ت ا‬5 $‫ ا‬5 $ ‫ ث‬5' ‫ ذا‬5+ ‫ ؟‬F‫ھ‬7 . ‫; ؟ وأ‬
Do they stay in the air round the Earth, just waiting for someone to 555f 0 4555") ،‫رض‬-‫ل ا‬25553 ‫اء‬255;$‫ ا‬555) ?555" 555‫ س ؟ ھ‬550$‫ا‬
pick them up?’ ‘‫ ؟‬+ r Q ; " $

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ne
At once Marconi went to work. Sounds can be made to travel if they ‫ إذا‬5" 0 ‫ات‬25Y-‫ ا‬5 5 . $‫ ا‬E2 ‫ ر‬+ ‫' ل ﺑ أ‬$‫) ا‬
are given a push by electricity. "If I can push a piece of wood across F55 $‫ ا‬5+ 5 J5)‫ د‬J 5.‫ "إن أ‬.‫ ء‬5‫ ; ﺑ‬$ ‫ ﺑ‬5 )‫ د‬C5 ‫أ‬
y.
the waves on water, I can also send sounds through the air waves by 5 ‫ات‬25Y-‫ ل ا‬5.‫ ً إر‬5] ‫ أ‬00 ،‫ ء‬$‫اج ? ا‬2+-‫ا‬
". M ‫ ; ﺑ‬$‫ة ا‬2"$‫ ا‬H ‫ط‬ ‫اء‬2;$‫ ت ا‬2+
ls
electrical power.
A few weeks later he called his mother and father up to his ?55 -‫ ا‬5) G55 5) X ?55$‫ ه إ‬5‫ وأﺑ‬G55+‫? أ‬55 ‫ د‬J ‫ ﺑ‬5.‫ ة أ‬5 5 ‫ﺑ‬
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workroom for a surprise. He touched a little machine, and two floors ‫ ن‬5 T5.-‫ و) ط ﺑ" ) ا‬،‫ ة‬Y $‫ آ‬k $ .‫ة‬m T $‫ ا‬-
below there was the sound of a buzz. He found a way to carry sound – ‫>ك‬.‫ت ﺑ ون أ‬2c$‫' ا‬$ " ‫ و ط‬. 0‫ت ط‬2Y ‫ ك‬0‫ھ‬
ch

without wires – a wireless way.’ .‘ .! " ‫ط‬

Although Marconi’s father did not think the wireless sound would ‫ن‬2 5. 5.>$‫ت ا‬25c$‫ أن ا‬5" #5$ E2 ‫ ر‬+ $‫ أن وا‬#X‫ر‬
s

5.! 5$‫ آ‬J05Y .G5 J‫ ﺑ‬5 $ ‫د‬25"0$‫ ا‬d ‫ ﺑ‬G0‫ أ ? اﺑ‬،ً ;+

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ever be important, he gave his son some money to continue his work.
He made a wireless machine and took it to England, where the public ‫ ر‬5 )-‫ ع ا‬5,$ ‫ة‬U‫ھ‬ ‫ ھ‬a$‫ ا‬CE q 3 ،‫ ا‬E‫? ا‬$‫ھ إ‬7L‫وأ‬
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was ready to hear new ideas. .‫ ة‬a$‫ا‬

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On March 27, 1899, Marconi pressed the key on his wireless at a ?555 ‫ ح‬555 T $‫ ا‬E2 ‫ ر‬555+ 4 555b ١٨٩٩ ، ٢٧ ‫; آذار‬555Q 555)
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small village on the coast of France. After a few minutes of dead 5 ]‫ ﺑ‬5 ‫ ﺑ‬. 5 ,E ) 3 5 . ?55 ‫ ة‬5 Y 5 5 ) 5 .>$‫ا‬
silence, a sound returned from across the channel at Dover. . )‫ ل ) دو‬0"$‫ا‬ ‫ت‬2Y ‫ د‬،H $‫ ا‬C c$‫ ا‬+ HM ‫د‬
The British government helped Marconi to set up wireless stations all .! ‫' ت‬+ + ‫ ) إ‬E2 ‫ ر‬+ E $‫ ا‬+2 '$‫ ت ا‬.
along the coast. He also put some of his machines on ships. . T,$‫ ? ا‬G !‫ آ‬d ‫ أ ] ً ﺑ‬Jb‫ و‬. 3 ,$‫ل ا‬2‫? ط‬
One night during a bad storm at sea, two of the ships were in ‫ ك‬50‫ ن ھ‬5 ، 5' $‫ ا‬5) ‫ ة‬5Q T55Y ‫ ء‬50n‫ أ‬$ 5 $‫ ى ا‬53‫ إ‬5)
trouble and sent out calls for help. Marconi’s wireless stations on ‫ ت‬5 '+ C55" . n 5 .‫ اءات ا‬5 E 5 .‫ وأر‬5 ‫ ورط‬5 ) 0 T55.
the shore received the calls and sent help at once. All the men ‫ ة‬5, $‫ ا‬C 5.‫ اءات وأر‬50$‫ ا‬u‫ ط‬$‫? ا‬ .>$‫ ا‬E2 ‫ ر‬+
were saved. . ‫ ل‬$‫ ّ ا‬7"E‫ أ‬.ً‫را‬2)
Still this was not enough for the Italian scientist. He wanted to send 5. ‫ أراد أن‬5") . $ 5 !‫ ا‬#ِ$ 5 $ ً 5 ) ‫ا‬7‫ھ‬ #$ N$‫ ذ‬J+‫و‬
his messages across the Atlantic Ocean, and he would not rest until ‫ ن‬5 .‫ا‬75‫ ھ‬# ? 3 v , $‫ و‬، , ‫ط‬-‫ ا‬4 ' $‫ا‬ G M .‫ر‬
this was done. He was sure that air waves follow the same line as 5 $‫ ء ا‬5 $‫ ت ا‬5 2+ ‫ ه‬5a ‫ ا‬k5TE J5 ‫اء‬25;$‫ ت ا‬5 2+ ‫ اً أن‬m +
water waves going round the Earth. .‫رض‬-‫ل ا‬23 ‫ور‬
By 1901 he was ready to prove that he could do it. It was a thin, sick .N$75‫" م ﺑ‬$‫ ? ا‬G ‫ ر‬C @ $ ً‫ا‬U‫ ن ھ‬١٩٠١ ‫ل م‬2 '‫ﺑ‬
man who climbed to the top of a hill on the coast on the night of 3 ,$‫? ا‬ ?$‫ إ‬H , ً ] +‫' >ً و‬E ً> ‫" ن ر‬$
December 12. The sea was very stormy. He hoped that it would not ‫ أن‬+m ‫ ن‬.ً‫ ً ا‬TY ' $‫ ن ا‬.١٢ ‫ن أول‬2E $ )
stop him from hearing the message he expected to receive from 5+ 5; " J5 2 ‫ ن‬5 5 $‫ ا‬$ 5. $‫ ع ا‬5. 5+ G5 0 $ ‫ا‬7‫ھ‬
England. .‫ ا‬E‫ا‬
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ‫ة‬2 ‫ا‬+ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
The time came. ‘Now they are talking to me,’ he said with his ear 5+ 5 G5E‫ ل وأذ‬5 ‘، 5$‫ن إ‬2n 5' #5‫ ’ وا_ن ھ‬.C 2$‫ ن ا‬3
close to the receiving instrument. Half an hour passed. No sound. .‫ت‬2Y ! . . ‚cE ‫ ّ ت‬+ .‫ " ل‬.!‫أداة ا‬
Another half an hour and then – a faint sound – three times! But he G0 $‫ ات! و‬+ ‫>ث‬n – C) L ‫ت‬2Y – #n‫ ى و‬L‫ أ‬. ‚cE
told no one. Instead, he waited for other messages sent during the 5) C 5.‫ ى أر‬5L‫ أ‬M 5.‫ ر‬5f E‫ ا‬،N5$‫ ذ‬+ ً! ‫ ﺑ‬.ً‫ ا‬3‫أ‬ #$
next three days. All came through to him. .G $‫ إ‬C Y‫ ; و‬. $ $‫ ا‬n>@$‫ م ا‬-‫ا‬
Marconi told the world that he had heard messages by wireless from 55 55.>$‫ ا‬5 + M 55.‫ ر‬J 5 . G55E‫ أ‬#$ 5 $‫ ا‬E2 ‫ ر‬55+ 5 L‫ا‬
across the Atlantic Ocean. His great discovery led to many more ‫ ء‬555Q-‫ ا‬555+ 555 U $ # 555f $‫ ا‬G) 555 ‫ د ا‬555 . 555, ‫ط‬-‫ ا‬4 555' $‫ا‬
wonderful things, like the radio, which we enjoy today. .‫م‬2 $‫ ا‬G‫ ﺑ‬J ,E ‫ي‬7$‫ ا‬،‫ ع‬7 $ ، M‫ ا‬$‫ا‬
5) The Wizard of Menlo Park ‫= رك‬ 2 7
ِ ( p 46 )
A great fire burned before the curious eyes of a six-year-old boy. He C. ‫ه‬ $2$ $2]T$‫ ا‬0 $‫ م ا‬+‫ أ‬M ‫ ھ‬H 3 J$ E‫ا‬
enjoyed every minute of it, even though it was his father’s store that 5a + G5E‫ أ‬5+ #X 5$‫? ا‬5 ،G ) " ‫ ﺑ د‬J .‫ ا‬.‫ات‬20.
burned to the ground. Later he said that he had started the fire himself. H5 '$‫ ا‬5Q‫ أ‬GE‫ ل ) ﺑ إ‬.‫رض‬- ‫ي ﺑ‬2ّ .ُ ‫ي‬7$‫ ه ا‬$‫وا‬
He wanted to see what it would do. . T . ‫ ذا‬+ ‫أن ى‬ ‫ ن‬.G,T0‫ﺑ‬
This was the first of Thomas Alva Edison’s experiments. It failed, so 5 ، C 5 ) .‫ن‬25, ‫ إد‬5T$‫ س ا‬5+2 ‫ رب‬5a ?5$‫ه أو‬75‫ ھ‬CE
did hundreds more. But even when he failed, Edison learned something. ‫ن‬25, ‫ ن ا‬5 ، 5 T ‫ ن‬5 + 50 ?5 3 5 $‫ و‬.‫ ت‬8 $‫ ا‬C )
‘I get results in everything I try,’ he said once in later life. ‘I’ve ‫ ‘ ل‬،G ) ‫ ول‬3‫ أ‬Q ّ ) xM E ? c3‫ ’ا‬.ً 8 Q #
discovered several things that won’t work!’ ‘! ! ‫ ء‬Q‫ ة أ‬CT ‫ ’ ا‬. "3>$‫ ا‬G 3 ) ‫ ّّة‬+

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Tom Edison was born with a curious mind. It made him ask himself 85.‫ أ‬G5,TE ‫ل‬m, G . $2]) " G$‫ن و‬2, ‫م إد‬2 $‫و‬
questions while he was still very young. He stayed in school for only ‫ر‬2;5Q 5n>@$ 5.‫ ر‬$‫ ا‬5) "‫ ﺑ‬.ً‫ اً ا‬Y ‫ال‬U + 2‫وھ‬

there. Some said he was foolish. Others thought he was very clever.
y.
three months because he was so different from the rest of the children ‫ ل‬5 .‫ ك‬5 0‫ ل ھ‬5 T‫ط‬-‫ ا‬5 "‫ ﺑ‬5 ً‫ ا‬5 ً 5 T + ‫ ن‬5 G55E- 455")
.ً‫ ن ذ ً ا‬GE‫ ون إ‬L‫ وا " آ‬.ً " 3‫ ن أ‬GE‫ إ‬d $‫ا‬
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His mother taught him at home and gave him many books to read. By . 5; ‫" اء‬$ F5 $‫ ا‬5+ 5 @ $‫ ا‬G ‫ل وأ‬U0 $‫ ) ا‬G+‫ أ‬G
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the age of ten, it was clear that Tom wanted to be a scientist. He set up a v 5c ‫م أراد أن‬25 ‫ أن‬vb‫ا‬2$‫ ا‬+ ‫ ن‬،‫ ة‬Q $‫ا‬ )
laboratory at home and began his own experiments. ً ً
. Y $‫ ا‬G‫ رﺑ‬a ‫ وﺑ أ‬G$U0+ ) ‫ ا‬+ m E‫ أ‬. $
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Few children even liked to play with Tom because he was so different. ً 5T + ‫ ن‬5 G5E- ‫م‬25 J5+ F $‫ن ا‬2 ' ‫ ل‬T‫ط‬-‫ ا‬+ "$‫ن ا‬
One afternoon he fed some powder to a friend, who later became ill. ‫ي‬75$‫ وا‬، 5+ ‫ق‬2',+ + ً " Y # ‫ م أط‬-‫ ا‬3‫ ﺑ ظ; أ‬.ً‫ا‬
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"I'm sorry", said Tom, "but I only wanted to see if it would form ‫ أن‬455") ‫ أردت‬5 0 $ " ،‫م‬255 ‫ ل‬5 ، "‚55.‫ " آ‬. 5 ‫ ﺑ‬5 ) ‫ ض‬5+
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enough gas in his stomach to make him fly". ". G a G + )‫ز ف‬X . ‫أرى إذا ن‬
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Edison’s first job was selling newspapers on a train. He did not want to F5X #5$ .‫ ر‬5 5) ‚'5c$‫ ا‬J ‫ن ﺑ‬2, ‫د‬o ‫ن أول‬
ً ً
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waste his time between stations, so he set up a moving laboratory on the ?5 5 ' + ‫ ا‬5 + ‫ م‬5 ‫ا أ‬75$ ،‫ ت‬5 ' $‫ ا‬5‫ ﺑ‬G5 ‫) ھ ر و‬
train. Here he worked until one day a fire broke out and Tom was not #55$‫ م و‬5 -‫ ا‬5 3‫ أ‬5 ) H55 3 J$ 5 E‫? ا‬55 3 5 5 0‫ وھ‬.‫ ر‬5 "$‫ا‬
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allowed to work on the train any more. Next, he set up his own G5 '+ m5 E‫ أ‬#ّ 5n .N$‫" ر ﺑ ذ‬$‫) ا‬ $ ‫ن ﺑ‬2, ! v ,ُُ
telegraph station and sent out messages by using a train whistle. .‫ رة ر‬TY + ,+ M . $‫ ا‬.‫ ت وأر‬$ ‫ ﺑ‬Y $‫ا‬
At this point in his life, a rich man paid him forty thousand dollars for ‚55$‫ أ‬٤٠ 50X 5 ‫ ر‬G55$ J55)‫ د‬،G55 3 5 + 5f' $‫ه ا‬755‫ ھ‬5)
the right to make all the things he had invented. Joyfully, he took the ‫ ء‬5 Q-‫ ا‬5 J055Y 5) H55'$‫? ا‬55 ‫ل‬255c'$‫ ا‬5‫" ﺑ‬+ ‫دو!ر‬
money and set up a fine laboratory. There he worked to make such .ً> 5 ً‫ ا‬5 + ‫ م‬5 ‫د وأ‬255"0$‫ ا‬755L‫ أ‬،‫ ح‬5 T‫ وﺑ‬. 5 ; L‫ ا‬5 $‫ا‬
wonders as the gramophone, the cinema and a telephone with both 0 5,$‫ وا‬، 5'$ F -‫ه ا‬7‫@ ھ‬+ J0c$ ‫ ك‬0‫وھ‬
mouth and ear pieces. .‫ " ل‬.‫ ل وا‬.‫إر‬ G$ ‚ ‫وھ‬
The electric lamp is probably the most useful thing Edison invented. He 555 T+ ‫ ء‬555Q 555@ ‫ أ‬M 555‫ ; ﺑ‬$‫ ح ا‬555c $‫ أن ا‬555 ' $‫ ا‬555+
knew that electricity produced power and heat ‘So why shouldn’t it .‫' ارة‬$‫وا‬ $‫ ا‬x 0 ‫ ; ﺑ ء‬$‫ ف أن ا‬.‫ن‬2, ‫ ا‬G L‫ا‬
make light, too?’ He looked for something that would burn for a long ‫ ق‬5 ' ‫ ء‬5Q 5 q5'‫ ؟‘ ﺑ‬5] ‫ء أ‬25]$‫ ا‬x 0 ! ‫ ذا‬$ ‫’ إذا‬
time without being used up. He changed night into day by turning on ‫ ة‬5 5 ‫ ر ﺑ‬5;E ?5$‫ إ‬5 $‫ّل ا‬2ّ 3 .7T0 ‫ دون أن‬2‫ ة ط‬T$
several powerful street lamps outside his laboratory. .‫ ه‬+ ‫ رج‬L ‫ارع‬2 $‫ ) ا‬2 ‫ رة‬E‫أ ة إ‬
Edison worked hard and enjoyed his life, working for the pleasure and 5 $ 5 q55 3 ،G55 '‫ ﺑ‬J 5 .‫ وا‬5 a‫ن ﺑ‬255, ‫ إد‬5
happiness of other people. Once when his laboratory burned down and ‫ ه‬5 + ‫ ق‬3‫ ا‬+ 0 ‫ ة‬+ ‫ وذات‬. L_‫ س ا‬0$‫ دة ا‬.‫و‬
he lost everything, he said, ‘I’ll begin again. No one is ever too old to ً‫اً ا‬ 3‫ ! أ‬. + ‫ﺑ أ‬m. ’ ، ‫ ء ـ ل‬Q ")‫و‬
start working.’ He died in 1931 at the age of eighty-four. .٨٤ ١٩٣١ ‫ ت م‬+ ‘. $‫ أ ا‬$
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ‫ة‬2 ‫ا‬+ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬

/ Stars in His Eyes /

become - imagined - easily - discovery - key
Galileo was a starry-eyed child. He often ...................himself flying through the clouds. He was sent away to school to
........................a doctor, but he did not learn................... His favourite subject was mathematics. He believed that it
could be a ................... to understanding the world around him.
noticed - success - when - chain - same
Galileo was in a church...........he heard a strange noise. He…….....that an oil lamp was swinging backwards and
forwards. He heard the lamp’s .......hitting against the wall, and it seemed that they were both moving at the........... time.
length - lead - chair - backwards - true
Galileo hurried home to find out if what he thought was ..................... He took two pieces of .................. that were
of the same weight and tied them to two short ropes of equal ........................ He fixed the ropes to a ....................
time - reached - other – end – church
Galileo gave his father one rope to hold at the ...................... with the weight; he held the .................... rope higher than
his father’s. They let go of the weights at the same ................. and then counted the number of swings backwards and
forwards. Both father and son .................... one hundred together.
rope - moving - know - fact - measure
The old Italian man could not ............. that his son had discovered a great …...... Nor did he know that, for hundreds of

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years, men would use his knowledge to ............... time with a clock and to watch the stars and sun …........... in the sky.
faster - ball - different - height - if
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Galileo said that two ................... weights fall together ................... they come down from the same .................... ‘Not
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possible!’ his friends said. ‘Everyone knows that a penny falls .....................than a feather!’
could - together - fall - heavy – climbed
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And up to the top of the Tower of Pisa Galileo ................... He carried a ball in each hand, but one was ten
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times as................... as the other. He let go of them at the same time and heard the crowd become silent when
the balls hit the ground ..................... They had just seen something they ....................... not believe!
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thermometer - things - compass – ball – explain

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For the rest of his life Galileo worked to make .................. that the whole world still uses and enjoys today. He made a
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................. that could always point North. He used a magnet to ................... many things about the Earth. He measured
the temperature of the air with a ........................
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telescope - magnet - moon - planets - centre

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Galileo proved to the world that the Earth and the other ................. in our solar system move around the sun, which is at
the .................... To do this, he built a .................. through which he could study the stars, the sun and the ....................
telescope - boy - great - blood - people
From a .................... who had science in his................ and stars in his eyes, he grew to be a .................. man who
opened the beauties of the heavens to ................. on Earth.

/ Life that Kills /

bacteria - suffered - protect - death - famous
Today, we can ............... ourselves against many illnesses that once meant..................... to thousands of people. This is
because of the work of a .................. French scientist who .................... much in his own life so that others might live.
angry - bright - understand - behind - everything
Louis Pasteur was a ............... boy, although his teachers said he was slow and always ............ the rest of his class.
.
Louis was very careful in ………. he did. He wanted to ...........all that he studied and he asked many questions
discovered - stopped - class - since - caused
Louis never .................. asking questions. There was one special question he asked: What were illnesses .................. by?
In time, he .................. answers that have helped men to live longer ever ........................
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losing - hard - trouble - animals - kill
He worked very ................ to keep life going on, both in .................... and people. When the silkworms began dying
and France’s silk-makers were ................... money, they turned to Pasteur for help. He found the ....................
without - living - fight - thankful - sadness
Certain ..................germs, called bacteria, attacked the silkworm eggs. ‘These germs can attack food, animals and even
people. ‘We must learn how to.......................them. We must kill the germs ................. killing the animals or people.’
3
Pasteur found a way to kill the germs on silkworm eggs and the whole country was .....................
chickens - spreading - saved - thankful - children
During his years of work three of his..............died. Even in his sadness Pasteur believed that other children’s lives
could be............if he could stop germs from…..........He helped farmers to fight germs that were killing their ...........
began - safe - fed - vaccinations – against
Pasteur made the germs weak and ..................... the chickens with the weak germs. They did not become ill; their own
bodies went to work ........................ the germ. Then they were ....................... from any more attacks from the same
germ. Thus began Pasteur’s plan of ....................... to stop illness. It was a success with animals.
safe - body - painful - weaker - brought
A woman ........................... Pasteur her son, who had been bitten by a mad dog. In those days, such a bite meant a slow
and ..........................death. He got the germs out from the dogs’ mouths and used them to make a …………. form of

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the same germ. He put these weak germs into the boy’s .............. fourteen times and he lived!
more - different - disease - person - began
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Doctors heard of Pasteur’s work. They.................... to be more careful. They stopped putting people with..................
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kinds of illnesses in the same room. Germs could be carried from one ……………. to the other. They also
took...................... time to clean their hands, the beds and the rooms, to kill germs before they spread.
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filled - discoveries - room - food - healthier

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After Pasteur’s ....................., there were fewer deaths. He studied different kinds of ........................... and discovered
new kinds of germs, so small they could only be seen by a microscope. Pasteur’s life was ............................. with work
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and the long wait for answers. Because his answers were right, the world is a ........................... place to live in.
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/ The Hidden Power /

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radium - woman - pay - secret - mind

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She was a poor girl who worked to get money to............... for her lessons. She became the most famous..................
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scientist of her time. That is the story of Marie Curie’s life. She did not................... working and she took little notice of
the honours that were given to her in later years. This was the................. of her greatness.
reading - sister - where - lessons - quick
Marie lived in Poland .................. her father was a teacher. Everyone soon saw that Marie had a.................... mind.
When she was quite young, she loved nothing better than to spend hours.................... books. But her body was thin and
weak, so her mother often asked her to leave her...................... and play out in the sun.
died - pay - top - knew - successful
Marie’s mother ........... when her youngest daughter was ten. From then on, Marie …........ that she would have to work
hard at her lessons if she wanted to be ........ in her life. She studied very hard and won ............... honours at her school.
earn - there - plan - dreamed - marry
Marie and her older sister, Bronya,..................... of studying in France. Their father did not................... enough money
to send them there. Marie thought of a.....................: she would teach at home and send money to Bronya. After her
sister finished studying, she could get work and send Marie the money to study................... herself.
six - help - send - eyes - last
With tears in their .......... the girls parted, and Marie worked hard for ..........years to pay for her sister’s studies. At
......... it was Marie’s turn, but by the time she got to France, her sister was married and could not give her much............
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ‫ة‬2 ‫ا‬+ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
other - bread - science - light - liked
Marie studied in a small room without heat or ...............She lived on ...................... and tea most of the time, but all she
ever thought of was mathematics and ............... This was her world and above all, she ....................... her experiments.
wooden - time - scientist - met - health
It was in Paris that she ................. and married Pierre Curie, a young ................. who had already earned respect.
Together they made their experiments in an old ................... house that was too cold and damp for their......................
prize - through - new - power - some
Marie and Pierre Curie knew that.......................... elements in the world gave off a strange........................... that could
go......................... other objects. They found more of this power in some elements than in others, which made them
believe that it must be a.......................... element itself.
contained - greater - separate - called - young
For four years they tried experiments to........................ this powerful new element. Then they found something which
they ........................ radium. Its power was very much.................... than the power..................... in other elements.
ill - treating - further - continue - great
Marie and Pierre Curie were given the Nobel Prize for their......................discovery, but they were too.................... to
go to Stockholm themselves to receive it. They used the money for........................... experiments on the uses of

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radium. They found it could be used in ................. diseases.

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woman suddenly power post made

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Pierre died ............ after he had been offered a good post at the Sorbonne. Marie Curie was given the .................. She
thus became the first .............. ever to teach there. She continued their work and ................ many important discoveries.
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money - hidden - history - killed - received
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Marie …......... another Nobel Prize. It is the only time in ............. that two Nobel Prizes have been given to the same
person. Marie Curie discovered a .............. power and gave it to the world. It was this same power that .............her.
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/ A Sound in the Air /

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world - could - noise - laughed - big

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People.......................... at Marconi all through his life because he had such......................... ears. But it is possible that
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he heard sounds through those ears which other people....................... not hear. And he worked all his life to send those
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sounds back through the air to a waiting, listening........................

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home - best - receiver - curious - himself

Young Marconi had the.......................... teachers to give him lessons at.......................... in Italy. He loved books,
especially those on science. He had a................... mind and always wanted to prove to......................... what he read.
ears - words - power - open - electricity
One day, when Marconi was sitting by an..................... window, it seemed that a thousand noises filled
his....................... Sounds can be made to travel if they are given a push by..................... If I can push a piece of wood
across the waves on water, I can also send sounds through the air waves by electrical..........................
wireless - made - machine - workroom - carry
Marconi called his mother and father up to his ..................... for a surprise. He touched a little ..................., and two
floors below there was the sound of a buzz. He found a way to .................. sound without wires – a .................. way.’
continue - ready - think - important - made
Although Marconi’s father did not .......... the wireless sound would ever be …... but he gave his son some money to
continue his work. He ........ a wireless machine and took it to England, where the public was .......... to hear new ideas.
silence - wave - village - received - key
Marconi pressed the................... on his wireless at a small................ on the coast of France. After a few minutes of
dead .................., a sound returned from across the channel at Dover : ‘Your message was........................ Very good.’
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0988660384 ‫ان‬ .‫م‬ ‫ة‬2 ‫ا‬+ ‫ا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
storm - stations - coast - ships - government
The British ..................... helped Marconi to set up wireless ........................ all along the ....................... He also put
some of his machines on ........................
message - shore - storm - saved - help
One night during a bad............... at sea, two of the ships were in trouble and sent out calls for.................. Marconi’s
wireless stations on the....................... received the calls and sent help at once. All the men were.....................
line - sound - rest - Earth - wanted
Marconi................. to send his messages across the Atlantic Ocean, and he would not ................... until this was done.
He was sure that air waves follow the same ................ as water waves going round the ......................
expected - water - hill - thin - stormy
It was a .............., sick man who climbed to the top of a ............... on the coast on the night of December 12. The sea
was very ............ He hoped that it would not stop him from hearing the message he ............ to receive from England.
heard - radio - led - invented - told
On December 15, 1901, Marconi ............... the world that he had.............. messages by wireless from across the
Atlantic Ocean. His great discovery .............. to many more wonderful things, like the .............., which we enjoy today.

/ The Wizard of Menlo Park /

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minute - store - experiment - burned - started
A great fire ............... before the curious eyes of a six-year-old boy. He enjoyed every .................. of it, even though it

clever - book
y.
was his father’s .................. that burned to the ground. Later he said that he had ................... the fire himself.
- different - while - born
ls
Tom Edison was........................... with a curious mind. It made him ask himself questions.......................... he was still
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very young. He stayed in school for only three months because he was so...................... from the rest of the children
there. Some said he was foolish. Others thought he was very ...........................
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taught - experiments - scientist - laboratory - questions

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His mother................... him at home and gave him many books to read. By the age of ten, it was clear that Tom wanted
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to be a.................He set up a ...................at home and began his own .................

fly - gas - because - failed - powder
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Few children liked to play with Tom .............. he was so different. One afternoon he fed some ...................... to a friend,
w

who later became ill. He only wanted to see if it would form enough ............... in his stomach to make him ..............
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selling - fire - whistle - waste - invented

Edison’s first job was ............. newspapers on a train. He did not want to ............. his time between stations, so he set
up a moving laboratory on the train. Here he worked until one day a ............. broke out and Tom was not allowed to
work on the train any more. Next, he set up his own telegraph station and sent out messages by using a train ..................
invented - fire - ear - wonders - rich
A...................... man paid Edison forty thousand dollars for the right to make all the things he had.......................
Joyfully, he took the money and set up a fine laboratory at Menlo Park. There he worked to make such
.......................... as the gramophone, the cinema and a telephone with both mouth and ...................... pieces.
heat - outside - money - burn - lamp
The electric ......... is the most useful thing Edison invented. He knew that electricity produced power and .............. ‘So
why shouldn’t it make light? He looked for something that would ............ for a long time without being used up. Then
on the last day of 1879, he changed night into day by turning on several powerful street lamps .......... his laboratory.
old - enjoyed - happiness - lost - lamp
Edison worked hard and ..........his life, working for the pleasure and .............. of other people. Once when his
laboratory burned down and he ..........everything, he said, ‘I’ll begin again. No one is ever too .......... to start working.’

- 38 -