Lalñr&Foe'Kz%: JKF"V Lalñrlalfkkue

laLÑr&foe'kZ%
(An International Refereed & Peer-Reviewed

Research Journal, UGC-CARE Listed)
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la;qDrkÄï% 15&16 (tqykbZ 2018 & twu 2019) o"kZe~ 2019
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56&57] bULVhV~;w'kuy ,fj;k
tudiqjh] uonsgyh&110056
e-mail : rsksrp@yahoo.com
website : www.sanskrit.nic.in
© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~
ISSN : 0975-1769
laLdj.ke~ % 2019
izR;Äïe~ & 50-00
eqæd%
Mh-oh- fizaVlZ
97&;w-ch-] tokgj uxj] fnYyh&110007
eks-% 9818279798] 9990279798
SA«SK›TA-VIMARÃ…
(An International Refereed & Peer-Reviewed
Research Journal, UGC-CARE Listed)
New Series
Vol. 15-16 (July 2018 - June 2019) Year 2019
General Editor
Prof. P.N. Sastry
Vice-Chancellor
Editor
Dr. Madhukeshwar Bhat
Incharge (Research & Publication)
Rashtirya Sanskrit Sansthan

(Deemed to be University)
Under Ministry of Human Resource Development
Govt. of India
Accredited by NAAC with 'A' Grade
New Delhi
Publisher :
Registrar
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan
Deemed University
56-57, Institutional Area,
Janakpuri, New Delhi-110056
e-mail : rsksrp@yahoo.com
website : www.sanskrit.nic.in
© Rashtirya Sanskrit Sansthan
ISSN : 0975-1769
Edition : 2019
Rs. 50.00
Printed :
D.V. Printer
97, UB, Jawahar Nager, Delhi-110007
Mob. 9818279798, 9990279798
ijke'kZnkr`&lfefr%
1- izks- oh- oqQVqEc 'kkL=kh]
36] ,ojxzhu vikVZes.V] IykWV u- 9]
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2- izks- osQ-oh- jkeÑ".kekpk;qZyq]

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5- izks- vktknfeJ%
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6- izks- ft-,l~-vkj- Ñ".kewfrZ%

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fr#ifr% & 517507 (vkU/zizns'k%)
7- izks- JhiknHkV~V%
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fr#ifr% & 517507 (vkU/zizns'k%)
ggg
Advisory-Board
1. Prof. V. Kutumba Sastry,
36, Evergreen Appartment Plot-9
Sect. 7, Dwarka, New Delhi-110075
2. Prof. K.V. Ramakrishnamacharyalu,

4-45, opp. Satyasai Mandir
Stayasai nagar, Satya Sainagar panchayat
Tirupati (A.P.) - 517503
3. Prof. Ram Chandra Pandey

38, Manas Nagar, Durgakund
Varanasi (U.P.)
4. Prof. Kishor Chandra Padhi

Puri (Odisha)
5. Prof. Azad Mishra

2/239, Viramkhand-2
Gomatinagar, Luknow-226010
6. Prof. G.S.R. Krishnamurty

Rashtriya Snaskrit Vidyapeetha
Tirupati - 517507 (A.P.)
7. Prof. Shripada Bhat

Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha
Tirupati - 517507 (A.P.)
ggg
leh{kk&lfefr%
1- izks- t;dkUrflag 'kekZ
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3- MkW- vkj-th- eqjyhÑ".k%

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4- MkW- nsokuUn 'kqDy%

mifuns'kd%] 'kS{kf.kde~] jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh
Review Committee
1. Prof. Jaykant Singh Sharma
Professor, S.L.B.S.R.S.Vidyapeetham, New Delhi
2. Prof. Ramkumar Sharma
Professor, Jaipur Campus,
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Jaipur
3. Prof. Vishnupad Mahapatra
Professor, S.L.B.S.R.S.Vidyapeetham, New Delhi
4. Prof. Sukantkumar Senapati
Director (I/c) Mukta Swadhyaya Peetham,
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi
5. Dr. Mantha Sriniwasu
Project Officer, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan,
New Delhi
Editorial Board
1. Prof. A.P. Sacchidananda
Principal (I/c), Shri Rajeev Gandhi Campus,
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Sringeri
2. Prof. Arknath Chodhary
Principal (I/c), Jaipur Campus,
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Jaipur
3. Dr. R.G. Murlikrishna
Deputy Director (I/c), (Administration),
4. Dr. Devanand Shukla
Deputy Director, (Academic),
fo"k;kuqØef.kdk
ijke'kZnkr`&lfefr% v
Advisory Board vi
leh{kk&lfefr%@lEiknd&e.Mye~ vii
Review Committee/Editorial Board viii
1- izÑfr dk laj{k.k&i;kZoj.k dh fLFkjrk dk fpjUru lek/ku 1

µizks- jekdkUr ik.Ms;
2- Vibhakti and Kàraka : Paõinian Perspective 15
–Devanand Shukla &
Preeti Shukla
3- /kRoFkZiQyizfrifÙk% µMkW- jkelykghf}osnh 21

4- laLÑr ckylkfgR; % oqQN pqukSfr;k¡ 28
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8- laLÑr'kkL=ks xf.krfoKkue~ µMkW- jkowfj xk;=kheqjyhÑ".k% 55
9- vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn % ,d foe'kZ µMkW- vatuk 'kekZ 62
10- ekuork dk lans'kokgd rtZuh dkO; 72
µeaxyk BkoqQj
11- lhrkjke'kkL=kh iz.khr lhrkjko.klaokn>jh 82
& ,d losZ{k.k µMkW- oRlyk
(x)
12- ufg jlkn`rs df'pnFkZ% izorZrs µVksuh flUgk 96

13- U;k;kfHkerk[;krs% leh{kkRedeè;;ue~ 102
µ;'koUroqQekj f=kosnh
14- f'k{kk osQ osQUæ osQ :i esa µMkW- laxhrk 109
laxzgky;ksa dh Hkwfedk dk vè;;u
15- The Mahabharata and the Iliad : A Comparison 119
–Dr. Hetal S. Patel
–Dr. Dilip C. Patel
16- oS;kdj.ku;s y{k.kko`fÙkfopkj% µMkW- vEcjh'koqQekjfeJ% 135

17- xzUFk&foe'kZ% (Book-Review)
Vada in Theory and Practice : Studies in Debates, 140
Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Traditions
–Shri Anand Prakash &
–Dr. Balram Shukla
ggg
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2019 (vÄï% 15&16) ISSN : 0975-1769
izÑfr dk laj{k.k&i;kZoj.k dh fLFkjrk dk

fpjUru lekèkku
&izks- jekdkUr ik.Ms;
vkpk;Z] jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku
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bfr vL; ys[kL; o.;Z% fo"k;%A &laúº
Hkkjr vè;kRe izèkku ns'k jgk gSA gekjs ½f"k;ksa] eqfu;ksa vkSj vkpk;ks± us
vè;kRe esa izÑfr dk vkSj izÑfr esa vè;kRe dk lk{kkRdkj fd;kA izÑfr
ekuo ls vyx ugha gSA ekuo dk izÑfr ls mruk gh xgjk lEcUèk gS] ftruk
'kjhj dk izk.k ls vkSj izk.k dk 'kjhj lsA 'kjhj osQ fcuk izk.kksa dh vfHkO;fDr
ugha vk¡dh tk ldrh vkSj izk.kksa osQ fcuk 'kjhj dk vfLrÙo ugha gks ldrk]
vr% izk.kksa dh lÙkk dks izekf.kr djus osQ fy;s 'kjhj dh vko';drk gS rFkk
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euq"; vkSj izÑfr dk vU;ksU;kJ; vkSj vfoHkkT; lEcUèk gSA fojkV~ iq#"k dh
dk;k dk vax ftl izdkj euq"; gS mlh izdkj leLr izÑfr mldh dk;k dk
vax gSA1 lc oqQN feydj ml fojkV~ iq#"k dh fojkVrk dks fl¼ djrs gSa vkSj
og fojkV~ Hkh bu lcosQ ;ksx ls lkUr ls vuUr curk gSA Ñ".k rc rd Ñ".k
gSa] lkUr gSa] tc rd lexz czãk.M muesa vfHkO;Dr ugha gks tkrk rFkk czãk.M
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,drk esa vusdrk vkSj vusdrk esa ,drk dh ;gh izrhfr v}Sr dk ewy
gS] Hkkjrh;rk dk mRl gS vkSj lc esa ,d osQ rFkk ,d esa lc osQ lk{kkRdkj
dk] vkRekuqHko dk Ïksr Hkh gSA ,drk vkSj vusdrk osQ blh lw=k esa gekjh
1- i';kfe nsokaLro nso nsgs lokZaLrFkk Hkwrfo'ks"kla?kku~A

czãk.keh'ka deykluLFke`"kha'p lokZuqjxka'p fnO;ku~AA xhrk] 11-15AA
( 1 )
2 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
yksd ijEijk,a vkSj 'kkL=kh; fl¼kUr ijLij vuqL;wr gSaA yksd dh O;k[;k
djosQ] mlosQ vkSfpR; vkSj vukSfpR; dh LFkkiuk djosQ 'kkL=k le`f¼ dks izkIr
djrk gS fdUrq yksd dHkh pqdrk ugha] mlesa fpj iqjkru gksdj Hkh uwrurk ls
vksrizksr ijEijk,a viuh lkFkZdrk ls 'kkL=k dks vkÑ"V djrh gh jgrh gSaA
izÑfr iwtk Hkh fofHkÂ yksdijEijkvksa esa lqn`<+ ,oa vU;re ijEijk gSA
ge tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd izÑfr osQ vkl&ikl gh jgrs gSa] mlh esa lk¡l
ysrs gSa vkSj thrs gSaA ;g izÑfr gekjs thou dk ewykèkkj gS] rHkh rks ge unh]
rkykc] o`{k] lk¡i] i'kq] i{kh bR;kfn dks iwtrs gSa] mls vius esa vuqHko djrs
gSa vkSj mlesa vius dks vuqHko djrs gSaA izÑfr dHkh gekjh lgpjh curh gS]
dHkh ekxZ&nf'kZdk curh gS rks dHkh ekrk] iq=k dk tUe gqvk rks ?kj esa ,df=kr
lkSHkkX;orh fL=k;k¡ eatqy] eUn lehj osQ >ksdksa dks vius ?kj dh vksj ls xqtjus
dk fueU=k.k nsus yxrh gSa] lkrksa leqnzksa ls viuh mÙkky rjaxksa dks lesVus vkSj
'kkUr j[kus dh izkFkZuk djus yxrh gSaA vfXu dh m".krk] lw;Z dk rhoz vkri]
?kVkvksa dh xM+xM+kgV] fctfy;ksa dh ped vkfn lcdks vius yky dh
lq[kn uhn osQ fy;s 'kkUr jgus osQ fy;s dgrh gSa vkSj cnys esa mudh iwtk
dk vk'oklu Hkh nsrh gSaA ek¡ dh yksfj;ksa esa lekbZ izÑfr osQ xhr lqu dj og
f'k'kq izÑfr osQ vUrLrÙo ls ifjfpr gksrk gSA ckgj ik¡o j[krs gh mldk
lk{kkRdkj djrk gS vkSj mlls viuk lEcU/ LFkkfir djrk gSA iapegkHkwrksa dk
fiaM og f'k'kq iapegkHkwrksa ls gh tUe Hkh ysrk gS vkSj mUgha dh xksn esa [ksyrk
owQnrk viuh thou ;k=kk osQ ;ksX; 'kfDr Hkh izkIr djrk gSA
c?ksy[kaM osQ oqQN fgLlksa rFkk mlls yxs cqUnsy[kaM osQ oqQN fgLlksa esa
vke osQ o`{k dks jksfir dj iq=ktUeksRlo eukrs gSa rFkk iq=k dh gh Hkk¡fr mldk
miu;u laLdkj Hkh djrs gSa] miu;u laLdkj osQ eè; ^Hkofr! fHk{kka nsfg* dk
Loj lqudj iwjk xk¡o mls fHk{kk nsus osQ fy;s meM+ iM+rk gS] jksfir djus okys
nEirh cèkkbZ osQ ik=k curs gSa vkSj og o`{k Hkh ml ?kj dk iq=k ekuk tkus yxrk
gSA mlh fnu ls mldk iQy ml ?kj esa [kk;k tkrk gS vkSj nku Hkh fd;k tkrk
gSA
iq=k osQ fookg ls iwoZ vke osQ fookg dh ijEijk Hkh n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA
iq=k dh ckjkr fudyus ls igys ekrk vke osQ o`{k osQ ikl tkrh gS vkSj fookg
lEiÂ djkrh gSA vke dh vksV ls ek¡ dks ;g opu fn;k tkrk gS fd gs ekr%!
eSa lnSo rqEgkjh lsok d:¡xkA fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa rqEgkjk ifjR;kx ugha d:¡xkA
vke dk egÙo mlosQ tkrd iq=k dh vis{kk vf/d ekuk tkrk gSA
izÑfr dk laj{k.k&i;kZoj.k dh fLFkjrk dk fpjUru lekèkku 3
;g ijEijk ubZ ugha yxrhA vfHkKku'kkoqQUry osQ prqFkZ vad esa
'koqQUryk dks fonk djrs gq, d.o ouT;ksRLuk vkSj lgdkj osQ fookg dh ckr
djrs gSa&
lÄïfYira izFkeeso e;k rokFksZ
HkrkZjekReln`'ka lqÑrSxZrk Roe~A
pwrsu laxrorh uoekfyosQ;&
eL;kega Rof; p lEizfr ohrfpUr%AA
i| dh vfUre iafDr ls d.o dk 'koqQUryk ,oa ouT;ksRLuk ij leku
Lusg O;aftr gSA ,d iq=kh gS] nwljh yrkA fdUrq d.o osQ HkkoHkou esa nksuksa dh
izfr"Bk leku vklu ij gSA bl izdkj o`{kksa osQ lkFk gekjk ?kfu"B lEcU/ jgk
gS] geus mUgsa vius ls vyx ugha le>kA geus mudh ijksidkfjrk] lgu'khyrk]
thouiznrk vkSj nku'khyrk dk vuqHko fd;k vkSj mls lh[kkA Jhen~Hkkxor esa
JhÑ".k ;qfèkf"Bj dks o`{kksa dk egÙo crkrs gq;s dgrs gSa&
i';Srku~ egkHkkxku~ ijkFkSZdkUrthforku~A
okro"kkZrifgeku~ lgUrjs okj;fUr u%AA
vgks ,"kka oja tUe loZizk.;qithoue~A
lqtuL;So ;s"kka osS foeq[kk ;kfUr ukfFkZu%AA
iq=kiq"iiQyPNk;k ewyoYdynk#fHk%A
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,rkoTtUelkiQY;a nsfgukfeg nsfg"kqA
izk.kSjFkZfèk;k okpk Js; ,okpjsr~ lgkAA1
o`{k brus egku~ gksrs gSa fd ijksidkj osQ fy;s gh thrs gSaA ;s vk¡èkh] o"kkZ
vkSj 'khr dks Lo;a lgu djrs gSaA budk tUe cgqr vPNk gS D;ksafd bUgha osQ
dkj.k lHkh izk.kh thfor gSaA ftl izdkj fdlh lTtu osQ lkeus ls dksbZ ;kpd
[kkyh gkFk ugha tkrs mlh izdkj bu o`{kksa osQ ikl ls Hkh dksbZ [kkyh gkFk ugha
tkrkA ;s gesa i=k] iq"i] iQy] Nk;k] ewy] cYdy] bekjrh vkSj tykmQ ydM+h]
lqxaèk] jk[k] xqByh vkSj vaoqQj iznku djosQ gekjh euksdkeuk,a iwjh djrs gSaA
½Xosn fu%ladksp dgrk gS& ouLifra ou vkLFkkièoe~
1- Jhen~Hkkxor] 10-22-32&35
4 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
futZu ou esa] ioZrksa vkSj dUnjkvksa esa ouLifr;k¡ Lo;a izknqHkwZr gksrh gS
fdUrq xk¡o vkSj uxj esa mudks jksfir djuk iM+rk gSA ½Xosn dk ;g vkns'k
vuqdj.kh; gSA ;tqosZn "k/hfg±lh% (6-22) dgdj ouLifr;ksa dk fouk'k djus
ls Li"V jksdrk gSA og o`{kksa vkSj ouksa dks ueLdkj djrk gS&
ueks o`{ksH;%1
oukuka ir;s ue%2
vks"k/huka ir;s ue%3
o`{kk.kka ir;s ue%4
vj.;kuka ir;s ue%5
½Xosn osQ vj.;kuh lwDr (10-46) esa ouksa dh Lrqfr djrs gq, ½f"k
dgrk gS fd vj.;kuh fdlh dks nq%[k ugha nsrh] fdlh ij vkØe.k ugha
djrh vkSj [kkus osQ fy, blls Lokfn"V iQy izkIr gksrs gSaA
vj.;kuh lwDr esa okuizLFk laU;kfluh crkrh gS fd ;gk¡ fcuk rkuiwjs osQ
gh laxhr dk vkuUn feyrk gS ;gk¡ tc o`"kkjo uked >haxqj vius rhoz Loj
dh rku NsM+rk gS vkSj fpd~&fpd~ 'kCn djus okyk nwljh tkrh dk >haxqj
mlosQ ikl vkdj cSBrk gS rc ,slk izrhr gksrk gS ekuks taxy :ih xk;d
laxhr dh laxfr dj jgk gS&
o`"kkjok; onrs ;nqikofr fpfPpd%A
vk?kkfVfHkfjo /ko;Uuj.;kfueZgh;rsAA6
;gk¡ taxy dks Hk; dk LFkku ugha ekuk x;k vfirq fuokl ;ksX; lqUnj
LFkku ekuk x;k gSA
HkkSfrd foKku i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k osQ vkB eq[; dkj.kksa dk mYys[k djrk
gS &
1- ;tq- 16-17
2- ;tq- 16-18
3- ;tq- 16-19
4- ;tq- 16-18
5- ;tq- 16-20
6- ½- 10-146-2
1- dy&dkj[kkuksa] eksVj] dkj] jsyxkM+h vkfn dk /qvk¡ rFkk lw{e Bksl
d.kA
2- vkS|ksfxd laLFkkuksa dk ckgj fudyus okyk owQM+k&dpjkA
3- ijek.kq 'kkL=kksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ le; mRlftZr jsfM;ks /ehZ d.kA
4- [kkn rFkk dhVuk'kd vkS"kf/;ksa osQ fuekZ.k esa iz;qDr fofo/ Ñf"k
jlk;uA
5- o`{kksa vkSj ouksa dk fnu izfrfnu gks jgk fouk'kA
6- Tokykeq[kh ioZrksa }kjk mRlftZr xSlsaA
7- ;q¼kL=kksa esa iz;qDr b±/uA
8- ok;q;ku] Ñf=ke mixzg vkfn esa iz;qDr b±/u1A
bu leLr leL;kvksa dk lek/ku izÑfr osQ laj{k.k ls gh laHko gS] ;g
Hkh oSKkfudksa dk er gSA osn] mifu"kn~] iqjk.k vkfn bl fo"k; dks cM+h n`<+rk
ls ekuo lekt dks fl[kkrs vk;s gSaA
gekjs lukru vkjkè; JhÑ".k dk 'kS'ko oÙnkou esa chrk] oÙnkou vkSj
oqQN ugha] cl ,d ?kks"k Fkk] ftlesa Xokys jgrs FksA Xokys ouksa dks dkVrs Fks]
ydfM+;k¡ csprs Fks ftlls oÙnkou JhÑ".k osQ ns[krs ns[krs uxj dk :i ys
jgk Fkk &
iz{kh.kr`.kdk"Ba p xksiSeZfFkriknie~A
?kuhHkwrkfu ;kU;klu~ dkuukfu oukfu pAA
rkU;kdk'kfudk'kkfu n`';Urs¿Fk ;Fkkeq[ke~A
foØh;ek.kS% dk"BS'p 'kkdS'p oulEHkoS%A
mfPNÂlap;r`.kS?kksZ"kks¿;a uxjk;rsAA
JhÑ".k osQ fy;s ;g fpUrk dk fo"k; FkkA mUgksaus xksiksa dks le>k;kA
JhÑ".k dk dFku Fkk fd ge rks oupj xksi gSa] xk;sa gh gekjk /u gSa] xkSoksa
ls gh gekjk isV pyrk gS] rks ogh gekjh nsork gSaA ;s ou vkSj igkM+ Hkh gekjs
nsork gSA blfy;s gesa bUnz dh ugha xkso/Zu dh iwtk djuh pkfg,A blosQ
vfrfjDr vkSj dksbZ gekjk nsork gks gh ugha ldrk&
o;a oupjk xksi xksik xks/uthfou%A
xkoks¿Len~nSora fof¼ fxj;'p oukfu pAA
1- Lokeh foosdkuUn ljLorh (la-)] i`- 31&32
6 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
Ñ";Urk% izfFkrk% lhek% lhekUra Jw;rs oue~A
oukUrk fxj;LlosZ lk pkLekda xfr/zqZokAA
Jw;Urs fxj;'pkfi ous¿fLeu~ dke:fi.k%A
izfo'; rkLrkLruoks jeUrs Los"kq lkuq"kqAA
HkwRok osQlfj.k% flagk O;k?kzk'p uf[kuka ojk%A
oukfu Lokfu j{kfUr =kkl;Urks æqefPNn%AA
;nk pS"kka fooqQoZfUr ;s ouky;thfou%A
èofUr rkuso nqo`Zrku~ ikS#"kknso deZ.kkAA
eU=kk;Kijk foizk% lhrk;Kk'p d"kZdk%A
fxfj;Kk o;a xksik bT;ks¿LekfHkfxZfjoZusAA
JhÑ".k us bUnz dh iwtk dks NksM+dj ioZr dh iwtk dk mins'k fn;kA
;gh i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k gS tks vkt Hkh gekjs lekt esa izpfyr gSA Hkys gh
vkt og izrhd :i esa gh euk;k tkrk gks rFkkfi xkscj ls cuk;s ml xksoèkZu
dk viuk lkaLÑfrd vkSj oSKkfud egÙo rks gS ghA
oLrqr% i;kZoj.k 'kCn lexz oSfnd lkfgR; ;k izkphu laLÑr lkfgR;
esa iz;qDr ugha gqvkA bl vFkZ esa gesa ifjf/] ifjHkw] ifjos'k] eaMy tSls 'kCn
;gk¡ iz;qDr feyrs gSaA izkÑfrd inkFkks± ls dY;k.k dh dkeuk osQ vFkZ esa
^LofLr* in dk Hkh iz;ksx izkIr gksrk gSA lk;.k LofLr dk vFkZ ^vfouk'ka
{ksee~* djrs gSaA1 fu#Dr bls vkSj Hkh Li"V djrk gS& vyC/L; ykHkks ;ksx%
izkIrL; laj{k.ka {kse%*
½Xosn] fnu&jkr] lw;Z&pUnz] ty] vfXu] #nz] ½Hkq vkfn ls LofLr dh
dkeuk djrk gSA izfl¼ 'kkfUr ea=k osQ vfrfjDr vusd ,sls eU=k gSa tgk¡
'kkfUrdj.k fd;k x;k gS&
i`fFkoh 'kkfUr&
'ka u m:ph Hkorq Lo/kfHk%A2
vÂkfn ls ;qDr i`Foh gekjh 'kkfUr osQ fy;s gksA
1- ½Xosn 5-51-11
2- ½- 7-35-3
vUrfj{k 'kkfUr&
'keUrfj{ka n`';suks vLrqAA1
gekjs n'kZu osQ fy;s vUrfj{k 'kkfUrizn gksA
ty 'kkfUr&
'ka u% flU/o% 'keq lURoki%AA2
unh leqnz vkSj ty gekjs fy;s lq[kizn gksaA
vfXu 'kkfUr&
'ka uks vfXuT;ksZfrjuhdks vLrqAA3
T;ksfreqZ[k vfXu ge yksxksa osQ fy;s lq[k:i gksA
ok;q 'kkfUr&
'ka u bf"kjks vfHkokrq okr%AA4
'kh?kz pyus okyk ok;q ge yksxksa osQ fy;s lq[k:i gks vkSj lc vksj ls
cgsA
vFkoZosn êkrk Hkwfe% iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%* (92-1-12) dg dj ge lcdks
i`Foh dk iq=k crkrk gSA vFkkZr~ i`Foh gekjs fy;s ekrk osQ leku iwT; gSA ekrk
f'k'kq dks tUe nsrh gS] mls iks"krh gS vkSj mldh izR;sd dkeuk iw.kZ djrh gS]
vr% og gekjs fy;s fo'o Hkj esa lc ls vknj vkSj iwtk dh ik=k gSA i`Foh
jRuxHkkZ gS] og vÂ mitkrh gS] mldh dks[k ls ge vius vko';drk dh
lkjh oLrq,a izkIr djrs gSaA ge i`Foh osQ tyÏksrksa] [kfutksa vkSj [kk|ksa dk nksgu
djrs gSa vkSj og mUgsa iqu% iw.kZ djrh gS] pqdus ugha nsrhA HkwxHkZoSKkfud bls
i`Foh dh vn~Hkqr 'kfDr ekurs gSaA vFkoZosn dk ½f"k i`Foh ls izkFkZuk djrk
gS &
;Ùks Hkwes fo'oukfe f{kiza rnfHkjksgrqA
ekrs eeZ foe`Xofj ek rs ân;efiZie~AA
1- ½- 10-35-5
2- ½- 7-35-8
3- ½- 7-35-4
4- ½- 7-35-4
8 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
vFkoZosn dk ½f"k ;g tkurk gS fd i`Foh esa oqQN ,sls inkFkZ gSa tks
fudkys tkus ij iqu% iz:<+ gks ldrs gSa fdUrq oqQN ,sls Hkh gS tks ,d ckj
fudkys tkus osQ ckn iqu% iz:<+ ugha gks ldrsA blhfy;s og i`Foh ls izkFkZuk
djrk gS fd esjs }kjk tks inkFkZ rqEgkjs xHkZ ls [kus tk jgs gSa] og 'kh?kz iz:<+
gks fdUrq og Hkh laosQr djrk gS fd viz:<+ gksus okys inkFkks± dks euq"; i`Foh
osQ xHkZ ls u fudkysA
i`Foh leLr Hkwrksa dks tUe nsrh gS] vr% loZHkwrèkfj=kh gSA leLr fo'o
dk Hkj.k djrh gS] vr% fo'oEHkjk gS] lHkh izkf.k;ksa dks èkkj.k djrh gS] vr%
èkfj=kh gS] cgqewY; [kfut blosQ xHkZ esa gSa] vr% olqèkkuh gSA ;tqosZn xoZ ls
bls ^èkzqokfl èkfj=kh*1 dgrk gSA vFkoZosn ^fo'oEHkjk olqèkkuh izfr"Bk fgj.;o{kk
txrks fuos'kuh*2 dg dj bldk xq.kxku djrk gSA
c`gnkj.;d mifu"kn~ esa xkxhZ okpDuoh us ;kKoYD; ls iz'u fd;k&
fo'o osQ lEiw.kZ inkFkZ vxj ty ls vksr&izksr gSa rks ty fdl ij vksr&izksr
gSA bu iz'u osQ mÙkj esa ;kKoYD; oqQN vkuk dkuh djrs fn[krs gSaA os vusd
inkFkks± dks fxukus dk miØe djrs gSa fdUrq og ftl inkFkZ dk Hkh uke ysrs
gSa xkxhZ okpDuoh ml ij izfriz'u dj cSBrh gS& ;g fdlls vksr&izksr gS\
vUrr% ;kKoYD; tSlk euLoh ½f"k Hkh viuk vkik [kks cSBrk gS vkSj xkxhZ
dks iz'u iwNus ls jksdrk gS&
vkxs iz'u er dj xkxhZ] dgha rsjk f'kj uhps u fxj tk;&
vFk gSua xkxhZ okpDuoh iizPN] ;kKoYD;sfr gksokpA ;fnna loZeILoksra
p izksra p] dfLeÂq [kYoki vksrk'p izksrk'psfr ----- l gksokp&xkfxZ ekfrizk{khekZ
rs ewèkkZ O;iIrnufriz'U;ka oS nsorkefri`PNflA xkfxZ ekfrizk{khfjfrA rrks g xkxhZ
okpDUO;qijjkeA3
xkxhZ vkSj ;kKoYD; osQ bl laokn ls i`Foh dh egÙkk fl¼ gSA og
lqf{kfr gS] lq{ksek gS] vusd èkeks± vkSj vusd Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa dks ?kj osQ lnL;ksa
osQ leku èkkj.k djus okyh gSA blhfy;s og ekrk gS] tuuh gS vkSj nzfo.k dh
lgÏ èkkjk,a cgkus okyh gSA i`Foh osQ blh vuUR; osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
esa og izFke iwT; gSA 'kSÕ;k ls mBus osQ igys ge mlls iknLi'kZ osQ fy;s {kek
ekaxrs gSa&iknLi'k± {keLo esA
1- ;tq- 14-22
2- vFkoZ- 12-1-6
3- c`gnk- 3-6-1
gekjh ijEijk esa o`{k lk{kkr~ iq=k ekus x;s gSaA ;g dgk x;k gS fd isM+
iq=kghu dks Hkh iq=koku~ cuk nsrs gSaA ,d v'oRFk dk o`{k lSdM+ksa iq=kksa ls Hkh
c<+dj gSA blfy;s ftruk gks losQ isM+ yxkuk pkfg;sA csVs firk dk vfUre
laLdkj ;k Jk¼ vkfn djsaxsa ;k ugha fdUrq isM+ rks ges'kk gh Js;Ldj vFkZ dks
tUe nsrs jgrs gSaA tks isM+ yxkrk gS og Lo;a rhFkZLo:i cu tkrk gSA og lnSo
nku nsus okyk rFkk ;K djus okyk cuk jgrk gS&
viq=kL; fg iq=kRoa iknik bg oqQoZrsA
;Rusukfi p foizsUnz v'oRFkkjksi.ka oqQ#AA
'krS% iq=klgÏk.kkesd ,o fof'k";rsA
dkesu jksi;sf}izk ,df}f=kla[;;kAA
iq=kk% laoRljL;kUrs Jk¼a oqQoZfUr ok u okA
izR;ga iknik% iqf"Va Js;ks¿Fk± tu;fUr fgAA
euqLe`fr o`{k dks dkVus okys ;k fou"V djus okys dks n.M fo/ku
djrh gSA tks Hkh O;fDr o`{k dks gkfu igq¡pkrk gS og n.Muh; gksrk gSA
eRL;iqjk.k bl fo"k; esa Li"V funsZ'k nsrk gS &
o`{ka rq liQya fNRok lqo.k± n.MegZfrA
f}xq.ka n.M;sPpSoa ifFk lhfEu tyk'k;sAA
NsnukniQyL;kfi eè;ea lkgla Le`re~A
xqYeoYyhyrkuka p lqo.kZL; p ek"kde~AA
o`Fkk PNsnh r`.kL;kfi n.MÔ% dk"kkZi.ka Hkosr~A
f=kHkkxa Ñ".kyk n.MÔk% izkf.kuLrkMus rFkkAA
ns'kdkykuq:is.k ewY;a jktk nqzekfn"kqA
rRLokfeuLrFkk n.MÔk n.MeqDrLrq ikfFkZoAA
;=kkfrorZrs ;qX;a oSxq.;kr~ izktdL; rqA
r=k Lokeh Hkosn~ n.MÔks izkIr'psRizktdks Hkosr~AA1
Hkkjrh; ijEijk vukfndky ls o`{kksa dks izk.koku ekurh jgh gSA og ;g
Hkh ekurh gS fd o`{kksa esa Hkkouk vkSj fopkj ldrh gS euq dgrs gSa&
¶vUr%laKk HkoUR;srs lq[knq%[klefUork%¸2A euq dh bl ?kks"k.kk osQ yxHkx nks
gtkj lky ckn egku~ oSKkfud lj txnh'k pUnz cksl us bl er dks iw.kZr%
1- eRL;- & 227@91&95
2- euq- 1-49
10 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
oSKkfud fl¼ fd;k rFkk bls izekf.kr Hkh fd;kA cksl us ;g fl¼ fd;k fd
o`{kksa esa mÙkstuk dk lapkj oS|qfrd ekè;e ls gksrk gS osQoy osQfedy ekè;e
ls ughaA mUgksaus ikS/ksa ij cnyrs gq, ekSle ls gksus okys izHkko dk Hkh vè;;u
fd;kA
;fn o`{k izk.koku~ vkSj fopkjoku~ gSa rks mUgsa iq=k dk LFkku nsuk vuqfpr
ugha gSA iq=k ¶iqa¸ uked ujd ls j{kk djrk gS blfy;s og ekuo thou dh
lcls cM+h miyfC/ vkSj lcls cM+h lEifÙk gSA eRL;iqjk.k ,d o`{k dks n'k
iq=kksa osQ leku ekurk gS rFkk mls iq=k ls Hkh vf/d egÙo nsrk gS&
n'kowQilek okih n'kokihleks ßn%A
n'kßnle% iq=kks n'kiq=kleks nzqe%AA1
vFkkZr~ ,d ckoM+h n'k oqQvksa osQ cjkcj gksrh gS] ,d ßn (rkykc) n'k
ckoM+h osQ cjkcj gksrk gS rFkk ,d iq=k n'k ßn osQ leku gksrk gS vkSj ,d
o`{k n'k iq=kksa osQ leku gksrk gSA blls Li"V gS fd o`{kkjksi.k dks gekjh iqjk.k
ijEijk iq=k ls Hkh c<+dj egÙo nsrh gSA i;kZoj.k ea=kky; us mi;qZDr 'yksd
osQ vk/kj ij ¶,d o`{k n'k iq=k leku¸ tSlk ukjk cukdj tulkekU; esa
i;kZoj.k psruk dks txkus osQ fy;s txg&txg ij mYys[k fd;k gSA
esjk ekuuk gS fd yksd 'kkL=k dh vis{kk dgha vf/d ltx gksrk gSA
yksdksfDr;ksa esa fufgr i;kZoj.k fo"k;d fopkj 'kkL=k vkSj foKku nksuksa dks
peRÑr djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ijh{k.k osQ fy;s izsfjr djrs gSaA Hkkjr Ñf"k izèkku
ns'k jgk gS] vr% o`f"V foKku ij ;gk¡ vusd xzUFkksa dk iz.k;u LokHkkfod gSA
ia- e/qlwnu vks>k dk t;ukjk;.k O;kl fo'ofo|ky; ls izdkf'kr dknfEcuh
uked o`f"V foKku fo"k;d xzUFk yksd] 'kkL=k vkSj foKku osQ vk/kj ij o`f"V
osQ ;ksx ij fopkj izLrqr djrk gSA ia- e/qlwnu vks>k fy[krs gSa&
T;s"BÑ".kk"Veh pUæs es?kkPNÂa u n'kZ;sr~A
tyiw.kkZ rnk i`Foh fueZysUnqjo`f"VÑr~AA2
vFkkZr~ T;s"B Ñ".k i{k v"Veh dk pUæ ;fn dkys cknyksa osQ dkj.k
u fn[kk;h ns rks le>ks i`Foh ij [kwc cjlkr gksxhA ;fn ml jkr pUæek
fn[kkbZ ns rks lw[kk iM+sxk] ;g le>uk pkfg,A
bl fo"k; esa yksd dh Li"V jk; gS&
1- eRL;- 154-592
2- dknfEcuh] i`- 83
vlkMkS /qj v"Veh
pUæ lsojk Nk;
pkj ekl porks jgS
ftM HkkM+S jS jk;
ia- e/qlwnu vks>k dk ;g xzUFk iw.kZr% i;kZoj.k ij vkfJr gSA yksd osQ
gtkjksa o"kks± osQ vuqHko dks lk{; ikdj iz.khr ;g xzUFk fu'p; gh ledkyhu
laLÑr okÄ~e; dh egrh miyfC/ gS fdUrq i;kZoj.k osQ iznwf"kr gks tkus ij
D;k bl foKku osQ fy;s visf{kr ?kVuk;sa ?kV ldrh gSa\ ;fn ?kVha Hkh rks D;k
mu ij tuekul fo'okl dj ldrk gSA
vk"kk<+ 'kqDyi{k dh uoeh osQ fnu fctyh peosQ vkSj ckny p<+s rks
le>ks o`f"V gksxh fdUrq ;fn ml fnu ckny u p<+s vkSj fctyh u peosQ rks
nq£Hk{k fuf'pr gS&
'kqDyk"kk<s uoE;ka rq fo|qn~ ?ku?kVk 'kqHkkA
u fo|qrks u ok es?kk nq£Hk{ka L;kno`f"Vr%AA
blh ckr dks ?kk?k bl izdkj dgrs gSa&
'kqØokj dh cknjh jgh 'kuhpj Nk;A
?kk?k dgSa ?kkf?ku ls fcu cjls ufga tk;AA
yksd dk ,d vU; mnkgj.k Hkh æ"VO; gS&
Jko.k'kqDyk lIreh tks xjtS v/jkrA
rq tSvks fi; ekyok ge tScs xqtjkrAA
yksd ;k 'kkL=k osQ bu vuqHkoksa osQ vkdyu osQ fy;s Hkh i;kZoj.k mruk
gh vko';d gS ftruk gekjs thou osQ fy;sA ekSle foKku dh Hkfo";okf.k;ksa
ls VDdj ysrh yksd esa iSQyh ?kk?k dh mfDr;ksa ;k dknfEcuh tSls xzUFk
tyok;q ifjorZu dh ekj ls >wBs gks jgs gSaA
fo'o LokLF; laxBu dk dFku gS fd tc izkÑfrd rFkk vU; tyÏksr
fdlh fotkrh; ty esa fefJr gks tkrs gSa rks og ty tho/kfj;ksa rFkk
ouLifr;ksa osQ fy;s gkfudkjd gks tkrk gSA mlls vkWDlhtu dh ek=kk Hkh de
gks tkrh gS vkSj mlosQ nq"izHkko ls egkekjh iSQyrh gSA
blh ckr dks pjd Hkh dgrs gSa&
fifPNya Ñfeya fDyÂa i.kZ'kSokydnZeS%A
foo.k± fojla lkUæa nqxZU/a u fgra tye~AA
12 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
fpdukbZ ls ;qDr] ftlesa dhM+s iM+ x;s gksa] ftlesa iÙks] 'kSoky vkSj
dhpM+ lM+ jgs gksa] foo.kZ] uhjl vkSj nqxZU/;qDr ty mi;qDr ugha gksrkA vr
,o gekjh ijEijk esa ty dks lnSo ifo=k j[kus dh ckr dh tkrh jgh gSA
fdlh tyk'k; osQ fudV] ifo=k unh osQ rV ij ey] ew=k vkfn dk R;kx
iw.kZr% o£tr gS&
ew=ka ok¿Fk iqjh"ka ok xÄõkrhjs djksfr ;%A
u n`"Vk fu"ÑfrLrL; tUedksfV'krSjfiAA
mfPN"Va diQda pSo xÄõkxHksZ p ;LR;tsr~A
l ;kfr ujda ?kksja czãgR;ka p foUnfrAA1
;gk¡ xaxk dks egku~ tyk'k; dk izrhd eku dj fpUru djsa rks gesa
izR;sd tyk'k; dh 'kqf¼ dh izsj.kk izkIr gksrh gSA xaxk] ;equk vkfn tSlh
egkufn;k¡] gekjs vU; vusd egku~ ty Ïksr ekuoÑr~ iznw"k.k ls nwf"kr gks
pqosQ gSaA is; ty dk ladV fo'o osQ izR;sd ns'k osQ le{k vulqy>h igsyh
dh rjg [kM+k gS vkSj ge vius dks lq/kjs fcuk mls ns[k jgs gSaA
laLÑr okÄ~e; esa i;kZoj.k fo"k;d vusd dFku miyC/ gSa ftuosQ
fy;s vusd izcU/ksa dh vko';drk gSA og ;fn fojkV~ iq#"k dh dk;k osQ :i
esa leLr czãk.M dks ns[krk gS rks o`{k osQ izR;sd vax esa Hkh ml fojkV~ iq#"k
osQ n'kZu djrk gSA LdUniqjk.k v'oRFk o`{k osQ ewy esa fo".kq LdUn esa osQ'ko
dh] 'kk[kkvksa esa ukjk;.k iÙkksa esa Hkxoku gfj bR;kfn dh fLFkfr dk mYys[k
djrk gS&
ewys fo".kq% fLFkrks fuR;a LdU/s osQ'ko ,o p
ukjk;.kLrq 'kk[kklq i=ks"kq Hkxoku~ gfj%A
iQys¿P;qrks u lUnsg% loZnsoS% lefUor%A
l ,o fo".kqnzqZe ,o ewrkSZ
egkRefHk% lsforiq.;ewye~A
;L;kJ;% ikilgÏgUrk
HkosÂ`.kka dkenq?kks xq.kk<Ô%AA2
bl izdkj leLr czãk.M esa o`{k vkSj o`{k esa leLr czãk.M O;kIr gSA
o`{k fojkV~ iq#"k dk vax gS vkSj fojkV~iq#"k o`{k dk vax gSA nksuksa ,d nwljs
1- iÁiqjk.ke~] fØ;k;ksx- 8-8&10

2- LdUn-iq- ukxj[ka- 247-41]42]44
osQ iwjd gSaA o`{k ukjk;.k esa jgrk gS vkSj ukjk;.k o`{k esaA bl izdkj nksuksa
ijLij fHkÂ gksdj Hkh vfHkÂ gSa vkSj vfHkÂ gksdj fHkÂ Hkh gSaA tgk¡ vkRek gS]
fopkj'kfDr gS] 'okl&iz'okl dh izfØ;k gS] foKku mls tho/kjh ekurk gSA
'kkL=k izR;sd tho/kjh esa ukjk;.k dh fLFkfr dks izekf.kr djrk gS vkSj ukjk;.k
dks tho/kjh ls vfHkÂ Hkh ekurk gSA
ge LofLrokpu djrs gSa& LofLr u%A ge nh?kkZ;q gksuk pkgrs gSa& those
'kjn% 'kre~] ge leLr lq[k Hkksxuk pkgrs gSa] dY;k.kijEijkvksa dks vkRelkr~
djuk pkgrs gSa] de esa vusd vkSj vusd esa ,d dk izR;{k djuk pkgrs gSa]
vuqHko djuk pkgrs gSa fdUrq ge lq[kn vUr dh Hkh dkeuk djrs gSa] ogha
lekuk pkgrs gSa tgk¡ ls ge vk;s gSa] mUgha iapHkwrksa esaA eSa ÍXosn osQ e`R;qlwDr
osQ ,d ea=k ls viuh ckr lekIr djuk pkgw¡xkA tgk¡ Íf"k ,d e`rd dks
lEcksf/r djrk gqvk dgrk gS&
lw;± p{kqxZPNrq okrekRek
|ka p xPN i`fFkoha p /eZ.kkA
viks ok xPN ;fn r=k rs fgr&
eks"k/h"kq izfr fr"Bk 'kjhjS%AA
gs e`R;q dks izkIr ekuo!
rqEgkjh vk¡[ksa lw;Z esa lek jgh gSa]
rqEgkjh vkRek fey jgh gS
ok;q ls
rqe vius iq.; osQ izrki ls
LoxZyksd dks tkvks
vFkok ikuh ;k i`Foh ij jgks
tgk¡ rqEgkjk dY;k.k gks ogk¡ jgks
vFkok lw{e 'kjhj ysdj
fiQj ls tUeks
o`{kksa esa] vks"kf/;ksa esaAA
ÍXosn gekjs izR;sd rÙo osQ mlls lEc¼rÙo esa lek tkus dh dkeuk
djrk gS vkSj gesa fiQj ikS/ksa vkSj ouLifr;ksa osQ :i esa mxus dk vk'khokZn nsrk
gSA dk'k] ge le>sa ÍXosn osQ bl eeZ dks vkSj o`{kksa dh j{kk djsaA i;kZoj.k
dks lq/kjsaA D;k irk buesa ls dksbZ gekjk iwoZt gks] tks isM+ cu dj vk x;k
gS i`Foh dh j{kk osQ fy;sA
14 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
lUnHkZ xzUFk&
1- lkroysdj] nkeksnj] ÍXosn lafgrk] Lokè;k; e.My] ikjMh] 1985
2- c`gnkj.;dksifu"kn~] xhrkizsl xksj[kiqj
3- Jhen~Hkkxor egkiqjk.k] xhrkizsl xksj[kiqj
4- vk;Z] deyukjk;.k] oSfnd okÄ~e; esa i;kZoj.k ,oa iznw"k.k] Lokeh
fnO;kuUn izdk'ku] jk;iqj (e-iz-)] 1998
5- ljLorh] Lokeh foosdkuUn (la-)] vk/qfud i;kZoj.k leL;k] oSfnd
lek/ku] Lokeh leiZ.kkuUn oSfnd 'kks/ laLFkku] esjB] 1993
6- osnkyadkj] jkeukFk] e/qo`f"V] fot; oqQekj xksfoUnjke gklkuUn] 4408]
ubZ lM+d] fnYyh] 2000
7- vks>k] e/qlwnu] dknfEcuh] ia- e/qlwnu vks>k izdks"B] tks/iqj] 2003
8- 'kqDyk] jRuk] Hkwfj;k] oqQlqe] laLÑr lkfgR; esa i;kZoj.k] lR;a ifCyf'kax
gkml] ubZ fnYyh] 2013
9- ik.Ms;] jekdkUr (la-) laLÑr foe'kZ ('kks/ if=kdk] vad & 9)]
jk-la-la-] ubZ fnYyh] 2013
10- 'kkL=kh] 'kadjyky] laLÑr okÄ~e; esa i;kZoj.k] galk izdk'ku] t;iqj]
2008A
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Sa¨sk¼ta-VimarÄaš -2019 (Vol. 15-16) ISSN : 0975-1769
Vibhakti and Kàraka: Paõinian

Perspective
Devanand Shukla &
Preeti Shukla
Rastriya Sanskrit Sansthan
(Deemed University) New Delhi &
Department of Sanskrit Studies
Unversity of Hyderabad, Hyderabad
¹vfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks ikf.kuh;O;kdj.kn`"V~;k foHkDrhuka dkjdk.kk×p

fopkj% Ñrks orZrsA lIrfoHkDr;% HkofUr rklka foHkDrhuka
d% vFkZ%\ dkjdfoHkDrs% izo`fÙk% dFka laHkofr bfr fopkj%
v=k izLrqr%A &laúº
In Sanskrit both the sup and tiï suffixes are termed as vibhakti
pratyayas1. Sup suffix is added to a nominal stem and tiï suffix is
added to a verbal root. The vibhakti in Sanskrit represents the relations
between a noun and a verb or two nouns. It is possible that because
of change in vivakùà (speaker's intention), the kàraka relation between
a noun and a verb changes and so does its surface realisation in
terms of vibhakti. We discuss in this paper the concept of vibhakti
and its relation to kàraka through Pàïinian perspective.
Nominal vibhakti classification in Sanskrit:
1. Vibhakti÷ca (supatiïau vibhaktisaüj¤au staþ - S.K.) (P-1.4.104)
( 15 )
16 laLÑr foe'kZ%
The seven vibhakti markers in Sanskrit terminology are
prathamà, dvitãyà, tçtãyà, caturthã, pa¤camã, ùaùñhã and saptamã (first,
second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh case suffix respectively).
Pàõinian såtras ànabhihite' till `caturthã cà÷iùyàyuùya' (P -2.3.1-2.3.73)
focuses only on vibhakti. The vibhakti in Sanskrit is broadly classified
into two kinds as shown in the above figure, viz.,
Kàraka vibhakti:
Vibhakti expressing the relationship with a verbal activity is
termed as kàraka vibhakti. All the seven case suffixes are used as
kàraka vibhaktis. Except the sixth case suffix which denotes the
relationship of a word with another.
Non-kàraka vibhakti:
That vibhakti which is not directly related to kàraka is termed
as non-kàraka vibhakti. This is further classified into three types as
follows:-
Upapada vibhakti -
Those vibhaktis which are used in connection with certain
words, or with certain types of words are known as upapada
vibhaktis1. Here too almost all the seven case suffixes are used as
upapada vibhaktis. Upapada vibhakti is of five types2 :
Karmapravacanãyà:
According to deZioz puh;k% (P-1.4.83), karmapravacanãyà is "that
which previously expressed a verbal activity but presently it does
not"3. Even Bhartçhari has stated in his work `Vàkyapadãyam' that
karmapravacanãyà is neither a dyotaka of an action nor a vàcaka of
a relation but a specifier (bhedaka) of certain other relations like the
lakùyalakùaõa relation4. Here dyotaka in the sense it is different from
the typical function words such as the vibhaktis. For example, `japam
anu pràvarùat' - here anu does not denote the action nor does it
1. Padam à÷ritya jàyamànà vibhaktiþ upapadavibhaktiþ
2. This classification is based on Tripathi [1977]
3. Karma kriyàü-proktavantaþ prakà÷ayantaþ karmapravacanãyàþ iti-M.Bh
on P-1.4.83
4. kiyàyà dyotako nàyaü sambandhasya na vàcakaþ|
nàpi kriyàpadàpekùã sambandhasya tu bhedakaþ|| -V.P.2.204
Vibhakti and Kàraka: Paõinian Perspective 17
signify the general relation which takes the sixth case suffix but it
specifies a special relationship that of lakùyalakùaõabhàva. So, japa
is the lakùaõa (the reason to cause rain which is the lakùya) expressed
through the karmapravacanãya anu. Thus japa takes the second case
suffix from the rule deZizopuh;;qDrs f}rh;k (P-2.3.8)
Panini has listed around 11 karmapravacanãyàs which are
discussed in såtras 1.4.82-1.4.97, viz., anu, upa, apa, pari, àï, prati,
abhi, adhi, su, ati and api in the senses of hetulakùaõa, sahàrtha,
hãnatà, àdhikya, varjana, maryàdàvacana, lakùaõa,
itthambhutàkhyàna, bhàga, vipsà, pratinidhi, pratidàna, ànarthakya,
påjà, atikramaõa, padàrtha, sambhàvana, anvavasarga, garhà,
samuccaya, svàmya and adhikàra.
Pradibhinna avyaya :
Words in connection with those indeclinables which are different
from pràdi (pra etc., indeclinables) such as :
In conjunction with the indeclinable antarà or antareõa, the
word takes the second case suffix1. e.g.,
àntarà devavàõiü mà vyàhàrùiþ'.
In conjunction with the indeclinable saha, the word takes the
third case suffix2. e.g.,
`mata putrena saha agacchati'.
Ìn conjunction with the indeclinable vinà, the word takes the
second, third and fifth case suffix3. e.g.,
`dharmam/ dharmeõa/ dharmàt vina na ÷obhate vidyà'.
Ìn conjunction with the indeclinables namaþ, svasti, svàhà,
svadhà, alam and vaùañ, the word takes the fourth case suffix4. e.g.,
`gurave namaþ', `sarvebhyaþ svasti', etc.
Sa¤j¤à:
Words in connection with substantives like svami, svàmã, ã÷vara,
adhipati, dàyàda, sàkùin, pratibhå, prasåta, àyukta, ku÷ala, etc. take
1. Antaràntareõayuke-P-2.3.4
2. Sahayukte'pradhàne-P-2.3.19
3. pçthagvinànànàbhistçtãyà'nyatarasyàm-P-2.3.32
4. Namaþ svastisvàhàsvadhà'laüvaùaóyogàcca-P-2.3.16
18 laLÑr foe'kZ%
the sixth as well as seventh case suffix1. e.g.,
`gavàm/ goùu svami', `àyuktaþ haripåjanasya/ haripåjane', etc.
Dhàtu:
In conjunction with some verbal roots such as nàth, jàsi, han,
nàñ, krath, più, etc., the word takes the sixth case suffix2. e.g.,
`sarpiùo nàthate', `caurasya ujjàsayati', etc.
Word signifying the meaning of any sa¤j¤à:

In conjunction with any word denoting the meaning of
substantives such as those in the sense of dåra and antika, the word
takes the fifth as well as sixth case suffix3. e.g.,
`vanàt/vanasya dåram, viprakçùñam, antikam, abhyà÷am'.
Specific vibhakti -
Those substantives in the sense of dåra and antika specifically
take the second, third and fifth case suffix. These vibhaktis do not
have any independent sense but they take the sense of dåra and
antika4. e.g.,
`vanasya dåram/dåreõa/dåràt', `vanasya antikam/antikena/
antikàt'.
Sambandha vibhakti -
That vibhakti which expresses the relationship in general of
one word with another is termed as sambandha vibhakti5. Various
relationships such as svasvàmibhàva (owner-owned), aïgàïgãbhàva
(part-whole), janyajanakabhàva (produced-producer), etc. come under
this. For instance, in the sentence `sure÷asya putrã sundarã asti' - the
word sure÷a is related to the word putrã through janyajanakabhàva
relation and takes the sixth case suffix.
1. svàmã÷varàdhipatidàyàdasàkùipratibhåprasåtai÷ca-P-2.3.39,
àyuktaku÷alàbhyàü càsevàyàm P-2.3.40
2. à÷iùi nàthaþ-P-2.3.55, jàsiniprahaõanàñakràthapiùàü hiüsàyàm-P-2.3.56
3. dåràntikàrthaiþ ùaùñhyanyatarasyàm-P-2.3.34
4. dåràntikàrthebhyo dvitãyà ca -P-2.3.35
5. ùaùñhã ÷eùe-P-2.3.50
Vibhakti and Kàraka: Paõinian Perspective 19
Kàraka vibhakti relation
Each kàraka when expressed through the verbal suffix tiï takes
the first case suffix and in the case of avivakùà of kàrakatva it takes
the sixth case suffix denoting the relationship in general. While in
other cases due to vivakùà of kàrakatva, the default vibhakti is taken
as per the Pàõinian såtras `karmaõi dvitãyà (P-2.3.2), caturthã
sampradàne (P-2.3.13), kartçkaraõayostçtãyà (P-2.3.18), apàdàne
pa¤camã (P-2.3.28) and saptamyadhikaraõe ca (P-2.3.36)'. Thus at
first glance it may seem that there is one-to-one mapping between
kàraka and vibhakti but this may not be as it seems. Sometimes a
new semantic role other than the default one is expressed, as in the
case of sampradàna kàraka which is not restricted in the sense of
recipient only but taken also in the following senses:
`màdhavàya rocate, svadate, ÷làghate, hnute, tiùñhate, ÷apate,
dhàrayati, krudhyati, druhyati, ãrùyati, asåyati, ràdhyati, ãkùate,
prati÷çõoti, à÷çõoti and anugçhõàti, pratigçhõàti' (P-1.4.32-41).
Here Pàõini only meant by the above sutras that whatsoever is
desired by the kartà through karma is termed sampradàna. Or the
above mentioned senses can be taken as atidiùña sampradànatva
(imposed sampradana).
Thus though in a language in general the semantic
generalisations are captivated through the kàrakas, there are exceptions
as noticed above. Here are some more examples of imposition of one
kàraka over the other:
Of sampradàna with karma:

The term sampradàna is applied in conjunction with the verbal
roots krudh and druh but when these roots are with prefixes, then the
term karma is applied. e.g., `duùñam abhikrudhyati/ abhidruhyati'.
That which is desired takes the term sampradàna in conjunction
with the verbal root spçh - `puùpebhyaþ spçhayati' but when it
becomes the most desired, it takes the term karma - `puùpàõi spçhayati'.
Of adhikaraõa with karma:

Generally all loci are adhikaraõa but in the following senses
these take the term karma: `gçham adhi÷ete, adhitiùñhati, adhyàste,
upavasati, adhivasati, àvasati' and 'sanmàrgam abhinivi÷ate'.
20 laLÑr foe'kZ%
Of karaïa with karma and sampradànà:
That which is supplemental takes the term karaõa but in the
case of the verbal root div it takes karma as well as karaõa. e.g.,
àkùàn akùaiþ và dãvyati'.
Similarly in the case of the verbal root krã with prefix, that
which is supplemental takes karaõa as well as sampradana. e.g.,
`÷atena ÷atàya và parikrãtaþ'.
Sometimes the kartà of the verbal root becomes karma when
the verb becomes causal and takes the second case suffix while
some remain kartà taking the third case suffix (P-1.4.52 and 53).
e.g., `gamayati gràmaü devadatta ü yaj¤adattaþ'. `vàhayati bhàra ü
devadattena yaj¤adattaþ'.
Similarly typically there is a default vibhakti for each kàraka.
However, there are cases where the vibhakti deviates from the default,
sometimes even giving optional usages with different vibhakti. We
will look at some of them :
1. The object of the verbal root gam takes the second as well
as fourth case suffix (P-2.3.12). e.g., `saþ gràmam/gràmàya gacchati'.
2. The object of the verbal root hu takes the second as well as
third case suffix. e.g., `yavàgum/ yavàgvà agnihotraü? juhoti'.
3. The object of the verbal root j¤a with prefix sam takes the
second as well as optionally the third case suffix (P-2.3.22). e.g.,
`pitaram pitrà và saüjànãte'.
4. The object of the verb manya takes the second as well as
optionally the fourth case suffix (P-2.3.17). e.g., `na tvàü tçõ a ü
tçõàya và manye'.
5. The words stoka, etc. takes the third as well as fifth case
suffix (P-2.3.33). e.g., `stokena stokàd và muktaþ'.
6. Katyayana accepts that the object of the verb yaj takes the
term karaõa and sampradàna takes the term karma (và. on P-8.1.32).
e.g., `pa÷uü rudràya yajate'. 'pa÷unà rudra ü yajate'.
7. He also accepts the seventh case suffix in the object of kta
ending in the affix in (và. on P-2.3.36). e.g., àdhãtã vyàkaraõe'.
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osÄïVs'ojizdk'ku] fr#ifr i`-la- 14
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3- ijh{kkO;k[;kµHkSjofeJ% laor~ 1881
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Hkh gSaA çLrqr i=k esa ckylkfgR; ys•u dh fofoèk foèkkvksa] rFkk orZeku esa
l`ftr ckylkfgR; dk LFkkyhiqykdU;k; ls laoQs r nsrs gq, laLÑr ckylkfgR;dkjksa
osQ lkeus vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa ij ppkZ djsaxsA
laLÑrckylkfgR;dkjksa dks ,d ckr ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk pkfg;sA çkphu
lkfgR; esa çfrfcfEcr lekt thoun'kZu] thou'kSyh] rFkk tuthou dh
leL;k,¡] vkèkqfud thou ls esy ugha •krhaA iQyLo:i ikBd çkphu
( 28 )
laLÑr ckylkfgR; % oqQN pqukSfr;k¡ 29
i`"BHkwfe esa rYyhu ugha gks ikrkA ik=kksa osQ lkFk ikBdksa dk rknkRE; u gks ikus
osQ dkj.k ikBd jpuk dk jlkLoknu ugha dj ikrkA lkèkkj.khdj.k osQ vHkko
esa ikBd dks çkphudkyhu i`"BHkwfe] fopkjèkkjk rFkk lkekftd thou vViVk
lk yxrk gSA
vr% vkèkqfud thou osQ lkekftd ifjos'k] ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk leL;kvksa
ls lEcfUèkr] ;qxkuq:i vkSj ljy Hkk"kk o euksjatd 'kSyh esa laLÑr ckylfgR;
fy•k tk;s] rks og ckydksa dks vfèkd #fpdj yxsxkA ulZjh dfork] cky
dFkk,¡] ckyukVd vkfn vkèkqfud thou dk çfrfcEc gksa] rks os ckyikBdksa dks
vfèkd vkdf"kZr djsaxsA ikBd mUgsa lgt gh vkRelkr Hkh dj losQxkA
vkt lekt esa cpiu Hkh vusd leL;kvksa ls f?kjk gSA vfèkdrj
ifjokjksa esa L=kh iq#"k nksuksa gh vFkkZsiktZu osQ fy;s ?kj ls ckgj tkrs gSaA ekrk
dh ns•js• rFkk Lusfgy vuq'kklu ls oafpr] ;s ckyd ukSdjksa rFkk vk;kvksa
osQ gkFkksa esa iyrs rFkk cM+s gksrs gSaA vr% Mk¡V MiV dk vfrjsd] Lusg dk
vHkko] muosQ •kus] nwèk o iQyksa dh pksjh vkfn lkekU; ckrsa gSa] tks ;s eklwe
lgu djrs gSaA dHkh dHkh rks ;kSu mRihM+u tSlh ?k`.kkLin ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Hkh
f'kdkj gksrs gSaA ckY;koLFkk osQ dVq vuqHkoksa osQ dkj.k ckyd osQ eu esa vusd
çdkj osQ Hk; rFkk vk'kadk;sa mRiUu gksrh gSaA muesa fpM+fpM+kiu] ?k`.kk] foæksgh
LoHkko rFkk dHkh dHkh volkn Hkh tUe ys ysrs gSaA oqQN ckyd viuh
euksO;Fkk dks ekrk firk osQ le{k O;ÙkQ Hkh ugha dj ikrsA vlqj{kkHkko ls
la=kLr] os eu gh eu ?kqVrs jgrs gSaA ;qokoLFkk vkus ij ,sls gh ckyd foÑr
ekufldrk osQ dkj.k fofoèk çdkj osQ vijkèkksa esa lafyIr gks tkrs gSaA
ckyd gekjk Hkfo"; gSaA gekjh loZJs"B jkf"Vª; lEink gSaA mudh mfpr
ns•Hkky gksA mudk 'kjhj rFkk eu LoLFk gks ,oa pfj=k mRÑ"V gks rHkh ,d
LoLFk lekt rFkk vkn'kZ ns'k cu ldrk gSaA bl n`f"V ls ,slk ckylkfgR;
fy•k tk;s] ftlesa gekjs lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dk Loj eq•j gks] tks ckydksa dks
drZO;ikyu bZekunkjh] lnkpkj] fuHkhZdrk] ijLij lg;ksx dh f'k{kk ns] rFkk
mUgsa thou esa dk;Z{ks=k esa n{k cuk;sA blosQ lkFk gh vkèkqfud thou osQ
egRoiw.kZ miknku dEI;wVj ,IyhosQ'kUl] dEI;wVj ØhM+k,¡] lhMh] oh-lhMh
eksckby iQksu vkfn osQ fofoèk ç;ksxksa] mi;ksxksa dk Hkh lekos'k gksA bu
rduhdh miknkuksa osQ o.kZuksa osQ mYys• ls ikBd dks vkèkqfud ;qx osQ ifjos'k
dk vkHkkl gksxkA blls ikBd dk ik=kksa osQ lkFk lkèkkj.khdj.k LokHkkfod :i
ls gksxkA
30 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
laLÑr ckylkfgR; ckydksa dh O;kogkfjd rFkk euksoSKkfud leL;kvksa
dk fo'ys"k.k rFkk muosQ lekèkku dh fn'kk esa lq>ko nsus okyk Hkh gksA ,slk
lkfgR; ckydksa dks viuh leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku •kstus osQ fy;s fn'kkcksèk Hkh
nsxkA bl lkfgR; ls ckydksa osQ eu esa fNih xzfUFk;k¡ lqy>saxh] rFkk muosQ
O;fÙkQRo dk cgqeq•h fodkl gksxkA blls ckydoÙn viuh çkphu laLÑfr dks
tkuus rFkk mldk egÙo le> dj viukus dks çsfjr gksaxsA Mk- jktoqQekjh
f=k•k dh Lojfpr cky ukVdksa dh iqLrd ^dL; fufeÙke~* osQ ^Js"Bk%
jk"VªlEin%* ukVd dk ik=k eqoqQy cpiu ls gh dEI;wVjxsEl •syrs •syrs u
tkus dc vuq'kklughu vkSj vlfg".kq LoHkko okyk cu tkrk gSA vUr esa og
ckyd viuk nks"k o mldk dkj.k le> ysrk gS rFkk ,sls dEI;wVjxsEl cukus
dk fu'p; djrk gS] tks n;k] lfg".kqrk] èkS;Z] ijLij lg;ksx rFkk fu;ekuqikyu
osQ xq.kksa dks fodflr djsA blh iqLrd osQ ,d ukVd ^thoUHkækf.k i';fr*
dk ik=k jkenkl esfMdy dh ijh{kk esa vliQy gksus rFkk ekrk firk dh HkRLukZ
ik us ij vkRegR;k djus tkrk gS] ijUrq oqQyxq# osQ ijke'kZ ls ch-,- esa
eupkgs fo"k; ysdj ijh{kk esa Js"B vad ikdj vkbZ-,-,l in çkIr djrk gSA
laLÑr çpkj rFkk çlkj gsrq çfrc¼] vR;Ur lfØ; rFkk vxz.kh laLFkk
laLÑrHkkjrh fofoèkrkiw.kZ vusd xfrfofèk;ksa osQ lkFk uolkfgR;jpuk osQ }kjk
laLÑr dh O;kid yksdfç;rk c<k jgh gSA bl laLFkk }kjk çdkf'kr
^lEHkk"k.klUns'k%* uked if=kdk ckydksa dks LoLFk euksjatu çnku djrh gqbZ]
muosQ 'kkL=kh; rFkk lkekU; Kku dh o`f¼ djrh gSA vkèkqfud thou'kSyh rFkk
euksjatu osQ lkèkuksa osQ vuq:i cukbZ xbZ laLÑr igsfy;ksa o 'yksdksPpkj.k dh
fofM;ks fDyIl Hkh ckyikBdksa dks vkdf"kZr djrh gSaA
igsfy;ksa rFkk 'yksdksa dk fgUnh vuqokn Hkh lkFk gksus osQ dkj.k ;s
fofM;ks fDyIl dkseyefr ckydksa dks cksèkxE; gksrh gSa rFkk laLÑr osQ çfr
vuqjkx mRiUu djrh gSaA
^laLÑrHkkjrh* us N&lkr ckyfp=kdFkk;s¡ (dkWfeDl) Hkh çdkf'kr dh
gSaA çk;% vkèkqfud tuthou ls lEcfUèkr fo"k;ksa ij vkèkkfjr ;s dkWfeDl]
ikBdksa dks cgqr vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA ^vgks fd;ku~ dksykgy%* rFkk
ôkf"kZdosQ'kdrZue~* fo'ks"k :i ls ;qxkuq:i fo"k;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksus osQ dkj.k
mYys•uh; gSaA ^fouk Jes.k xf.kre~* ,d vkSj ckyksi;ksxh jpuk gSA
fnYyh laLÑr vdkneh us ckylkfgR; jpuk dks çksRlkfgr djrs gq,
^laLÑr pfUædk* uked ckyif=kdk dk çdk'ku oqQN o"kZ iwoZ gh çkjEHk fd;k
gSA blesa ^MkW- jktoqQekjh f=k•k }kjk fyf•r] ^nUr'kqf¼egRoe~* uked ckydFkk
ckydksa dks nk¡rksa dh liQkbZ dh mi;ksfxrk n'kkZrs gq, ikBd dks vius LokLF;
dk è;ku j•us osQ fy;s çsfjr djrh gSA blh if=kdk esa ^vdcjohjcj
dFkkekyk* osQ :i esa MkW- jktoqQekjh f=k•k us vdcj chjcy osQ fdLlksa dks
ckydksa osQ fy;s ljy laLÑr Hkk"kk esa çLrqr djrs gq, LoLFk rFkk rdZiw.kZ
euksjatu çLrqr fd;k gSA
vusd fo}kuksa us O;fÙkQxr :i ls LorU=k ys•u }kjk laLÑr ckylkfgR;
dks le`¼ fd;k gSA fnoaxr rFkk jk"VªifriqjLdkj ls lEekfur MkW- lR;nso
pkSèkjh us fgUnh esa vusd ckyf'k{kkçn dFkk,¡ fy•ha rFkk mUgha dk laLÑr
vuqokn vusd •.Mksa esa çdkf'kr fd;kA û- okufjdk rFkk eqÙkQkekfydk p] ü-
ljyk oklUrh] ý- cqf¼eku~ y{;osèkd%A ;s dFkk,¡ tkrdekyk] iaprU=k]
fgrksins'k] dFkklfjRlkxj] bZliiQscYl] rFkk 'ks•lknh jfpr xqfyLrk¡ ls yh xbZ
gSaA oqQN dFkk,¡ yksddFkkvksa ij vkèkkfjr Hkh gSaA ;s dFkk,¡ euksjatu osQ lkFk
lkFk ckydksa dks f'k{kk Hkh nsrh gSaA bu dFkkvksa esa Hkk"kk ljy] nh?kZlekljfgr]
çfl¼ 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx] inPNsn lfgr lqcksèk 'kSyh rFkk fp=kksa dk lekos'k gSA
MkW- ljLorh ckyh us vkB ls iUæg o"kZ rd osQ ckydksa osQ fy;s
laLÑrdFkkvksa dk ,d ladyu ^ckyleqYykl%* 'kh"kZd ls fy•k] ftlesa
vkèkqfud rFkk O;kogkfjd thou ls lacfèkr ekSfyd dFkkvksa dk laxzg gSA bl
dFkklaxzg esa ,d dFkk gS] ûwruç;ksx%*A bl dk ik=k ,d X;kjg] ckjg o"kZ dk
Nk=k gS] tks i<kbZ esa detksj gSA mlosQ lqèkkj osQ fy;s mldh Vhpj mls
NqfV~V;ksa esa vius ls NksVh Dykl osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i<kus dk ijke'kZ nsrh gSA
bl çdkj bl ckyd dks fiNyh iqLrdksa dk Kku Hkyh Hkk¡fr gks tkrk gS] vkSj
og viuh d{kk esa Hkh vPNs vad ikdj ikl gksrk gSA bl çdkj O;kogkfjd
leL;k ls lEcfUèkr gksus osQ dkj.k ;g dFkklaxzg ikBdksa dks vkdf"kZr djrk
gSA
vktdy osQoy laLÑrdFkk;sa gh ugh ckyksi;ksxh ukVd rFkk dfork;s¡
Hkh ljylaLÑr esa fy•h tk jgh gSA MkW- jktoqQekjh f=k•k jfpr ckyukVÔladyu
dL; fufeÙke~ vR;Ur ljy laLÑr Hkk"kk esa ckyeu dh my>uksa dk fo'ys"k.k
djosQ] ckydksa dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus gsrq ckydksa rFkk vfHkHkkodksa dks Hkh
vusd ijke'kZ nsrk gSA LorU=k laLÑr ys•u osQ :i esa vusd ckydfork,a Hkh
vkèkqfud ckydksa osQ vUreZu dh >k¡dh çLrqr djrh gSaA MkW- ços'k lDlsuk dh
ckydfork uwru;qxL; Ñ".kks¿ge~ vktdy osQ ckydksa dh #fp dk euksgj
32 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
çdVhdj.k gSA blesa ckyd viuh ilUn ukilUn crkrs gq, dgrk gS] ek¡ eq>s
ek•u] nwèk] ngh] feBkbZ vPNh ugha yxrh] cfYd fiTtk] pkdysV] ikLrk
vPNk yxrk gSA vc eq>s os.kq ctkuk vkSj xksfi;ksa osQ lkFk jkl jpkuk Hkh ugha
HkkrkA eq>s rks fe=kksa osQ lkFk Mhts ij fMLdks Mkal vPNk yxrk gSA ;g ,d
;FkkFkZijd o #fp ifjorZu dk o.kZu djus okyh gkL; dfork gS] ftl esa
vkèkqfud thou 'kSyh dh >yd fn•kbZ nsrh gSA
ikBdksa es laLÑrckylkfgR; osQ çfr vuqjkx o vkd"kZ.k mRiUu djus
dh n`f"V ls ljy laLÑr laoknksa okyk rFkk vkèkqfud tuthou osQ vuq:i
os"kHkw"kk rFkk osQ'klTtk ls ef.Mr laLÑrpyfp=kksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh lkef;d
euksjatu dk lkèku gks ldrk gSA ;s pyfp=k lkekU; le;kofèk osQ vFkok de
le;kofèk osQ vFkkZr~ MkWD;qesUVjh Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa miyCèk ckylkfgR; dk ljy laLÑr esa
vuqokn djuk Hkh ckylkfgR; dks le`¼ cuk;sxkA blh çdkj lalkj dh vU;
Hkk"kkvksa dh mRÑ"V jpukvksa dk laLÑr vuqokn Hkh laLÑr cky lkfgR; dh
o`f¼ djsxkA blls ckydksa dks vU; ns'kksa dh laLÑfr dk Kku gksxk] vkSj muesa
fo'ocUèkqRo dk Hkko iq"V gksxkA
laLÑr vuqokn djrs le; vuqoknd dks vusd dfBukbZ;ksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gSA vusd uohu 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh djuk iM+rk gSA vuqoknd
osQ fy;s ewyys•u osQ vfHkçk; dks è;ku esa j• dj ljy laLÑr 'kCnksa dk
mi;ksx djuk vkSj ikBdksa dh #fp dks vk|ksikUr cuk;s j•uk ,d xEHkhj
pqukSrh gSA bl {ks=k esa oqQN xzUFkksa dk vuwfnr cky lkfgR; miyCèk gSA çfl¼
ys•d 'ks•lknh dh ^xqfyLrk¡* uked iqLrd dk vuqokn laLÑrHkk"kk esa
miyCèk gSA bls MkW- vkse~ çdk'k BkoqQj uked çfl¼ laLÑr jpukdkj us
lqeuksokfVdk 'kh"kZd ls vuwfnr dj çdkf'kr djok;k gSA MkW- BkoqQj dh gh
,d Ñfr ^bZlidFkkfuoqQt a * Hkh ;wukuh ys•d bZli dh dFkkvksa dk laLÑr:ikUrj
gSA MkW- BkoqQj dh bl jpuk dks lkfgR; vdkneh us 2012 esa iqjLdkj nsdj
lEekfur Hkh fd;k gSA bl dFkk laxzg esa ,d lkS X;kjg dFkkvksa dk laLÑr
vuqokn rFkk mudk fgUnh :ikUrj Hkh fn;k gS] ftlls ;g dFkklaxzg ckydksa
osQ fy;s cksèkxE; gks x;k gSA dFkk osQ vUr esa fu"d"kZ Lo:i mlls feyus
okyh f'k{kk dks 'yksd esa fuc¼ fd;k x;k gSaA MkW- vkse çdk'k BkoqQj dh ,d
vU; mYys•uh; jpuk gS] ^rsukyhdFkkdkSrqde~*A blesa vkaèkzçns'k osQ jktk
Ñ".knsojk; osQ eU=kh rsukyhjke dh yksdfoJqr dFkkvksa dk laLÑr vuqokn
fd;k x;k gSA
bl çdkj ge ns•rs gSa fd vkèkqfud dky esa laLÑr cky lkfgR;
ys•u ,d i`Fkd~ foèkk osQ :i esa lkfgR; esa mHkjk gSA ijUrq bl lkfgR;ys•u
ls lEcfUèkr ,d egRoiw.kZ pqukSrh gS] bl lkfgR; dks ikBdksa rd igq¡pkuk
vkSj ikBdksa dh o`f¼ djukA Hkkjr osQ lHkh jkT;ksa esa laLÑr esa lHkh çdkj dk
lkfgR; fy•k tk jgk gSA ijUrq bu lHkh ys•dksa dh iqLrdksa osQ fo"k; esa
lwpuk dk vHkko gSA fo}ku osQoy vius fe=kksa] ifjfprksa rFkk lEcfUèk;ksa osQ
lkfgR; ys•u ls gh ifjfpr gksrs gSaA fy•s x;s lkfgR; dh lwpuk nsus okyh
dksbZ osclkbV ugha gSaA lkfgR; dh lwpuk vkSj çlkj osQ mís'; ls
laLÑrfofdihfM;k] jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku] vFkok laLÑrHkkjrh tSlh vkfèkdkfjd
rFkk laLÑr çlkj çpkj gsrq çfrc¼ laLFkk] ,d uohu lkfgR; dh lwpuk nsus
okyk i`"B cuk losQ rks og cgqr mi;ksxh fl¼ gksxkA bl rjg lkfgR;
lEcUèkh lwpuk dks ikBdksa rd igq¡pkuk lqxe gksxkA
laLÑr cky lkfgR; ys•u esa ,d vkSj cM+h ckèkk gSA laLÑr lkfgR;
osQ çdk'ku esa çdk'kdksa dh dksbZ #fp ugha gksrhA bldk dkj.k gS fd laLÑr
iqLrdksa dh fcØh cgqr de gksrh gSA vr% çdk'kd fofHkUu cgkus cukdj
ys•dksa ls udn #i, ysdj laLÑr iqLrdksa dks Nkirs gSaA çdk'ku dh ;g
leL;k lkfgR; ys•u dks grksRlkfgr djus okyh gSA vr% laLÑr lkfgR; dk
ikBd oxZ rS;kj djuk vkSj mlesa o`f¼ djuk ,d lkef;d pqukSrh gSA ikBdksa
dks vkdf"kZr djus osQ fy, okV~l ,i] eSlsatj] iQslcqd] fV~oVj vkfn osQ
ekè;e ls pqVoqQys igsfy;k¡ dkVZwu vkfn ljy laLÑr Hkk"kk esa fy•dj ikBdksa
dks Hksts tk ldrs gSaA fo|ky;h; ikBÔØe esa v|ruh; Hkkjrh; ifjos'k esa
mi;ksxh lkexzh tSls vk;qoZsn] ;ksx] T;ksfr"k vkfn dk laLÑr dh ikBÔiqLrdksa
esa lekos'k Hkh vijks{k :i ls laLÑr dh efgek çnf'kZr djosQ ikBdksa osQ eu
esa laLÑr osQ çfr vuqjkx mRiUu djsxkA
vk'kk gS gekjk çcq¼ rFkk l{ke laLÑr fo}n~ leqnk; osaQæ ljdkj rd
bu leL;kvksa dks igqapk,axs vkSj mi;qÙkQ Lrj ij bu pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus osQ
fy, visf{kr dne mBk,axsA
ggg
HkV~Vukxs'kjhR;k rkfdZderfujluiwoZd%
'kkCncksèklgdkfjdkj.kfoe'kZ%
&lqJhfonq"kh cksYyk
vuqlUèkk=kh] osQ-ts- lkseS;kifjlj%] eqEcbZ
¹vfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks ysf[kd;k 'kkCncks/lgdkfjdkj.kkuke~ vkdkÄ~{kk&
;ksX;rk&vklfÙk&rkRi;kZ.kke~ fu:i.ka Ñra orZrAs ,rkfu prqfoZèkkfu
lgdkfjdkj.kkfu 'kkCncks/s dFka lgk;dkfu HkofUr] fd×p rs"kka
Lo:ie~ bR;kfnfo"k;k% miof.kZrk% v=kA &laúº
'kkCncksèks o`fÙkfof'k"VKkuL; eq[;dkj.kRoe~A eq[;dkj.k×p dj.k:ie~A
,rnfrfjÙkQkU;fi dkfufpr~ dkj.kkfu] ;kfu 'kkCncksèks lgoqQoZfUrA rkfu lgdkfjdk&
j.kkfu mP;UrsA ,o×p eq[;dkj.ktU;dkÕ;ZtudRos lfr eq[;dkj.kfHkUudkj.kRoa
lgdkfjdkj.kRoe~] lgdkfjdkj.kkfu prqfoZèkkfu vkdkÄ~{kk] ;ksX;rk] vklfÙk%]
rkRiÕ;Z×psfrA rR=kknkS lgdkfjdkj.kkuka foe'kZs foe`"Vka'kk% lfUr &
1- vkdkÄ~{kkfu:i.ke~
(1-1) vkdkÄ~{kky{k.ke~
(1-2) vkdkÄ~{kk;k% vFkZfu"BRoe~
(1-3) vkdkÄ~{kkO;ogkj{ks=ke~
(1-4) ifj'khyue~
2- ;ksX;rkfu:i.ke~
(2-1) ;ksX;rky{k.ke~
(2-2) U;k;er•.Mue~
(2-3) 'kkCncksèkdkj.kRofujkdj.ke~
3- vklfÙkfu:i.ke~
(3-1) vklfÙkLo:ie~
(3-2) vklÙks% 'kkCncksèkdkj.kRo•.Mue~
( 34 )
HkV~Vukxs'kjhR;k rkfdZderfujluiwoZd% 'kkCncks/lgdkfjdkj.kfoe'kZ% 35
4- rkRiÕ;Zfu:i.ke~
(4-1) rkRiÕ;Zy{k.ke~
(4-2) 'kDR;k rL;kU;Fkkfl¼RoL; fujkl%
1- vkdkÄ~{kkfu:i.ke~
(1-1) vkdkÄ~{kky{k.ke~ & e×tw"kk;ka HkV~Vukxs'ksu vkdkÄ~{kkfu:i.kk&
¿oljs y{k.k};eqÙkQe~ &
1- okD;le;xzkfgdk¿¿dkÄ~{kk1 & v=kk¿nkS vkdkÄ~{kk uke okD;le;&
xzkfgdkdkÄ~{kkA v=k okD;L; ;% 'kfÙkQ:i% lÄ~osQr% rL; lÄ~osQrfo"k;d&
cksèkL;ksRikfndk¿¿dkÄ~{kk dF;rsA
2- mRFkkidrkfo"k;rkU;rjlEcUèksuksHk;lEcUèksu ok¿FkkZUrjftKklk
vkdkÄ~{kk2&mRFkkidrk&fo"k;rk bR;srRlEcUèk;ks% vU;rjs.k vFkkZr~ osQufpr~
,osQu lEcUèksu] vFkok ,rRlEcUèk};suk¿ijinkFkZL; ftKklk vkdkÄ~{kk mP;rsA
vU;rjlEcUèksusR;L;ksnkgj.ke~ & î'; e`xks èkkofr* bR;=k î';*
inkFkZL; n'kZufØ;k;k% èkkou:ideZ.k% vFkkZUrjL; ftKklk oÙkZrs] vr% n'kZukFkZs
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fr"BfrA
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nsonÙkr.Mqy:idÙkZ`dEeZ.kks'p ijLijekdkÄ~{kk;k% mRFkkidrk fr"BfrA rFkk
fo"k;rk¿I;qHk;=kk¿fLrA
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KkukuUrja rfLeu~ inkFkZs¿Uo;;ksX;L; inkFkZL; ;TKkua] rTKkufo"kf;.kh ^vL;
lEcUèkh vFkZ% d%\* bR;soa:ik bPNk] ;k iq#"ks fr"BfrA ,o×p Kkufo"k;fo"kf;.kh
vkdkÄ~{kkA ;Fkk Kkua ?kVkfninkFkZKkue~] rL; fo"k;% vku;ukfn;ksX;inkFkZL;
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U;k;ers] osnkfUrers rq rknkRE;suk¿Ur%dj.kfu"Bk] rFkkfi rL;k% vkdkÄ~{kk;k%
fo"k;Hkwrs¿FkZs¿¿jksikr~ vkdkÄ~{kk¿FkZfu"Bk¿fi] vrks¿;eFkkZs¿FkkZUrjekdkÄ~{krhfr
1- i-y-e- i`-l-&334] galkçdk'kue~] t;iqje~] çFkelaLdj.ke~] 2018

2- i-y-e- i`-l-&338] galkçdk'kue~] t;iqje~] çFkelaLdj.ke~] 2018
36 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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çek.kkHkkokr~A îna lkdkÄ~{kfe*R;=k rq lkdkÄ~{kfeR;L; lkdkÄ~{kkFkZcksèkosQ
y{k.k;k îna lkdkÄ~{kkFkZcksèkdfe*R;sok¿FkZ%AvkdkÄ~{kk¿FkZfu"BsR;=k Hkk";çek.kUrq
& îjLijO;is{kka lkeF;ZesosQA dk iqu''kCn;ksO;Zis{kk\ u czwe''kCn;ksfjfr] fda
rfgZ vFkZ;ksfjfrA*
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vku;ukfninkFkZ L ; O;frjs o s Q .k KkuL; vHkkos u vUo;cks è kktudRoL;
'kkCncksèktudRokHkkoL; ?kVinkFkZs fo|ekuks Kkufo'ks"k% vkdkÄ~{kksRFkkid%A
vkdkÄ~ { kktudKkuL; fo"k;s ?kVinkFkZ f u"BkUo;cks è ktudRokHkko:is ¿ fi
vkdkÄ~{kk&O;ogkj%A v=ksna cksè;e~ & rkn`'kkUo;cksèkktudRos¿fi vkdkÄ~{kk
bfr O;ogkj% bfrA Kkufo'ks"kL; fo"k;s¿Uo;cksèkktudRos¿fi vkdkÄ~{kk bfr
O;ogjrsA ija 'kkCncksèks vkdkÄ~{kk u dkj.ke~] vfirq vkdkÄ~{kkKkua dkj.ke~]
vr% Kkufo'ks"kfo"k;dL;k¿Uo;cksèkktudRoL; Kkua 'kkCncksèka çfr dkj.ka HkorhfrA
'kkCncksèks vkdkÄ~{kkKkuL; dkj.kRoknso ^?kVeku;* bfr okD;or~ ^?kV% dEeZRoe~
vku;ua Ñfr%* bfr 'kCnL; p foHkÙkQ~;FkZL; lewgkr~ u 'kkCncksèkks Hkofr]
vkdkÄ~{kkHkkokr~A ;rks foHkÙkQ~;Urk[;krkUr;ksjso lkdkÄ~{kkFkZcksèkdRoerks ^?kV%
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bfr fnd~A
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(2-1) ;ksX;rky{k.ke~ & e×tw"kk;ka ;ksX;rky{k.keqÙkQe~ & ijLijkUo;&
1- O;qRifÙkoknn'kZ% & vHksnkÙk;cks/izdj.ke~A

ç;kstdèkEeZoÙofefrA1 vFkkZr~ ,dinkFkZs vijinkFkZL; vUo;L; ;% gsrqHkwr%
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'kkCncksèkks u L;kr~] rfgZ ,rkn`'k% migkl% dFka L;kr~\ vrks¿;ksX;okD;knfi
ckS¼kFkZfo"k;d% 'kkCncksèk% LohdÙkZO; ,oA v=ksna cksè;e~&çkekf.kosQ Kkus lR;so
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1- i-y-e- & ;ksX;rkizdj.ke~

38 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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rL; tudinL; O;oèkkukHkkoks¿¿lfÙk%A O;oèkku×pk=k f}foèke~&dkyÑre~]
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inkFkkZsifLFkrkS lR;kekdkÄ~{kkfnekgkRE;kr~ vfoyEcsuSo cksèkks tk;rs] vr% rRÑrs
u vklfÙk% dkj.ke~A vL;k% 'kkCncksèkk¿Hkkos û inkUrf}oZpuojs;yksiLoj&
lo.kkZuqPNs;kMkMÔk;ktky%* bR;fLeu~ lw=ks Hkk";Ñrk¿fi çfrikfnre~] mÙkQ×p &
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4- rkRiÕ;Zfu:i.ke~
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rkRiÕ;Zy{k.keqÙkQe~ & ^,rn~ okD;a ina ok ,rnFkZcksèkk;ksPpkj.kh;ferh'ojsPNk
rkRiÕ;Ze~*2A vFkkZr~ ,rn~ okD;e~] ,rr~ ina ok ,rL;k¿FkZL; cksèkk; mPpkj.kfo"k;ks
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,o ukuk'kfÙkQefr fo".kqlwÕ;kZfnokposQ gÕ;kZfn'kCns ç;qÙkQs lfr yksosQ rkRiÕ;ZUrq
mPpkjf;rq% bPNk:ie~ ,o xzkáe~] rR=k bZ'ojsPNk;k vHkkokr~A rkRiÕ;ZL;
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& ^,rRine~ ,r}kD;a ok ,rnFkZcksèkuk; e;k mPpkjZÕ;rs bfr :ie~*ArL;
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l 'kkCncksèk% çkekf.kdks u osfr fu.kZ;% rkRiÕ;Zfu.kZ;knso HkforqegZfr] u fg
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'kfÙkQ};su f}foèk'kkCncksèks tkrs rL; eufl ç'u% mii|rs & ^fdekus;e~\ nqXèka
tya os*frA v;×p ç'u% 'kkCncksèks rkRiÕ;ZKkuL; dkj.kRos ,o HkforqegZ%A
;fn dkj.ka u L;kr~ rfgZ rkRiÕ;Zfo"k;s 'kkCncksèkle;s ç'uks¿fi u L;kr~A
5- fu"d"kZ%
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1- dkfjdkoyh 'kCnizdj.ke~A
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?kVins ,o×p uhyinfof'k"V?kVinRoe~ vkdkÄ~{kk] ,oeso Loinsu ?kVina
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ekdkÄ~{ksfrA rFkk p înlefHkO;kgkj% vkdkÄ~{kk* HkofrA
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p i;%inkFkZs tys fl×pfrinkFkZs p lspus fo|ekuRokr~ ;ksX;rk:idkj.klÙokr~
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1- lkfgR;niZ.k%] Jhfo'oukFkkpkÕ;Z%] pkS•EcklqjHkkjrhçdk'kue~] okjk.klh]
çFkelaLdj.ke~] 2013
2- dkO;çdk'k%] JheEeVkpk;Z%] lEiknd% & MkŒ ujsUæ%] Kkue.MyfyfeVsM]
okjk.klh] "k"BlaLdj.ke~] 2010
3- çkS<fucUèklkSjHke~] vkpk;Zfo'oukFkfeJ%] jkf"Vª;laLÑrlkfgR;osQUæe~]
t;iqje~] çFkelaLdj.ke~] 2003
4- eheka l k;ka dkO;'kkL=ks p 'kCn'kfÙkQ%] fo:ik{k fo- tîó h ikYk]
vejxzUFkifCyosQ'kUl] fnYyh] çFkelaLdj.ke~] 2002
5- 'kCn'kfÙkQçdkf'kdkleh{k.ke~] Mk- fo".kqinekgkik=k%] ekU;rkçdk'kue~]
ek;kiqjh] çFkelaLdj.ke~] 2005
6- oS;kdj.kkukeU;s"kk×p ersu 'kCnLo:irPNfÙkQfopkj%] Mk-dkfydkçlkn&
'kqDy%] lEiw.kkZuUnlaLÑrfo'ofo|ky;%] okjk.klh] çFkelaLdj.ke~] 2001
7- ijey?kqe×tw"kk] Jhukxs'kHkV~V%] O;k[;kdkj% & çks- cksèkoqQekj>k%] galkçdk'ku]
t;iqj] çFkelaLdj.ke~] 2018
8- ijey?kqe×tw"kk] Jhukxs'kHkV~V%] O;k[;kdkj% & Mk- t;'kÄïjykyf=kikBh]
pkS•EckÑ".knklvdkneh] okjk.klh] prqFkZlaLdj.ke~] 2011
9- rÙofpUrkef.k%] JhxÄõs'kksikè;k;%] lEiknd% & Jhenqes'kfeJ%] fefFkyk&
fo|kihB%] çFkelaLdj.ke~] 1957
10- 'kCn'kfÙkQçdkf'kdk] Jhtxnh'krdkZyÄïkj%] O;k[;kdkj% & Jh;ksxxq#pj.k&
nso'kEekZ] dfydkrkfo'ofo|ky;%] dfydkrk] 1914
11- dkO;çdk'k%] JheEeVkpkÕ;Z%] O;k[;kdkj% & Jhgfj'kÄïj'kEekZ] pkS•EHkk&
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os|Rosu) çk;s.k çdk';rsA mÙkjksÙkjkLokns iwoZiwoZinkFkkZuka la?kkrhdj.kefi HkofrA
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ikBd%] pkS•Eck&fo|kHkoue~] okjk.klh&2011 bZ-)
2- çk.kHkwrk èousO;ZfÙkQjr% lSo foosfprkA (O;fÙkQfoosd%& 3 foe'kZ%)
3- ekèkoh;èkkrqo`fÙk%& 504 i`- (rkjk cqd ,tsUlh] okjk.klh&2000 bZ-)
4- 'kjhjhdj.ka ;s"kka u okP;Ros O;ofLFkre~A
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5- ezPN EysPNusA EysPNuei'kCn%A ez{kfr bfr la?kkrs 'kfiA (ekèkoh;èkkrqo`fÙk%&551
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44 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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foe'kZ%] jsokçlknf}osnh]pkS•EcklaLÑrlaLFkku okjk.klh&2005 bZ-)
3- rÙkæwiksixzg.ks¿fi LokrU=;pk eqÙkQRokÂ çkP;LoHkkokHkko%A ("kfV~=ka'kÙkRolanksgs 1@1
mifj JheæktkudkuUnfooj.ke~)
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5- O;fÙkQ'p HkXukoj.kk fpr~A---- ;Fkk fg 'kjkokfnuk fifgrks nhiLrfÂo`ÙkkS lfÂfgrku~
inkFkkZu~ çdk'k;fr Lo;a p çdk'krs] ,oekRepkSrU;a foHkkokfnlaofyrku~ jR;knhu~A
(jlxÄõkèkj%&26 i`- HkV~VeFkqjkukFk'kkL=kh] eksrhykycukjlhnkl okjk.klh] 1988)
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la y {k.ks ¿ fi O;Ä~ X ;çrhfrdkys rkon~ O;×tdçrhfrjLrhR;s r kork
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y{;çrhfrO;oèkkusuSo çrh;ekuL; çR;k;ukr~ ØeL; y{;Roa u O;fHkpjrhfr
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rrks y{k.k;k y{;cksèk%] rr'p O;Ä~X;cksèk%A O;Ä~X;cksèks rq okP;L; O;×tdRoeso]
y{;}kjk LoksijÙkQO;ÄX;çfrikndRokr~A ;|ihg y{;L; O;×tdRoe~] rFkkfi
okP;L;kfi rÂ =kqVÔfrA fd×p y{;efi okP;fo'ks"k ,oA vr ,o dkO;çdk'ks
i×peksYykls y{k.kk;k vfHkèkkiqPNHkwrrk çfrikfnrk] èofuÑrk èofuy{k.ks
ç;qÙkQL;kFkZinL; vFkkZs okP;fo'ks"k bfr fooj.ka dqorZ k y{;L; okP; ,okUrHkkZofeo
eU;ekusu okP;L;So O;×tdrk d.Br mÙkQkA vfoof{krokP;L;ksnkgj.ka RokefLe
oPehR;kfn çfl¼esoA
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lUnHkZxzUFkk%&
1- dkO;çdk'k%&1- Hkkx%] T;ksRLukeksgu%] ukxçdk'kd%] ubZfnYyh&1997 bZ-
2- dkO;çdk'k%&1- Hkkx%] T;ksRLukeksgu%] ukxçdk'kd%] ubZfnYyh&1997 bZ-
3- èoU;kyksd%&vkpk;ZtxÂkFkikBd%] pkS•Eck&fo|kHkoue~] okjk.klh&2011
bZ-
1- dkO;çdk'k%&2-Hkkx%] 578 i`- (T;ksRLukeksgu] ukxçdk'kd] ubZ fnYyh&1997)

2- jlxÄ~xkèkj%&130&131 i`-A
4- O;fÙkQfoosd%] jsokçlknf}osnh] pkS•EcklaLÑrlaLFkkue~ okjk.klh&2005
bZ-
5- jlxÄ~xkèkj%&HkV~VeFkqjkukFk'kkL=kh] eksrhykycukjlhnkl% okjk.klh] 1988
6- Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk] 'kkÄïjHkk";e~] fu.kZ;lkj&eqEcbZ] 1984 bZ-
7- ekèkoh;èkkrqo`fÙk%& 504 i`- (rkjkcqd& ,tsUlh] okjk.klh&2000 bZ-
8- Kashmir Series of Texts and Studies (13.14.15) & Aroma publishing
house, Delhi & 1991 bZ-
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&Mk- eèkqds'ojHkV~V%
lgk;dkpk;Z%] jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh
¹ys[kosQu izLrqrs 'kks/i=ks O;kdj.k'kkL=keknk; xq.kinkFkZ% fopkfjr%A
xq.kinkFkZ% O;kdj.k'kkL=ks dL; cks/dks orZrs] oqQ=k oqQ=k p rL;
iz;ksxks tkr%] ,rr~ lo± lE;d~ fu#fire~A &laúº
xq.k&vkeU=k.ks bR;Lekr~ èkkrks% vp~&çR;;s1 xq.k'kCn% fu"iUu%A yksds
xq.k'kCn% LoHkkokFkZs ç;qT;rsA lRojtLrekafl xq.kinokP;kfu bfr lka[;k% osnkfUru'pA
:ijlkn;% prqfo±'kfr% xq.kk2 bfr rkfdZdk%A ekèkq;kZnk;% xq.kinO;ins';k bfr
vkyÄ~dkfjdk%A Dofpr~ xqf.krkFkZs] Dofpr~ vçèkkukFkZs p xq.k'kCn% ç;qÙkQ%
'kkL=ks"kqA 'kCnlkèkqRocksèkds O;kdj.k'kkL=ks vlÑr~ xq.k'kCn% vuqJ;w rsAikf.kU;kpk;Z%S
lw=ks"kq cgqèkk xq.k'kCnksins'kks¿fi vdkfjA rL;kFkZfoe'kZ% v=k foèkkL;rsA
vnsÄ~xq.k%(1&1&2)
vusu lw=ks.k xq.klaKk foèkh;rsA vnsÄ~ p xq.klaK% L;kr~3 bfr lw=kkFkZ%A
lw=ks¿fLeu~ xq.k'kCnsu v],]vks bfr o.kkZ% urq ykSfdd% xq.k%AvU;Fkk misUæ%
bR;kfny{;LFkys"kq ykSfddxq.kkns'kL; çlfÙkQ% L;kr~A vr% vkn~xq.k%4 bR;kfn"kq
lw=ks"kq 'kkL=kh;xq.klaKdk% vdkjSdkjkSdkjk o.kkZ x`áUrsA
oksrks xq.kopukr~ (4&1&44)
lw=kfena Äh"çR;;a foèkÙksA mnUrkr~ xq.kokfpuks ok Äh"k~ L;kr~ bfr
lw=kkFkZ%A ;Fkk e`}h] e`nq%A bg lw=ks 'kkL=kh;xq.klaKdkuke~ vnsÄka xzg.ka u HkofrA
lw=ks mr% bfr fo'ks"k.kk}puxzg.kkPpA xq.kofr æO;s orZekuçkfrifndykHkk; fg
1- ufUnxzfgipkfnH;ksY;qf.kU;p%(v"Vk&3&1&134)
2- :ijlxUèkLi'kZl[a ;kifjek.ki`FkÙkQ~ola;ksxfoHkkijRokijRoxq#Ro&
&æoRoLusg'kCncqf¼lq•nq%•sPNk}s"kç;RuèkekZèkeZlLa dkjk'prqfoZ'kafrxZ.q kk%A rdZlxa gz %A
3- oS- fl-dkS- çFkeHkkx%]i`"Bla[;k & 31
4- oS- fl-dkS- çFkeHkkx%]i`"Bla[;k & 559
( 48 )
xq.kinkFkZfoe'kZ% 49
opuxzg.ke~A v] ,] vks] bR;srs u dnkfi xq.kdFkuiwod Z a æO;okpdk% HkforqegZfUrA
yksds rwiltZua xq.k mP;rsA r|Fkk rÙocksfèkuhVhdk;ke~ vkg& laKktkfrfØ;k'kCnku~
fgRok¿U;s xq.kokfpu%1 bfrA r|Fkk egkHkk";dkj% xq.ky{k.ke~ vkg &
lÙos fufo'krs¿iSfr i`Fkx~ tkfr"kq n`';rsA
vkèks;'pkfØ;kt'p lks¿lÙoçÑfrxZq.k%2AA
v;EHkko% & lhnr% &fr"Br% fyÄ~xla[;s ;fLe¡LrRlÙoe~AlÙos¾æO;s
fufo'krs¾leoSfr] ;% l xq.k% bR;Uo;%A lÙo ,o fufo'kr bR;usu lÙkk
O;koÙ;Zrs] lk fg u dsoya æO;s orZrs fdUrq æO;xq.kdeZlqAuuq æO;s"kq æO;Roe~
vfi leoSfr vr% lks¿fi xq.k% bfr psr~& æO;Ros vfrO;kfIrokj.kk; ^viSfr*
bfr fo'ks"k.knya ;ksftre~A viSfr¾vixPNfr] lRokr~ vixPNfr bR;FkZ%A
dfri;æO;sH;ks¿ixPNfr xq.k%] vr% æO;RoL; loZæO;o`fÙkRokr~ ukfrO;kIrhR;FkZ%A
;Fkk vkeziQys ';kerk iwoZeqiSfr] jÙkQrk;ka r=k tkrk;keiSfr p uSoa æO;kr~
æO;RoeiSfrA,oefi xksRoa xks"kq orZrs v'okns'p viSfr vr% r=kkfrO;kfIr%A
r}kj.kk; i`Fkx~ tkfr"kq n`';rs bfrA i`Fkd~¾fHkUuk%tkr;% ;s"kka rs i`FkXtkr;%A
xksRoa æO;Rok¿okUrjukuktkfr"kq u n`';rsA xq.kLrq n`';rsA xksRoa rq xkstkrh;s"oso
Hkofr u rq fHkUuk¿'okfn"kq lÙokr~] u r=kkfrO;kfIr%A ;Fkk dkseyrk r`.kkfn"ofi
n`';rs ukÕ;kZfn"ofiA vr% tkfrfHkUuks Hkofr xq.k%A ;% æO;ekJ;rs] æO;kfUuorZrs]
fHkUutkrh;s"kq n`';rs l% xq.k bR;FkZ%A iwokZsÙkQy{k.ksu fØ;k;k% xq.kRoa çkIuksfrA
lk¿fi fØ;k æO;s fufo'krs dnkfpr~ æO;kfUuorZrsA dnkfpr~ fuf"Ø;a æO;a
Hkofr dnkfpr~ lfØ;e~ A fHkUutkrh;kfu p æO;kf.k vkJ;rs A vr%
fØ;k;kefrO;kfIrokj.kk; vkg&vkèks;'pkfØ;kt'pA vkèkh;rs mRik|rs bR;kèks;%¾
mRik|%A ;Fkk ikdæO;s"kq jÙkQrk xq.k%] l áfXula;ksxsu fu"ik|rsA vfØ;kt%¾
fØ;k¾O;kikj%] rrks tkr% fØ;kt%] u fØ;ktks¿fØ;kt%¾fuR;% vuqRik|% okA
;Fkk vkdk'kknseZgRokfn%A ,rsu ifjfuf"Brxq.ky{k.ka fuR;kfuR;o`fÙktkfreÙoe~
bfr yCèke~A fØ;k rwRik|So] lk u fuR;k bfr rL;k% fØ;k;k% }Sfoè;kHkkokr~
xq.kRokHkko%A ,oefi æO;L; xq.kRoa çkIuksfrA vo;foæO;e~ vo;oæO;s"kq
fufo'krs] vleokf;dkj.kla;ksxfuo`rkS p fouk'kkr~ rrks¿iSfr] fHkUutkrh;s"kq p
gLriknkfn"kq n`';rsA fuR;kfuR;Hksnsu æO;a f}foèka HkofrA fujo;oL; ijek.okns%
fuR;Rokr~] vo;foæO;L; ?kVkns% vfuR;Rokr~ vr vkg& vlÙoçÑfrfjfrA
væO;LoHkko bR;FkZ%A vlÙoçÑfrfjR;=k æO;insu xq.kkJ;% mP;rsAv;esokFkZ%
1- oS- fl-dkSeqnh] çFkeHkkx%]rÙocksfèkuhO;k[;k] i`"Bla[;k & 559

2- O;k-e-Hkk";e~] v&4] ik&1] vkfÉde~&2] i`"Bla[;k & 62
50 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
'yksdkUrjs.k çksÙkQ% vfLeu~ lw=kHkk";s&
miSR;U;TtgkR;U;n~ n`"Vks æO;kUrjs"ofiA
okpd% loZfyÄõkuka æO;knU;ks xq.k% Le`r%1AA
v=k dS;Vukxs'kkn;% onfUr ;r~ ;s"kka p 'kCnkuke~ vkdMkjknsdk laKk2
lw=ks xq.kopulaKk mÙkQk rs"kkesok=k xzg.ke~A ,oa fg };ksHkkZ";;ksjsdokD;rk HkofrA
vkdMkjknsdk laKk lw=kHkk";s çkfnifndek=kL; xq.kopulaKkeqÙkQ~ok xq.kopulaKk;k%
ckèkdRosu leLrÑnUrrf¼rkUrloZuketkfrla[;klaKk'kCnk% Øes.k ifBrk%
leklÑÙkf¼rkO;;loZukekloZfyÄ~xk tkfr%3 bfrA vLekr~ iwoZe~ vFkZor~
çkfrifnde~4A xq.kopua p5 bfr ifBre~A xq.kopufeR;=k vFkZor~ bR;L;kuqof` r%A
tkfrl×Kkxq.kopulaKka ckèkrsA vr% leLrÑnUrknhuka tkfrl×Kk HkofrA u rq
xq.kopulaKk bfr r=kLFkHkk";e~A ,oa p xq.k'kCnsu leLrÑnUrrf¼rkUrloZuke&
tkfrla[;kl×Kk'kCnkfrfjÙkQ'kCnks x`ársA rFkk p lw=ksfLeu~ tkfrfHkUuRos lfr
fØ;kfHkUuRos lfr æO;fHkUuRos lfr leosrRoa xq.ky{k.ka fu"Ñ"Va osfnrO;e~A
foHkk"kk xq.ks¿fL=k;ke~ (2&3&25)

vusu lw=ks.k i×pehfoHkfÙkQ% fodYisu foèkh;rsA xq.ks gsrkoL=khfyÄ~xs
i×peh ok L;kr~6 bfr lw=kkFkZ%A ;Fkk& tkMÔkr~ tkMÔsu ok c¼%A vfLeu~ lw=ks
xq.kina èkeZije~A oksrks xq.kopukr~7 bfr lw=kksÙkQa xq.ky{k.ke~ vkdMkjlw=kHkk";ksÙkQ&
xq.ky{k.ka ok v=k u x`ársA èkeZijdxq.kxzg.ksuSok=k tkMÔe~ bR;=k xq.kopu&
czkã.kkfnH;% deZf.k p8 bR;usu ";×çR;;% foèkh;rsA vr ,o U;kls
mÙkQe~& xq.k'kCnsu pk=k lEcfUèkek=ka ijkFkZ#ikiUueqP;rs9 bfrA
1- O;k-e-Hkk";e~] v&4] ik&1] vkfÉde~&2] i`"Bla[;k & 63

2- v"Vk- 1&4&1
3- O;k-e-Hkk";e~] v&4] ik&4]vkfÉde~&1] i`"Bla[;k & 203
6- oS- fl-dkS- çFkeHkkx%] i`"Bla[;k & 669
7- v"Vk- 4&1&44
8- v"Vk- 5&1&124
9- dkf'kdko`fÙk%] f}rh;kè;k;L; r`rh;% ikn%] i`"Bla[;k&349- oS-fl-dkS- f}rh;Hkkx%]
i`"Bla[;k & 36
r`rh;k rRÑrkFkZsu xq.kopusu (2&1&30)
lw=kfena rRiq#"kleklfoèkk;de~A r`rh;kUra r`rh;kUrkFkZÑrxq.kopusukFkZ'kCnsu
p leL;rs l rRiq#"k%1 bR;FkZ%A ;Fkk 'kÄ~dqyk•.M%] èkkU;kFkZ%A xq.keqÙkQoku~ ¾
xq.kopu% bR;FkZ%A ;'p iwo± xq.keqÙkQ~ok i'pkr~ æO;e~ vfHkèkÙks l xq.kopu%A
leLrÑnUrrf¼rkUrloZuketkfrla[;kl×Kk'kCnkfrfjÙkQ'kCnkukeso xq.kopul×Kk
mÙkQk rFkk¿fi çÑrs O;k[;kukr~ 'kq¼;kSfxd ,o xq.kopu'kCn% lw=ksfLeu~ x`ársA
xq.kopuczkã.kkfnH;% deZf.k p (5&1&124)
vusu lw=ks.k xq.kopusH;% czkã.kkfnH;'p "k"BÔUrsH;ks Hkkos deZf.k p
vFkZs ";×çR;;% foèkh;rsA v=k lw=ks deZf.k bfr 'kCn% fØ;kopu%A v=k lw=ks
xq.kopu'kCn% ¾ xq.kksiltZuæO;okphA èkeZije=k xq.k'kCn%] u rq vkdMkjlw=ks
oksrks xq.kopukRlw=ks ok çfrikfnrxq.k'kCn%A xq.keqÙkQ~ok ;ks xqf.kfu orZrs l%
xq.kopu%A rs p 'kqDykn;%A rsu p #ijlxUèkkfnO;ko`fÙk%A ;Fkk tML; deZ
Hkkoks ok tkMÔe~A
vtknh xq.kopuknso (5&3&58)
rjIreikS b"BUuh;lqukS psfr prq"kZq çR;;s"kq ;kS vtknh rkS xq.kopuknso
Hkor bfr lw=kkFkZ%A ;Fkk & iVh;ku~ y?kh;ku~ ifV"B% yf?k"B%A vfLeu~ lw=ks
xq.kopusfr insu vkdMkjlw=kHkk";jhR;k leLrÑnUrrf¼rkUrloZuketkfrlÄ~[;k&
l×Kk'kCnkfrfjÙkQ'kCnks x`árs u rq ;kSfxda xq.kopue~A
LFkwynwj;qoßLof{kç{kqæk.kka ;.kkfnija iwoZL; p xq.k% (6&4&153)
vusu lw=ks.k LFkwy] nwj] ;qou~] ßLo] f{kç] {kqæ bR;srs"kka ;.kkfnija yqI;rs]
iwoZL; p xq.k% b"Bkfn"kq bfr yksixq.kkS foèkh;srsA ;Fkk&LFkfo"B%] nfo"B%]
;fo"B%] ßfl"B%] {ksfi"B%] {kksfn"B%A 'kCn'kkL=ks xq.kinsu vnsÄkefi xzg.ke~]
,oeso vkdMkjlw=kHkk";kuqxq.ke~ vFkok oksrks xq.kopukr~ bfr lw=kLFkHkk";kuqxq.ka
ikfjHkkf"kdxq.kks¿fi mfYyf•r%A vfLeu~ lw=ks ;ks xq.k% foèkh;eku% lks vnsÄka
cksèkd%A rsu v] ,] vks bR;srs"kkeqifLFkfr%A ij×p LFkwyknhuka ;kS b"BUbZ;lqu~&
çR;;kS foèkh;srs da fufeÙkeknk; çorZsrs bfr ftKklk;k% fo"k;%A rnksP;rs & ,"kq
vko;ksokZ vfr'k;su LFkwy% bfr LFkfo"B%] nfo"B%] ;fo"B bR;knkS foèkh;eku%
b"BUçR;;% LFkwyknhuka xq.kopuRokr~ rsH;ks vtknh xq.kopuknso bR;usu foèkh;rsA
1- oS- fl-dkS- f}rh;Hkkx%] i`"Bla[;k & 36

52 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
f{kç{kqækofi xq.kopukosoA uuq ;qo'kCnL;kxq.kokfpRosu dFka r=k vtknh xq.kopuknso
bR;usu çR;; bfr psr&~ opukr~ vtknh bfr cksè;e~A oLrqr% vkdMkjlw=kHkk";jhR;k
;qo'kCnks¿fi xq.kopu ,oAvr% mnkgj.ks"kq ;a fufeÙkeknk; çR;;kS foèkh;srs
rnfLr 'kkL=kh;xq.k ,oA
iwj.kxq.klqfgrkFkZlnO;;rO;lekukfèkdj.ksu (2&2&11)
vusu lw=ks.k "k"BhleklL; fu"ksèk% fØ;rsA v=k lw=ks xq.ksfr Lo:ixzg.ka u
HkofrA ukI;nsÄke~A xq.kçfr"ksèks ;L; xq.kL; fg Hkkokfnor~ ço`fÙkfufeÙkek=kL;
xzg.ke~A ukfi yksdçfl¼L; 'kqDyknsjos xzg.ke~A d.VdL; rS{k.;feR;knsjih"VRokr~A
,oeso v=k vkdMkjlw=kksÙkQxq.kopul×Kkukefi rFkk r`rh;k rRÑrkFkZsu xq.kopusu
bfr lw=ks p çif×prkuka xq.kkuka u xzg.ke~A vfirq oksrks xq.kopukr~ bfr lw=kksÙkQ%
lÙos fufo'krs¿iSrhR;srYy{k.kyf{krks xq.kks x`ársA O;k[;kukr~ opuinkuqiknkukr~
lw=ks vFkZxzg.kkPpA O;kfIrU;k;kr~ dsoyxq.kokph xq.kksiltZuæO;okph p xq.k'kCnsu
x`árs bfr Hkko%A v=k ;s dsoya xq.ks xq.kfof'k"VæO;s p orZUrs rs"kkeso
xq.kkuke=kksiknkue~A dsoyxq.kokph lu~ ;ks xqf.kcksèkd% rRçÑfrdHkkoçR;;kUr&
çfrik|kuka xq.kinsu xzg.ke~] vFkZinkUo;kPp r}ksèkd'kCnek=kxzg.ke~A
lo± xq.kdkRLU;Zs (6&2&93)

loZ'kCn% xq.kdkRLU;Zs orZeku% vUrksnkÙkks HkofrA ;Fkk loZ'osr%] loZÑ".k%A
v=k lw=ks¿fi vkdMkjlw=kksÙkQL; oksrks xq.kopukr~ lw=kksÙkQL; p xq.kokpdL; xzg.ka
Hkofr u rq vnsÄkeFkok èkeZijdxq.kkuke~A ;=k xq.kkUrjL;kHkkoLr=k xq.kdkRLU;±
HkofrA xq.kL; loZ=kHkko% xq.kdkRLU;Ze~ bR;FkZ%A loZ'osr bR;=k 'kqDysu xq.ksu
lokZo;okuka O;kfIr% xE;rsA v=k lw=ks xq.kinkHkkos lo± dkRLU;Zs brh;rk mP;ekus
loZlkSo.kZ%] loZjktr bR;knkS vfi vUrksnkÙk% çlT;srA lqo.kZL; fodkj% lkSo.kZ%]
jtrL; fodkj% jktr% bR;knkS uk=k xq.kdkRLU;Zefirq æO;dkRLU;ZeA~ fodkjfo"k;e=k
dkRLU;± u xq.kfo"k;e~A vr% vkdMkjlw=kksÙkQikfjHkkf"kdeso xq.kks¿=k xzká%A
u×kks xq.kçfr"ksèks lEik|gZfgrkyeFkkZLrf¼rk% (6&2&155)

lEikfn] vgZ] fgr] vye~ bR;soeFkkZ ;s rf¼rkLrnUrkU;qÙkjinkfu u×kks
xq.kçfr"ksèks orZekukr~ ijk.;UrksnkÙkkfu HkofUr bfr lw=kkFkZ%A ;Fkk & d.kZos"VdkH;ka
lEikfn eq•a dk.kZos"Vfdde~] u d.kZos"Vfdde~ ¾vdk.kZos"Vfdde~A vfLeu~
lw=ks fHkUuks¿;a xq.k% LohfØ;rsA v;efHkçk;% & rf¼rkFkZ%& d.kZos"VdkH;ka
lEiknhR;soekfnokD;kFkZ%A r=k ;r~ ço`frfufeÙka rf¼rkUrL; 'kCnL; rn~xq.k%A
rf¼rkFkZ%¾ lEik|kfn%] rL; ;r~ ço`fÙkfufeÙka lEikfnRokfn l xq.k bR;FkZ%A v=k
vkfn'kCnsu rngZRofgrRokns% xzg.ke~A ,rkn`'kxq.kçfr"ksèks lw=kfena çorZrsA vr
,o ,rkn`'kxq.kLohdkjknso xknZHkjfFkdknU;ks¿xknZHkjfFkd bR;=k u xq.kL; çfr"ksèk%
vfirq xqf.ku% iq#"kL; çfr"ksèk%A v=k xknZHkjfFkdknU;=k u×k~ orZrs] u rq
xknZHkjfFkdRoL; çfr"ksèks i;ZqnklRoknL;A fd×p çlT;çfr"ksèks ,o 'kkL=kL;kL;
ço`fÙk% u rq i;Zqnkls bfr èou;u~ vxknZHkjfFkd bfr çR;qnkgj.ke~A ;FkksÙkQa
okD;inh;s&
lalxZHksnda ;|r~ lO;kikja çrh;rsA
xq.kRoa ijrU=kRokÙkL; 'kkL=k mnkßre~1AA
la[;k;k xq.kL; fuekus e;V~ (5&2&47)

vusu lw=ks.k e;V~çR;;% foèkh;rsA xq.kks¿=k lekuHkkx% lekuko;oopu
bR;FkZ%A xq.kL; bR;=k deZf.k "k"BhA fuekus ¾ esÄ~ çf.knkus bR;LekfUuiwokZr~
dj.ks Y;qfV] fueh;rs Øh;rs¿ususfr fueku'kCn%] l p ewY;okphA fuekus
orZekukRla[;kokfpuks¿L;sfr vFkZs e;V~çR;;ks xq.kL; psfUuekua HkofrA xq.k'kCnks¿fi
f}xq.ka f=kxq.ke~ bR;qÙkQs fdf×pnis{;esosfr xq.k'kCn% lkis{k:iekp"VsA xq.kRoeUrjs.k
fuekuL; fues;L; p xq.kRoa uksii|rs bfr lkeF;kZfUuekuL;kfi xq.kRoa foKk;rsA
vFkok eè;ef.kU;k;su xq.kL;sfr mHk;kUof;A rsu xq.kdeZdfuekus orZekukr~
xq.kxrlÄ~[;kokpdkUe;fMR;FkZ%A ,oa p fuekuL; fues;L; p Hkkx:iRos
fues;lÄ~[;kis{k;k fuekulÄ~[;k;k vkfèkD;s p fues;L;SdRos pk;a çR;; bfr
cksè;e~A rsu ,sdks ;oHkkxks fuekueL; mnf'on~HkkxL;sR;=k =k;ks ;okuka Hkkxk
fuekueu;ks#nf'on~Hkkx;ks bR;=k p u ço`fÙk%A v=k lw=kLFkxq.kine~ vo;ookfp
orZrsA
u xq.kkn;ks¿o;ok% (6&2&173)
vusu lw=ks.k cgqozhgkS vUrksnkÙkLojL; fu"ksèk% foèkh;rsA v=k lw=ks xq.kina
ikfjHkkf"kda ukfLr vfirq xq.kknhR;usu xq.kkfnjkÑfrx.kks æ"VO;%A v=k x.ks
xq.kk{kjlwÙkQè;k;sR;soEçdkjdk% vusds 'kCnk% ifBrk%A vr% mÙkjinkFkZcgqRos ;ks
cgq'kCnks rL; cgks#rjs xq.kkn;ks¿o;ookfpuks cgqczhgkS ukUrksnkÙkk HkofUr bfr
lw=kkFkZ%A ;Fkk& cgqxq.kk jTtq%A cÞoo;ok bR;FkZ%A
1- ok-i- 3&5&1
54 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
foLi"Vknhfu xq.kopus"kq (6&2&24)
vusu lw=ks.k çÑfrLoj% foèkh;rsA foLi"Vknhfu bR;=k vkfninsu
foLi"Vx.kks¿ocqè;rs ;fLeu~ x.ks foLi"V&fofp=k&O;ÙkQ&lEiUu&dVq&if.Mr&
dq'ky&piy&fuiq.k&bR;srkfu 'kCnkfu ifBrkfu orZUrsA ,oEçdkjs.k lw=kkFkkZs Hkofr&
foLi"Vknhfu iwoZinkfu xq.kopus"kwÙkjins"kq çÑfrLojkf.k HkofUrA ;Fkk&
foLi"VdVqde~] fofp=kdVqde~] O;ÙkQyo.ke~A v=k lw=ks foLi"Vkn;% 'kCnk%
ço`fÙkfufeÙkL; fo'ks"k.ke~] u rq æO;L;A v;EHkko% foLi"Vkn;ks¿=k dVqdkns%
'kCnL; ;r~ ço`fÙkfufeÙka dVqdRokfn rL; fo'ks"k.ke~] u r}rks æO;L;A dVqde~
bR;=k laKk;ka du~ çR;;% foèkh;rsA dVqdkfnfHk'p 'kCnS% xq.kor~ æO;efHkèkh;rsA
vr% v=kkfi èkeZijdxq.kopuine~ bfr Kk;rsA
milagkj%
ikf.kuh;lw=ks"kq ç;qÙkQxq.k'kCnfoe'kZusu Kk;rs ;r~ O;kdj.k'kkL=ks Dofpr~
'kkL=kh;xq.kokpdRosu] Dofpr~ leLrÑnUrrf¼rkUrloZuketkfrla[;k'kCnkfr&
fjÙkQRosu] Dofpr~ èkeZijRosu] Dofpr~ vo;ookfpRosu] Dofpr~ vkÑfrx.kRosu
p xq.k'kCn% ç;qÙkQ%A
vuq'khfyrxzUFklwph
1- O;kdj.kegkHkk";e~] Hkk";çnhiks|ksrleqYyflre~] la'kksèkd% & JhHkkxZo
'kkL=khtks'kh] çdk'kd% &pkS•EcklaLÑrçfr"Bkue~
2- dkf'kdko`fÙk% & U;kline×tjhHkkocksfèkuhlfgrk] çdk'kd% &rkjk cqd~
,tsfUl] okjk.klh
3- oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh] ckyeuksjek&rÙocksfèkuhlfgrk] çdk'kd%&
eksfrykycukjlhnkl%
4- rdZlaxzg%
ggg
laLÑr'kkL=ks xf.krfoKkue~
(Science of Mathematics in Sanskrit & Shastra)
&Mk- jkowfj xk;=kheqjyhÑ".k%
¹'kks/i=kfena lLÑr'kkL=kijEijk;ka xf.kra dFka lekfo"Va orZrsA
xf.kra oqQr% vk;kre~ ,rL; p orZekudkfydxf.krsu lkda
lEcUèk% dhn`'kks orZrs ,rr~ lo± foosfpre~« &laúº
laLÑra laLÑrseZwya KkufoKkuokfjfèk%A
vuU;'kkL=klefUorfena Hkkjrh;a foKkua cgwuka foKkukukekèkkjf'kyk bo
jkjkf"VA vL;ka Hkk"kk;ka fo|ekua foKkua ykSfdd&ikjykSfddKkuL; okfjfèkHkwra
ojhofrZA 'kklukPNa'kukPpSo 'kkL=kfeR;fHkèkh;rs bfr vk"kkZsÙkQ~;k 'kkL=ka uke u
dsoya O;kdj.klkfgR;U;k;ehekalkfnde~ vfirq loZfoèka foKkua yksdfgrSd:iRoe~
mins'k;qx~ Kkua 'kkL=k'kCnsuSo fux|rsA HkkSfrdjlk;utUrqf'kYiÑf"kxf.krT;ksfr"k&
o`f"Vi;kZoj.kHkwxHkkZ;qoZsnçcUèkuknhfu 'kkL=kkf.k foKkuRosu v=kSo tfueyHkUrA
vr% foKkuRosu laLÑrL; bZ"kRLo:ifu:i.ke=k fØ;rsA
'kkL=ks xf.krfoKkue~ (Mathematics in the Shastras)
x.kkuka Rok x.kifrxqa gokegs bfr eU=kksÙkQfn'kk HkkLdjkpk;Z%] Jhèkjkpk;Z%]
jkekuqt%] d.kkn% bR;kn;% xf.krL; x.kir;%latkrk%A rs"kka eU=kæ"V``.kkeuqlUèkku&
iQyRosu Hkkjrh;a xf.kr'kkL=ka lEiw.kZs fo'os ukxkuka ef.kfjo ewfèuZ fojktrs vFk
pksÙkQa osnkÄõT;ksfr"ks&
;Fkk f'k•k e;wjk.kka ukxkuka e.k;ks ;FkkA
r}}snkÄõ'kkL=kk.kka xf.kra ewèkZfu fLFkre~AA1
vkèkqfudxf.kr'kkL=kL; ukedj.ka osns"ofi çdkjkUrjs.k yH;rs ,oA
;tqonsZ rSfÙkjh;czkã.ks x.kd&x.k&x.kifr&x.kfJ&xf.ku&x.;kfn'kCnk% xf.kr'kkL=kkFkZs
1- osnkÄõT;ksfr"ke~&;ktq"k~&4
( 55 )
56 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
,o ç;qÙkQk%A ½Xosnsozkraozkre~ x.kxf.kfr bfr :is.k ç;qÙkQk%A vFkoZosnsfufèk&
fufèkifr&fufèkik bfr 'kCnS% xf.kra ifjx.;rs LeA ,oeso osns"kq NUnlka jpukfi
xf.krkèkkfjrk vfLrA v=k v{kjk.kka x.kuçfØ;;k lg vkÄõyHkk"kk;k% cSujhçfØ;k;k%
(Binary System) bR;L;kfi egÙoa fo|rs Le ;Fkk&
xk;=khNUnfl & 24 o.kkZ%
vuq"Vqi~&NUnfl & 32 o.kkZ%
f=k"Vqi~&NUnfl & 44 o.kkZ%
txrhNUnfl & 48 o.kkZ% fo|UrsA
vr% osns 'kkL=ks p çR;sdfLeu~ vÄõs xf.krh;çrhfr% fo|rs ,o rLekr~
vfLeu~ laLÑra xf.kr'kkL=kL; vkèkkjf'kyk dFka Hkorhfrfu:I;rsA
{ks=kxf.kre~ vFkok T;kfefr% (Geometry)

T;kfefr% bfr 'kCnknso vorfjr% Geometry bR;kÄ~Xy'kCn%A ;L;
o.kZua dYilw=ks"kq lq"Bq fu:fire~A rFkSo {ks=kxf.krL; (Geometry) fl¼kUrkuka
o.kZua çkeq[;su dYilw=ks"kq çksÙkQe~A {ks=kxf.kra (Geometry) chtxf.kre~ bfr
i`FkXi`FkfXoHkkx% loZçFkea czãxqIrsu czãLiQqVfl¼kUr% bR;fLeu~ xzUFks fofgr%A
osnksifu"kRlq la[;kuka n'kxq.kksÙkjØelaKko.kZue~ bÙFka fofgre~ &
,de~ ¾ 100 n'k ¾ 101
'kre~ ¾ 102 lgL=ke~ ¾ 103
v;qre~ ¾ 104 fu;qre~ ¾ 105
ç;qre~ ¾ 106 dksfV% ¾ 107
vcZqne~ ¾ 108 U;cZqne~ ¾ 109
•oZ% ¾ 1010 fu•oZe~ ¾ 1011
egkiÁ ¾ 1012 'kÄ~•% ¾ 1013
leqæe~ ¾ 1014 eè;e~ ¾ 1015
vUr% ¾ 1016 ijkFkZe~ ¾ 1017
mi;ZqÙkQx.kuk vkèkqfudxf.krKS% mi;qT;ekuk;k% nk'kfedç.kkY;UrxZrr;k&
Binary Numbering System bfr dF;rsA v=k ijhFkZ bR;L; ys•ufeRFka L;kr~&
100000000000000000A vL; vkÄõyHkk"kk;ka lk{kkr~ 'kCn%u fo|rs bR;oxUrO;e~A
laLÑr'kkL=ks xf.krfoKkue~ 57
v=k ç'u% ,"k mnsfr ;r~ vfrçkphus Hkkjrs ijkFkZL; x.kuk;k% volj% fdeFk±
latkr% bfrA
vÄïkuka xq.kèkeZ%
HkkLdjkpk;Zs.k fyf•rs yhykorhR;k[;s xzUFks vÄïkuka xq.kèkeZ% fyf•r%
vfLrA vL; xzUFkL;kuqlkjs.k vÄïkuka xq.kèkeZfo"k;s bneso Kkra ;rn~ vÄïkuka
okerks xfr% HkorhfrA ;Fkk& 1]46]22]37]800 b;a la[;k fyf•rkA ;Fkk&• &0
v"V&8] eqfu& 7] jke&3] vf'o&4] us=k&2] ½rq&6] 'kj&5 jkf=ki%&1 bR;kfn:is.k
x.kuk fØ;rs LeAvk;ZHkV~Vh;xzUFks vk;ZHkV~Vh;i¼R;uqlkjs.k vÄïkuka ys•uçfØ;k
fØ"VkCèks% 476 eè;s ,o lqLi"VhÑrk ;r~ &
oxkZ{kjkf.k oxZs voxZs voxkZ{kjkf.k dkRÄ~ekS ;l~A
•f}uods LojkLuo oxZs¿oxZs uokUR;oxZs okAA1
vFkkZr~ vL; lw=kL; O;k[;k bRFka drZqa 'kD;k &^d* oxZr% î* oxZi;ZUre~
vFkok d • x ------ e i;ZUra 25 v{kjkf.k Øes.k HkofUrA rs"kke{kjk.kka ys•ua
1 r% 25 i;ZUra ;FkkØea ;kstuh;e~A voxkZ{kjkf.k^;* çHk`fr ^g* i;ZUra Øes.k&
;&30] j&40] y&50] o&60] 'k&70 "k&80] l&90] g&100 HkofUrA vusu
voxE;rs dsoyk{kjS% xf.krL; Coding vFkok De&coding çfØ;k çksÙkQk
bfrA vL; d% volj% bfr i`"Vs lfr bneoèks;a ;r~ euksfoKkukuqxq.ka
lkekU;cqf¼erka la[;k;k% Lej.k{kerk vfèkdr;k 10 i;ZUra HkofrA mnkgj.kkFk±
Lodh;nwjok.khla[;k ;fn mP;rs psr~ 10 vÄïifjfera LerZqa 'kDuq;q%A rrksI;fèkda
psr~ lqyHkr;k xzg.ka u lEHkofrA ija ;=k fofHkUula[;k% fHkUujhR;k çksÙkQk'psr~
lqrjka LerZqelFkkZ% HkoseA ;Fkk Hkkjrs LoL; vkèkkjla[;ka dfr ok Lejs;q%A vr%
vR;Urljyr;k la[;ka LerZqa Hkkjrh;S% v;a Øe% fuèkkZfjr%A ,rL;k% ØeL;
ukeSo dVi;kfnla[;kØe%A
xf.kr'kkL=ks dVi;kfniènfr%
uKkop'p 'kwU;kfu lÄ~[;kdVi;kn;%A
feJs rwikUR;gy~ lÄ~[;k u p fpUR;ks gyLoj%AA2
1- vk;ZHkVh;e~&n'kxhfrdk&ikne~& 1 'yksd%& 2
2- 'kadjoeZ.kk jfpra læjRuekyk
58 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
dVi;kfn la[;k & ka Tapay Adi for Melakarta Ragam Names &
Numbers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
d [k x ?k Ä~ p N t > ×k
V B M < .k r Fk n / u
i iQ c Hk e
; j y o 'k "k l g
ka kha ga gha nga cha Cha ja Jha nya
Ta Tha Da Dha Na ta tha da dha na
pa pha ba bha ma
ya ra la va sha Sha sa ha
vFkkZr~ ,rs"kka la[;kuka x.kuk inlewgkèkkfjrk fu'ph;rsA ;Fkk &

veqa dVi;kfnla[;kØeeuql`R; Decoding dFka drZqa 'kDuqe% bfr ,da
'kkL=kh;a mnkgj.ke=k çLrw;rs &
xksihHkkX;eèkqozkr 'k`fÄõ'kks nfèklfUèkxA
•ythfor•rkok xygkykjlUèkjAA
v=k lk{kkr~ n'kZus Ñ".kL; o.kZufefr HkkfrA ;Fkk "O Lord anointed
with the yoghurt of the milkmaids' worship (Krishna), O savior of the
fallen, O master of Shiva, please protect me-" fdUrq vfLeu~ 'yksds iS
bR;L; 31 i;ZUre~ vadkuka (Digits) flf¼% tk;rsA dVi;kfnla[;kØekuqxq.ka
'yksds fo|ekua çR;sde~ v{kja la[;k:is.k foifj.keÕ; bRFka la[;ka lkèkf;rqa
'kDuqe%A xks&3] ih&1] Hkk&4] X; (;)&1] e &5] èkq&9] oz(j)&2] r&6 --- ¾
3-1415926535897932384626433832792 bfr iS ewY;a yH;rsA
vU;nsdeqnkgj.ka T;ksfr"kPNk=kk.kka Ñrs xzgk.kka egkn'kk rFkk o"kkZf.k Kkrqa
'yksd% v;eqi;qT;rs &
bu1'kf'k2dq t 3jkgq 4 tho5eUn6K7ds r q 8 HkZ ` x q t 9bfr uokuka
ÑfÙkdkfnØes.kA ruq10 u;11fluq12 tk;k13 rks;14 èkk;k15 lVk16
lk17 uj18bfr fonqjCnku~ HkkLdjkfnØes.kAA
vFkkZr~ ÑfÙkdkfnu{k=ks.k xzgegkn'kk% Øes.k bRFka HkofUr & 1 vkfnR;L;]
2 pUæL;] 3 HkkSeL;] 4 jkgks%] 5 xqjks%] 6 'kuS'pjL;] 7 cqèkL;] 8 dsrks%] 9
'kqØL; egkn'kk% HkofUrA rs"kka xzgk.kka foa'kksÙkjhn'kko"kkZf.k vkfnR;r% Øe'k%
r&6] uq&0 vFkkZr~ 06 (vÄïkuka okerksxfr%)] u&0] ;&1] vFkkZr~ 10] fluq &
07] tk;k & 18] rks; & 16] èkk;k & 19] lVk & 17] lk & 7] uj & 20
HkofUrA
,oeso ½Xosns js•kxf.krL;@T;kfers% (Geometry)vusdkusdxq.k&èkekZ%
çksÙkQk%A ;s js•kxf.krL; ikfjHkkf"kd'kCnS% Kk;UrsA ;Fkk &
dklhr~ ijek ijfrek fda funkue~
vkT;a fdeklhRifjfèk% d vklhr~AA
NUn% fdeklhr ijkSxa fdeqÙkQa
;n nsok nsoe;tUr fo'osAA1
v=k ijkSxe~ bfr ina 'kqYclw=ks"kq lef}ckgqf=kHkqtL; Ñrs ç;qÙkQe~ vHkor~A
xf.kr'kkL=ks ifjfèk% (Circumference) O;kl% (Diameter)p π (Pie) bR;L;
ekua ifjx.k;frA ;Fkk &
f=kr% dwis¿ofgrks nsokUgor~ År;sA
rPNªqJko c`gLifr% Ñ.oUugwj.kknq#
foÙka es vL; jksnlhAA2
o`ÙkL; (Circle) ifjfèk&O;kl;ks% vUrLlEcUèk%
vk;ZHkV~Vegksn;su 476 res o"kZs vk;ZHkVh;xf.krikns o`ÙkL; (Circle)
ifjfèk&O;kl;ks% vUrLlEcUèkfo"k;s (Relation Between Circumference &
Diameter of Circle) vfrlw{ea lkoZHkkSfeda p ekua çLrqre~A ;Fkk &
(π
π) bR;L; ekue~ ¾o`ÙkL; ifjfèk% ÷ o`ÙkL; O;kl%
;nk o`ÙkL; ifjfèk% ¾ 104 x 8$ 62]000 ¾ 62]832 ,oa o`ÙkL; O;kl%
¾ 20]000 rnk îS* (π) ¾ 62]832 ÷ 20]000 ¾ 3-146 Hkorhfr fu:fire~A
^π*¾ 22@7 bfr ifjèks%xq.kua fØ;rs psr~ rnuUrja 'ks"ke~ vof'k"Va HkofrA
1- ½Xosn%& e.Mye~&10 lwÙkQe~& 130 eU=k%& 3
2- ½Xosn%& e.Mye~& 1 lwÙkQe~& 105 eU=k%& 17
60 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
v=k vUra ukfLrA vr% ^p'vifjes;k (Irrational Number) la[;k HkofrA
uhyd.Bks¿fi vczohr~ ;r~ îS* (π) ,dk fof'k"Vk vifjes;k la[;k (Irratio-
nal Number) bfrA Hkkjrh;xf.krKsu HkkLdjkpk;Zs.k ç.khrs yhykorhR;k[;s xzUFks
îS* (π) bR;L; fof'k"Vekue~ 22@7¾3-1416 bfr çnÙke~A HkkLdjkjkpk;Z%
f}rh;% (1114 bZ-) îS* (π) bR;L; LFkwylw{e};ks% ekua çknkr~ ;r~ &
O;kls HkuUnkfXu (3927)] grs foHkÙkQs]
•ck.klw;ZS% (1250)] ifjfèkLrq lw{e%A
}kfoa'kfr% (22)] ?us foßrs¿Fk 'kSyS% (7)]
LFkwyks¿Fkok L;kn~ O;ogkj;ksX;%AA1
mijksÙkQ'yksds O;kls HkuUnkfXu ¾ 3927] •ck.klw;ZS% ¾ 1250] foßrs¿Fk
'kSyS% ¾7]?us ¾ 22 bfr çfØ;kuqxq.kefHkKk;rs ;r~ îS* (π) bR;L; lw{eekua
çnÙkfefrA HkkLdjkpk;Zegksn;su o`ÙkL; O;klkr~ o`ÙkL; ifjfèka (Circumference
of Circle) O;kla (Diameter) p x.kf;rqa lw=ka çLrqre~A vr% çkphuHkkjrh;'kkL=ks"kq
Hkkjrh;xf.kr'kkL=kn'kZukuka fof'k"Vçfrekukfu (Model) çnÙkkuhfr vfHkKk;rsA
;=k cksèkk;u%] dkR;k;u%]vkiLrEc'p xf.krL; uSdjgL;e;ku~ vkfo"dkjku~
ÑroUr%A
'kkL=ks çfFkr% ikbFkkxksjlçes;% (Pythagorean Theorem)
oSfnddkys vfi xf.kr'kkL=kL; okfLrdLo:ia 'kqYolw=ks"kq osnkÄõ"s kq dYilw=ks"kq
p orZrsA 'kkL=ks 'kqYo%uke;KihBekidlw=ke~A vkèkqfuds dkys îkbFkkxksjl*
(Pythagorean Theorem) ukEuk çfl¼a orZrAs ;% fl¼kUr% lqçfl¼js•kxf.krKsu
cksèkk;u&ikbFkkxksjlegksn;suSo çfrikfnr%A ;Fkk &
(d) ;=k ,dL; nh?kZprqjÏL; d.kZsu tfurprqjÏoS'kkY;e~ rnh;S% vleHkqtS%
tfur;ks% };ks% prqjÏoS'kkY;;ks% lewgL; lekue~ bfrA
([k) js•kxf.krL; çfl¼oxkZèkkfjrL; fo'kkydks.kf=kHkqtL; d.kZs f=kHkqtfofufeZrkuka
oxkZ.kka çes;% bfr ikbFkkxksjlfl¼kUr%A ,rnso 'kkL=kkuqxq.ka lwP;rs ;r~ &
nh?kZprqjJL;k{;k jTtq% ik'oZekuh]
fr;ZXekuh p ;r~ i`FkXHkwrs dq#r%A
rnqHk;a djksrhfr {ks=kKkue~AA2
milagkj%& Hkkjrh;a HkkSfrdfoKkueR;Ura lw{e:ikReda fo|rs ;=k ijkFkZ%]
1- yhykorh&{ks=kO;ogkj&'yksd%& 98
2- cksèkk;u'kqYclw=ke~&vè;k;%&1 'yksd%& 48
dyk] {k.kfeR;knhukefrc`gÁkiukukeqYys•su lg vfrlw{efoHkkxkuka x.kuk vfi
Ñrk fo|rs r=k rs"kka ç;ksx% fdeFk± dq=k fofgr% bfr ç'ukFkZd% fo"k;% fo|rsA
eè;s cgwuka xzUFkkuka yqIrrk;k% dkj.kr% rFkk HkkjrhHkk"kk;k% oSfoè;dkj.kr%
dkefi dwVHkk"kk (code language) Hkkjrh;S% yqIrk bfr HkkfrA ;kon~ o;a
osndkys vkfo"Ñrkuka fofHkUuçdkjdxf.krHkkSfrdfoKkuka'kkukekfo"dkjL; ewydkj.ka
fdfefr u tkuhe% rkor~ i;ZUra Hkkjrh Hkk"kk:is.kSo HkkfrA ;nk dwVHk×tua
Hkofr rnk Hkkjrh Hkk jrh HkwRok Hkkjrs Hkkrhfr czwe%A
lUnHkZxzUFklwph &
1- osnksa esa foKku (2000)] Mk- dfiynsof}osnh] fo'oHkkjrh vuqlUèkku
ifj"kn~] Kkuiqj (Hknksgh)] m-ç- & 221304-
2- Science & Technology in Indian through the Ages (2003), Acad-
emy of Sanskrit Research, Melkote, Karnataka.
3- Planet Earth & A visual fact finder (1993), MichaelAllaby and Neil
Curties, Kingfisher Books, Grisewood & Dempsey Ltd- Esley
House, 24&30 Great Titchfield Street, London.
4- History of Science & Technology (1990), G. Kuppuran & K-
Kumadani, Sandeep Prakashan, New Delhi-
5- Samskritavanmaye Vijnanam (1999), Shrikrishna Somavalah, Delhi
Samskriuta Academy, New Delhi,
6- çfl¼'kkL=kfonq"kka 'kkÏkfèkxes euksoSKkfuddkjdk.kkeè;;ue~ (2013)]
K.N.S. Ramam, Research Thesis, R.S. Vidyapeeth, Tirupati.
ggg
vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn % ,d foe'kZ
& MkW- vatuk 'kekZ
lgkpk;kZ] ouLFkyh fo|kihB]
jktLFkku&304022
¹nk'kZfud{ks=ks vusosQ oknk% lfUr] rs"kq okns"kq izLrqrks¿;a vfpUR;&
HksnkHknsokn% JhÑ".kpSrU;egkizHkq.kk izfrikfnr%A oknks¿;a izkphusH;
oknsH;% fHkÂks orZrsA vfLeu~ JhÑ".k ,o txfÂ;Urk orZrs rsu
lkda lalkjL; lEcU/% dhn`'k% bfr fo"k;ks pfpZrks¿=kA &laúº
oS".ko osnkUr esa czã] tho vkSj txr~&rÙo=k; ekU; gSaA fdUrq budk
Lo:i vkSj buesa ijLij lEcUèk xaHkhj fpUru dk fo"k; jgk gSA vkpk;ks± us
viuh&viuh n`f"V ls bl fo"k; dk fpUru dj er çLrqr fd, gSaA tSls
jkekuqtkpk;Z us fof'k"Vk}Srokn] HkkLdjkpk;Z us vkSikfèkd HksnkHksnokn] fuEckdkZpk;Z
us LokHkkfod HksnkHksnokn vkSj oYyHkkpk;Z us 'kq¼k}SroknA blh Øe esa
JhÑ".kpkSrU; egkçHkq }kjk çfrikfnr vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn vf}rh; fl¼kUr gSA
;g fl¼kUr iwoZdfFkr fl¼kUrksa ls fHkUu uohu n`f"V ls czã] tho&txr~ dk
Lo:i vkSj muesa ijLij lEcUèk dh O;k[;k djrk gSA vr% bl fl¼kUr dk
Lo:i vkSj bldh vU; fl¼kUrksa ls fHkUurk Li"V djuk 'kksèki=k dk fo"k;
gSA
vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn JhÑ".kpSrU; egkçHkq }kjk çfrikfnr fl¼kUr gSA
budk le; lu~ 1486 ls lu~ 1533 gSA1 bUgksaus ekSf•d :i ls vius
vuq;kf;;ksa osQ le{k bl fl¼kUr dk çfriknu fd;k] ftldk mYys•
Ñ".knkl dfojkt xksLokeh us vius pSrU; pfjrke`r xzUFk esa fd;k gSA rnuUrj
buosQ vuq;k;h nk'kZfudif.MrèkqjUèkj thoxksLokeh us vius "kV~lUnHkZ vkSj
loZlaokfnuh uked nk'kZfud xzUFkksa osQ ekè;e ls bl fl¼kUr dks lqn`<+
1- n vfyZ fgLVªh vkWiQ n oS".ko iQsFk ,.M ewoes.V bu caxky] lq'khy oqQekj Ms] i`-
107] dydÙkkA
( 62 )
vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn % ,d foe'kZ 63
nk'kZfud fHkfÙk ij çfrf"Br fd;kA vr% bu xzUFkksa osQ }kjk gh vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn
dk Lo:i Ks; gSA
vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn dk Lo:i&
vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn osQ vuqlkj ijczã Jh Ñ".k vkSj tho txr~ esa
vfpUR;HksnkHksn lEcUèk gSA ijczã JhÑ".k dh 'kfÙkQ osQ :i esa tho txr~
vkfn dh çfr"Bk gSA buesa ijLij Hksn vkSj vHksn nksuksa gSaA thoxksLokehikn
dgrs gSa fd Hkxoku~ esa mudh Lo:ikfn 'kfÙkQ;ksa ls vfHkÂ :i ls fpUru
djuk v'kD; gSA vr% og fHkUu çrhr gksrk gSA muls fHkUu :i esa fpUru
djuk v'kD; gS] iQyr% og vfHkUu çrhr gksrk gSA bl çdkj 'kfÙkQeku~
(Hkxoku~) vkSj 'kfÙkQ (Lo:ikfn) esa Hksn vkSj vHksn&nksuksa fl¼ gksrs gSaA1 ;s
nksuksa Hksn vkSj vHksn vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ osQ dkj.k vfpUR; gSaA2 'kfÙkQ osQ
vfpUR;Ro ls rkRi;Z gS& vlaHko dks laHko djuk* & ^nq?kZV?kVdRoa fg
vfpUR;RoaA¸3 ¶vfpUR; og gS] ftls vifjgk;Zr% rF;ksa dh O;k[;k osQ gsrq
Lohdkj djuk iM+rk gS] ijUrq tks rdZ dh laoh{kk lgu ugha dj ldrk gSA4
vfpUR; og gS] tks fHkUu gS vFkok vfHkUu gS & bl çdkj fodYi :i esa
ftldk fpUru v'kD; gS] tks osQoy vFkkZifÙk çek.kxkspj gSA5 bl çdkj
vfpUR; osQ dkj.k 'kfÙkQ vlEHkkof;=kh vkSj nqLrdkZ gSA bl vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ ls
;qÙkQ gksus osQ dkj.k Hksn vkSj vHksn nksuksa vfpUR; gSaA vr% ;g HksnkHksn
vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn dgykrk gSA
vfpUR;HksnkHksn dk fl¼kUr O;kid fl¼kUr gSA ;g 'kfÙkQeku~ vkSj
'kfÙkQ osQ lEcUèk dh vn~Hkqr O;k[;k djrk gSA 'kfÙkQ] dk;kZsUeq• 'kfÙkQeku~ dk
Lo:i gS] vU;Fkk Lor% Lo:i dk 'kfÙkQRo ugha gSA6 vr% 'kfÙkQ&'kfÙkQeku~ ls
i`Fko~Q ugha gSA og vfoPNs| Hkko ls mlesa fuR; orZeku gSA nksuksa vfHkUu gSaA
tSls vfXu esa nkfgdk'kfÙkQ vkSj dLrwjh esa xUèkA dk;kZsUeq• vfXu gh nkfgdk
1- loZlaokfnuh] i`- 33] thoxksLokeh] lEiknd & Ñ".knkl] eFkqjk] laor~ 2022
2- mi;qZDror~] i` 146
3- HkxoRlUnHkZ] i`- 66] thoxksLokeh] lEiknd & ';kenkl cztxkSjo çdk'ku]
oÙnkou] lu~ 1990
4- loZlaokfnuh] i`- 55
5- mi;qZDror~] i`- 55
6- mi;qZDror~] i`- 32
64 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
'kfÙkQ gS vkSj dk;kZsUeq• dLrwjh gh xUèk gSA 'kfÙkQ fo'ks"k.k gS vkSj 'kfÙkQeku~
fo'ks"; gSA fo'ks"k.k vkSj fo'ks"; feydj gh fdlh oLrq dh lÙkk fuèkkZfjr
djrs gSaA nksuksa esa vfHkUurk gSA fdUrq dHkh&dHkh 'kfÙkQ dk vuqHko u gksus ij
Hkh 'kfÙkQeku~ dk vuqHko gksrk gSA tSls& eU=kkfn osQ çHkko ls fdlh&fdlh oLrq
dh 'kfÙkQek=k LrfEHkr gksrh ns•h tkrh gS] fdUrq oLrq dk vfLrRo jgrk gSA1
tSls eU=k egkS"kfèk osQ çHkko ls vfXu dh nkfgdk 'kfÙkQ LrfEHkr gks tkrh gSA
fo'ks"k vkS"kfèk yxk ysus ls vfXu esa gkFk Mkyus ij Hkh gkFk ugha tyrk] fdUrq
,slk gksus ij Hkh vfXu jgrh gSA bl çdkj 'kfÙkQ dk vuqHko u gksus ij Hkh
'kfÙkQeku~ dk vuqHko gksrk gSA vr% 'kfÙkQ ls 'kfÙkQeku~ fHkUu Hkh gSA 'kfÙkQeku~
ls 'kfÙkQ dks i`Fko~Q uke ls vfHkfgr djuk lÄ~xr gSA 'kfÙkQeku~ esa mldh
Lo:ikfn 'kfÙkQ;ksa ls vfHkUu :i ls fpUru djuk v'kD; gS vkSj og fHkUu
çrhr gksrk gSA vkSj muls fHkUu :i ls fpUru djuk Hkh v'kD; gSA iQyr%
og vfHkUu çrhr gksrk gSA bl çdkj 'kfÙkQeku~ rFkk 'kfÙkQ ls Hksn vkSj
vHksn&nksuksa fl¼ gksrs gSaA2 ;s nksuksa gh vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ ls ;qÙkQ gksus osQ dkj.k
vfpUR; gSaA3
;gk¡ ,d 'kadk gksrh gS fd ;g vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ fdldh gS\ czã dh
vFkok oLrqek=k dhA D;ksafd thoxksLokehikn us ;g vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ czã dh gS
vFkok oLrqek=k dh bl fo"k; esa oqQN ugha dgk\ bl 'kadk dk lekèkku ;g
çrhr gksrk gS fd thoxksLokehikn vfpUR;HksnkHksn fl¼kUr dks O;kid :i
çnku djuk pkgrs gSaA vr% mUgksaus 'kfÙkQeku~ osQ fo"k; esa oqQN ugha dgkA ;fn
os czã dk vfpUR;'kfÙkQe;Ro dgrs rks] ;g vfpUR;HksnkHksn dk lEcUèk czã
vkSj mldh 'kfÙkQ osQ eè; gh lhfer jgrk] fdUrq muosQ er esa ;g lEcUèk
oLrqek=k vkSj mldh 'kfÙkQ osQ eè; Hkh gSA os oLrqek=k dh Hkh vfpUR;'kfÙkQ
dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA vr% ;gk¡ ;g ekuuk lehphu gS fd oLrqek=k vkSj
mldh 'kfÙkQ osQ eè; vfpUR;HksnkHksn lEcUèk esa vfpUR;'kfÙkQ oLrq dh gSA
czã vkSj mldh 'kfÙkQ osQ eè; vfpUR;HksnkHksnlEcUèk esa vfpUR;'kfÙkQ czã
dh gSA fdUrq oLrqek=k dh vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ dk vfHkçk; vkuq"kafxd :i esa gSA
bldk eq[; vfHkçk; czã dh vfpUR;'kfÙkQ ls gSA ,slk ekuus osQ nks
fo'ks"kdkj.k gSaA
2- Lo:iknfHkUuRosu fpUrf;rqe'kD;Rokn~Hksn% fHkUuRosu fpUrf;rqe'kD;Rokn& Hksn'p
çrh;r bfr 'kfÙkQerksHkZsnkHksnkosokÄ~xhÑrkS rkS p vfpUR;kS bfrAA mifjor~] i`- 33
3- Loers RofpUR;HksnkHksnkoso vfpUR;'kfÙkQe;RokfnfrAA mifjor~] i`- 146
(1) egkçHkq us vfpUR;HksnkHksn osQ fl¼kUr dk mYys• fd;k gS] czã
vkSj tho&txr~ osQ chp lEcUèk osQ lanHkZ esa] u fd oLrqek=k esa 'kfÙkQ vkSj
'kfÙkQeku~ osQ chp lEcUèk osQ lanHkZ esaA bl lEcUèk esa mUgksaus Hkxoku~ dh gh
vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ dk mYys• fd;k gS] u fd HksnkHksn;qÙkQ çkÑfrd oLrqvksa dh
vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ dk mYys• fd;k gSA1
txr~ :i esa ifj.krh çkIr djosQ Hkh bZ'oj vius Lo:i esa vfoÑr
jgrk gS] bl ckr dks fl¼~ djus osQ fy, mUgksaus çkÑr txr~ dk ,d n`"VkUr
nsrs gq, dgk gS fd ftl çdkj fpUrkef.k ls ukuk çdkj osQ jRu çdV gksrs
gSa] fiQj Hkh mldk viuk Lo:i foÑr ugha gksrk] mlh çdkj bZ'oj viuh
'kfÙkQ ls txr~ dks çdV djosQ Hkh vfoÑr jgrk gS vkSj blh lEcUèk esa
mUgksaus dgk gS fd tc çkÑr oLrq esa bl çdkj dh vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ ns•us esa
vkrh gS rc bZ'oj esa vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ gks] blesa foLe; dh D;k ckr gS\2
blls Li"V gS fd JhÑ".kpSrU; egkçHkq us bZ'oj dh vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ
dks le>kus osQ fy;s gh çkÑr oLrqvksa dh vfpUR;&'kfÙkQ dk n`"VkUr :i esa
mYys• fd;k gSA eq[; :i ls mudk vfHkçk; oLrqek=k dh vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ
ls ugha] bZ'oj dh vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ ls gh gSA
thoxksLokehikn us Hkh czã vkSj tho&txr~ osQ chp lEcUèk osQ fo"k;
esa HkkLdj] 'kadjkpk;Z] jkekuqtkpk;Z vkfn osQ erksa dk mYys• djrs gq, dgk
gS fd ¶Loers rq vfpUR;HksnkHksnkoso vfpUR;'kfÙkQe;RokfnfrA¸3 blls Li"V
gS fd mUgksaus vfpUR; HksnkHksn fl¼kUr dk mYys• czã vkSj tho&txr~ osQ
lEcUèk dks ysdj gh fd;k gS vkSj vfpUR; 'kCn ls mudk rkRi;Z czã dh
vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ ls gh gSA
(2) ;fn eku fy;k tk; fd ^vfpUR;* 'kCn ls rkRi;Z oLrqek=k dh
vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ ls gS] czã dh vfpUR;&'kfÙkQ ls ugha] rks czã osQ Lo:i ls
lEcfU/r dbZ egÙoiw.kZ leL;kvksa dk gy u gks losQxkA lkèkkj.k oLrqvksa dh
vfpUR;&'kfÙkQ] 'kfÙkQ vkSj 'kfÙkQeku~ esa Hksn vkSj vHksn dh ;qxir~ fLFkfr dk
gh dkj.k gksrh gSA oLrq dks 'kfÙkQ osQ ifj.kke ls vfoÑr j•us dh lkeF;Z
mlesa ugha gksrhA oLrq vkSj mldh 'kfÙkQ esa LokHkkfod vHksn osQ dkj.k 'kfÙkQ
1- pkSrU;pfjrke`r] 1@7@117 Ñ".knkl dfojkt] gfjuke ladhrZue.My] oÙnkou lu~
1965&65
2- pkSrU;pfjrke`r] 1@7@120
66 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
osQ nks"kksa ls oLrq nwf"kr gq, fcuk ugha jgrhA euq"; vPNs ;k cqjs deZ djs vkSj
mlosQ deks± osQ xq.k ;k nks"k mldh deZ djus dh 'kfÙkQ rd gh lhfer jgsa]
mls Li'kZ u djsa] ;g laHko ugha gSA ijczã dh vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ mls viuh
'kfÙkQ osQ ifj.kkeksa vkSj muosQ nks"kksa osQ dkj.k foÑr ugha gksus nsrh gSA blls
Li"V gS fd ijczgk dh vfpUR;HksnkHksn dh 'kfÙkQ oLrqek=k dh vfpUR;HksnkHksn
dh 'kfÙkQ ls loZFkk fHkUu gS vkSj JhÑ".kpkSrU;egkçHkq dk vfpUR;HksnkHksn dk
fl¼kUr ijcã dh vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ ysdj gh gS] oLrqek=k dh vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ
dks ysdj ughaA¸1
bl çdkj vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn esa HksnkHksn vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ ls ;qÙkQ gksus
osQ dkj.k vfpUR; gS vkSj bldk eq[; vfHkçk; czã dh vfpUR; 'kfÙkQ ls
gSA vfpUR;HksnkHksnfl¼kUr dk vfpUR; v}Sr er osQ ek;k fl¼kUr osQ
¶vfuoZpuh; ls fHkUu gSA D;ksafd ek;k fl¼kUr dk vfuoZpuh; fu"ksèkkRed
gSA og ek;k esa lr~ vkSj vlr~ nksuksa fojksèkh xq.kksa dk fujkdj.k djrk gSA fdUrq
vfpUR;HksnkHksn fl¼kUr foèks;kRed gSA og 'kfÙkQ vkSj 'kfÙkQeku~ osQ chp Hksn
vkSj vHksn nksuksa fojksèkh xq.kksa dks lekfo"V djrk gSA
vU;HksnkHksnokn vkSj vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn & rqyukRed vè;;u
1- v}Srokn vkSj vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn %
v}Srokn osQ çfr"Bkid vkpk;Z 'kadj osQ erkuqlkj czã ,dek=k
v}SrrÙo gSA vU; lHkh inkFkZ vlr~ gSaA txr~ czã dk fooÙkZ gSA 'kqfÙkQ esa
jtr dh HkzkUr çrhfr osQ leku feF;k gSA tho vkSj czã esa dksbZ Hksn ugha gSA
czã gh vfo|ksikfèk osQ dkj.k tho gSA tc rd cqf¼ :i mikfèk osQ lkFk tho
dk lEcUèk jgrk gS] rHkh rd tho dk thoRo vkSj lalkfjRo gSA*2 vfo|k
fuo`fÙk gksus ij tho vius Lo:i dks çkIr gksrk gS vkSj thoksa dk okLrfod
Lo:i czã gSA*3 vr% czã vkSj tho esa Hksn dfYir gS] mikfèk osQ dkj.k gSA
oLrqr% nksuksa esa vHksn gSA
1- JhpSrU;egkçHkq dk nk'kZfud fl¼kUr vfpUR;HksnkHksn] voèkfcgkjh yky diwj] i`-

202 203] ijekFkZ çdk'ku] oÙnkou] laor~ 2038
2- 'kkadjHkk";] 2@3@30] 'kadjkpk;Z] HkkerhVhdk lfgr] Hkkerh&O;k[;kdkj] Lokeh
;ksxhUækuUn] pkS•Eck fo|kHkou] 1996
3- czãlw=k 1@4@3] 'kkadjHkk";] HkkerhVhdk
bl çdkj v}Srokn iw.kZr;k vHksn dks gh Lohdkj djrk gSA mlesa Hksn
osQ fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA fdUrq vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn Hksn vkSj vHksn&nksuksa dks
leku :i ls Lohdkj djrk gSAA
2- fof'k"Vk}Srokn vkSj vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn &
fof'k"Vk}Srokn vkpk;Z jkekuqt dk er gSA tSlk fd blosQ uke ls gh
Li"V gS fd ;g lfof'k"V v}Sr dks Lohdkj djrk gS& (fof'k"VL; v}Sra)A
bl er osQ vuqlkj ,dek=k czã ijerÙo gS] tks fd fpr~ (tho) vkSj vfpr~
(txr~) nksuksa ls fof'k"V gSA1 czã osQ fo'ks"k.k Lo#i gksus ls tho vkSj txr~
Hkh lR; gSaA vr% vkèkkjHkwr rÙo osQ :i esa czã] tho vkSj txr~ & ;s rhu
rÙo gSaA fdUrq budk Lrj leku ugha gSa] vfirq fHkUu&fHkUu gSA buesa pjelÙkk
,dek=k czã gS] tks fd Lokèkhu gS] 'ks"k nksuksa tho&txr~] czãkèkhu vkSj fu;af=kr
gSaA
czã vkSj tho&txr esa D;k lEcUèk gS\ ;g le>kus osQ fy,
jkekuqtkpk;Z 'kjhj&'kjhjh Hkko2 dh lgk;rk ysrs gSaA 'kjhj&'kjhjh Hkko osQ
vuqlkj czã vkRe:i gS vkSj tho&txr~ mlosQ 'kjhj gSaA ;gk¡ 'kjhj ls rkRi;Z
ekuoh; nsg ls ugha gSA vfirq ml æO; ls gS] ftls psru vkRek vius ç;kstu
gsrq èkkj.k djrh gS] fu;eu djrh gS] dk;Z esa ço`Ùk djrh gS vkSj tks iw.kZr;k
ml vkRek osQ vèkhuLFk gSA bl n`f"V ls leLr fo'o czã }kjk fu;fU=kr vkSj
czã osQ vèkhuLFk jgrk gSA czã osQ 'kjhjHkwr gksus ij Hkh l`f"V dh voLFkk esa
tho osQ nks"kksa vkSj txr~ osQ fodkjksa ls czã çHkkfor ugha gksrk gSA tSls &
'kkjhfjd fodkjksa vFkok nks"kksa ls vkRek çHkkfor ugha gksrh gSA vr% tho&txr~
vkSj czã esa 'kjhj&'kjhjh lEcUèk gSA bl fof'k"V lEcUèk dks jkekuqt us
vi`Fko~Q flf¼ lEcUèk dgk gSA blosQ vuqlkj tho&txr~ iw.kZr;k czãkfJr gSa]
czã mldk vUr;kZeh gSA vr% mlls vfHkUu gSA fdUrq fHkUu Hkh gS] D;ksafd
czã funkZs"k gS] tho&txr~ nks"k vkSj fodkjksa ls ;qÙkQ gSaA czã iw.kZ vkSj foHkq gS]
fdUrq tho viw.kZ ,oa v.kq gSA vr% czã vkSj tho&txr~ esa HksnkHksn lEcUèk
gSA
1- iQ.Mkes.Vy vkWiQ fof'k"VkosnkUr] ,l-,e- Jhfuoklkpkjh] i`- 26] eksrhyky

cukjlhnkl] fnYyh] 2004]
2- JhHkk"; 1@1@1] 2@1@9] jkekuqtkpk;Z] lEiknd] çks- ,e-,- y{ehrkrkpk;Z] esyd
q ksV]
1985
68 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
bl çdkj fof'k"Vk}Srokn HksnkHksnokn gSA ;g fl¼kUr czã vkSj tho&txr~
osQ lEcUèk dh O;k[;k æO;&xq.k&Hkko vkSj 'kjhj&'kjhjh&Hkko osQ vkèkkj ij
djrk gSA fdUrq vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn 'kfÙkQ&'kfÙkQeku~ lEcUèk osQ vkèkkj ij
tho&txr~ vkSj czã osQ lEcUèkksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA fof'k"Vk}Srokn Hksn dh
vis{kk vHksn ij vfèkd cy nsrk gSA fdUrq vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn Hksn vkSj
vHksn nksuksa dks leku:i ls Lohdkj djrk gSA
3- vkSikfèkd HksnkHksnokn vkSj vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn &
vkpk;Z HkkLdj vkSikfèkd HksnkHksn osQ vkèkkj ij tho&czã osQ lEcUèkksa
dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA muosQ er esa tho vkSj czã esa vHksn gSA tho dk
okLrfod :i czkã :i gSA thoRo vkSikfèkd gSA1 thoRo :i esa gh mldh
czã ls fHkUurk gSA vr% mikfèk&cUèku dh voLFkk esa gh tho dk czã ls Hksn
gSA eqfÙkQ dh voLFkk esa nksuksa esa vHksn gSA2 bl çdkj czã vkSj tho esa ijLij
Hksn&vHksn gSA vHksn LokHkkfod] vkUrfjd] lR; vkSj 'kk'orA fdUrq Hksn
LokHkkfod vkUrfjd vkSj 'kk'or ugha gSaA osQoyek=k vkSikfèkd gSA
vkSikfèkd HksnkHksnokn vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn ls fHkUu gSA D;ksafd vkSikfèkd
HksnkHksnokn osQ vuqlkj tho vkSj czã esa Hksn tho dh cUèku dh voLFkk
esa gh gS] eqfÙkQ dh voLFkk ugha gSA eqfÙkQ dh voLFkk esa nksuksa esa vHksn
gSA fdUrq vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn tho&czã esa Hksn vkSj vHksn nksuksa dks eqfÙkQ
dh voLFkk esa Hkh mlh çdkj ekurk gS] ftl çdkj cUèku dh voLFkk esa
Lohdkj djrk gSA vkSikfèkd HksnkHksnokn Hksn dh vis{kk vHksn ij vfèkd
cy nsrk gSA fdUrq vfpUR; HksnkHksnokn Hksn vkSj vHksn dks leku:i ls
ekurk gSA vkSikfèkd HksnkHksnokn Hksn dks mikfèkÑr ekurk gSA fdUrq
vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn fdlh mikfèk dks Lohdkj ugha djrk gSA thokxksLokehikn
vkSikfèkd HksnkHksnokn dk •.Mu djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ;fn czã esa
mikfèk lEcUèk Lohdkj dj tho dk thoRo ekusaxs] rks tho osQ nks"kksa ls
czã Hkh nwf"kr gksxk vkSj czã osQ Lo:i esa] tks funkZs"k] fufoZdkj vkSj
v'ks"k dY;k.kxq.kkRed gS] fojksèk mRiUu gksrk gSA3
1- HkkLdjHkk";] 2@3@18] HkkLdjkpk;Z] lEiknd&foè;s'ojh çlkn] pkS•Eck çdk'ku]

okjk.klh] 1914
2- mifjor~] 1@4@20
4- LokHkkfodHksnkHksnokn vkSj vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn %
fuEckdkZpk;Z tho vkSj czã esa LokHkkfod HksnkHksn ekurs gSaA muosQ er
esa Hksn vkSikfèkd ugh] LokHkkfod gSA tho vkSj txr~ dh czã esa LokHkkfod
fLFkfr gSA czã dkj.k gS] tho&txr~ dk;Z gSA czgk va'kh gS vkSj tho&txr~
va'k gSA dkj.k vkSj dk;Z ijLij fHkUu vkSj vfHkUu gSaA va'k v'kh ls fHkUu
vkSj vfHkUu gSA1 tSls lw;Z vkSj mldh fdj.ksa ijLij fHkUu vkSj vfHkUu gSaA
mlh çdkj czã vkSj tho&txr~ vius LoHkko ls gh ijLij fHkUu vkSj vfHkUu
gSaA ;g fHkUurkfHkUurk u osQoy tho dh c¼koLFkk esa jgrh gS] vfirq eqfÙkQ
dh voLFkk esa Hkh gSA2
LokHkkfod HksnkHksnokn vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn osQ leku Hksn dks okLrfod
ekurk gS] vkSikfèkd ugha ekurk gSA nksuksa fl¼kUr Hksn vkSj vHksn dks leku :i
ls LFkku nsrs gSA fdUrq nksuksa esa oSfHkU; gSA D;ksfd LokHkkfod HksnkHksnokn
dk;Z&dkj.k lEcUèk vkSj va'k&va'kh lEcUèk osQ vkèkkj ij tho&czã esa
HksnkHksn rdZ }kjk fl¼ djrk gSA ijUrq vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn 'kfÙkQ&'kfÙkQeku~
lEcUèk osQ vkèkkj ij tho&czã esa HksnkHksn dh çfr"Bk djrk gSA thoxksLokehikn
fuEckdkZpk;Z osQ dk;Zdkj.k lEcUèk osQ fl¼kUr dh vkykspuk djrs gq, dgrs
gSa fd dk;Z vkSj dkj.k nksuksa fHkUu oLrq,¡ gSA dkj.kRo esa dk;ZRo ugha gksrk gS
vkSj dk;ZRo esa dkj.kRo ugha gksrk gSA e`fÙkdk ls ?kV cukrs gS] fdUrq e`fÙkdk
?kV ugha gksrhA vkdkj&fof'k"V e`fÙkdk gh ?kV gksrh gSA dk;Z&dkj.k dk ,dRo
gS] ?kV osQ leku ,d fof'k"V dk;Z dks ysdj] u fd mu lHkh oLrqvksa dks
ysdj tks e`fÙkdk dk dk;Z gSaA ;fn ,slk gksrk] rks ,d gh dkj.k osQ fofHkUu
dk;ks± esa dksbZ Hksn u jgrkA dkj.k :i e`fÙkdk feêðh osQ fofHkUu çdkj osQ
crZuksa dh lef"V ls vfHkUu ughaA ;fn ,slk gksrk] rks fofHkUu çdkj osQ feêðh
osQ crZuksa esa dksbZ Hksn u jgrkA3 dkj.k vkSj dk;ZijLij fHkUu gSaA bl
dk;Zdkj.klEcUèk osQ vkèkkj ij HksnkHksn dks fl¼ ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
LokHkkfod HksnkHksn osQ fo#¼ nwljk egÙoiw.kZ vk{ksi ;g gS fd czã vkSj
tho&txr~ esa LokHkkfod vHksn osQ dkj.k tho vkSj txr~ osQ nks"k Hkh
LokHkkfod :i ls czã dks vkjksfir gksrs gSa vkSj czã osQ Lo:i esa] tks
LoHkkor% fufoZdkj vkSj vuUrxq.k lEiUu gS] fojksèk mRiUu gksrk gSA blh
1- n fiQykliQh vkWiQ fuEckdZ] çks- enueksgu vxzoky] i`- 96 vkxjk] 1997

2- mifjor~] i`- 98
3- loZlaokfnuh] i`- 144&145
70 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
çdkj tho vkSj czã esa LokHkkfod vHksn osQ dkj.k tho esa czã dh loZKrk
vkSj loZ'kfÙkQerk dk vkjksi gksrk gS] tks tho osQ okLrfod Lo:i osQ foijhr
gSA1
5- }Srokn vkSj vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn &
}Srokn eèokpk;Z dk fl¼kUr gSA blosQ vuqlkj czã vkSj tho&txr~ esa
;FkkFkZ Hksn gSA ;g Hksn buosQ uke] :i] xq.k vkfn esa gSA Hksn osQ lkekU;r;k
rhu çdkj gSa & (1) ltkrh; (2) fotkrh; vkSj (3) LoxrA buesa ls r`rh;
Loxr Hksn dks eèokpk;Z Lohdkj ugha djrs gSaA ltkrh; vkSj fotkrh;& bu
nks Hksnksa osQ vkèkkj ij czã] tho vkSj txr~ bu rhuksa esa Hksn dk fu:i.k djrs
gq, Hksn osQ ik¡p çdkj djrs gSaA
tho bZ'oj txr~
1
2 3 4
tho 5 txr~
bu ik¡p Hksnksa dks lexzr% çiap dgk gS& ^çÑ"V% iapfoèkks Hksn%
çiap%A*2 czã vkSj tho esa ;FkkFkZ Hksn ekurs gq, muesa lEcUèk dh O;k[;k
fcEc çfrfcEcHkko osQ vkèkkj ij dh gSA
bl çdkj }Srokn tho vkSj czã esa iw.kZr;k Hksn ekurk gSA vr% fl¼kUr
vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn ls iw.kZr;k fHkUu gSA D;ksafd vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn Hksn vkSj
vHksn nksuksa dks leku :i ls Lohdkj djrk gSA blosQ vuqlkj Hksn vkSj vHksn&
nksuksa lR; vkSj 'kk'or gSaA fdUrq }Srokn esa vHksn osQ fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA
Hksn gh lR; vkSj 'kk'or gSA }Srokn dh vkykspuk djrs gq, thoxksLokeh ikn
dgrs gSa fd ;fn tho vkSj czã esa vR;Ur Hksn dks ekusaxs] rks muesa fdlh Hkh
çdkj ls ,sD; vlaHko gksxk vkSj czãkReHkkoksins'k laHko ugha gksaxsA vr%
lEiw.kZ osnkUr dks gh NksM+uk iM+sxkA3 blfy, }Srokn nks"kiw.kZer gSA
1- mifjor~] i`- 33] 129

2- fiQyklWiQh vkWiQ Jh eèokpk;Z] ch-,u-osQ- 'kekZ] i`- 93] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl]
fnYyh] 2002
3- loZlaokfnuh] i`- 33] 129
6- 'kq¼k}Srokn vkSj vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn % &
oYyHkkpk;Z dk er 'kq¼k}Srokn gSA 'kq¼k}Sr dh O;k[;k nks çdkj ls
dh tkrh gSA1 çFke blesa deZèkkj; lekl ekudj bldk vFkZ fd;k tkrk gS
¶'kq¼e~ v}Sre~¸ vFkkZr~ ek;k jfgr ,d vf}rh; lRLo:i czãA iqu% "k"Bh
rRiq#"k lekl ekudj bldk vFkZ fd;k tkrk gS& ¶'kq¼;ks% v}Sre~¸ vFkkZr~
nks 'kq¼ çes;ksa dk v}SrA 'kq¼ ls rkRi;Z ek;k lEcUèk ls jfgr gksuk gSA2 ek;k
lEcUèk ls jfgr czã v}SrrÙo gSA og lfPpnkuUnLo:i gSA mldk fpna'k
tho vkSj lna'k txr~ gSA bl çdkj tho vkSj txr~ czã dk va'k gSaA3 va'k
gksus osQ dkj.k thotxr~ czã ls ,d#i gSaA os vkfoHkkZo ,oa frjksHkko osQ :i
osQ mlosQ O;kikj osQ }kjk tho&txr~ osQ :i esa çrhr gksrs gSaA tho&czã dk
ijLij lEcUèk mlh çdkj gS] ftl çdkj vfXu ,oa LiQqfyax esa gSA tSls
LiQqfyax vfXu ls vfHkUu gS] mlh çdkj tho czã ls vfHkUu gSA vfo|k osQ
dkj.k tho lalkjh gSA fdUrq fo|k osQ dkj.k vfo|k ls eqÙkQ gksdj thoUeqÙkQ
gks tkrk gSA tho dh eqfÙkQ mlosQ frjksHkwr vkuUnka'k dh çkfIr gS] czã ls
,d:irk ugha gSA czã ls vfHkUurk rks mldh igys ls gh gSA bl çdkj czã
dks iw.kZ rFkk tho dks va'k ekurs gq, Hkh oYyHkkpk;Z us nksuksa dks vi`Fko~Q ekuk
gSA
bl çdkj 'kq¼k}Srokn vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn ls iw.kZr;k fHkUu fl¼kUr gSA
D;ksafd 'kq¼k}Srokn iw.kZr;k vHksn dks ekurk gSA ogk¡ Hksn osQ fy, dksbZ LFkku
ugha gSA fdUrq vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn Hksn vkSj vHksn&nksuksa dks leku :i ls
Lohdkj djrk gSA
mi;ZqÙkQ lEiw.kZ foospu ls Li"V gS fd vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn vU;
HksnkHksnfl¼kUrksa ls fHkUu lqO;ofLFkr ,oa lkeatL;iw.kZ fl¼kUr gSA ;g fl¼kUr
¶vfpUR; dh rdkZrhr èkkj.kk dks çLrqr dj Hksn vkSj vHksn dh ;qxir~ fLFkfr
cukus esa vkSj ijelÙkk dks vfoÑr ,oa fufyZIr j•us esa leFkZ gks tkrk gSA
vr% vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn osQ :i esa czã vkSj tho & txr~ osQ lEcUèkksa dk
;qfÙkQ iw.kZ foospu] viwoZ gSA
ggg
1- 'kq¼k}SrekrZ.M] 27] fxfjèkj] lEiknd&lR;ukjk;.k feJ] okjk.klh] 'kdkCn] 1888
2- mifjor~] 28
3- v.kqHkk";] 2@3@43
oYyHkkpk;Z] lEind & ewypUn rqylhjke] fnYyh] 2005
ekuork dk lans'kokgd rtZuh dkO;

&eaxyk BkoqQj
'kksèkNk=kk] jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku]
ubZ fnYyh
¹vfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks vk/qfudlekts O;kIrkuka leL;kuka ppkZ orZrs
rtZuhdkO;su dos% fopkj% dFka tukukeqidkjh Hkfo";fr ,rr~
lo± ysf[kdk izLrqrs i=ks foo`rorhA &laúº
lkjka'k& vkèkqfud lekt ekuork •ks nsus osQ dkj.k pkjksa vksj v'kkUr]
vO;ofLFkr] ikjLifjd ?k`.kk] }s"k vkSj vuSfrdrk dk f'kdkj gks pqdk gSA yksHk]
bZ";kZ] }s"k ekuork dks xrZ dh vksj èkosQy jgk gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] çkphu
lH;rk ,oa jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v•.Mrk yqIrçk; gksrh tk jgh gSA vr% bl
ifjfLFkfr esa ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd ,d jk"Vª osQ fy, D;k fuUnk osQ
;ksX; gS vkSj D;k ç'kalk osQ ;ksX; gSA bu lHkh ckrksa dk ¶rtZuh¸ osQ ekè;e
ls çdV fd;k tkuk gh dkO; dk eq[; mís'; gSA
cht'kCn&jk"Vª] jk"Vªh;rk] ekuork] uSfrdrk] lkekftd oqQjhfr;kaA
laLÑfr osQ èkjksgj lkfgR; osQ ekè;e ls jk"Vª osQ ukxfjdksa osQ O;fDrRo
dk çfrfcEc gksrk gS vkSj mu lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dks laokjus vkSj mHkkjus osQ
fy, dfo ;k lkfgR;dkj dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk iqjkru dky ls ysdj vc
rd pyrh vk jgh gSA dfodeZ dh mi;ksfxrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS
fd mlesa laLÑfr osQ lRi{k vkSj jl dh lkèkkj.khdj.k dh çfØ;k ikBdksa osQ
fpr dks vkIykfor djus dh fdruh {kerk j•rh gSA dkO;ehekalkdkj dk
ekuuk gS fd ftl çdkj dk LoHkko dfo dk gksxk] mlh osQ vuq:i mldk
dkO; Hkh gksxkA1 lkfgR;dkj viuh jpuk osQ ekè;e ls jl] xq.k] vyÄïkj]
NUn] jhfr vkfn lkfgfR;d foèkkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh lkaLÑfr
1- ;RFkoHkko% dfoFkrnuq:ia dkO;e~¸ jke th mikè;k; Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh

lkaLÑfrd Hkwfedk¸ i`- û
( 72 )
ekuork dk lans'kokgd rtZuh dkO; 73
vkSj lekt osQ lRçfri{kksa dk leFkZu djrs gq, mudh mikns;rk dk çfriknu
djrk gSA jk"Vªh;rk dfo;ksa vkSj jpukdkjksa dks jk"Vª] tkfr] vkSj èkeZ dh j{kk
osQ fy, vkanksyu txkus vkSj jk"Vª ij loZLo leiZ.k dh Hkkouk Hkjus okyh
jpuk,a fy•us dk çksRlkgu Hkh nsrh gSA lkfgR; jk"Vª o ekuo lekt dh
vewY; èkjksgj gSA lkfgfR;d vkSj lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dks mHkkjus vkSj laokjus esa
dfo ;k lkfgR;dkj gh fl¼gLr gksrs gSA jk"Vª osQ çfr vuqjkx] cfynku rFkk
jk"Vªh;rk osQ ewY;ksa dh lek;kstu O;oLFkk dks l'kDr cuk dj ns'k dks
çxfriFk ij vkxs ys tkus dh dYiuk fgekpy osQ çfl¼ lkfgR;dkj nqxkZnÙk
'kkL=kh egksn; osQ }kjk ¶rtZuh¸ dkO; esa dh xbZ gSA dfo osQ }kjk
,dkn'klxkZRed dkO; esa çR;sd lxZ dk fu;kstu fHkUu&fHkUu mik[;kuksa osQ
vuqlkj fd;k x;k gS ijUrq lcdk ,dek=k mís'; jk"Vªh;rk rFkk lekt esa
iQSyh oqQ:fr;ksa vkfn egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa dks dkO; osQ ekè;e ls tulkèkkj.k
rd igq¡pkuk gSA osnksa esa Hkh jk"Vª dh ifjdYiuk miyCèk gksrh gSA gekjs
½f"ktuksa osQ }kjk ;K esa fofHkUu nsorkvksa dks vkgwfr;ka jk"Vª çkfIr dh dkeuk
ls nh tkrh FkhA bls ^jk"VªçkfIr ;K* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk vkSj jk"Vª dh
laj{krk osQ uk;d osQ eLrd ij jk"Vªfryd djrs le; Hkh os vius jk"Vª ykHk
dh gk£nd dkeuk,a fd;k djrs FksA1 jk"Vª ls lEcfUèkr 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx oSfnd
lkfgR; esa vR;fèkd fd;k x;k gSA tSls lkezkT;] LojkT;] jkT;] egkjkT;
bR;kfnA bu 'kCnksa esa jk"Vª 'kCn gh lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA oSfnd dky ls gh
tuekul esa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk iYyfor gksrh vkbZ gSA jk"Vª 'kCn ,d
lqfu£n"V vFkZ vkSj Hkkouk dk çrhd gSA ;tqosn esa jk"Vª dh dkeuk djrs gq,
lqUnj 'kCnksa esa dgk gS ¶vk jk"Vªs jktU; 'kwj b"kO;ks¿frO;kèkh egkjFkks tk;rke~¸A2
vFkkZr~ çkphu dky ls gh {kf=k;] ohj] èkuq"kèkkjh] y{;Hksnh egkjfFk;ksa dh
dkeuk dh tkrh FkhA rkfd jk"Vª èku èkkU; nqXèk vkfn osQ laoèkZu esa fiNMk uk
jgsA3 ,d jk"Vª dh viuh tula[;k] Hkw Hkkx] çHkqlrk] lH;rk] lkaLÑfr] Hkk"kk]
lkfgR;] Lokèkhurk vkSj LorU=krk rFkk jk"Vªh; ,drk vkfn leLr rÙo gks rFkk
ftldh leLr çtk vius jk"Vª osQ çfr vkLFkkoku gksA dkO;dkj nqxkZnÙk 'kkL=kh
1- beka nsok vliRua lqoè;a egrs {k=kk; egrs
T;s"BÔk; egrs tkujkT;k;sUæL;sfUæ;k;A
beeeq"; iq=keq";S iq=keL;S fo'k ,"k
oks¿eh jktk lkseks¿Lekda czkã.kkuka jktkAA ( ;tqosn] ø@þú)
2- ;tqosZn- üø-üü
3- vfHkoèkZrke~ i;lkfHk% jk"Vªs.k oèkZrke~A vFkoZosn ö-÷ø-ü
74 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
}kjk ;gk¡ fl¼gLrrk dk çn'kZu djrs gq, ekuork dk lans'k nsrs gq,
LokrU=;ksrj dky esa lekt esa iQSyh fo"kerkvksa] ekr`Hkwfe dh lqj{kk vkSj
jk"VªfuekZ.k osQ çeq• rÙoksa dk foospu çLrqr fd;k gSA muosQ eu esa 'kadk
mRiUu gksrh gS fd LorU=krk çkfIr ls iwoZ ekr`Hkwfe osQ çfr tks vuqjkx]
cfynku dh Hkkouk rFkk fu"dke lsok dk ozr ns'kokfl;ksa esa Fkk D;k og vkt
Hkh mlh :i esa ltho gS\ D;k ge lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa dks NksM+ jgs gSa ;k os
gesa vfèkdkfèkd tdM+rh tk jgh gS\ çkphu dky esa rks Hkkjr dks fo'oxq#
ekuk tkrk Fkk] D;k vkt Hkh gekjk vkè;kfRed cy mruk gh cyoku gS fd
çkphu xq:¯lgklu ij vk:< gks losQ\ D;k ns'koklh jk"Vª osQ çfr vius
nkf;Ro dks Hkyh Hkkfr fuHkk jgs gSa\ Hkk"kkokn] çkUrokn rFkk tkfrokn osQ Hkwr
fo?kVu dk cht rks ugha cks jgs gS\ D;k vLi`';rk osQ dyad dks lekt esa
èkks fn;k gS\ D;k vfLFk ekal osQ vkèkkj ij fdlh dks vLi`'; dguk mfpr
gS\ vUrrksxRok D;k ekuo dks ekuork osQ fcuk lalkj esa thfor jgus dk
vfèkdkj gS\ bUgha ç'uksa dh mit gh ;g ¶rtZuh¸ uked ekSfyd laLÑr
dkO; gSA fgekpy osQ laLÑr lkfgR;dkjksa }kjk fojfpr egkdkO;ksa dk tc
n`f"Vikr fd;k tkrk gS rks laLÑr lkfgR; dh gh çsj.kkvksa dk çfrfcEcu blesa
miyCèk gksrk gSA laLÑr Hkk"kk dh xfjek vkSj lthork cuk, j•us osQ fy,
;gka osQ dfo;ksa us fo'ks"k #i ls m|ksx fd;k gSA ;gka osQ 'kkfUrçèkku]
lkSUn;Z;qDr vkSj Js"B laLÑfr osQ |ksrd okrkoj.k us bu dkO;ksa osQ ç.k;u esa
egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku çnku fd;kA ;gka osQ laLÑr egkdkO;ksa esa o.kkZJe èkeZ]
rkfÙod fpUru] dykRed ifjçs{;] lkekftd rFkk lkaLÑfrd fu:i.k]
,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe] LorU=k Hkkjr dh fofHkUu O;oLFkkvksa dk fooj.k]
çkÑfrd fp=k.k ,oa jk"Vªh; vkfn fo'ks"krkvksa dk eatqylketL; n`f"Vxkspj
gksrk gSA dkO;ksa osQ dFkkud eq[;r;k ,sfrgkfld] jk"Vªh;rk ls ifjiw.kZ fofHkUu
O;oLFkkvksa osQ ifjpk;d rFkk yksd laLÑfrijd gSA 'kkL=kh th }kjk fojfpr
dkO; lekt esa iQSyh ngstçFkk] ifjokjckgqY;] e|iku] Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj vLi`';rk
vkfn fo"kerkvksa rFkk jk"Vªh;rk dks |ksfrr djrk gqvk ekuork dk lkans'k ns jgk
gSA dkO; osQ çFke lxZ ^Rokega lRdfj";s*And then, you are welcome esa
dfo us iRuh osQ i=k osQ ekè;e ls jk"VªHkkouk ls tqMs igyqvksa rFkk R;kx osQ
mTtoy mnkgj.kksa dks fn•kus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA lSfud dh iRuh
;q¼Hkwfe esa 'kghn gkuss ij LoxZ yksd esa ifr ls feyus dh dkeuk djrh gS]
ysfdu ;q¼Hkwfe ls iyk;u mls lá ugha gSA og dYiuk djrh gS fd ;q¼
Hkwfe esa tkuk mlosQ HkkX; esa ugha fy•k gS vU;Fkk VSad esa cSBdj og Hkh
vius ifr dh lgk;rk djrhA1 D;ksafd phu us Lo;a gh jk"Vª la?k dh
ekU;rkvksa dk mYya?ku djosQ Hkkjr osQ lkFk fo'okl?kkr djosQ Hkkjrh;ksa osQ
ân; dks vkgr fd;k gSA lSfud dh iRuh dk ekuuk gS fd ekr`Hkwfe dh j{kk
dk nkf;Ro u osQoy j{kk foHkkx vkSj lSfudksa dk gS vfirq jk"Vª osQ çR;sd
ukxfjd dk gksrk gSA ,d jk"Vª esa ftruk egÙo iq#"kksa dk gS mruk gh fL=k;ksa
dk Hkh ekuk x;k gSA oSfnd dky esa Hkh fL=k;ksa dks iq#"kksa osQ lerqY; ekuk
tkrk FkkA vr% dfo us bl dkO; esa lSfud dh iRuh osQ lkgl dk lqUnj
fp=k.k fpf=kr fd;k gSA fgEer vkSj lkgl dh bl rjg dh Hkkouk Hkkjr esa
Ñf=ke :i ls iSnk ugha gqbZ gS vfirq mlosQ cht gekjh laLÑfr esa çkphu
dky ls gh iuirs vk jgs gSaA oSfnd dky esa ukjh vè;;u vè;kiu ls ysdj
j.k{ks=k esa Hkh tkrh FkhA L=kh vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dks 'kkld pqus tkus dk leku
vfèkdkj FkkA2 fL=k;ksa dh Hkh lsuk gksA fL=k;ksa dks ;q¼ esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy,
çksRlkfgr djsaA3 jkuh y{ehckbZ tSlh ohjkÄ~ukvksa osQ laLdkj gekjh laLÑfr esa
igys ls gh tqM+s feyrs gSaA 'k=kqvksa dk lagkj djus esa og fl¼gLr FkhA4 blh
Hkkafr lSfud dh iRuh Hkh ;q¼Hkwfe esa tkus es vleFkZ viuh okd:ih èkkjk osQ
çokg dks cgkrh gqbZ lSfud dks ;q¼Hkwfe esa MVs jgus dh çsj.kk ns jgh gSA
mldk ekuuk gS fd gekjh Lokèkhurk igkM+ osQ leku vVy gS vkSj jgsxh rFkk
Hkfo"; esa dksbZ Hkh 'k=kq gekjh ekr`Hkwfe ij n`f"Vikr~ u djsaA5 if.Mr tokgj
yky usg: osQ rgr phu osQ lkFk ¶iap'khy¸6 osQ vkèkkj ij eS=kh dk;e dh
Fkh ijUrq Hkkjr ij vkØe.k dj phu vius gh opuksa ls fiQj x;kA bl rjg
osQ fo'okl?kkr ls dfo dk ân; nq%•h gksdj lSfud dh iRuh dh tqckuh
cksy jgk gS&¶dkfpRi=ka fy•fr je.kh ;q¼HkwekS ç;kraLoa Hkrk±ja lqfoiqycya
HkherqY;a nèkkue~A ,rRi=ka fyf•reèkquk o{kl% 'kksf.krsu HkrkZja n`"V~ok ;fng
fyf•ra iw.krka rÂ;LoAA7 'k=kq fgeky; ij cqjh n`f"V uk Mkys vr% jk"Vª dh
xfjek dks cuk, j•us okys Hkkoksa dks O;Dr djrs gq, lSfud dh iRuh dgrh
1- ukjhHkkX;s Hkofr irs ;q¼HkwekS ç;k.ka] nqxkZnr 'kkL=kh] rtZuh] û-ûÿ] i`-÷
2- ;tqosZn- üú-ù
3- ;tqosn- û÷-þÿ
4- y{ehckbZ fjiqufoeFkus fl¼gLrk çfl¼k] iknafpØs çFkefeg lk eqDr;s ekr`Hkwes%A
rtZuh- ûö] i`-ø
5- nqxknr'kkL=kh- rtZuh] û-ûúþ- i`- þ÷
6- ân;ukFk oqaQt:] bf.M;kt iQkju ikfylh ,.M fjys'kul] i`- ûûÿ
7- nqxkZnr'kkL=kh] rtZuh û-û i`- û
76 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
gS& gRok 'k=kwuixrHk;ka ekr`Hkwfea oqQ#"oA Hkwes% 'k=kq% lifn oqQfVyks naMuh;% l
,oe~A oqQ;kZn~ n`f"V u l fgefxjkS Hkw; ,oa dnkfp&rÌrka Hkwfea Lofjiq#fèkjs.kkfpjknso
èksfgA1 lSfud dh iRuh dgrh gS fd vtqZu osQ leku 'kL=kksa ls 'k=kqvksa dk lagkj
dj 'k=kqvkaa dks thr dj ?kj vk,a] rks ¶Rokega lRdfj";s¸A blh dkj.k ;g lxZ
blh uke ls fo[;kr gSA LorU=krk osQ i'pkr~ ûùöü esa phu ns'k okfl;ksa us
*fgUnw phuh HkkbZ HkkbZ* dk ukjk fn;k ijUrq viuh owQVuhfr ls Hkkjr ij
vkØe.k fd;k FkkA bl ;q¼ esa Hkkjr dh lsuk ijkftr gqbZ Fkh vkSj oks
jktuhfrd foiQyrk Hkh FkhA dfo dk ekuuk gS fd áwuRlkax jktk g"kZ osQ dky
esa Hkkjr vk;k FkkA mlus Hkkjr esa jgdj ;gka dh laLÑfr dk vè;;u fd;k
vkSj vUr esa mls phu ys x;kA2 ftu yksxksa us ;gka ls ys tkbZ xbZ fnO; laLÑfr
osQ vkèkkj ij ekuork lh•h vkt ogh yksx gesa Mjk jgsa gSaA3 fgeky; ij
fdlh Hkh çdkj ls 'k=kq dk vfèkdkj uk gks D;ksafd fgeky; dh lc yksxksa osQ
}kjk uezrk osQ lkFk vius lj dks >qdkrs gq, iwtk dh tkrh gSA lSfud dh iRuh
dk ekuuk gS fd ftl ioZr dh ciZQ ls <dh pksfV;ka vkdk'k esa 'kksHkk nsrh
gSa] ,sls ml fgeky; dk phu ns'k esa jgus okys uhp 'k=kq Li'kZ Hkh u djsaA
fgeky; gekjs jk"Vª dk eLrd rFkk j{kd gSA êRi'pkr~ fda Hkfo";fr* ;g
dkO; dk nwljk lxZ gSA blesa ml ?kVuk dks fn•k;k x;k gS tc ns'k osQ
jsyeU=kh Jh yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh Fks vkSj e|iku fd, gq, ,d O;luh osQ }kjk
o#.k vkSj es?knwr uked ,DlçSl xkfM+;ksa dh vkil esa VDdj gksdj tkueky
dk uqdlku gqvkA 'kkL=kh th osQ eu esa bl nq?kZVuk ls Xykfu iSnk gks xbZ vkSj
ân; dks Nw ysus okys bl n`'; ls muosQ eu dks cgqr pksV igqaph vkSj bl
in ls R;kx ysus dk fu.kZ; dj R;kxi=k lkSE;rk osQ lkFk tokgj th osQ gkFkksa
esa ns fn;kA tokgj th cksys gs 'kkfL=ku~! eSa vkiosQ R;kx i=k dks Lohdkj ugha
d#axkA ;fn nq?kZVuk gqbZ gS rks blesa vkidk D;k nks"kA 'kkL=kh th dk dguk Fkk
fd dkj.k pkgs oqQN Hkh jgk gks] nks"k rks esjk gh fxuk tk,xkA lc yksx ;gh
tkurs gSa fd eSa jsyeU=kh gwa vkSj mudk ;s Hkh ekuuk Fkk fd tukioknHkhR;So
jkeLrR;kt eSfFkyhe~A ous xHkZorha lkèoha fu"dyadka rifLouhe~A eaf=kRoa fdega
R;Drqa 'kDuksfe u tokgjA yksdfuUnkHk;knsoa tkukfr ldya Hkoku~AA4 bl ij
1- nqxkZnr'kkL=kh] rtZuh û-þ i`- ý

2- jksfeyk Fkkij] Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] i`- ûúù
3- nqxkZnr 'kkL=kh] rtZuh] û-þ÷] i`- üû
4- nqxkZnr 'kkL=kh] rtZuh] ü-ÿü] i`- öü
tokgj th dk ;gh dguk Fkk fd 'kkL=kh th vki èkU; gSa vkidk ;g R;kx
tc rd lw;Z vkSj pkan gS Hkkjr esa rc rd ;kn fd;k tk,xkA1 lR;eqDra
osQfpn~ onfUr es i'pkn~ Hkkjrs fda Hkfo";fUrA vYiKkLrs u tkufUr jk"Vªa uks
jRuiwfjre~A2 r`rh; lxZ esa ngst çFkk osQ voxq.kksa vkSj mlosQ dkj.k iSQys
vlUrks"k dk lqUnj fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA ¶'oJw% ik=kkf.k ektZfr¸ uked lxZ
esa ngst dh yksHkh lkl us lkèkkj.k ?kj ls lEcfU/r xq.korh oèkw dks e`R;q osQ
?kkV mrkj dj vius iq=k dh 'kknh ngst;qDr yM+dh ls djok dj vius iSjksa
ij •qn gh oqQYgkMh ekj MkyhA D;ksafd og igyh okyh ls fcYoqQy foijhr
vkpj.k djrh FkhA rc lkl dks viuh igyh okyh xq.korh laLdkjh cgq dh
;ksX;rk dh igpku gksrh gS ijUrq rc rks lkl ngst osQ yksHk esa iaQlh gqbZ Fkh]
ysfdu tc mls bl ckr dk ,glkl gqvk rks rc rd cgqr nsj gks pqdh FkhA
bl rjg ns•k tk ldrk gS fd LorU=krk osQ mijkUr Hkh gekjs lekt esa
ngstçFkk] tkfrçFkk] ckyfookg vkfn oqQçFkk;sa vkt Hkh çpfyr gS] ftlosQ
dkj.k gekjk lekt detksj curk tk jgk gSA LoHkkor% bl rjg dh oqQçFkk;sa
gh gekjh jk"Vªh;rk] LorU=krk vkSj le`f¼ esa ckèkd curh tk jgh gSa vkSj bl
rjg dh lkekftd cqjkb;ksa us nqxkZnÙk 'kkL=kh th dks viuh ys•uh pykus osQ
fy, etcwj dj fn;k D;ksafd mudk eu bu cqjkbZ;ksa dks ns•dj {kksfHkr vkSj
Øksfèkr gqvk djrk FkA ukjh mRihMu ns'k dh ,d ToyUr lkekftd leL;k
gSA çkphu;qx esa tgk¡ ukjh dks nsohrqY; le>k tkrk Fkk] ogha vkt ukjh dHkh
ngst osQ uke ij rks dHkh iq#"k dh vga dh r`fIr osQ fy, mudh ccZjrk dh
f'kdkj gks jgh gSA vk, fnu v•ckj esa ukjh osQ çfr nqjkpkj] vR;kpkj]
cykRdkj o ngst osQ fy, ftank tyk nsus tSls t?kU; vijkèk lq£•;ksa esa
fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA ;s lkekftd fo"kerk,a rFkk muls mRiUu oqQjhfr;ka rc rd nwj
ugha dh tk ldrh tc rd fd ge muosQ ewy dkj.kksa rd ugha igqaprs o
ns'k esa O;kIr vf'k{kk] fuèkZurk rFkk c<+rh tula[;k esa fu;U=k.k ugha dj ysrsA
prqFkZ lxZ ¶fo?ua ek oqQ: ek oqQ:¸ esa ,d O;fDr }kjk nqjkpj.k dk vkJ;
ysdj vius ?kj dks cckZn dj fy;k tkrk gSA Lo;a gh nq%• iSnk dj ?kj dks
lwuk dj fn;k tkrk gSA i'pkrki djus osQ i'pkr~ ml ikih ifr dk ekuuk
Fkk fd ml ifrozrk ukjh dks ejus osQ fy, esjs }kjk gh foo'k dj fn;k x;k
Fkk] vkSj og pfj=k'khy iRuh mls HkkX; ls feyh Fkh vkSj mlosQ }kjk gh mls
u"V dj fn;k x;kA u'ks dk lsou djus okyk O;fDr u osQoy O;fDrxr #i
1- nqxkZnr 'kkL=kh] rtZuh] ü-ÿù] i`- öý
2- nqxkZnr 'kkL=kh] rtZuh] ü-ÿù
78 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ls çHkkfor gksrk gS cfYd blls iwjk ifjokj rFkk lekt çHkkfor gksrk gS u'ks
dks gh cckZnh dk ?kj dgk x;k gSA ;g O;fDr dh 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd vkSj
ekufld rhuksa fLFkfr;ksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA dfo dk ekuuk gS fd u'kk ?kj
dk lwowQu Nhu ysrk gS vkSj u'ks esa èkwr balku viuk gks'kksa gokl •ks cSBrk gS]
og vius fj'rs ukrs lc Hkwy dj gSokfu;r dk f'kdkj gks tkrk gSA mls eka]
cgu] csVh esa dksbZ iQdZ utj ugha yxrkA bl lxZ esa Hkh csVh vkSj iRuh dh
tku osQ lkFk u'ks esa èkwr firk }kjk •syk tkrk gSA ifr vkSj cki ls ijs'kku
iRuh vkSj csVh osQ }kjk vkRegR;k dj yh tkrh gSA bl rjg ifjokfjd
lEcUèkksa esa gkuss okys ifjorZuksa dks dfo }kjk iape lxZ esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA "k"B
lxZ esa orZeku ;qx esa fookg osQ volj ij e|iku djus okyksa vkSj ogka ij
?kVus okyh ?kVukvksa dk lVhd fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA bu nqO;Zluksa osQ dkj.k
Hkkjr osQ mPp vkn'kks± okyh oSokfgd laLÑfr esa vk, ifjorZuksa dh vksj laosQr
feyrk gSA cqtqxks± dk ekuuk gS fd ¶efnjk;k% ç;ksxks u Hkwrks Hkwrs dnkpuA
mRlos"kq uookgknsj~ O;kfèkjs"kk¿¿xrk oqQr%¸ (ö-ûÿ) tSls tSls Lokèkhurk osQ o"kZ
chr jgs gSa] oSls oSls ;s Hkkjroklh viuh lH;rk NksM+ jgsa gSaA Hkkjro"kZ dh
lH;rk budks dHkh {kek ugha djsxhA ¶jk"Vªh;rklqj{kk;ka HkoR;s"kk (lH;rk)
lgk;dkA (ö-üü) lIre lxZ esa vfoosdiw.kZ #i ls iSnk fd, x, vfèkd
cPpksa osQ dkj.k cuha fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ka vkSj nq"ifj.kke fdlosQ nks"k osQ dkj.k
vk, dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA ¶ujdks¿;a lekxr%¸ lxZ esa tc iRuh vius
ckjg (ûü) cPpksa vkSj ifr ls ijs'kku gks tkrh gS rks foo'k gksdj mls vius
dks rFkk vius lkFk vius rhu cPpksa dks ekjus dk f?kukSuk dk;Z djuk iM+kA
v"Ve lxZ esa lk{kkr~ fj'or ?kwl•ksjh vkfn osQ ifj.kkeksa dks bl lxZ osQ rgr
fn•kus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA tc euq"; esa vlUrks"k dh ço`fr vk tkrh
gS rks og fdruk Hkh gkfly dj ys ijUrq mldh vkSj vfèkd çkIr djus dh
ykylk dHkh Hkh lekIr ugha gksrhA tc oLrq mls lgt çdkj ls çkIr ugha
gksrh rks og ;su osQu çdkjs.k gkfly djus osQ fy, m|r gks tkrk gSA bl
çdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ka gh Hkz"Vkpkj dks tUe nsrh gSaA Hkz"Vkpkj osQ dkj.k gh
dk;kZy;ksa] nÝrjksa o vU; dk;Z{ks=kksa esa pksjcktkjh] fj'or•ksjh vkfn vuSfrd
ÑR; iuirs gSaA ns'k esa NksVs deZpkjh ls ysdj 'kh"kZLFk inksa ij vklhu
vfèkdkjh rFkk ns'k osQ usrkx.k lHkh Hkz"Vkpkj esa fyIr gSA muosQ vlarks"k o
LokFkZ yksyqirk dk dgha vUr gh fn•kbZ ugha iM+rkA fj'or osQ bu nq"ifj.kkeksa
dks bl çdkj bl dFkk esa fu;ksftr fd;k x;k gS fd ftlls og deZpkjh bl
iki deZ dks iqu% djus ls laHky tkrk gSA uoe lxZ ¶vLi`';% dks¿fLr
lalkjs\¸ esa dfo }kjk vNwr~ 'kCn] o.kZ Hksn dh] tkfr O;oLFkk dh 'kkL=k
lEer mYys• djrs gq, lqUnj O;k[;k çLrqr dh xbZ gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd
¶tUeuk ldyk% 'kwæk czkã.kk% xq.kdeZfHk%A mÙkekèkeo.kZRoa deZfHkjso HkkO;rsAA
(ù-ýü) os dgrs gSa tUe osQ vkèkkj ij tks yksx HksnHkko djrs gS] os vKkuh
gksrs gSa D;ksafd tUedky esa lc çkf.k;ksa dh bfUæ;ka leku gksrh gSA1 n'ke lxZ
esa vNwr 'kCn dk foLr`r fooj.k miyCèk gksrk gSA blesa gfjtu tkfr dh
O;k[;k xkaèkh dh fopkjèkkjk osQ vuqlkj dh xbZ gSA bldk fuoZpu gfj vFkkZr~
bZ'oj rFkk mldk tu vFkkZr~ ekuo :i esa fd;k x;k gSA vkSj gfj gh l`f"V
dh jpuk] ikyuk vkSj lagkj djus okyk gSA2 tSls leqæ esa tkdj ufn;ksa dk
uke feV tkrk gS] blh çdkj gfj esa lc èkeks± dk uke yhu gks tkrk gSA3
vfUre ¶R;kxi=k x`gk.k es¸ uked ,dkn'k vè;k; esa ekuork ls ;qDr euq";
rFkk mlosQ vkn'kZ;qDr pfj=k dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA O;fDr dk dguk gS fd
;fn og ekuo e;kZnk esa u jg dj jk"Vª osQ fo:¼ vkpj.k djrk gS rks bZ'oj
mldk thou okil ys ysA lkjs jk"Vª dks gh viuk le>waA eSa çkUrksa dk >xM+k
iSnk dj thuk ugha pkgrk gwaA4 blls euq"; dh jk"Vª osQ çfr fu"Bk vkSj
fu%LokFkZ lsokHkko |ksfrr gksrh gSA gekjs ½f"k;ksa us osnksa esa ekuo thou osQ
fofoèk igyqvksa dh i;kZIr ehekalk çLrqr dh gSA mudh n`f"V ekuo osQ osQoy
lkekftd] vk£Fkd] èkk£ed ,oa lkaLÑfrd i{kksa dk gh ewY;kadu ugha djrh
gS] vfirq Lons'k HkfDr] Lons'k çse ¯d ok jk"Vªçse osQ Hkkoksa dks Hkh mtkxj
djrh gSA vius ns'k] viuh èkjrh dks vFkkZr~ viuh tUeHkwfe dks ekrk ekuus
dh Hkkouk gesa loZçFke osnksa esa gh miyCèk gksrh gSA5 blh çdkj viuh
tUeHkwfe dks viuh ekr`Hkwfe dgdj lEcksfèkr djus dh f'k{kk Hkh gesa osnksa ls
gh feyrh gS6A dbZ gtkjksa lky iqjkuh Hkkjrh; lH;rk dk lekt vkt Hkh
1- nqxkZnr'kkL=kh_ rtZuh ù-ýþ] i`- üöü
2- nqxkZnr'kkL=kh] rtZuh ûú-ÿ] i`- üøü gfj.kk jP;rs l`f"VgZfj.kk ikY;rs rFkkA gfj.kk
fg;rs ps;a gfjtuksa HkokE;ge~AA
3- lkxjs lfjrka xRok ;Fkk laKk¿ixPNfrA
,oa ldyèkekZ.kka gjkS uke fueTtfrAA nqxkZnr'kkL=kh] rtZuh] ûú-þû
4- tkuh;ka ldya jk"Vªa Lodh;eso ekèkoA
çkUrfookneqRik| ukga thforqeqRlgsAA nqxkZnÙk'kkL=kh] rtZuh] ûû-ûþ
5- rUuks okrks e;ksHkq okrq Hks"kta rUekrk i`fFkoh rr~ firk |kS%A
rn~xzkok.k% lkselqrks e;ksHkqoLrnf'ouk J`.kqra fèk".;k ;qoe~A ½Xosn] û-øù-þ
6- bUæks ;ka pØ vkReus¿ufe=kka 'kphifr%A
lk uks Hkwfe£ol`trka ekrk iq=kk; es i;%AA vFkoZosn] ûü-û-ûú
80 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
cgqr iqjkuk vkSj tfVy çÑfr dk gSA viuh yEch ,sfrgkfld vofèk osQ
nkSjku] Hkkjr cgqr ls mrkj p<+koksa vkSj vçokfl;ksa osQ vkxeu dk xokg gS_
tSls vk;ks± dk vkxeu] eqfLyeksa dk vkxeu vkfnA ;s yksx vius lkFk viuh
tkrh; cgq:irk vkSj laLÑfr dks ysdj vk, lkFk gh Hkkjr dh fofoèkrk]
le`f¼ o thou 'kfDr esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;kA Hkkjr dh bl fofoèkrk us
,dlw=krk dks gh jk"Vª dk çk.k ekuk] vr% Hkkjrh; lekt fofoèk laLÑfr;ksa]
yksxksa] fo'oklksa] ekU;rkvksa dk tfVy feJ.k gS tks fd bl ns'k dk vfHkÂ
fgLlk cu pqdk gSA jgu&lgu] •ku&iku] os'k&Hkw"kk vkSj R;kSgkj mRloksa dh
fofoèkrk osQ ihNs lkaLÑfrd lejlrk dk rÙo n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA ijUrq
vkèkqfud lekt dh ifjfLFkfr iwoZ dh vis{kk foijhr fn'kk dh vksj vxzlj
gksrh tk jgh gSA vr% 'kkL=kh th }kjk bl dkO; osQ ekè;e ls ,d LoPN
ukxfjd osQ pfj=k fuekZ.k ij cy nsrs gq, ekuork dk lans'k tuekul rd
igqapk dj vUr esa pfj=koku ukxfjd gh vkn'kZ jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k dj ldrk
gS ;g fl¼ djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA lekt esa iQSys fo"k dks dfo us viuh
ys•uh osQ ekè;e ls lekt osQ le{k bu leL;kvksa dk okLrfod ,oa oqQfRlr
:i çn£'kr djosQ buls cpus osQ fy, lkoèkku jgus dh çsj.kk nsdj bu
fo"kerkvksa dks tM+ lfgr feVkus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA
lUnHkZxzUFklwph
1- vFkoZosnlkafgrk] laiknue~ ,oa vuqokn Jh'kpUæolq%] fnYyh %
eksrhykycukjlhnkl%] ûùöü-
2- mikè;k;%] jketh] çkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh lkaFkÑfrd Hkwfedk-
bykgckn&ù % yksdHkkjrh çdk'ku] ûÿ ,- egkRek xkaèkh ekxZ] ûùöö-
3- mikè;k;] cynso] oSfnd lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr- okjk.klh % 'kkjnk
ekaunj] üù@û÷ x.ks'k nhf{kr- ûùö÷-
4- ½Xosn lafgrk] ok û]ü]ý]þ lEiknu nkeksnj lkroysdj] Lokè;k;
e.My] ikjMh] ftyk cylkM] fr-u-
5- Fkkij] jksfeyk- Hkkjr dk bfrgkl- fnYyh % jktdey çdk'ku çkbosV
fyfefVM] usrkth lqHkk"k ekxZ- ûùøù-
6- nhf{kr] gfjukjk;.k- laLÑr&lkfgR; esa jkf"Vª; Hkkouk- fnYyh % bZLVuZ
cqd ¯ydlZ] f}rh; laLdj.k] üúúö-
7- 'kkL=kh] nqxkZnr- rtZuh- gksf'k;kjiqj uysVh] nsgjk xksihiqj] ftyk dkaxM+k]
fg-ç-] la- üú1ö-
8- 'kekZ] osQ'kojke- fgekpyçns'ks laLÑrL; çlkjks&fodkl'p- f'keyk%
laLÑr 'kksèk laLFkku] Hkkjrh fogkj] e'kkscjk] ûùøÿ-
9- 'kekZ] vkseçdk'k- laLÑr lkfgR; dk fgekpyçns'k dks ;ksxnku] fnYyh%
y{; lkfgR;] üúûÿ
10- lseoky] ih-,u-] if'peh fgeky; {ks=k osQ vrhr dh >kadh] fnYyh&÷%
lUekxZ çdk'ku] ûö&;w-ch-] cSaXyks jksM] ûùøý-
ggg
lhrkjke'kkL=kh iz.khr lhrkjko.klaokn>jh

& ,d losZ{k.k
&MkW- oRlyk
O;k[;krk (laLÑr)] jktdh; LukrdksÙkj
egkfo|ky;] >kykokM+& 321001
¹vfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks ysf[kd;k lhrkjke'kkfL=kiz.khrL; lhrkjko.k&
laokn>jhdkO;L; oSfp=;a izLrqre~A oSfp=;iz/kufena dkO;e~A rn~
oSfp=;a fp=kkyÄïkjukEuk O;ifn';rsA fp=kkyÄïkjL; lekos'k%
dFka dfouk fofgr% bfr o£.kr%A &laúº
izgsfydk izcU/ dkO; ^lhrkjko.klaokn>jh* osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ miØe
vkSj milagkj ls iwoZ îzgsfydk* ij la{ksi esa izdk'k Mkyuk vfr vko';d gSA
izgsfydk osQ foospu ls ^lhrkjko.klaokn>jh* dk oSf'k"V~; oSfp=k HkyhHkkWfr
izdkf'kr gksxkA
laLÑr lkfgR; esa vkuUn fu";Unuh dbZ fo/k,¡ ;qxksa&;qxkas ls vius Kku
foKku] dkO;Ro] oSfp=;] peRdkj] vè;kRe ls lân; ân;kÈnd jgh gSA ,sls
gh oSfp=;] peRÑfr vkSj vkuUn dk vtÏ Ïksr gS 'kCnkyÄïkjksa esa vU;re
^fp=kkyÄïkj1* vkSj fp=kkyÄïkj dk ,d fof'k"V izdkj gS îzgsfydk*A
îzgsfydk* dk y{k.k izfrikfnr djus ls iwoZ ^fp=kkyÄïkj* ij lw{e
izdk'k Mkyuk lehphu gksxkA je.kh;rk vkSj fofp=krk gh fp=kkyÄïkj dh tuuh
gSA fp=kdkO; dks fp=kkyÄïkj dk loZLo ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA ;|fi
fp=kjpuk vH;klkFkhZ ek=k dk izo`fÙk fo"k; gksus ls mÙke dkO; dksfV esa ugha
vkrk gSS fiQj Hkh izk;% lHkh dfo viuh jpuk esa vlk/kj.k oSf'k"V~; osQ
vkèkku gsrq Ñr;Ru gksrs gSaA jl vkfn ls fHkÂ vyÄïkj v/e dkO;Ro dk
1- oozQksfDrjuqizklks ;eda 'ys"kLrFkk ija fp=ke~A 'kCnkL;kyÄïkjk---«

&okeua dkO;kyÄïkj&2@13
( 82 )
lhrkjke'kkL=kh iz.khr lhrkjko.klaokn>jh & ,d losZ{k.k 83
iz;kstd ekuk x;k gS1A vkpk;ksZ esa bl fp=kkyÄïkj osQ izfr vuqjkx ugha gksrk
gSA fiQj Hkh v{kj osQ foU;kl dh ;kstuk (fo'ks"krk) tks foLe; dks mRiÂ
djrh gS ogh fpÙk dks viuh vksj [khaprh gSA2 blhfy, ^fpÙka jkfr bfr
fp=ke~* vFkkZr~ fp=k dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djus osQ dkj.k bls fp=kkyÄïkj
dgrs gSaA ;g O;qRifÙk loZFkk mi;qDr gSA blhfy, voj dkO; gksus ij Hkh
fp=kdkO; fo}kuksa dks vR;Ur bZfIlr gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd dfo;ksa us
fp=kkyÄïkjksa ls ;qDr fofo/ dkO;ksa dh jpuk;sa dh gSa vkSj dkO;'kkfL=k;ksa us
vius&vius eUrO; ls vius&vius xzaFkksa esa blosQ y{k.k vkSj HksnksiHksnksa dh
cgq/k ppkZ dh gSA
izgsfydk dk lkekU; y{k.k gS& îzgsfydk rq lk Ks;k op% lao`rdkfj
3
;r~* vFkkZr~ ftlesa oqQN fNikdj dgk tk;A bldk iz[;kr uke igsyh gS tks
vfr izfl¼ gSA izgsfydk 'kCn iz milxZ iwoZd vfHkizk; lwpukFkZd fgy~ /krq
ls du~ rFkk Vki~ izR;; yxkus us cuk gSA ¶izfgyfr vfHkizk;a lwp;rhfr&
izgsfydk¸ vFkkZr~ owQVkFkZHkkf"kr dk dFku djus okyh jpuk izgsfydk dgykrh
gSA vejdks"kdkj us izgsfydk osQ fy, îzofYdk* rFkk îzgsfydk* nks 'kCnksa dk
iz;ksx fd;k gSA y{k.kdkjksa us Hkh blh vFkZ dh iqf"V izk;% dh gS%&
O;DrhÑR; deI;Fk± Lo:ikFkZL; xksiukr~A
;=k ckákUrjkoFkkSZ dF;srs lk izgsfydk«4
fdlh vFkZ dks izdV djosQ Lo:ikFkZ dks xksiu djus ls tgk¡ cká rFkk
vkH;Urj vFkZ dk dFku gks] og izgsfydk gSA
fe=kksa esa] lHkk esa vFkok xks"Bh vkfn es eU=k.kk vkfn osQ fy, nwljksa dks
Li"V Kku u gksus nsus dh Hkkouk ls ,slh opukofy dk iz;ksx ekuo dh
tUetkr izo`fÙk esa jgk gksxkA lekftdrk dh lEi`Drrk osQ lkFk bl izo`fÙk dk
ukedj.k gqvk vkSj 'kuS% 'kuS% 'kkL=kh; n`f"V ls blosQ y{k.k fu/kZfjr fd,
x,A
1- jlHkkokfnfo"k;foo{kkfojgs lfrA
vyÄïkjfucU/ks ;% l fp=kfo"k;ks er%«
& vkuUno/Zu &èoU;kyksd& i`"B la[;k 3@--
2- uhjlRos¿fi fonX/kuka egksRlo%A &vfXu iqjk.k& 343@32
3- dkO;kn'kZ& n.Mh& i`"B la[;k&263
4- vejdks"k& ef.kizHkk fgUnh Vhdk i`"V la[;k&58 osQ uhps fyf[kr fVIi.kh lsA
84 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
'kCnkà; T;ksfr ls Hkqou=k; dks T;ksfreZ; j[kus okys 'kCnkyÄïkjksa esa
izgsfydk uked vyÄïkj izHksn oSfnd ea=kksa dh xksn esa iydj mÙkjorhZ lkfgR;
esa iYyfor vkSj iqf"ir gqvkA vyÄïkj dh 'kkL=kh; ijEijk dk lw=kikr egf"kZ
Hkjr osQ ûkV~;'kkL=k* ls gqvk gSA fdUrq blesa izgsfydk dk ukeksYys[k ugha
gSA ^Hkkeg* gs;&;ed osQ lEcU/ esa lwpuk djus osQ O;kt ls izgsfydk dh
ppkZ djrs gSaA&
ukuk /kRoFkZ& xEHkhjk ;ed&O;insf'kuhA
izgsfydk lk áqfnrk jke'kekZP;qrksÙkjs«1
,slk y{k.k Hkkeg nsrs gSa fdUrq dksbZ mnkgj.k izLrqr ugha djrs gSaA os
fy[kus gSa fd jke'kekZ osQ vP;qrksÙkj esa blosQ mnkgj.k gSaA vP;qrksÙkj dk
rkRi;Z fo".kq/eksZÙkjiqjk.k ls ekuk x;k gSA fo".kq/eksZÙkjiqjk.k osQ rhljs dk.M
osQ 14osa vè;k; esa 'kCnkyÄïkjksa dh ppkZ gSA ;g vè;k; ekdZ.Ms;&otz&laokn
osQ :i esa vyÄïkjkè;k; uke ls fufnZ"V gSA lksygosa vè;k; esa izgsfydkvksa dk
y{k.k lfgr foospu gqvk gSA iqjk.kdkj us izgsfydk osQ ckbZl Hksn rFkk y{k.k
fn, gSa&
dkO;s ;s¿fHkfgrk nks"kk% oSQf'pn~ rsH;% izgsfydk%A
drZO;k'p rFkSokU;kLrklka o{;kfe y{k.ke~«2
'yksosQuSosQu }kH;ka ok drZO;kLrq ujksÙkeA
u dÙkZO;k'p rk jktu~! cgq'yksdfucU/uk«3
bl iqjk.k esa miyC/ izgsfydk Hksn o y{k.k osQ vk/kj ij gh vxzorhZ
vkaydkfjd vkpk;ks± us ifjorZu] ifjo/Zu rFkk la'kks/u dj izgsfydk vyÄïkj
dk forku fd;k gSA vkpk;Z n.Mh 'kCnkyÄïkj lEiznk; osQ izeq[k leFkZd gSA
izgsfydk osQ oSfoè; ij vkpk;Z n.Mh dk eUrO; mÙke gS%&
ØhMkxks"Bhfouksns"kq rTKSjkdh.kZeU=ks.kA
ijO;keksgus pkfi lksi;ksxk% izgsfydk%«4
vkpk;Z n.Mh us ^dkO;kn'kZ* osQ r`rh; ifjPNsn esa 16 izgsfydkvksa
izdkjksa dk fo'kn foospu fd;k gSA mn~HkV vkSj okeu izgsfydkvksa dk
1- dkO;kyÄïkj& Hkkeg&2@13
2- fo".kq/eksZÙkj iqjk.k& 16@1
3- r=kSo& 16@2
4- dkO;kn'kZ&n.Mh&3@97
mYys[k rd ugha djrs gSaA ^#æV* izgsfydk dk y{k.k djrs gq, fy[krs gSa%&
ek=kk fcUnqP;ouknU;kFkZRosu rPP;qrs ukeA
Li"VizPNÂkFkkZ izgsfydkO;kârkFkkZ p«1
#æV izgsfydk osQ nks Hksn djrs gSa%&1& Li"VizPNÂkFkkZ (ftlesa iz'u esa
gh mÙkj Li"Vr% izPNÂ gks) 2& vO;kârkFkkZ (tgk¡ vFkZ lk{kkr~ dfFkr u gksa)A
^vfXu iqjk.k* dk 343okW vè;k; 'kCnkyÄïkj gSA 'kCnkyÄïkj osQ ukS Hksnksa
esa vkBokW Hksn ^fp=k vyÄïkj gS vkSj fp=kkyÄïkj osQ lkr miHksnksa esa nwljk LFkku
izgsfydk* dks fn;k x;k gSA vfXu iqjk.kdkj osQ vuqlkj%&
xks"B;ka oqQrwgykè;k;h okXcU/f'p=keqP;rsA
iz'u% izgsfydk xqIra P;qrnÙks rFkksHk;e~«
leL;k lIr r‰snk ukukFkZL;kuqxrk%A2
loZizFke vfXuiqjk.k esa izgsfydk osQ nks Hksnksa dk izfriknu fd;k x;k
gS%&
};ksjI;FkZ;ksx`Záeku'kCnk izgsfydkA
lk f}/kFkhZ p 'kkCnh p r=kkFkksZ pkFkZcks/r%«3
ftlesa nksuksa vFkksZ osQ okpd 'kCn xw<+ gksrs gSa mls izgsfydk dgk tkrk
gSA vfXu iqjk.k esa izgsfydk dks 'kkCnh vkSj vkFkhZ osQ :i esa nks Hksnokyh rFkk
vU; 6 miHksnksa esa of.kZr dh x;h gS fdUrq uke rFkk mnkgj.k ugha fn, x,
gSaA fo".kq/eksZÙkj iqjk.k dk fudVorhZ gksus ls vfXuiqjk.k dh miHksn :i
izgsfydk,¡ vo'; gh mlosQ 22 Hksnksa esa N% jgh gksxhA
Jh Hkkstnso jfpr ^ljLorhd.BkHkj.k* vyÄïkj'kkL=k dk izkS<+ xzUFk gS
vkSj vfXu iqjk.k ls iw.kZr;k izHkkfor gSA ^ljLorhd.BkHkj.kdkj* us izgsfydk
dks ^cq>kSoy* dgk gSaA ftu Hksn izHksnksa dh ppkZ vfXuiqjk.k esa gS mUgsa
lokZfèkd egÙo Hkkst us gh fn;k gS fdlh vU; vkpk;Z us ughaA Hkkst us 24
'kCnkyÄïkjksa dk lksnkgj.k foospu fd;k gSA ftuesa izgsfyd LorU=k :i ls 18osa
1- #æV&dkO;kyÄïkj&4@25
2- vfXuiqjk.k& 343@22
3- vfXu iqjk.k& 343@25
86 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
LFkku dks izkIr gSA Hkkst us izgsfydk dk y{k.k n.Mh ls ;Fkkor~ ys fy;k gSA1
tcfd blosQ 6 Hksn n.Mh ls iw.kZr% i`Fkd~ fn, gSaA muesa P;qr fp=kkyÄïkj osQ
gh rhu Hksn&1& P;qrk{kjk] 2& n=kk{kjk] 3&P;qrnÙkk{kjk gS vkSj vU; rhu gSa&1&
v{kjeq"Vh 2& ukek{kjeqf"V 3& fcUnqerh P;qrk{kjk vkSj nÙkk{kjk dk iz;ksx
^lhrkjke'kkL=kh* us ^lhrkjko.klaokn>jh* esa fd;k gSaA
fo'ouk; dfojkt us vius ^lkfgR;niZ.k* esa izgsfydk vkSj P;qrk{kjkfn
dks fp=kkyÄïkj dkO;kUrxZrHkwr vkSj jlifjifUFkuh dgk gS%&
jlL; ifjifUFkRokÂkyÄïkj% izgsfydkA
mfDroSfp=;ek=ka lk P;qrnÙkk{kjkfndk«2
izgsfydk dk vkfoHkkZo frjksHkkokRed vuq'khyu vFkkZr~ izgsfydk vyÄïkj
dk vkfoHkkZo fopkjksa dh izkjfEHkd tfVyrk dh fLFkfr esa mUgha fopkjksa osQ
fo'ys"k.k ls lek/ku fey tkus ij gksrk gSA okP; okpd fof'k"Vrk esa xksiuh;
izo`fÙk dk lekos'k mifLFkr djosQ fo'ks"k cks/ ls okP;ka'k dk izdk'ku gks tkuk
gh izgsfydk dk xq.k gSA izgsfydk vkSj mlosQ Hksnksa dk lekJ;.k dj
lhrkjke'kkL=kh us izcU/ dh jpuk dh gSA
xzUFk ,oa xzUFkdkj%& l`f"V dh loksZRÑ"V L=khjRu lhrk dk pfjr
lgÏkfCn;ksa ls fuR; u;s dysojksUes"k osQ lkFk egkdfo;ksa osQ jlifjxzgorh
izfrHkk ls mUehfyr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA izLrqr xzaUFk ^lhrkjko.klaokn>jh Hkh
vf[ky czãk.M dh vkn'kZHkwrk lhrk osQ ikfrozR; dk vkJ;.kdj fofp=k fp=k
pkrqjh ls peRÑr laLÑr lkfgR;kxkj dk fof'k"V vf}rh; vyÄïj.k gSA
laLÑr okÄ~e; esa eqDrd dkO; izdkj osQ :i esa izgsfydk izdkjksa P;qrk{kjk]
nÙkk{kjk] izfrnÙkk{kjk dk mYys[k cgqr ls xzaFkksa esa fn[kk;h nsrk gS fdUrq
izgsfydk dh fofPNf=k ls foyflr rFkk izgsfydk izdkjksa dks ysdj bnEizFker;k
iz.khr izcU/ dkO;* ^lhrkjko.klaokn>jh* gSA
izgsfydk i¼fr ls izcU/ dkO; dh O;kidrk ^lhrkjko.klaokn>jh*
uked rhu Ñfr;ksa esa fn[kyk;h iM+rh gSA izFkeÑfr eSlwj jkT; osQ Jh
1- izgsfydk lÑRiz'u% lk¿fi "kks<k P;qr{kjkA

nÙkk{kjksHk;a ef"VfcZUnqeR;FkZoR;fi«
ØhM+kxks"Bhfouksns"kq rTKSjkdh.kZeU=k.ksA
ijO;keksgus pkfi lksi;ksxk izgsfydk« Hkkstnso&ljLorhd.BkHkj.k&2@133&134
2- fo'oukFk lkfgR;niZ.k&10@13
pkejktuxj osQ Jh jke 'kkL=kh iz.khr ^lhrkjko.klsokn>jh* dk iwoZHkkx gSA
f}rh; Ñfr Hkh eSlwj jkT; osQ Jh lhrkjke'kkL=kh iz.khr ^lhrkjko.klaokn>jh*
dk mÙkjHkkx gSA iwoZHkkx dk izdk'ku 1905 esa eSlwj jkT; osQ dks"kkxkj ls fd;k
x;k Fkk rFkk mÙkjHkkx dk izdk'ku 1919 esa eSlwj jkT; osQ dks"kkxkj ls fd;k
x;k gSA r`rh; Ñfr vkU/z izns'k osQ Jh cPpq lqCckjk; Ñr vfHkuo
lhrkjko.klaokn>jh gSA rhuksa gh Ñfr;ksa esa okYehfd osQ }kjk of.kZr lhrkjko.klaokn
dk izlax gh izcU/ dk eq[; fo"k; gSA izgsfydk dh ljf.k dk vuqlj.k djosQ
loZizFke izcU/ dkO; dh jpuk d.kkZVd izns'k ls vkjEHk gqbZA ;g izgsfydk
izcU/ Hkkjr osQ nf{k.k Hkkx (eSlwj] d.kkZVd) esa rks miyC/ gksrk gSA ysfdu
Hkkjr osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa ;g xaFk vizkI; jgk gSA laLÑr lkfgR; osQ bfrgkl
xzUFkksa esa Hkh bldk mYys[k ugha feyrk gSA
^lhrkjko.klaokn>jh* izgsfydk izcU/ osQ mÙkjHkkx osQ jpf;rk iafMr
Jh lhrkjke'kkL=kh izFke izgsfydk izcU/dkj Jh pkejktuxj jke'kkL=kh osQ
f'k"; Fks vius xq# osQ ladYi dh iwfrZ osQ fy, mlh izdkj osQ izgsfydk
peRdkj lEiÂ rFkk vFkZ iqf"Viqr lhrkjko.klaokn ls ;qDr ipkl i|ksa dh
jpuk 1906 esa dh FkhA bUgksaus viuh Ñfr dks xq#fojfpr ^lhrkjko.klaokn>jh*
osQ mÙkjHkkx osQ :i esa la;qDr fd;kA1
r`rh; ^vfHkuo lhrkjko.klaokn>jh* dh jpuk Hkh Jh pkejktuxj
jke'kkL=kh osQ ladYi dh iwfrZ osQ fy, Jh cPpq lqCcjk; xqIr us dhA vius
xazFk dh lekfIr ij mUgksaus xzaFk jpuk dh izo`fÙk osQ fo"k; esa fufnZ"V fd;k gSA2
lhrkjke'kkL=kh us lkfgR;'kkL=k dk Kku Jh pkejktuxj jke'kkL=kh ls
izkIr fd;k FkkA3 lhrkjke'kkL=kh eSlwj jkT; osQ lHkk iafMr FksA laLÑr lkfgR;
1- ;n~ xw<kFkZ;qrku~ 'kra jpkf;rqa 'yksdku~ LolÄïfYirku~
'kDrks¿I;=k Hkoku~ LofoJkefHk"kkn/± ijkFk± tgkSA
;qDra rL; foeRljL; fg ijizksRlkgu'khyL; rn~
/U;kLL;ka Hkqous dFka Uogfeg izkIRkodk'kks u psr~«
&lhrkjko.klaokn>jh vkpk;Z jes'k prqosZnh& i`"B la[;k&45
2- iwfjr e;snkuha izfrKk jke'kkfL=k.k%A
'krk¼Z'yksdl;aqrk Ñfrfj;a Hkw;kUeqns lrke~«
&lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& vkpk;Z jes'k prqosZnh& i`"B la[;k& 09
3- ;Rlso;k es ijeka lkfgR;KkulEinenk=keA
oUns lhrkjko.klaokn>jh ;'kks>jhyfyre~«
& lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& vkpk;Z jes'k prqosZnh & i`"B la[;k&43
88 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
:ih lkxj esa ikjÄõr gksus osQ lkFk gh ;s dÂM+ Hkk"kk osQ Hkh ikjÄõr fo}ku FksA
nksuksa gh Hkk"kkvksa esa bUgksaus viuh izfrHkk dks izdV fd;k gSA1 ;s oS".ko HkDr
FksA budk tUe d.kkZVd izns'k dh jkt/kuh eSlwj uke uxj esa gkfjr uked
czkã.k oqQy esa gqvk FkkA buosQ firk Jh jkeHkV~V ^xq.Mko/kuh* bl uke ls
fo[;kr FksA budh ekrk dk uke ikoZrh FkkA xzUFkdkj us xzUFka esa mYys[k fd;k
gS%&
^;L; JhjkeHkV~Vks gfjroqQyi;ksjkf'kjkdklqa/k'kq
[;krks xq.Mko/kuhR;fi focq/oqQyksÙka ldLrkr vklhr~A
ekrkikoZR;fHk[;k efgroqQyo/wlfÂ/kS dhrZuh;k
lhrkjkeL; lhrkje.kd#.k;k okfx;a rL; th;kr~«2*
eSlwj jkT; osQ 'kkld Jh Ñ".kjkt us dfooj Jh lhrkjke'kkL=kh dks
jkT;lHkk osQ if.Mr in ij lEekfur fd;k FkkA dfooj oS".ko lEiznk; osQ
vuq;k;h Fks ,slk xzUFk osQ vkjEHk esa izLrqr eaxykpj.k osQ in rFkk xzUFk osQ
vUr esa izdkf'kr {kek izkFkZuk ls lqLi"V Kkr gksrk gSA xzUFk osQ izkjEHk esa
dfooj us fyÄõ opu 'ys"k osQ peRÑfr ls ;qDr vius bZ"Vnso dk Lej.k
fd;k gSA3 Hkxoku lhrkjke osQ izfr Jh lhrkjke'kkL=kh osQ ân; esa fof'k"V
HkfDrHko fojkteku FkkA bl xzaFk esa jko.k opu foU;kl osQ :i esa fu:fir
jke fuUnk dks vijk/ :i ekurs gq, dfo us fou;iwoZd vius b"Vnso
lhrkjke ls {kek ;kpuk dh gS rFkk xzUFk osQ lekiu esa Hkh Jh jke dk Lej.k
1- vkLok|k¿=k peRÑfreZeÑrkS ;k Dokfi orsZr psr~]

lok± r}nukjfoUnxfyrka rka Hkko;s¿ga âfnA
eka izhR;k lqdfoRooReZfu fpja lapkj;u~ laLÑrs]
d.kkZVosQ¿fi l fg izcU/jpukizkoh.;a Hkkta O;?kkr~«
& lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& vkpk;Z jes'k prqosZnh& i`"B la[;k 44
2- lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& vkpk;Z jes'k prqosZnh& i`"B la[;k&44
3- dY;k.ka nqgrh lnk iz.kerka âb×tua oqQoZrh
laLe`R;k iqurh txUeqfueufLlagklus HkkLorhA
HkO;Kkufoof/Zuh cgqfo/Dys'kkS/foèoafluh
lhrkjkeinkEcqts dy;rka Js;kafl u%«
& lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& vkpk;Z jes'k prqosZnh& i`"B la[;k&44
fd;k gSA1 xzUFkdkj us xzUFk osQ mÙkjHkkx osQ jpukdky dks bu 'kCnksa esa fufnZ"V
fd;k gS%&
^lk"Vsi×plgÏs"kq dY;Cns"kq xrsf"og
IyoÄõkCns T;s"VÑ".kkf}rh;k xq#okljsA
lhrkjko.klaokn>;kZ Hkkxks¿;eqÙkj%
izlknkTtkudhtkusjxeRifjiw.kZrke~*«2
^lhrkjko.klaokn>jh* bl xzUFk dk izdk'ku ifjey izdk'ku] fnYyh ls
2012 esa vkpk;Z jes'k prqosZnh osQ lEikndRo esa gqvk gSA bl laLdj.k esa jes'k
prqosZnh us jke'kkL=kh rFkk lhrkjke'kkL=kh mHk; iz.khr ^lhrkjko.klaokn>jh*
izgsfydk iFk 'krh dks fgUnh o laLÑr O;k[;k osQ lkFk izLrqr fd;k gSA
xzUFk dk Lo:i vkSj dFkkud%& 73 i|ksa esa izcU/ dkO; osQ mÙkjHkkx
dh jpuk dfo us dh FkhA ftuesa ls 50 i|ksa esa izgsfydk peRdkj ls lEiÂ
fuxw< vFkksZ ls ;qDr lhrkjko.klaokn of.kZr gS rFkk vU; i|ksa esa xzUFk jpuk dh
izo`fÙk vkfn fo"k; fu:fir gSA ;|fi dFkkud osQ fucU/u esa dfo us xq# }kjk
fojfpr lhrkjko.klaokn>jh Ñfr osQ iwoksZÙkj ihfBdk dks gh vius Ñfr osQ
iwoksZÙkj ihfBdk osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gS fiQj Hkh lhrkjko.klaokn izdk'ku
osQ igys dfooj us dFkk izlÄõ osQ :i esa jkek;.k osQ o`Ùk dks la{ksi esa ,d
i| esa izLrqr fd;k gS%&
^Jhjkes nw;ekus Lo;qofrfojgkYyC/lqxzhol[;s
,"k Jheku~ guqeku~ >fVfr tyf/eqÙkh;Z yÄïka izfo';A
n`"V~oks|kus¿Fk lhrka lqpfjrefgrka jko.kL;kfi rL;k%
JqRok laoknesra lifn lfou;ks jkeesR;kcHkk"ks«3*
mi;qZDr i| osQ i'pkr~ izgsfydk peRdkj ls ;qDr ipkl i|ksa esa
guqeku }kjk dgs x;s lhrkjko.klaokn dks jke osQ le{k dgdj dfooj us iqu
,d i| esa yÄïk fot; osQ iz;k.k vkfn dk jkepfjr la{ksi esa fufnZ"V fd;k
1- lkosQrleqæewjf/olu~ ;ksxhUæâÂUnua
iw.kZ% dkfUr lqHkSf'JhrkouiQykL=kÕ;kyokykf×pr%A
lRdk#.;jlksTtoyks tudtkPNk;kfHkjkeks¿fu'ka
Jheku~ nk'kjfFk% izdYi;rq u% dkY;k.kikjEijhe~«
& lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& vkpk;Z jes'k prqosZnh& i`"B la[;k&45
2- lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& vkpk;Z jes'k prqosZnh& i`"B la[;k&46
3- r=kSo& i`"B la[;k&47
90 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
gS%&
^JqRok oknfeea lehjteq[kkæke% ozqQ/k jko.ks
lqxzhoizeq[kS% iz;k; ty/kS fuekZI; lsrqa 'kqHke~A
yÄïkesR; fugR; jko.keq[kkarLrka izkI; lhrka Lrqrke~
lkosQra leqisR; lksnj;qr% i`Foha fpjknUo'kkr~«1*
xzUFk osQ izfrik| lhrkjko.klaokn dks foLrkjiwoZd vkSj vU; jkek;.kh;
dFkk dks nks i|ksa esa la{ksi esa izLrqr djosQ dfooj us laokn osQ izlax esa jko.k
dh mfDr esa jkefuUnk :i okD; foU;kl dks iki :i ekurs gq, jke ls
{kek;kpuk dh gSa vkSj xzaFk osQ iw.kZ gksus dk funsZ'k djosQ dkO; lwpuk osQ Dys'k
dks izdkf'kr fd;k gSA2 xzUFk dh jpuk esa dfo us N% NUnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
gSA ijUrq vius xq# osQ ladYi dh iwfrZ osQ fy, xzUFk osQ mÙkjHkkx esa dfo
us 'kknwZyfoØhfMr NUn dk lokZf/d iz;ksx fd;k gSA dfo dk vfr'k; iz;qDr
NUn f'k[kfj.kh gSA bldk iz;ksx xzUFk esa 15 ckj fd;k gSA ÏX/jk dk iz;ksx 11
ckj fd;k gSA vuq"Vqi~ o`Ùk ik¡p i|ksa esa iz;qDr gSA nks i|ksa dh fufeZrh vk;kZ
o`Ùk esa gSA ekfyuh NUn dk iz;ksx ,dckj fd;k gSA
lhrkjko.klaokn i|ksa dk oSf'k"V~;%& Jh lhrkjke'kkL=kh us izgsfydke;
lhrkjko.klaokn dh izLrqfr osQ izlax esa ,d fof'k"V peRdkj dk lfÂos'k
fd;k gS tks vU;=k izgsfydk lkfgR; esa vizkI; gSA peRdkj/ku gsrq dfo us
fof'k"V 'kCn ;kstuk dh gSA jko.k }kjk dfFkr 'kCnkoyh esa iz;qDr o.kZ fo'ks"k
osQ yksi osQ dkj.k ;k o.kZ fo'ks"k LFkkiuk osQ dkj.k vFkok o.kZ fo'ks"k osQ LFkku
ij nwljs o.kZ osQ iz;ksx ls mu 'kCnkofy;ksa dk foijhr vFkZ mRiÂ gks tkrk gS
ftlosQ dkj.k mu 'kCnkofy;ksa ls lhrk osQ vfHkizsr jke dh iz'kalk vkSj jko.k
dh fuUnk] jko.k osQ okD; ls gh izfrikfnr gks tkrh gSA i|ksa dh lajpuk esa
dfooj us vius xq# osQ }kjk iznf'kZr ljf.k dk gh vuqlj.k djrs gq, fuxw<
vFkZ ls ;qDr lhrkjko.klaokn ;qDr 22 i|ksa P;kfork{kj izgsfydk peRdkj dks]
26 i|ksa esa izfrnÙkk{kj izgsfydk peRdkj dks rFkk] nks i|ksa esa nÙkk{kj izgsfydk
peRdkj dks izdkf'kr fd;k gSA bl izdkj xzUFkdkj us lhrkjko.klaokn>jh osQ
1- r=kSo& i`"B la[;k&47

2- bZn`Xnq"djfp=kcU/jpukDys'ka fotkukE;ga
loZKks Hkxoku~ l osfÙk l p es lkfgR;fo|kxq#%A
fp=ksukofgrsu es Ñfrfeeka n`"V~ok jlkLoknukr~
larq"Vk jfldk cq/k vfi fonqtkZuh;qjU;s dFke~« r=kSo& i`"B la[;k&47
mÙkjHkkx esa izgsfydk osQ P;qrk{kjk] nÙkk{kjk rFkk izfrnÙkk{kjk laKd rhu izdkjksa
dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
P;qrk{kjk osQ iz;ksx esa oSf'k"V~;%& Jh lhrkjke'kkL=kh us lhrkjko.klaokn>jh
osQ mÙkjHkkx esa fuxw<kFkZ lEiÂ ikSyLR; tkudh laokn dks izLrqr djus osQ fy,
22 i|ksa esa P;qrk{kjk izgsfydk osQ peRdkj dks fofo/ :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA
dbZ i| O;×tuk P;qfr peRdkj ls ;qDr gSA pkj i|ksa esa îz* ,oa ^le* bu
nks milxksZ osQ }kjk peRdkj dks n'kkZ;k gSA
P;qrk{kjk dk y{k.k%&
dfLeaf'pPP;kfors o.ksZ ;=kkFkksZ¿U;% izrh;rsA
fp=ka rnso foKs;a P;kfork{kjukede~«1
fdlh o.kZ osQ P;qr fd, tkus ij (fdlh o.kZ osQ gVkus ls) tgk¡ vU;
vFkZ dh izrhr gksrh gS mldks P;kfork{kj uked fp=kkyÄïkj tkuuk pkfg,A
P;qrk{kjk dk mnkgj.k%& o.kZ fp=k jpuk osQ oqQ'ky iz;ksDrk dfo us
milxZ osQ yksi ls ;qDr jko.k lhrk dh mfDr izR;qfDr dks fuEui| esa n'kkZ;k
gS%&
^gs lhrs efrlaHkzeks ee ;Fkk dk;sZ"kq iR;quZ rs
loZ=kkfi futks|es"kq l [kyq [;krks egkla'k;%A
fdapk[;kfUr re=k nq"Vtula/krs fuc¼knje~
ØO;knk/e fda uq ok izyi uks lEizhfrj=kfLr es«2*
lhrk osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj jko.k osQ }kjk rhu ckj mDr ^le~* milxZ o.kZ dk
yksi djus ij inkoyh bl izdkj gks tkrh gS%&
gs lhrs efrHkzeks eu ;Fkk dk;sZ"kq iR;qZu rs
loZ=kkfi futks|es"kq l [kyq [;krks egk¿¿'k;%A
fdapk[;kfUr re=k nq"Vtu|ksr fuc¼knje~«
jko.k us lhrk ls Loiz'kalk djrs gq, dgk& gs lhrs! ftl izdkj eSa
LodrZO;ksa esa efr laHkze ('kh?kz fu'p;) djrk gw¡ oSls jke ugha djrk gSA og
vR;f/d la'k;oku fuf'pr :i ls fo[;kr gS rFkk yksx mls nq"Vtuksa osQ
la?kkr (leqnk;) esa yxko j[kus okyk crkrs gSaA
1- lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& jktkjke'kqDy& i`"B la[;k&18
2- lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& vkpk;Z jes'k prqosZnh& i`"B la[;k& 112@60
92 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
lhrk us mÙkj fn;k gS jk{klk/e! rw tks pkgs og lc cksy eq>s rsjs dFku
esa lEizhfr (yxko) ugha gSA izLrqr 'yksd esa le milxZ ls ;qDr lhrk osQ
opu esa fuxw<+ vFkZ fo|eku gSA lhrk dgrh gS gs jk{klk/e! rw le o.kZ dk
ifjR;kx dj cksyA le o.kZ dk yksi djus ij jko.k osQ }kjk dgs x;s vius
xq.kksa dks izdV djus okys okD; bl izdkj ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSa%&
gs lhrs! tSls eq>s LodrZO;ksa ls efrHkze (HkzkfUr) gks tkrh gS ml izdkj
jke dks ughaA og jke yksd esa egk'k; (mnkjeuk) fo[;kr gS rFkk yksx mls
nq"Vtuksa osQ ?kkr (guu) djus esa J¼koku~ crkrs gSaA
izfrnÙkk{kjk osQ iz;ksx esa oSf'k"V~;& dfo us izfrnÙkk{kjk uked
izgsfydk izdkj dk lokZf/d fun'kZu izLrqr djrs gq, mldh fofo/ fofPNfÙk
dks izdkf'kr fd;k gSA bl izcU/ esa fuxw<kFkZ lEiÂ ikSyLR; tkudh laokn dks
mifLFkr djrs gq, dfooj us 26 i|ksa esa izfrnÙkk{kjk dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA jke
dh fuUnk ijd rFkk jko.k osQ vkReiz'kalkijd opuksa esa lhrk osQ fuxw< laosQr
osQ vuqlkj jko.k osQ opu ls o.kZ fo'ks"k osQ gVkus ij ml o.kZ osQ LFkku ij
lhrk fufnZ"V o.kZ LFkkfir djus ij jke fuUnk osQ LFkku ij jke iz'kalk Kkr
gksrh gS mlh izdkj jko.k iza'klk osQ LFkku ij mldh fuUnk Kkr gksrh gSA bl
izdkj foijhr vFkZ izfriknu :i peRdkj o.kZ izfrnku j[kus ls Kkr gksrk gSA
izfrnÙkk{kj dk y{k.k%&
P;kforL;kLins¿U;su izfrnÙksu osQukfpr~A
izrh;rs¿U;ks ;=kkFkZ% izfrnÙkk{kja fg rr~«1
P;qr fd, x, (gVk, x,) v{kj osQ LFkku ij fdlh vU; osQ }kjk fn,
v{kj ls tgk¡ vU; vFkZ dh izrhfr gksrh gS mldks izfrnÙkk{kj uked
fp=kkyÄïkj tkuu pkfg,A
izfrnÙkk{kjk dk mnkgj.k%& o.kZfp=k jpuk osQ fuiq.k lhrkjke'kkL=kh us
LojO;×tu izfrnku ls ;qDr laokn dks fuEu i| esa n'kkZ;k gS%&
^li{ka eka fpÙks dy; uuq jkosQUnqonus
n`'kk i';Roa eka lifn n`<dkea ln;;kA
enh;a O;kgkja oqQ# fuf[kyeI;| liQya
tuL;kJO;a rs op bg lrks fofiz;ejs«2*
1- lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& jktkjke'kqDy& i`"B la[;k&20
2- lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& vkpk;Z jes'k prqosZnh& i`"B la[;k&123@66
lhrk osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj ^l* osQ LFkku ij ^fo* dk iz;ksx djus ij jko.k
}kjk x;h inkoyh bl izdkj gks tkrh gS%&
foi{ka eka fpÙks dy; uuq jkosQUnqonus
n`'kk i'; Roa eka foifn n`<dkea fon;;k«
enh;a O;kgkja oqQ# fuf[kyeI;| foiQye~A
jko.k us lhrk ls dgk& gs iw.kZpUæeqf[k! eq>s vius vuqowQy tkuA vius
izfr n`<kfHkyk"kh eq>s 'kh?kz gh n;kiw.kZ n`f"V ls ns[kA esjh lEiw.kZ izkFkZuk dks vc
'kh?kz gh liQy dj nsA lhrk us mÙkj fn;k js uhp! rsjk ;g vJksrO; opu
lrks fofiz; vFkkZr~ lTtuksa dks vufHker gSA lhrk dks bl izR;qfDr dk fuxw<kFkZ
gS fd rsjh mfDr esa ^ldkj* osQ LFkku ij ^fo* o.kZ dk iz;ksx eq>s vHkh"V gS
lhrk osQ bl fuxw< funsZ'kkuqlkj ^l* osQ LFkku ij ^fo* dk iz;ksx djus ij
ifjofrZr Lo:i inkoyh fuEu vFkZ dk cks/ djkrh gS%&
gs pUæeq[kh! eq> jko.k dks viuk foi{k (vfgrdkjd) le>A rw
foifÙk esa n`<+kuqjkxh eq> jko.k dks n;kjfgr n`f"V ls ns[k vFkkZr~ vR;Ur
foinxzLr esjh bu lHkh izkFkZukvksa dks rw foiQy (O;FkZ) cuk ns vFkkZr~ oqQfir
gksdj esjk frjLdkj djA
vf/nÙkk{kjk osQ iz;ksx esa oSf'k"V~;& lhrkjke'kkL=kh us nks i|ksa esa
vf/nÙkk{kj fp=kkyÄïkj osQ peRdkj dks n'kkZ;k gSA f=kikn osQ vkjEHk esa fof'k"V
inksa dks iz;qDr fd;k gSA in osQ vkjEHk esa o.kZ vFkok foo.kZ osQ la;kstu ls
Loiza'klkijd jko.k dk dFku fuUnkijd rFkk jke osQ fuUnkijd okD;
iz'kalkijd gks tkrs gSaA
vf/nÙkk{kj dk y{k.k%&
dfLaef'pnf/osQ o.ksZ nÙks¿FkksZ ;=k fHk|rsA
vf/nÙkk{kja uke fp=ka rfnfr cq¼;rke~«1
fdlh o.kZ osQ vf/d gksus ij tgk¡ fn;k gqvk vFkZ fHkÂ izrhr gksrk gS
mldks vf/nÙkk{kj uked fp=kkyÄïkj tkuuk pkfg,A
vf/nÙkk{kjk dk mnkgj.k& o.kZ fp=k jpuk esa n{k dfoo;Z us Loj
O;×tu izfrnku peRdkj ls ;qDr lhrkjko.k dh mfDr izR;qfDr dks fuEu i|
esa n'kkZ;k gS%&
1- lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& jktkjke 'kqDy& i`"B la[;k&31

94 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
^pkjkuI;kReuhuku~ ijeoqQ'ky/hjs"k uSokfHkdka{ksr~
ifÙkO;wgS% iqjksxStZuduìlqrs fda uq lkgkÕ;eL;A
jaHkkfrizhfrdkfjO;gg ifjylR;srnh;k¿ÑfrJh%
lE;fXoKk;rs¿nks opueuqina rs eq[kkdkjrks fg«1*
lhrk osQ funsZ'k dk vuqlj.k djosQ jko.k dh mfDr bl izdkj ifjofrZr
gks tkrh gS%&
vkpkjkuI;kReuhuku~ ijeoqQ'ky/hjs"k uSokfHkdkÄ~{ksr~
vkifÙkO;wgS% iqjksxStZuduìlqrs fda uq lkgkÕ;eL;A
vkjEHkkfrizhfr dkfj.;gg ifjylR;srVh;k ÑfrJh%«
jko.k us lhrk ls dgk& gs tkufd! vR;Ur oqQ'kkxzcqf¼ okyk ;g
jko.k vius fgrdkjh xqIrpjksa (pkjksa) dh lgk;rk vkdka{kk ugha djrk gSA bls
vius vkxs&vkxs pyus okys inkfr lSfudksa osQ lewg dh lgk;rk dh D;k
vis{kk gS\ vFkkZr~ Lo;a 'kwjohj ;g jko.k vosQyk gh ;q¼ thr ldrk gSA
bldh fof'k"V vkÑfr 'kksHkk jEHkk osQ eu dks Hkh yqHkkus okyh gSA ;g lqudj
lhrk us mÙkj fn;k& vjs nq"V! rsjs }kjk fHkÂ&fHkÂ okD;ksa esa izLrqr rsjh ;s
fo'ks"krk,¡ rks rsjh eq[kkÑfr dks ns[kus ls gh Kku gks tkrh gSA vius xq.kx.k dks
crkus osQ fy, D;ksa O;FkZ gh cksy jgk gSA lhrk dh bl izR;qfDr esa vk;s
êq[kkdkj* 'kCn dk ,d vU; vFkZ izkjEHk esa vk;s ^vk* o.kZ dk iz;ksx Kkr
gksrk gS vFkkZr~ js nq"V! rsjh bl f=kiknkRed mfDr osQ izR;sd ikn osQ vkjEHk
esa (eq[k) esa vkdkj& ^vk* o.kZ dh LFkkiuk ls rsjs okLrfod xq.kksa dk cks/
gksrk gSA ^vk* o.kZ dk iz;ksx djus ls ifjofrZr Lo:i jko.kksfDr dk vFkZ Kkr
gksrk gS fd& gs tkufd! ;g jko.k vR;Ur voqQ'ky gksus osQ dkj.k vius fgr
lk/d vkpj.kksa dks ugha djrk gS rFkk lkeus mifLFkr foifÙk;ksa ls f?kjs gq, bl
jko.k dh lgk;rk dy=k fe=kkfn }kjk oSQls gks ldrh gS\ bldh dk;Z lEink
(Ñfr Jh) vkjEHk esa gh izfrdkjh gS vFkkZr~ ifj.kke esa og lq[kn ugha gSA
mi;qZDr fooj.kksa osQ vk/kj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd izgsfydk izcU/
dkj lhrkjke'kkL=kh us rhu izgsfydk izdkjksa osQ peRdkj ls ;qDr izgsfydk
izcU/ dh jpuk dh gSA izgsfydk i|ksa osQ prqFkZ ikn esa lhrk izR;qfDr fof'k"V
o.kZ;kstukorh gSA bl o.kZ ;kstuk }kjk vkikrr% jko.kksfDr dk izR;k[;ku ,oa
jko.k dk frjLdkj ek=k cksf/r gksrk gS fdUrq izgsfydk foK lhrk izR;qfDr osQ
1- lhrkjko.klaokn>jh& vkpk;Z jes'k prqosZnh& i`"B la[;k&150@80

fo'ys"k.k ls o.kZyksi] o.kZLFkkiu ,oa o.kZ ifjorZu fo"k;d fuxw< funsZ'k osQ
vuqlkj o.kZyksikfn dj jko.kksfDr dk iqu% foospu djrs gSa rks jke iz'kalkRed
rFkk jko.k fuUnkRed lhrk osQ vfHkizsr vFkZ dks igpkudj vkÈkn fo'ks"k dk
vuqHko djrs gSaA
dfooj lhrkjke'kkL=kh us viuh viwoZ] vn~Hkqr iz[kj es/k'kfDr osQ
viwoZ vuqie izgsfydk izcU/ dkO; dh jpuk dh gSA lexz dkO; vn~Hkqr
peRdkj oSfp=; ls ifjiw.kZ gSA dfo dh 'kCn 'kÕ;k] vFkZ dk xqEiQu] jl
ifjikd rFkk laokn 'kSyh fofp=kfp=kpkrqjh ls laf'y"V gSA leLr 'ys"ke;
fuxw< vFkZ ls lhrk dh vkstfLork o rstfLork izdV gksrh gSA viuh
opukofy;ksa ls oSnsgh us loZ=k jko.k dh xgZ.kk dh gSA
LokrU=;ksÙkj laLÑr okÄ~e; esa Hkh îzgsfydk 'krde~* bl laKk ls
dkO; iz.khr fd, x, gSaA izFke îzgsfydk 'krde~* 1991 esa jkek'kh"k
ik.Ms; }kjk fyf[kr gS ftldk izdk'ku îzcks/ laLÑr izdk'ku* gje~ gkmflx
dkyksuh jkWph ls gqvk gSA f}rh; izgsfydk 'krde~ 1963 esa ôS| Lo:i
'kkL=kh* }kjk iz.khr gS ftldk izdk'ku ^cky laLÑr izdk'ku* vkxjk jksM]
?kkVdksij eqEcbZ ls gqvk gSA bl izdkj izgsfydk dkO; dh ijEijk v{kq..kk
cuh gqbZ gS&
;|fi lkfgR;niZ.kdkj vkfn vusd vkpk;ksZ us uhjl gksus osQ dkj.k
izgsfydk esa dkO;Ro ugha Lohdkj fd;k gSA fdUrq izgsfydk dkO;ksa dh ijEijk
vR;Ur izkphu gS& ;gk¡ rd fd osnksa osQ eU=kksa esa Hkh izgsfydk dk ;=k r=k
voyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% ^peRdkjdkfjRoa dkO;e~* dh n`f"V ls
peRdkj ;qDr gksus osQ dkj.k izgsfydk esa dkO;Ro vo'; Lohdk;Z gSA yksd
esa Hkh izgsfydk (igsyh) ls ijLij yksxksa esa peRdkjkuqHkwfr gksrh gSA oLrqr%
izgsfydk dkO; esa gkL;jlewyd vU;kU; jlksa dk lfÂos'k fd;k tkrk gS
blfy, izgsfydk dkO; loZFkk uhjl gksr gSa& ;g dFku ;qfDrlaxr ugha gSA
izLrqr ^lhrkjko.klaokn>jh* izgsfydkRed dkO; lân;tuksa osQ fy, vR;Ur
vkuUntud vkSj peRdkjk/k;d gS& vr% bldk dkO;Ro lân;tuksa }kjk
leosr :i ls Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA
ggg
ufg jlkn`rs df'pnFkZ% çorZrs

&Vksuh flUgk
'kksèkPNk=kk] jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~
tudiqjh] uonsgyh
¹jlsu fouk dL;fpnfi 'kCndnEcL; dkO;Roa u laHkofrA
r=kkfi p ukVÔkfn"kq 'kkL=ks"kq vL; oSf'k"VÔa lokZfr'k;a orZrs bfr
voèkk;Z vuqlU/k=;k 'kks/ys[kks¿;a izLrqr%A &laúº
lEiw.kZs¿fLeu~ Hkwe.Mys ;Fkk laLÑra oSf'k"VÔa èkjfr rFkSo okÄ~e;s
laLÑrs¿fLeu~ ,sfrgkfld&lkekftd&èkkfeZdn`"VÔuqlkjs.k 'kkL=kL;kL; ukVÔ'kkL=kL;
lokZfèkda egÙoiw.k± LFkkua uk¿=k }U}%A mÙkQ×p&
ç.kE; f'kjlk nsokS firkegegs'ojkSA
ukVÔ'kkL=ka ço{;kfe czã.kk ;nqnkâre~AA1
txzkg ikBÔe`XosnkRlkeH;ks xhreso pA
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1- (ukVÔ'kkL=ke~ û-û)
2- (ukVÔ'kkL=ke~] û-÷)
3- (dkO;ú û&ü)
4- (lkúnú ý&ü]ý)
( 96 )
ufg jlkn`rs df'pnFkZ% çorZrs 97
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1- (dkO;çú mYykl&þ)
2- (rSú ü&÷)
3- (ukVÔú ö&ýù)
4- (ukVÔú ö&ýü)
5- (dkO;ú þ&ü÷] üø)
98 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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çfrHkkl%] 'kqÙkQkS bna jtrfefr çrhfr% HkofrA
vL;k% [;krs% çeq•r;k i×p:iRoa n`';rs vkRe[;kfr%] vlR[;kfr%]
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bna jtrfefr Kkueso jtr:is.k çfrHkklrs] vFkkZr~ Kkueso fo"k;:is.k çfrHkklrs]
vL; rq lqrjkeso vU;Fkk[;krkSjUrHkkZo% ;rksfg vU;L; KkuL; vU;:is.k
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1- ¶vkRe[;kfrjlR[;kfr% v[;kfr[;kfrjU;Fkk] rFkk¿fuoZuh;[;kfrfjR;srR[;kfriapde~A¸

loZn'kZulaxgz %
( 102 )
U;k;kfHkerk[;krs% leh{kkRedeè;;ue~ 103
ekè;fedkfnuka ers rq vlnso jtrkns% lÙosu çfrHkklkn~ vlR[;kfr%
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LohfØ;rsA ,oa ;nk rq vfèk"Bkulk{kkRdkjks Hkofr rnk rq usna jtrfeR;usu
vfuoZpuh;jtrL; fu"ksèk% HkofrA v=kk¿fi Li"Veso vU;Fkk[;kfrRoek;kfr
;rksfg vfuoZpuh;[;kfr bfr 'kCnr% vU;Fkk[;kfrRoek;kfr] [;kfrjFkkZr~
fuoZpfu;Roa rnk rq vfuoZpuh;L; fuoZpuknso vU;FkkRoek;kfrA vfi p
vè;klfopkj.kk¿oljs 'kkÄïjHkk";s mÙkQa ;r~ loZFkSo vU;L; èkekZoHkklrka u
O;fHkpjfr] vU;L; vU;èkekZoHkklSo vU;Fkk[;kfr fo|rs] vr% vfuoZpuh;&
[;krsjfi vU;Fkk[;krkS ,okUrHkkZo%A
v[;kfrokfnuka ehekaldkuka ers rq Hkzefo"k;s v[;kfr% Hkofr] ;Fkk
iqjksofrZfu 'kqÙkQkS jtrçrhfrn'kk;ke=k 'kqDR;k% lkda p{kqLlfÂd"kZ% jtrL; p
Lej.kkRedfefr Kku};dYiuknso lke×tL;s r=k fof'k"VKkuedYiuh;e~A v=k
ço`ÙksjI;qii|rs ;rksfg ehekalders ço`fÙka çfr u fg fof'k"VKkua dkj.kefi rq
Hksnk¿xzgSo dkj.ka] r=k 'kqÙkQkS jtrHksnkxzgknso ço`fÙk% Hkofr] vFk p ;nk jtrs
jtrRocqf¼% Hkofr r=kk¿fi ço`fÙka çfr Hksnk¿xzgSo dkj.ke~A fuo`fÙka çR;fi
Hksnk¿xzgoS dkj.ka] ;Fkk jtrs jtrHksnk¿xzgkn~ fuo`fÙk% Hkofr] ço`fÙkfuo`Ù;qHk;fu"B&
1- ¶-----rFkk rStleUr%dj.kefi p{kqjkfn}kjk fuxZR; ?kVkfnfo"k;ns'ka xRok ?kVkfnfo"k;kdkjs.k

ifj.kers---A¸ osnkUrifjHkk"kk
2- ¶dkpdkeynks"knwf"krykspuL; iqjksofrZæO;la;ksxkfnnekdkjk pkdfpD;kdkjk p dkfpn-
--A¸ osnkUrifjHkk"kk
104 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
dk;Zrkfu:firdkj.krk Hksnk¿xzgs fo|rs] vr% vuUrdk;Zdkj.kHkkodYiuk¿fi
ukfLrA vFk p KkuL; vFkkZ¿O;fHkpkfjRofu;ekn~ loZefi Kkua ;FkkFkZer%
Hkzes¿frO;kfrokj.kk; r}f}'ks";dRofof'k"VrRçdkjdRoy{k.ks fo'ks"k.khHkwrL;
r}f}'ks";dRoL; oS;F;± Hkzek¿Hkkokr~A vfi p ;L;ka lafofn ;ks¿FkkZs¿oHkklrs
l% rL; fo"k;ks ukU;% rL; r=kk¿uoHkklkn~ vuoHkklekuL; fo"k;Ros¿frçlÄõkr~
rsu vU;L; vU;FkkHkkua çrhfrfo:¼esoA vFk p ykSfddçR;{ka çfr
bfUæ;kFkZlfÂd"kkZs¿is{krs] ,oa 'kqÙkQkS jtrKkudkys jtrk¿Hkkokr~ rsu lg
p{kqLlfÂd"kkZ¿Hkkokr~ dFka jtrL; çR;{ka Hkofr] jtrçR;{kk¿Hkkos jtrs ço`fÙk%
uksii|rsA
v=k uS;kf;dk% onfUr ;r~ ;fn Hksnk¿xzgSo ço`fÙkfuo`Ù;qHk;a çfr dkj.ka
rnk rq jÄõjtr;ks% bes jÄõs jtrs osfr lewgkyEcukReds Hkzes jÄõjtrkH;ka
p{kqLla;ksxs lfr jÄõjtrksHk;fo'ks";djtRoçdkjda bes jtrs bfr Kkua jÄõk'ks
HkzekRede~] ;}k bnURosu jaxjtrksHk;fo'ks";da jÄõRoçdkjda bes jÄõs bfr Kkua
jtrka'ks HkzekRede~ bR;=k jtrsu lg bfUæ;lfÂd"kkZn~ jtrRosu lkda
p{kqLla;qÙkQleok;kRedykSfddlfÂd"kkZ¿dYiusu Kkuy{k.kk;k% çÙ;klfÙkRo&
dYiukç;qÙkQxkSjoç;ksT;kuqfefrèkfeZd¿çkek.;KkuksRiÙks% vçlDÙ;k jÄõka'ks
folaokfnço`fÙkgsrqr;k vU;Fkk[;kR;H;qixe% vko';dfefrA1 ;|qP;rs ;n~ ,d%
fu;e% fo|rs rÙkf}'ks";s rÙkf}f'k"Vcqf¼a çfr rÙkf}'ks"k.ks rrf}'ks";?kfVrlfÂd"kkZs
gsrq%] vU;Fkk vlfÂÑ"VinkFkZL;kfi çR;{kk¿iÙks%] rFkk p dFka jtr?kfVr&
la;qÙkQleok;su jÄõs jtrRoxzg%] rFkk pk¿=k vU;Fkk[;kfrlaHkoks ukfLrA v=k
nks"kkUrjefi çnh;rs ;r~ jÄõjtr;ks% bes jtrjÄõs bfr lewgk¿yEcukReds Hkzes
;qxiRço`fÙkfuo`Ù;qHk;ksRiÙ;k¿ifÙkçlÄõ%] ;rksfg jÄõs ço`fÙkdkj.kL; jtrHksnk¿xzgL;
fuo`fÙkdkj.kL; jÄõHksnk¿xzgL;] jtrs ço`fÙkdkj.kL; jtrHksnk¿xzgL; fuo`fÙkdkj.kL;
jÄõHksnk¿xzgL; p lÙokr~A rFkk pSddrZ`d;qxiRço`fÙkfuo`Ù;qHk;ksRiÙ;kifÙkçlÄõ%A
;fn p ijLijlkexz;k% iQyçfrcUèkdRoa LohfØ;rs rnk rq ,dSdL;k¿uqRiÙks&
:Hk;k¿uqRifÙkçlÄõ%A2 rLekr~ Hksnk¿xzgL; ço`fÙkfuo`fÙka çfr dkj.kRoa ifjR;T;
ço`fÙka çfr b"VrkoPNsndçdkjdKkuL;] fuo`fÙka çfr p vfu"VrkoPNsnd&
çdkjdKkuL; vU;Fkk¿uqiiÙ;k gsrqRoeÄõhÑR;So ;qxiRço`Ù;kifÙknks"kks okj.kh;%A
1- ¶fd×p ;=k jÄõjtr;ksfjes jtrs jÄõs osfr Kkua tkra r=k u dkj.kckèkks¿fiA¸
U;k;fl¼kUreqÙkQkoyh%
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U;k;fl¼kUreqÙkQkoyh%
rFkk p jÄõs b"VrkoPNsndjtRoçdkjdL; vU;Fkk[;kR;kRedL; HkzeL; flf¼%
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flf¼% fujkckèkSo HkofrA vfi p ;|uqfefra çR;fi Hksnk¿xzgSo dkj.ka rnk rq
¶ßn% ofÉeku~ èkwekfnR;=k¸ ofÉO;kI;èkweon~&Hksnk¿xzgdkyhuO;kI;fof'k"V&
fo"k;dksifLFkfrfof'k"Vi{kxzgknuqfefr% fujkckèkSo] ;rksfg vuqfefra çfr u fg
r`rh;Kkua dkj.kefirq O;kI;rkoPNsndçdkjdi{kèkeZrkKkuRosuSo dkj.kRoa] ;|=k
vuqfefr% ukÄõhfØ;rs rnk rq vUo;O;fHkpkj%] ;|H;qis;rs rnk rq ¶ßn%
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çR;{kfeo vuqfersjfi loZlEerr;k ¶v;ksxksyda ofÉefn¸R;uqjksèkkr~ rRdkj.kRosu
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;fn çR;{kçek.ksu ¶jÄõs jtrRoçdkjdk¿U;Fkk[;krs% flf¼% fØ;rs]1 rnk r=k
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u lEHkofrA vr% ekulk¿uqO;olk;s.k vU;Fkk[;krs% flf¼ç;kl% fØ;rs ;r~
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O;olk;kuUrja ?kVRoçdkjd?kVfo'ks";desok¿uqO;olk;ks HkofrA
v=ksna'kÄïrs ;r~ bna jtrr;k tkukfe bR;uqO;olk;% jtrHksnk¿xzgdkyhu&
jtrRoçdkjrkfu:firfo'ks";rk;k% iqjksofrZ'kqÙkQkS vlalxkZxzg ,o u rq
rkn`'kfof'k"VKkuaA rnksP;rs ;r~ HkzeckèkkuUrja ¶usna jtra fdUrq 'kqfÙkQ%¸ bfr
ckèkfu'p;ksÙkja ¶'kqfÙkQa jtrr;k vKkfl"ke~ bR;qRiknkr~] rRiwoZ{k.ks p r;ksHkZsnxzgL;
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p HkzeLFkys èkeZinkFkZsu lkda ykSfddlfÂd"kkZ¿HkkoLFkys Kkuy{k.kkçÙ;lfÙkRo&
dYiusuSo jtrçR;{klke×tL;s u dks¿fi nks"k%A
r=k HkzeL; vU;FkkRoa dFka Hkofr] rnwP;rs ¶bna jtrfeR;sdeso Kkua¸
r=k jtrfefrKkufo"k;a rq gkVdLFkjtra Hkofr] fdUrq gkVds ço`fÙk% u Hkofr
fdUrq iqjksofrZfu inkFkZs] vr% jtrfefrKkufo"k;a ;n~ gkVdLFkjtrfeR;=k jtrka'ks
1- ¶bRFka pkU;Fkk[;krkS çR;{keso çek.kaA¸ U;k;fl¼kUreqÙkQkoyh%

2- ¶jÄõa jtrr;k tkukfe bR;uqHkokfnfr la{ksi%A¸ U;k;fl¼kUreqÙkQkoyh%
106 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
èkeZ};a jtrRoa gkVdLFkRo×p] r=k gkVdLFkRoa ifjR;T; jtrRoek=k& eoHkklrs]
vr% jtfeR;a'ks vU;FkkRoek;kfrA bnfefr Kkufo"k;a rq 'kqfÙkQ Hkofr] fdUrq
;nk bnfefr Kkufo"k;'kqDrs% 'kqfÙkQRosu Hkkua Hkofr rnk r=k jtrkfFkZO;ÙkQs%
ço`Ù;uqiifÙk% L;kr~] vr% bnfefrKkufo"k;'kqÙkQs% u fg 'kqfÙkQRosu Hkkuefi rq
vU;èkeZs.k jtrRosu] bRFkfenfeR;a'ks jtrka'ks p vU;FkkRoek;kfr vr%
vU;Fkk[;kfrfjfr rq vUoFkZlaKkA
r=k lkdkjokfnu% onfUr ;r~ jtrKkus leok;lEcUèksu jtrRoa fo|rs]
jtrL; KkuL; p fo"k;fo"kf;HkkolEcUèka uk¿H;qixPNfUrA fdUrq uS;kf;dkuka
ers jtrKkus jtrRoL; leok; ,o ukfLr] vfi rq jtrrTKku;ks% fo"k;fo"kf;Hkko%]
rsu 'kqÙkQkS jtrRoL; leok;% ukfLr] vr% vU;Fkk[;kfrokns KkuL;
ldkjrkoknçlÄõks ukorjfrA1
v=kk¿fi ,dk 'kÄïk Hkofr ;r~ ;Fkk ?kVKkua ?kVk¿HkkoL; çfrcUèkda
rFkSo ?kVKkuefi ?kVkHkkok¿Hkkoeqæ;k ?kVk¿HkkoKkuL; çfrcUèkder% jtrfefr
Kkueso jtrHksnk¿Hkkoeqæ;k dFka u usna jtrfefr KkuçfrcUèkda] rnksP;rs ;r~
çfrcè;çfrcUèkdHkkos vuU;Fkkfl¼cqf¼jso fu;kfedk vFkkZr~ u fg fojksfèkfo"k;dRoa
ckèkdRos rU=ke~ vfi rq fojksfèkrfo"k;dk¿uU;Fkkfl¼Kkueso çfrcUèkda]2 rPp
fo'ks"kn'kZuykSfddlfÂd"kkZfn:iksÙkstdkèkhuRoa] r=k 'kqÙkQkS nks"ko'kkr~ jtrcq¼;~ uUrja
jtrRokHkkoO;kI;fyÄõfo'ks"kL; èkfeZf.k 'kqÙkQkS n'kZukr~ usna jtrfefr fdUrq 'kqfÙkQ%
bfr fu'p;% leqRi|rs] f}rh;Kkua rq fo'ks"kn'kZuèkhLlu~ iwokZsRiÂa jtrKkua
ckèkrs]'kqÙkQkS jtrKkua fo'ks"kn'kZuèkhua fouk mRiÂRokr~ u ckèkdfefrA vfi p
rU=kokfrZds mÙkQefLr ;r~ iwoZKkukis{k;k ijKkua cyh;LRoa Hkofr ;nk r=k
ijLijfujis{kcqf¼% L;kr~A3 ;=k iwokZi{s keqÙkja KkueqRiÙkqeUq eq•a r=kksithO;iwofZ ojksèksuksÙkja
uksRi|rs] vr% vtkra lRiwo± dFka ckèkrke~A
v=k iqu% ,dk 'kÄïk mRi|rs ;r~ 'kqÙkQkS bna jtrfefr KkuL;
dFke;FkkFkZRoek;kfr] rL; vlf}"k;Roa ukfLr 'kqfÙkQjtr;ks% p fo|ekuRokr~A
;|qP;rs ;r~ 'kqfÙkQjtr;ks% ;r~ rknkRE;a lÙoa ukfLr vfirq vlÙoeso] rnksP;rs
;r~ 'kqfÙkQjtrksHk;rknkRE;a rq 'kqfÙkQjtrksHk;a rknkRE;×psfr rnk rq 'kqfÙkQjtrksHk;a
1- ¶Kkus jtrRok¿uH;qixekf}'ks"k.kfo'ks";fo"k;dRokPp u lkdkjokn%A¸ rÙofpUrkef.k%

2- ¶;Ùkq KkufeF;kRos ckè;ckèkdO;oLFkk u L;knfo'ks"kkfnfrA rÂ] vuU;Fkkfl¼k;k
fèk;ks ckèkdRokr~A¸ rÙofpUrkef.k%
3- ¶iwokZRijcyh;Loa r=k uke çrh;rs] vU;ksU;fujis{kk.kka ;=k tUe èkh;ka Hkosr~A¸
rU=kokfrZd%
r=k r=k çfl¼e~] rknkRE;×p uhy?kVk|ks% çfl¼~;fr] vr% dFke;FkkFkZRoe~A
;fn dF;rs ;r~ vlnso 'k'kfo"kk.kor~ 'kqfÙkQjtr;ks% rknkRE;fefr] rnk rq
vlR[;krkS i;Zolkusu vifl¼kUrk¿ifÙk%A ,oeso ßns v;a èkweoku~ bfr
lalxkZjks¿ihfr ;FkkF;Zeso vlf}"k;dRokr~] ßnèkwela;ksxkuka çR;sda çfl¼Rosu
vlEHkokr~] vlrks ßnèkwela;ksxL; rf}"k;Ros vlR[;kfrçlÄõkr~A1 vL;k% 'kÄïk;k%
fujkl% fØ;rs ;r~ ¶rnHkkoofr rRçdkjdRoa çdkjO;fèkdj.kfo'ks";rkdRoa
osfr HkzeL; y{k.k};efLr] r=k çek;kfeo Hkzes¿fi lnso oLrq Hkklrs] u fg
dnkfpnfi vln~ Hkklrs] çekHkze;ks% eè;s v;eso fo'ks"k% ;r~ çek;ka èkfeZf.k
Hkklekuks fo'ks"k.klEcUèk% rfLeu~ èkfeZf.k ukfLr] vU;=k èkfeZf.k çfl¼~;frA bna
jtrfefr Hkzes èkehZ iqjksofrZ'kqfÙkQ% fo|rs] rfLeu~ jtrRoleok;% jtrrknkRE;a
ok fo'ks"k.klEcUèkks ukfLr fdUrq HkklrsA y{k.kofrZçFkerRinsu çdkjhHkwrèkeZ%
x`árs] lIrE;FkZ% fo'ks";Roa] l p fu:firRolEcUèksu çdkjrk;keUosfr] rnk
y{k.kLo:ia Hkofr ;r~ rnHkkoofÂ"Bfo'ks";rkfu:fir rfÂ"Bçdkjrk'kkfyKku&
Rofefr] 'kqÙkQkS bna jtrfeR;=k jtrRokHkkoofÂ"Bfo'ks";rkfu:firjtRofu"B&
çdkjrkfu'kkfyRokr~ Hkofr y{k.kleUo;%A ;r~ rn~ inkFkZ;ksjuuqxrr;k rn?kfVry{k.ka
fØ;rs ;r~ ¶çdkjO;fèkdj.kfo'ks";rk'kkfyKkuRofefr¸ vFkkZr~ çdkjkufèkdj.ko`fÙk&
fo'ks";rk'kkfyKkuRofefr] bna jtrfefr Hkzes çdkjhHkwrjtrRoL; leok;su
vufèkdj.ka 'kqfÙkQ%] r}`fÙkfo'ks";rkfu:idRoa mÙkQHkzes lRokr~ u dks¿fi nks"k%A
bRFka U;k;n'kZus Hkzey{k.kL; fu:i.ka fo|rs bfr fno~QA2
lUnHkZxzUFklwfp%
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üúúÿ
rÙofpUrkef.k%] mikè;k;% xaxs'k%] dydÙkk] ,f'k;kfVdlkslk;fVvksÝcaxky%]
ûùûü
1- ¶vFksna jtrfefr Kkua dFke;FkkFkZe~ bnajtr;ks% lÙokr~A u p rnqHk;rknkRE;elr~

mHk;rknkRE;×psfr vrks¿fèkdL;k¿Hkkokr~A r;ks'p lÙokr~A vlÙos ok vlR[;kfr%]
,oa lalxkZjks¿ihfrA¸ rRofpUrkaef.k%
2- mP;rs] lUek=kfo"k;Ros¿fi rnHkkoofr rRçdkjdRoa çdkjO;fèkdj.kfo"k;rkdRoa ok
v;FkkFkZRofefrA¸ rRofpUrkef.k%
108 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
U;k;lw=ke~] xkSre%] Hkk";okfrZdVhdkifj'kqf¼lfgre~] vuUrykyBDdqj.s k lEikfnre~]
fefFkykfo|kihBxzUFkekykr%] ûùö÷
U;k;fl¼kUreqÙkQkofy%] (Jh Ñ".koYyHkkpk;Z&Ñr&fdj.kkoyhlfgre~)-
iapkuufo'oukFk%] okjk.kklh%] pkS•EHkklaLÑrlaLFkkue~] ûùùÿ-
>Ydhdj% Hkhekpk;Z%] U;k;dks'k%] eqEcbr%] fu.kZ;lkxjçsl%] çkP;fo|kla'kksèku&
efUnje~] ûùüø
ggg
f'k{kk osQ osQUæ osQ :i esa laxzgky;ksa dh

Hkwfedk dk vè;;u
&MkW- laxhrk
lgkpk;kZ] f'k{kk'kkL=k foHkkx
lh-,e-ih-ihth dkWyst] bykgkckn
¹izLrqrs fg 'kks/ys[ks f'k{kkosQUæ:is laxzgky;kuka Hkwfedk dhn`'kh
Hkorhfr foosfpre~A &laúº
fo'o dh izkphure laLÑfr;ksa esa vxz.kh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr us izkphu
dky ls gh Kku ,oa f'k{kk osQ izpkj&izlkj esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fd;k gSA
dkykUrj esa laxzgky;ksa osQ ekè;e ls tulkekU; dks f'kf{kr djus dh
voèkkj.kk Hkh fodflr gqbZA laxzgky;ksa dks E;wft;e dgk tkus yxk] ;g
ukedj.k xzhdks osQ Kku dh nsoh Ê;wt* osQ eafnj osQ vkèkkj ij iM+kA bls
vtk;c?kj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA laxzgky; ,d ,slk LFkku gS] tgk¡ fofoèk izdkj
dh dykÑfr;ksa dk laxzg fd;k tkrk gSA laxzgky; esa laxzfgr dykoLrq,¡ gekjs
vrhr dh fojklr dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gSA ;gk¡ lqjf{kr vusd izdkj dh
dykÑfr gekjs fofHkÂ dky ;qxksa ,oa laLÑfr;ksa dh ewd lk{kh gSA ;g og
laLFkku gS] ftls le; dh lsok vkSj fodkl osQ fy;s] tulkekU; osQ n'kZukFkZ
[kksyk tkrk gSA lkFk gh laxzgky; ekuo vkSj i;kZoj.k dh fojklrks osQ laj{k.k
osQ fy;s mudk lexz] 'kksèk] izpkj ;k izn'kZu djrk gS] ftldk mi;ksx f'k{kk]
vè;;u vkSj euksjatu osQ fy;s gksrk gSA
fdlh Hkh laxzgky; esa lax`ghr ,o iznf'kZr dykÑfr;ka laxzgky; esa
vkus okys n'kZdksa osQ fy;s lqjf{kr Hkh dh tkrh gSA ftlls og vrhr osQ fo"k;
esa Kku vftZr dj losaQ laxzgky; esa vkus okys vkxUrqdksa fy;s laxzgky; }kjk
iw.kZ :i ls lg;ksx fd;s tkus dk izcUèk gksuk pkfg;sA bl rjg ls ,d izdkj
dh vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd f'k{kk osQ vUrxZr fnXn'kZu Hkze.k] nh?kkZ esa
okrkZ] vLFkk;h ,o LFkk;h izn'kZu] lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØe] okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk
osQ vykok vU; 'kS{kf.kd xfrfofèk;ksa vkfn dh O;oLFkk dk O;ogkj fd;k tk
( 109 )
110 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ldrk gSA laxzgky; esa vkus okys n'kZdksa osQ fy;s fp=k] iksLVdkMZ] fiDpj]
iEiQysV] fyiQysV] gSUMcqd] xSyjh] iqfLrdk;sa] dykÑfr;ksa osQ ekWMy izfrÑfr
vkfn os leLr oLrq,a n'kZdksa dks laxzgky; osQ izfrÑfr vkfn os leLr oLrq,¡
n'kZdksa dks laxzgky; osQ lEcUèk esa vko';d tkudkjh miyCèk djkrh gSA1
;|fi laxgz ky; fuekZ.k fd;s tkus dh voèkkj.kk dk fodkl izkphudkyhu
gS ijUrq vkèkqfud laxzgky;ksa osQ lanHkZ esa budk bfrgkl 18oha 'krkCnh ls ekuk
tkrk gSA
rRdkyhu izèkkuea=kh MkW- eueksgu flag us Hkkjrh; laxgz ky; osQ f}'krkfCnd
lekjksg osQ vè;{kh; Hkk"k.k esa bldh izkphurk o egÙo ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq;s
dgk&
dksydkrk Hkkjrh; laxzgky; dh LFkkiuk 1814 esa dh xbZA ;g ,f'k;k
iz'kkUr {ks=k esa igyk fo'kky laxzgky; gSA ;g fo'o osQ lcls fo'kky
laxzgky; fLeFk lksfu;u bULVhVÔw'ku ls Hkh iqjkuk gSA ;g laxzgky; rc
LFkkfir gqvk tc jk"Vª vaxzstksa osQ 'kklu osQ f'kadts esa vkus yxk FkkA 18oha
'krkCnh dk Hkkjr lkef;d if'pe fo}kuksa osQ fy;s jkspd fo"k; Fkk vkSj og
Hkkjr osQ ,sfrgkfld vrhr] iqjkru laLÑfr vkSj oSKkfud miyfCèk;ksa dk
vè;;u djus osQ bPNqd FksA ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjrh; laxzgky;
dh LFkkiuk Hkkjr tSls ns'k dh fofoèk vkSj O;kid fojklr osQ iznf'kZr djus
dh ,sfrgkfld t:jr Fkh2
laxzgky; okLro esa ,d lewg lkaLÑfrd fojklr gSA yanu esa 1660 esa
jkW;y lkslkbVh dh LFkkiuk osQ 100 o"kZ i'pkr~ lj fofy;e tksUl us dydÙkk
esa ,f'k;fVd lkslkbVh dh LFkkiuk dh blosQ lkFk gh Hkkjr dh le`¼
lkaLÑfrd vkSj ,sfrgkfld fojklr dh if'pr }kjk O;kid [kkst dh ;k=kk dh
'kq#vkr gqbZA
MsuekdZ osQ ouLifr fo}ku MkW- usiksfy;u okfyp us 1814 esa eglwl
fd;k fd ;g lkslkbVh ,d lkoZtfud laxzgky; cu ldrh gSA laxzgky; osQ
foLrkj esa dkyh fd'ku cgknqj vkSj csxe lqe: us lgk;rk nhA
1- dey ,l] JhokLro ,oa laxhrk JhokLro&laxzgky; foKkudk vè;;u&PP33-

34
2- HkwriwoZ izèkkuea=kh MkW- eueksgu flag }kjk fn;k x;k&Hkkjr laxzgky; osQ f}'kkfCnd
lekjksg osQ volj ij &th U;wt] WWW. Hkkjr esa laxzgky;
f'k{kk osQ osQUæ osQ :i esa laxzgky;ksa dh Hkwfedk dk vè;;u 111
vius vFkd iz;klksa ls Hkkjr dh xgjh le`¼ vkSj lkaLÑfrd ijaijkvksa
us 'kh?kz gh bu fo}kuksa osQ izkjfEHkd vk'p;Z dks vkSj vfèkd ljkguh; o Js"B
cuk fn;kA
jfoUæ ukFk VSxksj osQ vuqlkj&bfrgkl osQ iqutkxZj.k osQ egku vaoqQj rc
feys tc yksxksa us vrhr osQ HkaMkj esa vpkud lksp osQ vaoqQj dh [kkst dhA
Hkkjr dh vtknh osQ mijkUr ,d ubZ psruk tkx`r gqbZ] rRi'pkr~ lHkh
O;fDrxr rFkk ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dks ;g vuqHkwfr gksus yxh fd laxzgky; ,d
vukSipkfjd f'k{kk osQ osQUæ osQ :i esa fodflr fd;s tk ldrs gSA orZeku
le; esa laxzgky; f'k{kk ,oa 'kS{kf.kd xfrfofèk;ksa osQ vUrxZr egÙoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu dj jgs gSa] Hkkjr esa laxzgky;ksa osQ vusd izdkj gSA ftl
izdkj osQ laxzgky; mlh izdkj ls ogk¡ f'k{kk dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkkjr osQ vU; laxzgky;&
jk"Vªh; laxzgky; ubZ fnYyh&vkèkqfud&Hkkjrh; fuekZrk Hkkjr dh le`¼rk
vkSj blosQ ewY; rFkk Hkkoh&ihf<+;ksa osQ fy;s bldh mRlqdrk ls Hkh ifjfpr
FksA blosQ vykok mUgsa egÙoiw.kZ laLFkku fuekZ.k djus dh izklafxdrk dh 'kku
FkhA vktknh osQ nks o"kks± osQ i'pkr~ ubZ fnYyh esa jk"Vªh; laxzgky; dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZ tks vkt ckSf¼d vkSj 'kS{kf.kd xfrfofèk;ksa dk osQUæ gSA bldk mís';
gS&
1- ,sfrgkfld lkaLÑfrd vkSj dykRed egÙo dh iqjkoLrqvksa vkSj
dykÑfr;ksa dk izn'kZu] lqj{kk] ifjj{k.k vkSj fuoZpu ('kksèk) osQ iz;kstu gsrq
laxzfgr djuk gSA
2- lkFk gh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku djuk gSA
3- jk"Vªh; igpku osQ :i eas fodflr gksA
jk"Vªh; jsyos laxzgky; ubZ fnYyh&;g laxzgky; 165 o"kZ dh jsyos
dh ;k=kk dh dgkuh n'kkZrk gSA lkFk gh VkW; Vªsu }kjk laxzgky; osQ pkjksa vksj
i;ZVdksa dks Hkze.k Hkh djkrh gSA bl laxzgky; dk uke fxuht cqd vkWiQ
oYMZ] fjdkWMZl esa ntZ gSA
ljnkj iVsy laxzgky;] vgenkckn&ljnkj iVsy laxzgky; vtknh
dh dgkuh vkSj Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa osQ ckjs esa i;ZVdksa dks ifjfpr djkrh gSA
;g 3D lkmaM ,.M ykbV dk;ZØe dk vk;kstu djrk gSA
bafnjk xk¡èkh jk"Vªh; ekuo laxzgky;] Hkksiky&;g laxzgky; ,f'k;k
112 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
esa ekStwn ekuo thou dh ltho izLrqfr djrk gSA ;g laxzgky; 200 ,dM+
esa iSQyk gSA blosQ nks Hkkx gSA
1- izn'kZu
2- izf'k{k.k
jk"Vªh; Ñf"k foKku E;wft;e] ubZ fnYyh&;g laxzgky; 23]000
fiQV osQ Ýyksj {ks=kiQy okys nks eaftyk Hkou esa iSQyk gqvk gSA
*- ;g Hkkoh dYiukvkas osQ lkFk jk"Vª osQ Ñf"k esa izkxSfrgkfld dky
vkSj orZeku dky dh Ñf"k o i'kqikyu LVsV vkWiQ vkVZ Ñf"k ukfHkdh;
lEcfUèkr Ñf"k izxfr dks n'kkZrk gSA
*- ;gk¡ Hkkjrh; lekt dh lH;rk o laLÑfr dh xkFkk of.kZr gSA
*- blesa 150 izn'kZfu;k¡ gSA ftldk izn'kZu nks [k.Mksa esa fd;k x;k gSA
y?kq laxzgky; jk"Vª dh lkaLÑfrd iqu#RFkku esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gSaA ;g laxzgky; LFkkuh; iqjk laink dk izn'kZu djosQ izkphu laLÑfr
dh tkudkjh iznkudj LFkkuh; lekt dh tkx`r djrs gSaA y?kq laxzgky; ns'k
osQ cM+s laxzgky;ksa dh vkèkkj f'kyk gSA rFkk bfrgkl ys[ku esa nqyZHk iqjklk{;
izLrqr djrs gSaA bUgsa fuEu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA1
*- LFky laxzgky;
*- fo'ofo|ky; ;k f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa osQ vèkhu laxzgky;
3- {ks=kh; ;k LFkkuh; laxzgky;
4 yksd laLÑfr (,UFkksiksykftdy) ls lEcfUèkr laxzgky;
5- ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij okgu }kjk ys tk;s tkus okyk laxzgky;
6- [kqys vkdk'k osQ laxzgky;
7- xk¡o osQ laxzgky;
8- tu LokLF; lEcfUèkr laxzgky; bR;kfnA
laxzgky;ksa dk Lo:i fujUrj ifjofrZr gksrk jgk gSA izkjfEHkd voLFkk
esa ;g ladyu o dykRed oLrqvksa osQ Hk.Mkj.k ls lacafèkr FkkA ,slk Hkou
cuk tgk¡ ij iqjkoLrqvksa] izkÑfrd bfrgkl] dyk tSlh oLrqvksa dk laxzg.k
fd;k tkrk FkkA
1- E;wft;e ,aM E;tksykWth&'kekZ ekèkqjh] Mh-ih- 'kekZ] nhf{kr izsl ,yuxat bykgkckn
;g dyk dks lh[kus dh bPNk gsrq lefiZr Hkou gSA ;g laxzgky; 'kCn
lekt dh igpku cuh vkSj lkFk gh lkFk og lekt og vVwV fgLlk Hkh gSA
;g ek=k ladyu ugha gS] vfirq lh[kus vkSj lh[kkus osQ izlkj dk laLFkku gSA
laxzgky; vkt viuh ubZ ;k=kk dh 'kq#vkr dj jgk gSA bls Kku osQ
laokgd dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa xaHkhj #i ls euu djuk gksxkA orZeku fo'o
esa laxzgky; dks osQoy ladyu dk osQUæ cu tkuk i;kZIr ugha gSA fdlh Hkh
laxzgky; osQ fy;s vius ;gka osQ ladyu dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj nLrkost&dj.k
djuk gksxkA
ñ vU; laxzgky;ksa osQ ladyu dk rqyukRed vè;;u djuk gksxkA
* ;g ,d ,slk lacafèkr vk;ke gS ftls efLr"d esa j[kuk t:jh gksxkA
laxzgky; i;ZVu osQ egÙoiw.kZ osQUæ osQ :i esa&
ñ bldks ns[kus ls Kku le`¼ gksrk gSA
ñ ;g ,d vuwBk vuqHko Hkh gksrk gSA
ñ bls vkSj vkd"kZd cuk;k tk;s ftlls i;ZVd fcuk fdlh ruko osQ
gh oqQN lh[k losaQA
ñ ladyu dk ,slk vuqHko gks] tks fd ns[kus okys osQ eu efLr"d dks
izHkkfor dj losaQA
f'k{kk osQ osQUæ osQ :i esa laxzgky;ksa dh Hkwfedk dk vè;;u&
laxzgky; ,d rjg ls vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd f'k{kk osQ osQUæ osQ
:i esa tkus tkrs gSaA laxzgky;ksa dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gS fd og vius laxzg
esa ltkbZ xbZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr osQ izfr tulkekU; osQ eè; ,d 'kS{kf.kd
Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djsaA
orZeku dky esa laxzgky; dk eq[k mís'; dyk&Ñfr;ksa dh izn'kZuh
yxkdj yksxksa dks f'kf{kr djuk gSA igys laxzgky; esa izn'kZuh ek=k ltkoV osQ
:i esa gksrh FkhA ijUrq laxzgky;fonkas }kjk fur u;s vuqHkoksa osQ iQyLo:i
blesa O;kid :i ls ifjorZu gksus yxk] ftlosQ rgr~ n'kZdksa dk euksjatu gksus
osQ lkFk gh lkFk f'k{kk ,oa Kku izkIr djus dk LFkku Hkh cu x;kA
* blosQ lgk;d rÙo osQ :i esa yscy] pkVZ] Nk;kfp=k] 'kksosQl]
isMsLVy] LØhu] izdk'kO;oLFkk] jax&;kstuk] dykÑfr osQ vuq:i
LFkku dk foHkktu rFkk vU; izdkj osQ rduhdh lgk;dksa tSls
114 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
dykRed fiQYe ,oa LykbM 'kks vkfn ls ifjiw.kZ okrkoj.k dk
fuekZ.k djosQ n'kZdksa dh #fp osQ vuqlkj iznZ'ku dk izcUèk fd;k
tk;sA
* laxzgky; esa laxzfgr lHkh oLrqvksa dk izn'kZu laHko ugha gSA ;g
laxzg nks izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1- lkèkkj.k n'kZd osQ euksjatukFkZ ,o KkuoèkZd mís'; dh iw.kZrk osQ
fy;sA
2- 'kksèkdÙkkZvksa ,oa fo}kuksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq izFke izdkj
osQ vUrxZr oLrqvksa dk p;u djus osQ lanHkZ esa n'kZdkas dh #fp ,oa mi;ksfxrk
osQ vuqlkj gksus pkfg;sA nwljs vkèkkj ij izn'kZu dk vk;kstu bl izdkj ls
fd;k tkuk pkfg;s fd og 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k ls iw.kZ gksA1
oqQN laxzgky; bl izdkj osQ gSa tks izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa osQ cPpksa dks
f'kf{kr djus osQ fy;s fo'ks"k ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA blosQ fy;s ;g vko';d gS fd
bu laLFkkuksa osQ f'k{kdksa dks le;≤ ij izf'k{k.k fn;k tk;s] muosQ }kjk
vè;;u d{kk d{k esa laxzgky; dh nh?kkZ dks ,oa muesa lqjf{kr dykÑfr;ksa
osQ fo"k; esa fo'ks"k d{kk dk izcUèk gksuk vko';d gSA
* jk"Vªh; laxzgky; ubZ fnYyh tSls dbZ laxzgky; gSa] tks mPp
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy;s 'kSf{kd Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu djrs gSa vkSj 'kksèkdk;Z lEiÂ
djkrs gSaA
fdlh Hkh laxzgky; osQ fy;s ;g vko';d gS fd og 'kksèkkFkhZ ,o
'kksèkdk;Z osQ izfr bZekunkjh ls mÙkjnk;h gksA blosQ fy;s laxzgky; esa iQksVks
foHkkx vo'; fØ;k'khy gksuk pkfg,] iqLrdky; rFkk fj;k;rh nj ij
izdk'ku] fp=k bR;kfn dh lqfoèkk miyCèk jguh pkfg;sA2
* laxzgky; esa vkus okyh dykÑfr;ksa dk izn'kZu ,oa izdk'ku dk
izcUèk ysuk pkfg,A laxzgky; }kjk le; le; ij cqysfVu rFkk tuZy dk
izdk'ku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
* laxzgky; esa fo'ks"k volj ,oa le; le; ij fo}kuksa }kjk lsfeukj
,oa O;k[;ku dk vk;kstu djkuk pkfg, rFkk laxzgky; }kjk le;≤ ij
1- flag vjfoUn oqQekj] laxzgky; foKku] Xokfy;j 1997 i`"B la[;k 117
2- jk.kk'khry tuZYl&Hkkjrh; laxzgky;ksa dk 'kS{kf.kd i{k PP 179
'kS{kf.kd Hkze.k ,oa tulkekU; osQ chp okrkZ dk vk;kstu djuk pkfg,] lkFk
gh lkFk izR;sd 'kS{kf.kd LVkWiQ dks ,d 'kS{kf.kd l=k gsrq dk;ZØe dk izcaèku
Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA1
* laxzgky; }kjk mPPk fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy;s oSQVykWx] eksuksxzkiQ] cqysfVu
vkfn dk izcUèk fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] ftlesa fo'kq¼ oSKkfud vkèkkj
ij fo"k; dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
laxzgky; dk izdk'ku 'kksèk xfrfofèk;ksa ls tqM+k gksus osQ lkFk gh lkFk
bldh fLFkfr O;kid lalèkuksa ,oa deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk ij vkèkkfjr gksuh
pkfg;sA
* laxzgky; esa izf'kf{kr vè;kidksa dh fu;qfDr dh tk ldrh gSA
* laxgz ky; }kjk le;≤ ij fofoèk fo"k;ksa tSl& s fp=kdyk] èkkrqdyk]
izLrj dyk] ewfrZdyk] IykLVj f'kYi dyk vkfn ij fjizsQ'kj dkslZ
dk vk;kstu djuk pkfg;sA bl dk;Z osQ fy;s fuEu lq>ko gSa&
ñ laxzgky; izn'kZ vkSj iwokZfHkeq[kh dj.k O;k[;ku
ñ laxzgky; esa oLrqijd rduhdh f'k{k.k
ñ LFkk;h laxzgky; deZpkfj;ksa }kjk LowQyh d{kkvksa dk izs{k.k
ñ laxzgky; esa xkbM dk izcaèk
ñ fo}rtuksa }kjk O;k[;ku vkfnA2
MkW- eueksgu flag us 200 oha o"kZxkaB osQ volj ij dksydkrk
laxzgky; f'k{kk osQ fo"k; osQ :i esa laxzgky; dh orZeku O;oLFkk ij uk[kq'kh
trkbZ dgk fd ¶f'k{kk laLFkku osQ :i esa fodkl djus osQ fy;s Hkkjrh;
laxzgky;ksa dks viuh j.kuhfr o utfj;k cnyus dh vko';drk gSA mUgksaus
dgk fd vkt laxzgky; osQ vFkZ esa ,d vFkZ vkSj tqM+ x;k gSA dyk dh f'k{kk
dk Hkou--------¸
;g f'k{kk osQ izlkj dk laLFkku gSA ;g ,d laLFkku gS] ftl ij izR;sd
Hkkjrh; xoZ dj ldrk gSA mUgksaus vihy dh fd og [kqn (laxzgky;ksa) dks
cnyko vkSj fodkl osQ ,tsaV osQ :i esa ns[ksa rFkk Lo;a dks Kku osQ izkoèkku
dÙkkZ osQ :i esa ns[kuk pkfg, rFkk leku laLFkkvksa osQ lkFk lk>snkjh djuk
1- JhokLro dey ,oa laxhrk&iwoZor&PP 35-36

2- pkSèkjh Mh- jke ,oa vU; laxzgky; vuq'khyu fnYyh 1965] PP 69
116 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
pkfg;sA vkt Hkh nqfu;k esa fliZQ laxzg dkiQh ugha gSA ,d laxzgky; dks vius
laxzg dk nLrkosthdj.k vè;;u vkSj fo'ys"k.k djuk pkfg;sA fdlh vU;
laxzgky; esa lajf{kr leku laxzg ls rqyuk djuh pkfg;sA mUgksaus izf'kf{kr
dfeZ;ksa osQ fodkl ij tksj fn;k vkSj dgk nqHkkZX; ls E;wtksykWth fo"k; dks
vc rd ns'k esa utj vnkat fd;k x;k gS nqfu;k Hkj esa laxzgky; i;ZVu osQ
osQUæ curs tk jgs gSa vkSj ge Hkkjrh; laxzgky; dks etcwr vèkkj lajpu rS;kj
djuh pkfg;sA1
laxzgky; f'k{kk dk;ZØe&laxzgky; }kjk lkYost ,oa LFkkuh; lalkèku
izcaèku ijEijkvksa osQ lja{k.k gsrq dk;ZØe osQ Hkksx osQ :i esa o"kZ 1988&89
esa l`tukRed dyk :i osQ izn'kZu ,oa izf'k{k.k ij ,d Ükà[kyk dh 'kq#vkr
dh xbZ gSA
djks vkSj lh[kks laxzgky;&'kS{kf.kd dk;ZØe uked ;g Ükà[kyk
x`gf.k;ksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks xzkeh.k rFkk tutkrh; lektks esa ikajifjd dyk
vkSj f'kYiksa osQ O;kogkfjd izn'kZu rFkk lh[kus osQ volj miyCèk djkus gsrq
mísf'kr FksaA
igyk dk;ZØe&feV~Vh ls vkÑfr uked&nl fnolh; dk;Z'kkyk FkhA
blesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa us ikjaikfjd dykdkjksa ls feV~Vh osQ crZu cukuk lh[kkA
1991&92 esa ikjaifjd dyk,¡ rFkk iqujko`fÙk uked fo'ks"k dk;ZØeksa dk
vk;kstu efgykvksa osQ fy;s fd;k x;kA rc ls 200 djks vkSj 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe
dk vk;kstu fd;k tk pqdk gSA ;g ek=k fofHkÂ ikjaifjd dyk ls tqM+s yksxksa
dks gh mtkxj ugha djrk cfYd yksxksa esa LFkkuh; ijaijkvksa osQ izfr tkx#drk
osQ fodkl osQ rgr lacafèkr f'kYidkjksa dks n`<+ djus dk iz;kl rFkk izfrHkkxh
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa osQ ikjaifjd leqnk; osQ eè; izR;{k laokn osQ LFkwy dk Hkh
l`tu djrk gSA
ñ iwjs o"kZ Hkj ns'k rFkk fons'k ls lkekU; oxZ dks rFkk fo'ks"k lewgksa
osQ fy;s izn'kZfu;ksa osQ Hkze.k vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSaA
ñ lwpuk lk>snkjh gsrq tutkrh; 'kksèk laLFkku] ou] i=kdkfjrk
bR;kfn fofHkÂ izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa osQ izf'k.kkfFkZ;ksa gsrq xkbM lqfoèkk
miyCèk djkbZ tkrh gSA
ñ LowQyh cPpksa osQ fy;s fo'ks"k 'kS{kf.kd dk;ZØe dk vk;kstu
1- iwoZorµMkW- eueksgu flag }kjk fn;k x;k ^Hkk"k.k*

fd;k tkrk gSA
ñ Hkksiky rFkk vklikl osQ {ks=kksa ls 50&150 izfr lewg oxZ esa LowQy
cPps laxzgky; dk Hkze.k djrs gSaA
ñ bu cPpksa dks ekuo vkokl ,oa i;kZoj.k dh fo"k;oLrq ij
tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA rFkk blh fo"k; oLrq ij feV~Vh rFkk Mªkbax
osQ ekè;e ls jpukRed dk;Z djus osQ volj Hkh miyCèk djk;s
tkrs gSA
mPp f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa laxzgky; dk 'kSf{kd nkf;Ro laxzgky; dh
loksZPp izkFkfedrk 'kSf{kd nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu djuk gSA
;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa lfgr lkekU; n'kZdksa dks f'kf{kr djus osQ lkFk&lkFk
fof'k"V ,oa dyk dk;Z esa lkèkukjr dykdkjksa dh dyk lEcUèkh vko';drkvksa
dh iwfrZ Hkh dj losQA blosQ fy;s vfuok;Z :i ls fuEu dk;ZØe vk;ksftr
fd;s tkrs gSaA&
* fofHkÂ fo|ky;ksa ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ laxzgky; Hkze.k dh O;oLFkk
djuk
* lkekU; n'kZdksa esa dyk osQ izfr #fp tkx`r djus gsrq lkoZtfud
nkSjs djuk o vU; dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu djukA
* dykdkjksa osQ izys[ku lqfoèkkvksa] 'kSf{kd izn'kZfu;ksa o dk;ZØeksa
}kjk lsok iznku fd;k x;kA
* O;kolkf;d o fof'k"V dykdkjksa osQ fo'ks"k vè;;u gsrq O;k[;kuksa
o xksf"B;ksa dk vk;kstu djukA
bu 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa dk mís'; izR;{k o vizR;{k :i esa O;fDrxr ,oa
l`tukRed ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djuk o {kerkvksa dks c<+kok nsuk gSA dyk
ewY;kadu] dyk leh{kk o dyk bfrgkl ij izkjfEHkd o fo'ks"k vè;;u osQ
fy;s O;k[;ku vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSa rFkk mUgsa n`'; o JO; ekè;eksa ls tksM+k
tkrk gSA tulkèkkj.k dks n`'; ,oa dyk osQ vUrZlEcUèkksa dks cqfu;knh :i ls
le>us gsrq fiQYe 'kks vkSj VsifjdkMsZM laxhr dh Hkh O;oLFkk gSA
jk"Vªh; vkèkqfud dyk laxzgky; dk izeq[k nkf;Ro yfyr dyk osQ {ks=k
esa xq.koÙkk vkSj mRÑ"Vrk dk fuèkkZj.k dj mldk laiks"k.k djuk rFkk Js"Brk
dh ekU;krk,a fuèkkZfjr dj mls dk;e j[kuk gSA lkSUn;Z ij[k vkSj 'kSf{kd
iz;kstuksa dks jk"Vªh; vkèkqfud dyk laxzgky;ksa osQ y{;ksa ,o mís';ksa esa
118 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ifjHkkf"kr u djosQ lrr~ iz;kl Hkh fd;s tk jgs gSaA ftlls ;s fof'k"V laLFkku
ls vUrZfufgr gksdj O;kIr gks losQA bu lcls vfèkd laxzgky; dh dykÑfr;ksa
dks vfr izlÂfpr ,oa vkuafnr gksdj n'kZdksa osQ nSfud thou ls tksM+dj
ns[kus esa mudh lgk;rk djrk gSA ftlls os ekuuh; euksHkkoksa dh fof'k"Vrkvksa
dk lk{kkr~ jlkLoknu dj losaQA
lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
* flag vjfoUn oqQekj] laxzgky; foKku] Xokfy;j 1997 i`- la[;k
35&36
* fo|kFkhZ ,oa pkSgku lqjsUæ flag] gekjh fojklr] laLÑfr foHkkx]
mÙkj izns'k] y[kumQ] i`- 2
* JhokLro ,l- dey ,oa JhokLro laxhrk] ¶laxzgky; foKku
,o vè;;u¸ okjk.klh] 1998 i`- l- 33&34
* pkSèkjh Mh- jk; ,oa vU; laxzgky; vuq'khyu] fnYyh] 1965 i`-
la[;k&69
* 'kekZ ekèkqjh ,.M Mh-ih-'kekZ&E;wft;e ,.M U;kstksykWth 1984
dknEcuh izdk'ku ppZj bykgkckn
* vxzoky vkj-lh- 1974 vkxsZukbts'ku ,.M MsoyiesUV vkWiQ
LekWy E;wft;e
* pkSèkjh vkj ,e 1963 vkVZ E;wft;e MkD;wesUVs'ku ,.M izSfDVdy
gSfUMfye
if=kdk,¡
laLÑfr laèkku] Hkkx 27] ua] 2 tqykbZ fnlEcj&2014 i`- la[;k 177&180
MSRiSQowQ,p 1936 E;wft;e VsfHudl ,.M iQk.MkesUVy ,tqosQ'ku isfjl
i=k&if=kdk,a bUVjusV] Z U;wt bR;kfnA
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The Mahabharata and the Iliad: A

Comparison
1. Dr. Hetal S. Patel
Professor & Head,
Department of English,
Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan
2. Dr. Dilip C. Patel]
Professor,
Department of Sanskrit& Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan,
Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan
¹vfLeu~ 'kks/ys[ks };ks% egkdkO;;ks% rqyuk Ñrk fo|rsA dkO;s

lekxrkuka ik=kk.kka fo"k;k.kka p feFkks foospue~ vH;nkf;A &laúº
Abstract:
This paper is an attempt to analyze the two respective epics
which have a special place in the Eastern and the Western culture
from thematic. stylistic and ethical view poit. This paper is a
comparative study of how both the epics represent the respective
value systems of their societies. The Mahabharata shows that virtue
is rewarded and vice is punished. Both the indian and the Greek
epics display the gradual transformation that takes place in their lead
characters and how their values and world views undergo a process
of maturation because of the impact of situations in which views
undergo a process of maturation because of the impact of situations
in which they are placed. The Iliad is an epic which begins with a
reluctant warrior i.e. Achilles, who because of this disagreement
with Agamemnon refuses to take part in the Trojan War. The epic
narrates how various attempts are made to placate Achilles and how
the death of his best friend Patroclus arouses his wrath and makes
him fight valiantly killing Hector in the war. On the other hand, The
Mahabharata deals with the reluctant fighter Arjun who refuses to
( 119 )
120 laLÑr foe'kZ%
fight with his kith and kin. It is at this juncture that Lord Krishna,
the charioteer gives Arjun the Knowledge of Dharma and Adharma
i.e. right and wrong. Lord Krishna teaches him what is rightful duty
in the part of the Mahabharata known as Bhagavad-Gita.
This paper also analyses both these epics and uphold and
underpin their ethical message for the world. In the process, the
paper examines in detail the hexametric structure of Homer's epic
and the various metrical devices adopted by Ved Vyasa in The
Mahabharata. The paper concludes with observations regarding how
value system of these epics is reflected in their respective cultures
and literary works of these cultures.
Key words: Epics, Indian culture, Western culture, ancient
literature
The Mahabharata and iliad and two great epics of two great
societies. They are not only two great works of literature but they
also represent the Indian and Western cultures and value systems
respectively. Both the epics have seminal importance in the foundation
of their cultures. Though they have been written before almost 2900
years. both the epics are relevant even today. Many ancient as well
as modern writers are inspired and have based thier works on these
epics. Here is an attempt to study the similarities and differences
between these two foundational ipecs of the East and the West.
Authorship and Period:

The Mahabharata and Iliad both have origin in the oral tradition
of their respective societies. The stories of both the epics were already
known to the common people as myths of their contemporary
societies. The incidents described in The Mahabharata and The
Iliad were of historical singnificance so much so that they were
chronicled thoroughly in the oral tradition in the concurrent meters
of those times.
The myriad of incidents depicted in The Mahabharata did
actually take place and the great poet Maharshi Vyas had to develop
a formal medium to write down the same in the form of an Itihasa
i.e. History. Initially, Vyasa told the main story of the royal house of
Kuru to Ganesha, Jaimini, Vaishampayana and Suka. He called it
Jaya i.e. a story of Triumph. It is believed that Vyasa's dictation of
The Mahabharata and the Iliad : A Comparison 121
the story of Jaya took almost three years and it contained sixty
chapters. But almost all of them were lost in time. Only one part of
it which was with Vaishampayan was preserved. It was written in
8,800 shlokas. Vaishampayana narrated the same to King Parixit's
son Janmejay which came to be known as Bharata. The story of
Bharata was later on told by Upashrava elaborately to Shaunak and
other in almost 1,00,000 shlokas which is considered today as The
Mahabharata.
On the other hand, Greek epic Iliad is widely accepted to have
been written by Homer. The verses in the epic were widely known
to the people of greece in oral form. It was Homer who systematically
produced these verses in a uniform meter as a single work in written
form. The poem consists of 15693 lines in Hexameter verse. Thus,
The issue of the authorship of The Mahabharata is more complicated
in comparison to the Greek epic. It evolved gradually from 8800
shlokas to 24000 and later to 1,00,000 shlokas. The Mahabharata
is evolved basically from an Itihasa i.e. history, lineage of the Royal
family of the great king Bharata, whereas The Iliad describes a war
in a grand style. There are plenty of characters in The Iliad too, but
all of them are narrated as part of the great war only.
Both the epics are believed to have been written during almost
the same period in two different corners of the world. Most critics in
the West agree that The Iliad would have been composed between
725 BC to 675 BC. According to Bernard Knox,
"The most likely date for the composition of the Iliad is the
fifity years running from 725 to 675 B.C. That is also the time to
which the earliest examples of Greek alphabetic writing can be dated"1
(Fagles, 5).
Thought the date of compostion of The Mahabharata is not as
clear as The Iliad, Most scholars of Sanskrit commonly agree with
a view that it would have been composed between the 8th to 9th
centuries B.C.
"Putting a date to the Mahabharata, however, is a difficult
task. The fact that the epic itself has been revised many times has not
helped matters. Some exparts have concluded that epic was composed
between the 8th and 9th centuries BCE. There are also some who
suggest that the text probably reached its final form in the early
Gupta period, circa the 4th century CE"2(DK, 21).
122 laLÑr foe'kZ%
Another similarity between the two epics is that both of them
are based on the actions which took place in real history. The Trojan
War and the battle of Kurukshetra actually took place in history and
it is now proven by excavation by Schliemann at Hissarlik in the case
of the Trojan war: "Schliemann's excavations at Troy and Mycenae,
as well as other sites mentioned in Homer, revealed a previously
unsuspected Bronze Age civilization3 (Fagles, 23). The events narrated
in the Indian epic are attempted to analyze by various methods such
as archaeoastronomy, Historical astronomy and archaeology by
academics and historians to estimate a date for the events.
"Analysis of astronomical data has led to the conclusion that
the epoch within which these events occurred began with a grand
planetary conjunction at the beginning of 3102 BCE. This led scholars
to deduce that the Kurukshetra war took place in about 3137 BCE.
Excavation at the probable sites, where the events are believed to
have taken place, have thrown up Painted Grey Ware arte facts that
point towards a date sometime between 1000 and 400 BCE"4 (DK,
20).
This is the reason that the various incidents and episodes
depicted in both these epics are familiar to the contemporary readers
of respective societies through oral tradition.
The plot of The Mahabharata is more complex in comparison
with the plot of The Iliad. The actions narrated in The Mahabharata
cover almost all aspects of human life, while The Iliad, thought it
covers the span of ten years, its actions show man's life in and around
the battlefield only. The plot of The Mahabharata is linear in the
sense that its actions are narrated in straight sequence from beginnig,
middle and end. Though it covers the depiction of the whole ancestry
of the Royal Kuru family, it strictly follows the sequence from the
beginning to the end. The Greek epic follows the Greek tradition of
epics and begins at the middle of action. It begins with the rage of
Achilles, the protagonist; Further, Though it covers the period of ten
years, it narrates the Trojan War and incidents related to it in a grand
manner. The style of composition of both these epics is different. The
Mahabharata, as it has been composed and edited many times by
various writes, is vivid in its style. It is mostly composed in a
descriptive and didactic form. It is in dialogic form that most of the
episodes are composed which makes the epic lively to the readers.
The language of Mahabharata is pure and at the same time easier
to be understood by common readers as it is the Sanskrit language
which was used by people for communication during those days. At
the same time, the language used in The Mahabharata is mature
enough to explain and preach serious aspects of human life. The
language of Mahabharata is free complex structures because of which
even a person having little knowledge of Sanskrit can enjoy reading
of Mahabharata. According to Dr. C.V. Vaidya,
"The language of the Mahabharata is distinguished by three
characteristics: simplicity, depth and correctness. Simplicity and depth
are indeed two things which can rarely be combined"5 (Vaidya, 60-
61).
The Bhagaved Gita is the best example of the real beauty of
language used in the Mahabharata. It bears deep philosophical
thoughts in the simplest language spoken by ordinary people. This
is why critics agree and say. "The language of the Mahabharata
bears the impress of a writer who is the master of a spoken language"6
(Vaidya, 61).
The story of The Mahabharata is mostly told in Anushtub
metre and the Upajati metre. The Indian epic is unique in its
description and dialogic style. The descriptions in Mahabharata are
lively, universal and of proper size. it is known for the descriptions
of the battlefield.
Thought the Indian epic depicts almost att the Rasas throughout
the poem as it covers almost all the aspects of human life in India,
it is generally believed that the main rasa of the epic is Shant Rasa
because the ultimate goal shown in the poem of human life is Moksha
i.e. Salvation. Though the Mahabharata depicts war between
Pandavas and Kauravas which shows valour i.e. Veer rasa, it
ultimately preaches readers to follow Dharma and makes readers
readers realize futility of war.
"Likewise in The Mahabharata. which has the beauty of a
kavya while being in the form of a Shastra, the great sage (Vyasa)
has demonstrated that the creation of dispassion is the principal purport
of his work, by composing a conclusion that produces a despondent
feeling in response to the sorry end of the Vrsnis and the Pandavs,
and in doing so he has suggested that what he intended as the
124 laLÑr foe'kZ%
proncipal subject of his poem is the peaceful flavor (Shantarasa) and
the human aim characterized by liberation (Moksha)"7 (Sharma, 176).
There is no equivalent theory in the West which can be
compared with the Rasa theory. Therefore, applying the rasa theory
to the Greek epic, one comes to a conclusion that the chief rasa in
The Iliad is tragic i.e. Karuna Rasa.
"Men die in the Iliad in agony; they drop, screaming, to their
kness, reaching out to beloved companions, gasping their life out,
clawing the ground with their hands; they die roaring, like Asius,
raging, like the great Sarpedon, bellowing, like Hippodamas,
moaning, like Polydorus. and death is the end: Homer offers no
comforting vision of life beyond the grave"8 (Fagles, 26).
The Iliad the greatness of war and therefore one can also think
that it focuses on Shaurya Rasa i.e. Heroic. People in Greece are
habituated to wars and therefore wars have become inevitable parts
of their lives. As Bernard Knox syas,
"Nevertheless the Iliad is a poem that celebrates the heroic
values war imposes on its votaries. War has its deadly fascination for
those who have grown up in its service.... And though the warrious
of ith Iliad often rail against their condition, they can also enjoy to
the full war's intoxication exctiements"9 (Fagles, 27).
Analyzing the style of the Iliad, it is clear that it strictly follows
the Greek tradition of writing an epic. Though the epic deals with
only the Trojan War and incidents related to it, it is depicted in a
grand style. All the characters in the epic are shown as larger then
life. Most of the characters can directly contact their Gods and
Goddesses. Even Gods and Goddesses take keen interest in the
routine of most of the characters in The Iliad.
The Iliad is composed in hexameter verse. The language of the
Iliad is a little more complex then the language which was used by
common Greek people during those days. Gollowing the Greek
tradition, Homer uses poetic language which could not be easily
understood by readers:
"The language of Homer is of course a problem in itself. One
thing is certain: it is not a language that anyone ever spoke. It is an
artificial, poetic language- as the German Scholar Witte puts it: The
language of the Homeric poems is a creation of epic verse. it was a
difficult language... In fact, the language of Homer was on nobody,
except epic bards, oracular priests or literary parodists would dream
of using"10 (Fagles, 11).
What makes Homer's language more difficult is his proclivity
to use recurring epithets as pointed out by Millman Parry. Two of the
epithets which recur again and again are Man slaying Achilles Swift
footed Achilles whereas the cycle of epithets are missing in The
Mahabharata. Linguistically, the style of The Iliad is closer to bardic
oral literature. Though the language used by Homer in Iliad was
complex and difficult, the Homeric epics were famous and familiar
to the ordinary Greeks because of the simplicity, speed and directness
of the narrative techniques. The epic was enjoyed by Greeks because
it depicted the contemporary Greek life through describing interesting
characters in a memorable form. The images of Gods and their
involvement in the everyday life of Characters of the Iliad made it
more interesting:
"The greatness and imposing humanity of the characters-and
by the fact that they presented the Greek people, in memorable form,
with the images of their Gods and the ethical, political and practical
wisdom of their cultural tradition. Homer was thus at once
contempoaray in content and antique in form"11 (Fagles,12).
The reason behind the difference between the styles of these
two epics may be that the Indian epic is believed to have been
composed and edited various times by different people of different
ages while the Iliad is composed by only one author. But among all
these differences of style and languge, one common thing between
these two epics is that both the epics were highly appreciated, accepted
and enjoyed by traders of their respective regions because of their
universal and familiar theme and interesting narrative techniques used
by both the authors.
Theme:
Comparing both these epics thematically, one can observe many
similarities as well as differences. The Mahabharata basically is a
story of an Indian royal family in the beginning and later on it is
developed into a story of conflict between Dharma and Adharma
and it is shown that ;rks /eZ% rrks t;% i.e where there is Dharma,
126 laLÑr foe'kZ%
there is victory. Though Iliad is a story of only the Trojan War, it
represents the culture of the West. Both the epics are centered on the
great wars and both these wars are now historically proven to have
taken place in reality. Thus both the epics are based on real incidents.
The theme of The Mahabharata is wider and broad in
comparison with the theme of the Greek epic. It is widely believed
in India that the Mahabharata is not an epic or history or a literary
work only, it represents human life lived in India. It preaches people
how one should lead life by following Dharma like the Pandavas do
and at the same time it also shows what one should not do in life.
In a wider sense, one can say that The Mahabharata is a guiding text
for those who want to live a righteous life and want Moksh i.e.
salvation. It is full of philosophical paeaching and The Bhagvad
Gita, which is a part of the Mahabharata is considered to be one of
the widely read religious texts of Hindus. As Vyasa says in The
mahabharata:
mQèoZckgq% fojksE;s"k%] u df'pn~ J`.kksfr eke~A
/ekZr~ vFkZ'p dke'p l fde~ u lsO;rs_12
The leading theme of The Iliad is to appreciate valour as the
war was an inevitable part of the Greek people. The Greeks had to
live a life full of struggle for survival. Thus, the Greek epic not only
provided great entertainment but it also proved to be a cultural and
moral Grecian history. The Greeks were most concerned with Kleos
i.e. honour code attached to a warrior. They lived and died for
achieving honour. Kleos was the only way of achieving immortality
in a world where only the gods were immortal. In fact, Achilles
ponders over this question as to whether he should fight, achieve
honour and die honourably or he should avoid fighting and live a
long life without honour. Of course, being a Greek warrior, Achilles
follows the Greek ethos of fighting and achieving immortal honour
through death. Whereas the leit motif of The Mahabharata is to live
a virtuous, dharmic life. Being a brave warrior like Arjuna or Karna
was a bonus what was valued was an ethical life lived according to
the precepts of dharma. For emample, in Mahabharata, Vidur is not
a warrior but is shown to be an ideal man living according to dharma
and his precets came to be known as Viduraniti. One must remember
that The Iliad is a pre-Christian work. The concept of nonviolence
was yet to be worked out following the advent of Christianity. Although
a playwright like Euripides and a historiam like Thucydides showed
the ultimate futility of wars, the dominant mood during those days
was one which valourized valour and bravery.
Characters:
Though both the epics were written in two different regions of
the world, one can find many similarities between various characters
depicted in both the epics. The influence of myths in both the epics
is also common. Even the involvement of various Gods and
Goddesses in the routine of characters is also seen in both the epics.
The only difference regarding the involvement of Gods and Goddesses
is that in Mahabharata, Gods are involved in incidents where
characters need to be guided to follow Dharma. Thus, their role is
to show the path of Dharma to the prominent characters in
Mahabharata. While in the Iliad, one finds that Gods and Goddesses
interfere even in routine matters of human beings. Even one can find
interesting similarities between Indian and Grecian Gods. For
example, one can compare Krishna with Apollo, Indra with Zeus.
Though there were similarities between Indian gods and Greek
gods, one can notice difference in their behaviours. The Gods of
Mahabharata work within an ethical framework to ensure the victory
of the righteous. They empathized with their human counterparts as
Krishna does with Arjuna. Moreover, in Mahabharata, the boundaries
between Gods and normal man, i.e. natural and supernatural, between
earth and heaven seem to be almost non existing. Indian gods actively
participate in the war of Pandava and Kauravas. Similarly, there are
many incidents in which even Gods need mortal help in dealing with
the Asuras i.e. devils. One incident, for example, is that of Dushyanta
who goes to heaven to help Indra in his war against Asuras and it
was in his journey back to earth only that he meets his son by
Shakuntala at the Ashrama of Marich and is reunited with shakuntala.
Thus, the interdependence between two different world is not a strange
thing in Mahabharata. It is rightly said,
"A constant communication is kept up between the two worlds,
and such is their mutual interdependence that each seems to need
the, other's help. If destressed mortals are assisted out of their
difficultioes by divine interposition, the tables are often turned, and
128 laLÑr foe'kZ%
perturbed gods, themselves reduced to helpless straits, are forced to
implore the aid of mortal wariour in their conflicts with the demons"13
(Kapoor, 1639-40)
The Greek Gods, on the other hand, are detached and indifferent
to the moral outcome of an event. For the Indian Gods, a deep
adherence to normative ethics and virtue ethics is essential. It is the
raison'd'arte of their existence. The Greek gods seem to be indifferent
to the moral questions; they set in motion an event without ensuring
a moral outcome. To use Aristotle's term, they are not interested in
the telos or the end of the event. On a whim, an event is set in
motion and then the Gods forget the same or are indifferent to the
same. May be this is in keeping with the large Greek concept of
destiny where morality assures an amorphous shape. The Indian
gods and avatars, on the other hand are deeply interested in guiding
their human counter parts in leading a full life which flourishes to
borrow again from Aristotle. A life can glourish only if it is lived in
consonance with virtue and righteousness. The Indian Gods are just
not detached watchers but active partakers who prevent good human
beings from deviating from the path of ethics and virtue. Thus,
Indian Gods in Mahabharata are more active and more participatory
who themselves act in accordance with virtue unlike the Greek Gods
who act out of whim and petulance.
Comparing the characters of both the epics, one can find many
similarities among various characters. For example, the protagonist
of The Iliad, Achilles has many characteristics common found in
Arjuna, Karna, Duryodhana and Krishna in The Mahabharata.
Achilles is the main warrior in the Greek epic like Arjuna is the hero
of Mahabharata . He, like Arjuna, refuses to fight in the deginning,
though the reasons for refusal in both cases are different. Achilles
seems to be selfish as his reason behind refusal is personal while
Arjuna refuses to fight as hos own family members and teachers and
his elders are there in the opposition. Similarly, Achilles's lamentations
for Patroclus can be see in Arjuna's lementartions for his son
abhimanyu and both fo them become enraged after that. Arjuna
lements over his son's dead body and vows to kill Jayadrath on the
same day in the same way Achilles also becomes ready to fight for
Agamamnon and vows to kill Hector the following day. The only
difference between the two is that, Arjuna kills Jayadrath respectfully
and allows to pay last rituals while Achilles, after killing Hector,
does not respect the dead body and refuses to allow his father to pay
the last rituals. Similarly, Achilles has some characteristics common
with Karna in The Mahabharata as both of them have powers and
skills of warriors but they don't have status of kings. Just as Karna
has kawach and kundala by birth, Achilles also has a Styxovoated
body except his heels. It is because of these heels only that Achilles
is compared with Duryodhana in Mahabharata that both their
mothers, Thetis for Achilles and Gandhari for Duryodhana, tried to
give immortality by making their bodies invincible. But the heel of
Achilles and thigh of Duryodhana remain weak and both of them
die because of attacks on those weak parts of their bodies. Achilles
can also be compared with Krishna because of the similarity in their
deaths.
Similarly, the female protagonists of both the epics namely
Helen in Iliad and draupadi in Mahabharata can be compared. Both
of them are exceptionally beautiful and almost all brave and powerful
kings want to marry them. The kidnapping of Helen is the main
reason for the Trojan war just as Draupadi's vastraharan becomes the
chief reason for the war of Mahabharata. But a major difference
between Helen and Draupadi is that Draupadi represents the Indian
values inculcated in an Indian woman. She represents the ethics of
a pure Indian woman and is protrayed as a faithful wife to her five
husbands. While this faithfulness is not seen in Helen, as she has no
objection in submitting herself to Paris after she is abducted by him
from her husband Menelaus.
Apart form comparing characters in both the epics, one can
compare the lives reflected in them. The major difference in them is
that The Mahabharata, as said earlier is a long story of a family. The
love and affection, respect and responsibility for a family is the key
aspect of the Indian epic. It cannot be compared at all with the
Greed epic in this matter. Love for domestic life is found everywhere
in The Mahabharata. Love of a father for his son, be it of Dhrutarastra
for his son Duryodhana or of Arjuna for Abhimanyu, love of a
husband for his wife, of a mother for his child, of a teacher for his
disciple, love between two friends be it of Karna for Duryodhana or
of Draupdi for Krishna are unique in Mahabharata. Such affection
for domestic life is absent in the Greek epic. Respect for family
130 laLÑr foe'kZ%
values in seen everywhere in the Mahabharata. Although the
Mahabharata is an epitome of family values, Homer also to a certain
extent shows family values and the bliss of domesticity in the
relationship of Hector and his wife Andromache and Hertor's son
Asyntax. In fact, Andromache pleads and implores Hector not to
fight with Achilles as she would be rendered a widow and their son
would become a salve. Hector ever the family man almost weeps
and reminds his wife that if he does not participate in the battle,
generations of other would laugh at his wife and son. According to
Hector, fighting with Achilles and dying in the battlefield is something
which would preserve his kleos forever. Hector says goodbye to his
wife, kisses his son recognizing the helplessness of his condition.
Earlir also Hector wanted to avoid a full scale battle with the Greeks
and offers that Paris should fight a single handed combat with
Menelaus but that plan ended in disaster. Hecor is the only symbol
of a devoted family man in the Iliad wheras in the Greek camp the
family is not the primary concern as their main warrior Achilles does
not even know what family life is comparings his attitude to Arjuna
in the Mahabharata, we find him to be kind, humane and devoted
husband, brother, son and a family man. Arjuna's devotion to Bhishma
and Dronacharya is outstanding.
The Mahabharata is a complete set of practical ethics given to
human beings for a viruous conduct of life. It shows the ethical ways
which can help a human being in avoiding pain and enhanching
pleasure. In Greece. avoidance of pain and enhancement of pleasure
is a philosophy which was propagated by Epicurus and the influence
of Epicurus is not possible on Homer as Epicurus came out with his
philosophy of virtuous pleasure much later than Homer. In India,in
the post Mahabharatan era, the way of avoiding dukha by living an
ethical life and by cultivating mindfulness has also been popularized
by Gautam Buddha. The Mahabharata is not only a guide of practical
ethics but it also probes situational ethics as seen in the conduct of
Krishna, normative ethics which were in operation during those times.
The Mahabharata also explores deeper philosophical questions like
what constitutes the self, does selfhood give us a free agency. Is
there free will available to an individual? The all encompassing
question of what constitutes a person's position in the vast cosmos
of things (Virat svarupa of Lord Krishna). It also addresses the
complex issue of Internal Time, as opposed to the human time.
Besides, the Mahabharata also explores in detain questions like
what should be the political philosophy of the ruler towards the
ruled?, the duty of a house holder to his family, the duty of a citizen
to his nagar, and the duty of a soldier to his state. It also deals with
the moral philosophy of friendship which in ancient Greece, Aristitle
in his Nicomanchean ethics considers a supreme quality for the
happiness of human beings in gereral. In The Mahabaharata, the
friendships of Duryodhana and Karna, Krishna and Sudama, Krishna
and Draupadi, Krishna and Arjuna have become immortal. It also
lays down ethical conduct for fighting a battle. Some of these ethical
ideas like not hurting an unarmed man, respect for the wounded and
the sick, respect for women are values which are accepted even
today by modern societies. The Iliad, on the contrary, an epic of
valour does not lay down in detail rules and regulation concerning
the conduct of a fair war. For the warriors of Mahabharata, even
war has to be conducted in a spirit of its own Dharma. Whereas the
Iliad, which begins with the wrath of Achilles is a poem centered
around the coercive power of force as pointed out by the French
philosopher simon Veil. The Mahabharata ends with the salvation
of the Pandavas, the Iliad ends with the sack of Troy and the death
of Hector. The Mahabharata ends on a higher metaphysical plane,
whereas in the Iliad, Homer perhaps is pointing out tongue in chick
that prosperous and ordered cities like Troy which values family life
should also have an equal amount of force to protect their civilization.
This is a warning which has time and again proved true because
civilizations without equal force to protect themselves are consigned
to the dustbins of history. Although Homer's epic shows the ugly
side of war, at the same time Homer poses a caveat that any
civilization worth its name should be able to protect itself unlike
Troy.
One of the major differences between these two great epics is
that The Mahabharata raises a moral and ethical dilemma through
the predicament of its various characters who are torn between their
moral, under pinnings and the demands meet by the reality of human
existance. For example, Arjuna, Bhishma, Drauna are pulled in
opposite directions between their Dharmik/ Ethical call and the reality
in which they find themselves placed. The Mahabharata, thus, shows
132 laLÑr foe'kZ%
the complex truth that ethical idealism might clash with the humdrum
of daily existence. But the greatness of Mahabharata lies in the fact
that by the Mahabharata, esp. after the discourse of Krisna and
Arjuna in Bhagavad Gita, the ethical dilemma get resounding, repled
and a resolution to the puzzle of exostence is pointed out by Lord
Krishna when he preaches that our attachment towards our righteous
duty should trump all other considerations. The Iliad, on the contrary,
begins with the wrath of Achilles and the ego clash between
Agamemnon and Achilles. The Iliad does not concern itself with the
opposite pulls of moral dilemma and real existencs. Looking at from
the ethicalperspective, the whole of the Mahabharata is a great
meditation on morality versus reality and ultimately the ways in
which life could be led by adhering to a virtuous life as demanded
by Dharma. Its ultimate teaching lies in following an etical code
which upholds Dharma. The Iliad, on the contrary, is more concerned
about showing the life negating consequence of war and the futilty
of violence which does no good to the conqueror and the conquered
because death is the ultimate reality for both Hector and Achilles.
Through the examples of Lord Krishna's actions like breaking
rules of war in killing Karna, in helping Arjuna in the killing of
Jaydrath, in the case of Gadayuddha of between Bhima and
Duryodhana, the Mahabharata also Justifies practing of situational
ethics whereby a less virtuous action resulting in greater good is
permissible. In the western scheme of things, this is known as
utilitarianism whereby the justness of an action is decided on the
basis of the amount of happiness it brigs to the greatest number of
people. Many of Krishna's sctions would fit in with a consequentialist
reading of the Mahabharata. A John Stuart Mill or a Jeremy Bentham
might agree with such a reading of Mahabharata but a reader like
Mahatma Ghandi would not agree with such a reading as he believed
in the goodness of the means and the ends.
Conclusion:
To conclude, a comparative study of the two epics makes it
abundantly clear that the compass of the Mahabharata is vast showing
us the complete values which guide life in the Indian context. The
Iliad, on the contrary, is a snapshot of a long and tedious battle
where scope for didactic elements like the great discourse of Shri
Krihna in Mahabharata is not there. As a result of which the world
of Iliad remains smaller than that of the Mahabharata. The
Mahabharata takes within its stride moral philosophy, theology, ethics,
politics, inter and intra familial relationships, and many other reevant
issues which continue to mystify and puzzle human existence. The
world of Mahabharata is autonomous, complete in it and as the
famous Indian saying makes it clear that:
;fngkfLr rnU;=k
;ÂgkfLr u oqQ=kfpr~A
(i.e that which is found here (in Mahabharata) is found
everywhere else; which is not found here, is not found anywhere
else. )
Citations:
1. Homer. The Iliad. Transalated by Robert Fagles, Penguin classics, 1990.
2. D.K. The Illustrated Mahabharata: The definitive Guide to Indias Greatest
Epic. India: DK, 2017.
3. Homer. the Iliad. Translated by Robert Fagles, Penguin classics, 1990.
4. D.K. The Illustrated Mahabharata: The definitive Guide to Indias Greatest
Epic. India: DK, 2017.
5. Vaidy, C.V. The Mahabharata A Criticism. Bombay: A.J. Combridge And
Co.,1905.
6. Ibid
7. Sharma, Arvind, ed. Essays on the Mahabharata, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass
Publshers Private Limited, 2007.
8. Homer. The Iliad. Translated by Robert Fagles, Penguin Classics, 1990.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Swrgarohan Parva, 4/49-50.
13. Kapoor, Subhodh, ed. Encyclopaedia of Indian Heritage, New Delhi: Cosmo
Publications, 2002.
References:
Badrinath, Chaturvedi. The Mahabharata: An Inquiry in the Human
Condition. New Delhi: Orient Longman Private Limited, 2006.
D.K. The Illustrated Mahabharata: The Definitive Guide to Indias
Greatest Epic. India: Dk, 2017.
Homer. The Iliad, Translated by Robert Fagles, Penguin Classics,
1990.
134 laLÑr foe'kZ%
Kapoor, Subhodh, ed. Encyclopaedia of Indian Heritage, New Delhi:
Cosmo pubications, 2002.
Rutherford, Richard, Classical Literature A Concise History. U.K.:
Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
Sharma, Arvind, ed. Essays on the Mahabharata, Delhi: Motilal
Banarasidass Publishers Private Limited, 2007.
Vaidya, C.V. The Mahabharata A Croticism. Bombay: A.J.
Combridge And Co., 1905.
Vaidya, Parashuram Lakshman, ed. The Harivamsa. Vol.I., Poona:
B.O.R.I., 1969.
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Book Review
Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in

Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in
Indian Intellectual Traditions
(Author : Radhavallabh Tripathi, Publication : 2016 : Indian
Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla & DK Printworld, Publishers
of Indian Traditions, Number of Pages: 410)
Shri Anand Prakash &
Dr. Balram Shukla
Delhi University, Delhi
ys[kks¿;a izkphudkys fc}kUl% dFka fopkjku~ oqQoZfUr LeA Lrs"kka

fopkjk.kka uke okn bfr vklhr~ ,rL; oknL; t;% izdkjk%
vklu~ okn% fookn% laokn'pA ys[kosQu vL;k% izkphu
ijEijk;k% Loys[kekè;esu fopkj% Ñr%A
The book under reference embodied one of the scholarly work
of Dr. Radhavallabh Tripathi, a well-known and profound scholar of
Indian intellectual tradition and prolific writer. The book has been
organized around 7 chapters covering the nature of Vada, brief history
of Vada, vadashastra: Theories of debates, dialogues and discussions,
vada in Darsana: Philosophical debate; Vada in Dharma: Socio-
political and legal debates, vada in literary Theory and Literature;
and Vada in modern age. The book contains informative and insightful
analogies with suitable illustrations to support the various contentions
and point of view. The diversity, multiplicity and multimodality of
Indian Intellectual knowledge tradition have been presented in a
comprehensively fascinating manner.
( 140 )
Vada in Theory and Practice 141
Debates, discussions and discourse of various forms and
contents have been the corner stone of Indian intellectual tradition
and enabled Indian society to deepen its democratic tradition in the
spirit of respecting the multimodality and multitude of voices. The
first chapter of "Nature of Vada" categorically asserts the position of
author. The rich repertoire of debates in terms of vada in Indian
tradition are nurtured, nourished and transmitted to future generations
in India to build the culture of plurality and diversity. Emphasizing
the dual tradition of logic promoting the idea of debates, discussion
and discourses whereas the other tradition is closer the idea of
evidences-(Pramana). The later is closer to the idea of scientific
knowledge drawn from the empiricism. The epistemological, and
ontological assumptions of both are based on different foundations
of knowledge. The philosophical edifice of Vada tradition is
constructed towards the attainment of true knowledge leading to
salvation. It is an approach to dispel the darkness of ignorance
through the act of speech where words are considered illuminators
and carrying the potential of creating enlightened understanding and
finally renunciation.
The tradition of Vada including (Debate, Dialogue, Discussion
and Discourses) emphasize the appropriate and exact use of words
and expressions equated with quest for spiritual pursuits. Drawing
analogy from the knowledge tradition of Samkhya, Carvaka, and
Yoga philosophical knowledge repertoires, the author has convincingly
created the vada tradition pertaining to science of reviewing.
Differentiating the three terms like Vada, Vivada and Samvada,
the author has made it more inclusive terms which combines, content,
context, temporality, persons involved and spaces to represent the
various shades like samvada and vivada. For example, when two
scholarly persons are in dialogue with each other in the presence of
an assembly like in Mahabharat, on a supra-intellectual plane, then
it may be called Samvada. Similarly, when voices of protest and
dissent are allowed to be expressed and attended with some respect,
then it acquires the status of vivada.
The tradition of Vada was also used to challenge the imposed
boundaries and segmentations either related to social practices or
knowledge traditions. Covering the comprehensively impressive gamut
of dimensions of Vada tradition, the author has argued convincingly
142 laLÑr foe'kZ%
the functionality of Vada in raising issues of morality, oppression,
status and caste related discriminations in ancient Indian context.
The meaningless arguments and distorted reasoning have been
declared misdirected throws of words. Giving details of Sabha, the
places where Vada can take place which acquired the status of an
institution, the types of sabha, and various other components, like
ethics of vada have been given with graceful clarity.The vada clearly
enunciates a practice of expression with possibility of arriving at
truth. The other formats of Vada having negative overtones of querrels,
vivada, vilapa, soka, matsarya, mana, abhimana, and paisunyabe
avoided. In other words, the negative emotional overtones intended
to reflect a sense of attachment with ego objects be avoided. In
particular, the emotions of verbal combat, debate in a form of quarrel,
sorrow, pride, egoistic, backbiting be put to rest as these are against
the fundamental spirit of Vada. Covering a range of issues in the first
chapter by drawing analogy and supportive arguments from various
traditions of knowledge, the author has highlighted the dimensions
of sandhi (agreement with disagreements), language and stylistics,
violence of speech, ego pride and prejudice with all its possible
shades in Indian classical tradition of knowledge have been well
articulated depicting all the important facets of Vada Tradition.
The second chapter entitled - A Brief History of Vada” covering
100 pages is the longest chapter of the book. It has turned out to be
extremely rich in information covering within the historical antecedents
dating back to the age of revelations (around 3000 BCE to 500
BCE), also known as the Mantra Age. It was fascinating to learn
that how words of wisdom emanating from the spoken words of
seers were gradually replaced by logic, which is also taken as methods
of discovering meaning of these mantras by arguments, confutation,
and investigation in order to arrive at the final version of truth. It
gave origin to Anvikshiki a foundation of scientific thinking between
first century and fifth century BC. Titled as Atmavidya, the great
thinkers in Indian tradition like Kautilaya making strong
recommendation that that Anvikshiki be studied along side the Vedas.
Having classified three groups of knowledge systems, namely,
Samkhya, yoga, and Lokayat as Anvikshiki-an approach toward
attaining knowledge. Providing a lucid illustration of all the three
stages and ages of knowledge traditions, namely, Mantra Age, and
Tarka Age, Vistara Age (The Age of diversification), the scholarship
is evident in specific illustrations, relevant excerpts from the ancient
narratives. Particularly looking into the details of the Mantra Age
where two modalities of knowledge seeking is presented. These are
called Inquiry and Dialogue respectively necessary tools in the quest
of knowledge. Conversation becoming a part and parcel of life and
culture of Mantra Age also known as Vedic age perhaps laid down
the foundation of democracy and respect for individual thought and
dignity of freedom of speech provided it is well within the limits of
rules of conversation. The author has taken illustration from Ramayan
and Mahabharata, two great epics from the knowledge traditions of
Indian culture, to derive support from debate, dialogues and
discussions. It was interesting to note that author has also highlighted
the role of ideological conflicts and its effect on human psyche.
Particularly, when despair and disappointment in one endeavor is
eminent, then self-dialoguing occurs. In such moments of reflection,
the quality of self narratives are shaped by the content of superordinate
societal debates and dialogues as evident in the Ramayana and
Mahabharata. This is also a critical point to be noted as to how
through dialogues and debates one builds bridges and connections
between different institutions of society and individual. Perhaps the
four branches of learning and methodology as enshrined in
Nayayadarshana shape the nature of debate evident in Mahabharata.
The tradition of debate and dialogues in Mahabharata are centering
on the eternal question related to purpose, destiny, life and death and
morality. Finally, culminating in the super structure of Karma (Duty),
Jnana, (Knowledge), and devotion (Bhakti). The consistent recurring
theme of the debates turns out to be Dharma. Whether, it was a
debate in the assembly of kings or debates in the war ground or
faced with the issue of righteous behavior as in the case of Visvamitra
facing death out of starvation and eating the dog meat. The debate
on morality, dharma, life and death and righteous action are running
through the entire text of Mahabharata. The second section of this
chapter dealt with the age of arguments. Identifying the era of
argumentation as great contributing force the emergence of various
systems of philosophical knowledge schools and counter arguments
against the various heterodox systems. The counter arguments
primarily coming from Carvaka, Ajivaka, Buddhism and Jainism.
144 laLÑr foe'kZ%
Just to exemplify the point, one of the assertions of Carvaka, is that
Sat (being) came out of asat (non-being). The debates and discussion
around opposite bipolarities of human mind and life was taken as
potent ground for engaging in debates and discussions. Examining
the various shades of debates with impressive illustration related to
nature of knowledge, evidence, methodology and practice offers an
extremely enriching journey into the tradition of debates and dialogues
in Indian knowledge traditions in this section of the chapter.
The argument era is also marked by preserving the tradition of
inquiry and investigation thereby giving rise to Buddha's dialectical
method of discourse as an approach of dealing with contradiction
and managing opposites. Propounding the doctrine of arguments as
analytical methods classified them in four categories. Such a
presentation offers a consolidated understanding of affirmation-
negation dichotomy, division-analysis, question-counter-question and
analogy of silence or to be set aside. Rejecting or avoiding the
extremes, the middle path turning out to be the recommended approach
in the Buddhist ways of dialoguing and discourses. The idea of
protest in debate was found to be discouraged in Buddhist doctrine
of debate and dialogues. Therefore, all the possible arguments must
be attended to and therefore, encouraged the dialogical nature of his
discourses.
The book under reference also embodied the diverse nature of
debate available in Jainism. The preferred nature of discourse remains
the multi-vocal and multilayered in the philosophy of Mahavira in
Anekantvad. The theory of many-sidedness of reality each side having
its own conditions and justifications, thereby, leaving no possibility
of unilateral truth or any kind of fundamental truth. It would not be
out of place to assert on the basis of the arguments presented in this
section of the book is idea of inclusion rather than exclusion of
different view points. The author has also made interesting analysis
of Arthsastra of Kautilya for the nature of discourse and discussion.
Declaring the text of Arthsastra as book of debates on polity,
governance and management through the countering the arguments
given in established schools of thoughts, like, Manu, Brihaspatiyas,
Ausana and Bhardwaj etc., the text analysis brings forth a complete
structural design for the analysis of Vada. The rich repertoire of
tantrayuktis (mode of argumentation) has been enumerated in Kautilya
Arthsastra. Covering other knowledge texts and sources of materials,
the author has covered a vast spectrum of debates, dialogues and
discussions in various Buddhist tradition of knowledge including
texts in Paliand dialogues of non-Budhhist thinkers.
The book embodied an interesting travelogue into the tradition
of debate documented within Orthodox system of philosophy where,
the debates and discussion took the form of fights, confrontation and
challenge. The modes of verbal dialogues and written rejoinders
were used to point and counter-point an argument. The author asserted
that perhaps where the idea of Vada replaced the Rigvedic idea of
Brahmodaya. The two schools, namely, the realist and idealist which
are demarcated by the approach based on perception and rationality
as the means of attaining knowledge. The nomenclature of proponents
and respondents (Vadin and Prativadin), the nature of debates between
Buddhist and Naiyayakias has been presented in a most enriching
ways with rare brilliance and insights thereby opening up new window
to the contemporary thinkers on the tradition of debates and view
points.
The book posited an interesting reflection on the return of
Carvakas which flourished between 770 to 830 CE. The most eminent
thinker and debator of Carvaka Jayarasi who used discursive analogy
to demolish the earlier schools of thoughts. Taking the arguments of
Sankara whose journey of debate was labelled as Digvijay as another
format of vada a brilliant illustrative detail with rich account of detail
has made this book an essential reading. It is turning out to be verbal
exchange of debate with well-known philosophers and proponents
of various schools like, Baan, Dandin, Mayura, Abhinavgupta and
many more who were the contemporaries of Sankara.
The third part of the chapter embodied the age of diversification,
in which the author has taken up the tradition of Bhakti rather than
philosophical rationality making an entry into the realm of traditional
repertoire of debate. The beginning of Bhakti movement, which
could also be seen as an approach of integration of various
philosophical tradition of knowledge has been marked by the work
of Madhava, Ramanuja and Vallabhacharaya, Chaitnaya and
Tukaram. It gave rise to many newer concepts like Jiva, Sakshi and
Buddhi and Chitsukhi through extension of concepts enshrined in
the intellectual tradition of Advaita and Mimamsa. The book also
146 laLÑr foe'kZ%
documented the interesting historical incidences which informs about
the role of intellectual hegemony in establishing political and religious
supremacy. Commenting on the works of Al-biruni where he has
criticized Indian knowledge systems and textual materials of Greeks
from a monotheistic perspective of Islam. Quite aptly, the author has
put the debate in perspective for its criticism of lacking scientific
perfection as complete misunderstanding of pluralistic outlook from
a monotheistic vantage point.
Tracking down through the various events, writings and
intellectual and evolutionary engagement related to dialogues and
debates, the author has provided a rich repository of various debates
in the tradition of knowledge. It was interesting to note that the
socio-psychological factors contributed great deal in shaping the
knowledge tempo of the time.
The third chapter entitled Vadashashtra: The theories of debate,
dialogues and discussion provide a rich detail of the conceptual
universe of vadashastra. The tradition has produced a thick set of
technical terms, which enriched and refined the tradition of debate
in India. The terms like yukti, tarka, smçti, pratyaksha were coined
during these times and got integrated in the intellectual repertoire of
the time. Providing quite convincing evidences from the great epic
Mahabharata, the author has culled out weaknesses and virtues of
corrupting and liberating debates respectively. For example,during
the course of a discussion in the assembly of scholars, the statements
made by interlocutors should reflect qualities, like order, conclusion,
and purpose. The healthy discourse requires a complete synergy
among, speaker, listener and statement.
Drawing heavily from Caraka, Gautama, Asanga’stheoretical
systems of syllogism, the author has depicted glimpses of impre&sive
account of knowledge and debate systems. For example, Asanga
notion of debate has been categorized into six types, namely, vada,
pravada, vivada, apavada, anuvada and avavada. It is highly
informative collection of kinds of debate and syllogisms propounded
by various scholars of the time. It bears sufficient testimony to great
knowledge systems created through the tradition of debate in India.
Covering a detail section on Buddhist critique of the Naiyayika,
the author has provided an enriching account of debate in Buddhist
and Jain philosophical systems. Enumerating codes for conducting
the debate, it was quite revealing to note that holding a debate is
treated at par with organizing a Yagyna Ritual (page 185,4rth para).
The fourth chapter depicted the account of philosophical debate
where conflict between action, knowledge and devotion. The dialectic
between two opposites like empiricism and renunciation is quite a
point of discussion in Indian Intellectual tradition. In the similar vein,
the debate between idealism and materialism has given rise to a
perpetual debating issue demonstrating the rich engagement with
different positions taken up by scholar of the time. The idea of
salvation or moksha was treated by all schools of thoughts with
diverse interpretation. These systems also differed with respect to the
process, ways and means of attaining salvation. It provided a good
account to the readers as to how the notion of salvation was subjected
to varied implications.
The last two chapters contained the socio-political and legal
debate sand Vada in literary theory. Beginning with debates on polity
and governance, and caste system, the author has connected the
debate on these issues with dharamshastra. Law of inheritance,
women's right, marriage, process of judicial proceedings have caught
the imagination of debaters over many aspects of practical
(vyavaharaika) reality. The chapter on literary theory and practice
related debate. Covering a vast territory of poetics and dramatics, the
author has done a commendable work of putting a comprehensive
perspective of vada in kavya and kavya in vada. The appealing
aspect of this debate is authentic presence of multitude of voices at
times antagonistic to each other yet creating a rich repository of
possibilities. Even, one is allowed to challenge any established thought
including God who is argued to exist on the psychosis of fear.
Finally, the last chapter entitled "Vada in Modern Age" which
one can always declare as contentious term called modern. Yet the
author has used the term modern to identify a time period spanning
from colonial period to contemporary times. With particular reference
to eighteen and nineteenth centuries which aytghor has declared as
the most fertile period of Indian intellectual debate and discourses.
Aptly highlighting the works of Scholars like, Raja Ram Mohan
Roy, Swami Narayan, Tagore, Swami Dayananad Saraswati and
Mahatma Gandhi including Ambedkar and influences cast by British
148 laLÑr foe'kZ%
scholars through their translation of Gita and Manusmiriti how the
debate on India's identity was shaped. The role of pundits in
reformulation of Vedas under colonial influences gave rise to debates
and perhaps paved the ways for the emergence of democratic form
of governance in India. It is strongly recommended for the scholars
who are interested in looking into the intellectual antecedents; the
book provided enough cues and material to develop an authentic
thesis related to establishment of hierarchy of knowledge. Quoting
Edward Said of orientalism for his portrayal of a view about the
Indian knowledge system, the author has contested it as too monolithic
and homogenous.
Drawing from the works of many scholars, the book has
provided a rich description of influences of Dayanand Saraswati,
Ramabai, BalShastri and many scholars shaped the debate tradition
in Indian continent. Referring to the recorded debates related to
VidyaNivas Mishra and Rafael Dieste, a Spanish writer, which oped
up the possibility of meaningful dialogue with nation and culture.
This has been referred as dialogue between "a representative of
critical modernity and genuine traditions". It helped in creating bridges
and better understanding of strengths and weaknesses of two distinct
cultures.
Finally, the book has turned out to be scholarly exposition of
various intellectual traditions of intellectual and progressive debates
and dialogues in Indian tradition. The critical reflections and its
influences in shaping the intellectual capital of India has been very
aptly discovered and establish in the terminology of contemporary
narrative by the author. He has coved a vast landscape of philosophy,
religion, logic, economics, political science, psychology and literature.
It was with great fascination, we enjoyed reading the book.
ggg

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(An International Refereed & Peer-Reviewed

izR;Äïe~ & 50-00

Vol. 15-16 (July 2018 - June 2019) Year 2019

Rashtirya Sanskrit Sansthan

© Rashtirya Sanskrit Sansthan

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2. Prof. K.V. Ramakrishnamacharyalu,

3. Prof. Ram Chandra Pandey

4. Prof. Kishor Chandra Padhi

5. Prof. Azad Mishra

6. Prof. G.S.R. Krishnamurty

7. Prof. Shripada Bhat

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