PROTEIN DAN ENZIMOLOGI

dewi.erika.adriani@ulm.ac.id
 PROTEIN ?
SIMAK VIDEO BERIKUT:
 PROTEIN ?

Senyawa biokimia yg terdiri dari 1 atau lebih

polipeptida yg umumnya terlipat ke bentuk
globular atau fibris sesuai fungsi biologinya
 PROTEIN ?

Peptida → molekul yang terbentuk dari dua

atau lebih asam amino.
Asam amino saling berikatan dengan ikatan
peptida. Ikatan peptida terjadi jika atom N
pada salah satu asam amino berikatan dengan
gugus karboksil dari asam amino lain.
Peptida terdapat pada setiap makhluk hidup dan
berperan pada beberapa aktivitas biokimia.
 Struktur asam amino

Reaksi kondensasi dua asam amino membentuk ikatan peptida

 Ribosom → fasilitasi pembentukan
ikatan peptida → terjadinya sistesis
polipeptida
peptide bond

Sebagai ‘template’ yg ditranslasikan melalui molekul RNA

transfer → membawa asam amino spesifik
PROTEIN ?
 PROTEIN ?

The first protein to be sequenced → insulin, by

Frederick Sanger (Nobel prize 1958)
The first protein structures to be solved →
hemoglobin and myoglobin, by Max Perutz &
Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, respectively, in
1958
 Struktur Protein

• There are 20 different amino acids. These can be

combined in any order. Each amino acid has unique
properties:
- Polar (Hydrophilic) → water loving
- Non-polar (Hydrophobic) → water hater
- Positively or negatively charged
- Contain sulphur
• The properties of the amino acids determine how a
polypeptide folds up into a protein
 Struktur Protein

(Polypeptide) • The chains of amino acids • The polypeptide folds • The interaction
• The order / sequence of fold or turn upon and coils to form a between
the amino acids of which themselves complex 3D shape multiple
the protein is composed • Held together by hydrogen • Caused by interactions polypeptides or
• Formed by covalent bonds between (non- between R groups (H- prosthetic
peptide bonds between adjacent) amine (N-H) and bonds, disulphide groups
adjacent amino acids carboxylic (C-O) groups bridges, ionic bonds • A prosthetic
• Controls all subsequent • H-bonds provide a level of and hydrophilic / group is an
levels of structure structural stability hydrophobic inorganic
• Fibrous proteins interactions) compound
• Tertiary structure may involved in a
be important for the protein (e.g. the
function (e.g. specificity heme group in
of active site in haemoglobin)
enzymes) • Fibrous and
• Globular proteins Globular
proteins
 Fungsi protein
Fibrous proteins have structural roles whereas
globular proteins are functional (active in a cell’s
metabolism)
 Fungsi protein

Function Description Key examples

There are thousands of different enzymes to catalyse specific
Catalysis Rubisco
chemical reactions within the cell or outside it.
Actin and myosin together cause the muscle contractions used in
Muscle contraction
locomotion and transport around the body.
Tubulin is the subunit of microtubules that give animals cells their
Cytoskeletons
shape and pull on chromosomes during mitosis.
Tensile Fibrous proteins give tensile strength needed in skin, tendons,
collagen
strengthening ligaments and blood vessel walls.
Plasma proteins act as clotting factors that cause blood to turn
Blood clotting
from a liquid to a gel in wounds.
Transport of Proteins in blood help transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, iron and
nutrients and gases lipids.
 Fungsi protein

Function Description Key examples

Membrane proteins cause adjacent animal cells to stick to each
Cell adhesion
other within tissues.
Membrane proteins are used for facilitated diffusion and active
Membrane
transport, and also for electron transport during cell respiration
transport
and photosynthesis.
Some such as insulin, FSH and LH are proteins, but hormones are
Hormones Insulin
chemically very diverse.
Binding sites in membranes and cytoplasm for hormones,
Receptors neurotransmitters, tastes and smells, and also receptors for light rhodopsin
in the eye and in plants.
Histones are associated with DNA in eukaryotes and help
Packing of DNA
chromosomes to condense during mitosis.
This is the most diverse group of proteins, as cells can make
Immunity immunoglobulins
huge numbers of different antibodies.
 Protein tanaman & Gizi manusia
Rubisco

• Full name ribulose bisphosphate

carboxylase
• Enzyme - catalyses the reaction that
fixes CO2 from the atmosphere
• Provides the source of carbon from
which all carbon compounds,
required by living organisms, are
produced.
• Found in high concentrations in
leaves and algal cells
 Protein tanaman & Gizi manusia

immunoglobulins

• Also known as antibodies

• Two antigen (a molecule on the pathogen which
provokes an immune response) binding sites - one
on each ‘arm’
• Binding sites vary greatly between immunoglobulins
(hypervariable) to enable them to respond a huge
range of pathogens.
• Other parts of the immunoglobulin molecule cause
a response, e.g. acting as a marker to phagocytes
(which engulf the pathogen)
 Protein tanaman & Gizi manusia

• A hormone – signals many cells (e.g.

Insulin liver cells) to absorb glucose and help
reduce the glucose concentration of the
blood.
• Affected cells have receptor (proteins)
on their surface to which insulin can
(reversibly) bind to.
• Secreted by β cells in the pancreas and
transported by the blood.

The pancreas of type I diabetics don’t produce

sufficient insulin therefore they must periodically
inject synthetically produced insulin to correct their
blood sugar concentration.
 Protein tanaman & Gizi manusia

collagen

• A number of different forms

• All are rope-like proteins made of
three polypeptides wound together.
• About a quarter of all protein in the
human body is collagen
• Forms a mesh of fibres in skin and in
blood vessel walls that resists
tearing.
• Gives strength to tendons, ligaments,
skin and blood vessel walls.
• Forms part of teeth and bones, helps
to prevent cracks and fractures to
bones and teeth
 Protein tanaman & Gizi manusia

rhodopsin

• A pigment that absorbs light

• Membrane protein of rod cells of the retina (light sensitive region
at the back of the eye)
• Rhodopsin consists of the opsin polypeptide surrounding a retinal
prosthetic group
• retinal molecule absorbs a single photon of light -> changes shape -
> change to the opsin -> the rod cell sends a nerve impulse to the
brain
• Even very low light intensities can be detected.
 Protein tanaman & Gizi manusia

• Different types of silk with different functions

spider silk • Dragline silk is stronger than steel and tougher
than Kevlar
• When first made it contains regions where the
polypeptide forms parallel arrays (bottom)
• Some regions seem like a disordered tangle
(middle)
• When the stretched the polypeptide gradually
extends, making the silk extensible and very
resistant to breaking.