Massive MIMO EIRP and EMF

Clarification

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• Massive MIMO EIRP Clarification
• Massive MIMO EMF Calculation

2
What is EIRP?

Effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP):

In a given direction, the gain of a transmitting antenna multiplied by the net power accepted by the antenna from the connected
transmitter.

IEEE Std 145™-2013 IEEE Standard for Definitions of Terms for Antennas

EIRP = Ptx – Ltx + Gantenna

Antenna gain (dBi)

Ptx: Total transmit power

Ltx: Cable loss to antenna
Gantenna: Antenna gain

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M-MIMO: Flexible Radio Design for Different Scenarios

Traditional 2T2R Massive MIMO**

90 20dB 90
90 20dB 10dB
120 60 120 60
90 Flexible H&V pattern 120
10dB
60
10dB
0dB
150 0dB 30 150 30
150 0dB 30
10
-10dB
13 sets patterns for
180 0
different scenarios 180 0 180 0

180 0

Vertical BW: 8~33o 210 V pattern 330 210 V Pattern

H Pattern
330 210
V Pattern
H Pattern
330
H pattern

Horizontal BW: 15~90o 240 300 240 300 240 300

270 270 270
270
Horizontal wider coverage Horizontal narrower coverage 3D-Coverage
(Vertical wider coverage)
Typical parameters:
Electrical down tilt
Horizontal HPBW*: 65o Vertical up & down tilt (+/- 15o)
Vertical HPBW*: ~6o
Electrical downtilt: ~0-12o
Mechanical downtilt: ~0~10o
Antenna Gain: ~18dBi
Broadcast Beam: 16+dBi
Antenna Gains
Service Beam: ~22dBi
* HPBW: Half Power Beam Width ** Based on 64T64R 2.6/2.3GHz

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EIRP Analysis Regarding “Broadcasting Gain”
90

Example:

Tx power: 40W (46dBm)

180 0

Antenna gain @ main direction 16dBi

Radio signal is always physically
Transmit phase is
boosted by 16dB in main direction
270
not adjusted

Typical parameters:
EIRP = Ptx – Ltx + Gantenna
Horizontal HPBW: 65o
Vertical HPBW: ~8o
= 46dBm - 0 + 16dBi
Antenna Gain: ~16dBi = 62dBm
assume Ltx= 0dB

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 Massive MIMO Broadcast Beam EIRP Calculation
Broadcast
Assume: Broadcast Horizontal Vertical Allowed Max Tx
Beam Gain
Weight Index Beamwidth Beamwidth Power
Total transmit power 120W @ 20MHz (51dBm @ (dBi)
1 90° (±10°) 8° (±1°) 14.08 52.9dBm 195.9W
20MHz =45dBm@5MHz)
2 65° (±10°) 8° (±1°) 15.97 51.0dBm 126.8W
Broadcasting beam gain: 16dBi
3 45° (±6°) 8° (±1°) 17.62 49.4dBm 86.7W
4 25° (±3°) 8° (±1°) 19.74 47.3dBm 53.2W
Calculate EIRP @ 5MHz:
5 90° (±10°) 17° (±2°) 11.07 55.9dBm 391.7W
45dBm@5MHz + 16dBi = 61dBm @ 5MHz 6 65° (±10°) 17° (±2°) 12.96 54.0dBm 253.5W
Comply with OFCOM EIRP requirement: 7 45° (±6°) 17° (±2°) 14.5 52.5dBm 177.8W
61dBm @ 5MHz 8 25° (±3°) 17° (±2°) 16.73 50.3dBm 106.4W
9 15° (±2°) 17° (±2°) 19.74 47.3dBm 53.2W

Note: 10 65° (±10°) 33° (±5°) 9.95 57.1dBm 507.0W

1. Broadcast weight index 2 is suitable for typical 3- 11 45° (±6°) 33° (±5°) 11.52 55.5dBm 353.2W

sector coverage. 12 25° (±3°) 33° (±5°) 13.76 53.2dBm 210.9W

13 15° (±2°) 33° (±5°) 16.77 50.2dBm 105.4W
2. Broadcast weight index 11 is suitable for typical
high building coverage.
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EIRP Analysis Regarding “Beamforming Gain”

Tx power: 40W (46dBm)

• Transmit power is NOT boosted

• Transmit phase is adjusted by baseband
to make UE received multiple path signal
is boosted There is NOT a physically boosted service
beam like broadcasting.
User received signal is logically boosted by
multiple-path signal.

Service Beam Gain 22dBi = 8.56dBi（Antenna Element Gain）+ 6dB（Vertical 4TRx Diversity） + 10*log10(90/15)
（Horizontal Beamwidth from 90 to 15°）
Even Massive MIMO Service beam gain is about 22dBi, but MM has EIRP control to keep service beam gain per user is
low .

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 TDD Massive MIMO Power Control

TM3 and TM7/TM8 Adaptive Switch Massive MIMO Paired UE Power Control

Broadcasting beam

TM3
TM3

TM3 Massive MIMO

Massive MIMO
TM3

Solution: Adjust the TM mode according to user number to restrict When user number is much more, UEs will be paired and power is divided
traffic channel antenna gain by all paired UEs.
 When user number <4, TM mode is change to TM3(Broadcast Paired Layers 2 4 8 16
Beam Gain is about 16dBi
Power Reduction 3dB 6dB 9dB 12dB
 When user number>=4， TM7/8 is used to support MUBF
Service Beam Gain 19dBi 16dBi 13dBi 10dBi

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Massive MIMO Analysis of TM3-TM7/8 Adaptive Switch
Traditional 2x2 MIMO (TM3) Less Overhead Better User Peak Tput
User Peak Tput: 112Mbps @ 2 layers (Theoretical)
Demodulate
based on CRS Cell Peak Tput: 112Mbps @ 2 layers (Theoretical)
Predefined
precoding matrix User Avg Tput: ~25 - 40 Mbps
Cell Avg Tput: ~25 - 40 Mbps

RI/CQI feedback based on DL CRS Available ~144 REs / RB Adaptive Switch

Better User Avg Tput

Massive MIMO Beamforming (TM7/8) More Overhead
More Gains: Array & Multiplex Gains Much Better Cell Capacity

User-Specific Beams Demodulate User Peak Tput: 90Mbps @ 2 layers (Theoretical)

Precode based on based on DRS
SRS estimation or 45Mbps @ 1 layer
Cell Peak Tput: 45*16=720Mbps @ 16 layers (Theoretical)

UL Sounding RS User Avg Tput: ~ 35 - 50 Mbps

CQI feedback based on DL CRS CRS #0 CRS #1
Cell Avg Tput: ~200 - 300Mbps
DRS Data RE
Available ~132 REs / RB
Center 6 RBs not available for BF Assume: 20MHz, SA#2 DL:UL 3:1, SSP#7

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Massive MIMO Service Beam EIRP Calculation
TM3-TM7/8 Switch Max Service Beam
Case MUBF Layers Allowed Max Tx Power
Threshold (User No.) Gain (dBi)
1 0 TM7/8 1 22 45.0dBm 31.6W
2 0 TM7/8 2 19 48.0dBm 63.2W
3 0 TM7/8 4 16 51.0dBm 126.5W
4 0 TM7/8 8 13 54.0dBm 253.0W
5 0 TM7/8 16 10 57.0dBm 506.0W
6 4 TM3 1 16 51.0dBm 125.9W
7 4 TM7/8 2 19 48.0dBm 63.2W
8 4 TM7/8 4 16 51.0dBm 126.5W
9 4 TM7/8 8 13 54.0dBm 253.0W
10 4 TM7/8 16 10 57.0dBm 506.0W

Notes:
1. TM3 and TM7/TM8 Adaptive Switch based on cell user number threshold
2. Paired users in MUBF share the power whose power reduction will downgrade service beam

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 • Massive MIMO EIRP Clarification
• Massive MIMO EMF Calculation

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Radio EMF Estimation

Radio Radiation Model Power Density of Far-Field Model

𝑹=Sqrt(𝑷𝑮/𝟒𝝅𝑺)

P= input power of the antenna.

R G= antenna gain relative to an isotropic antenna.
R= distance from the antenna to the point of investigation.

Multi RF Sources Power Density should comply with

following:

= the power density in case of the i th frequency

= the reference level requirement for power density
in case of the i th frequency
𝑹=Sqrt(𝑹_𝟏^𝟐+𝑹_𝟐^𝟐+…+𝑹_𝒏^𝟐 )
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TDD Massive MIMO Safe Distance (EMF)

Massive MIMO Power Density Safe Distance Calculation

900MHz 1800MHz 2.1GHz 7GHz
Broadcasting beam Region
(W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2)
ICNIRP,
4.5 9 10 10
India TEC
User-specific beams
EU 4.5 9 10 10
US/FCC 6 10 10 10
China/GB
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.93
8702

Take General Public Exposure Power density: 10 W/m2

Power Density of Far-Field Model
𝑷𝑮 𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟕/𝟏𝟎
Broadcasting Beam 𝑹= = = 𝟒𝒎
𝟒𝝅𝑺 𝟒 × 𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎
G = 17dBi

Assuming:
Transmit power: 40W/20MHz Service Beam 𝑷𝑮 𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐/𝟏𝟎
G = 22dBi 𝑹= = = 𝟕. 𝟏𝒎
Broadcasting beam: G = 17dBi 𝟒𝝅𝑺 𝟒 × 𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎
User Specific beam(Service Beam): G = 22dBi

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 Case Study: Vodafone UK EMF Calculation
General Public EMF Calculation Occupational EMF Calculation

Band Tx Power Antenna Gain ICNIRP Distance Total Band Tx Power Antenna Gain ICNIRP Distance Total
Mode Mode
[MHz] [W] [dBi] [W/m2] [m] [m] [MHz] [W] [dBi] [W/m2] [m] [m]
GU 900 100 15 4.5 7.48 GU 900 100 15 22.5 3.34
FDD 800 80 15 4 7.09 FDD 800 80 15 20 3.17
14.38 6.43
FDD 2100 120 18 10 7.76 FDD 2100 120 18 50 3.47
FDD 2600 80 18 10 6.34 FDD 2600 80 18 50 2.83

Band Tx Power Antenna Gain ICNIRP Distance Total Band Tx Power Antenna Gain ICNIRP Distance Total
Mode Mode
[MHz] [W] [dBi] [W/m2] [m] [m] [MHz] [W] [dBi] [W/m2] [m] [m]
GU 900 100 15 4.5 7.48 GU 900 100 15 22.5 3.34
FDD 800 80 15 4 7.09 FDD 800 80 15 20 3.17
FDD 2100 120 18 10 7.76 14.81 FDD 2100 120 18 50 3.47 6.62
FDD 2600 80 18 10 6.34 FDD 2600 80 18 50 2.83
TDD 2600 40 16 10 3.56 TDD 2600 40 16 50 1.59
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