General

Biology II
 Differences between Plants and Animals
PLANTS
Structure Body structure is variable
within the species; organs
are few in kind but many in
member and are mostly
external organs
Locomotion None in adult stage
Irritability No nervous system;
response to stimuli in slow
Metabolic Have chlorophyll, so they
Properties can carry on
photosynthesis
Principal waste Oxygen and water, do not
products have organized excretory
system
Growth in Length Not very limited usually
continuous throughout the
life of a plant
Cell wall Have cell walls which are
Properties largely composed of
cellulose
Intercellular Usually limited to delicate
Materials membranes consisting of
pectin
Digestion Have no digestive system;
intracellular digestion
occurs within individual
cells
ANIMALS
Body structure is less variable;
organs are more in kind but fewer
in number (mostly) internal
organs
Well-designed through muscles
and organ systems
Have a nervous system in high
forms; response to stimuli is fast
No chlorophyll except in the
lowest borderline forms; depend
on plants for organic food
Water, CO2, urea and other
nitrogenous waste feces; possess
definite excretory organs, except
in the lowest forms
Definitely limited generally,
highest growth in reached in
early life
No cell walls; lacks cellulose;
cells usually limited by
nitrogenous membrane
Abundant intercellular materials
that make up tissue
Have digestive system;
extracellular digestion occurs
where cells secrete enzymes and
break up food into molecules
Plants
 Plants contain cell wall that keeps their size and shape
 Plants contain chloroplast and chlorophyll
 These are multicellular, autotrophic organisms

The plant is divided into main parts:

 SHOOTS- The structure of the plant above ground that includes the stem
which is the framework for leaves, flowers, and fruits.
 ROOTS- The structure that anchors the plant to the ground and absorbs
water and minerals from the surrounding environment

ROOT SYSTEM
 Fibrous root- is composed of diffused system of roots and root hairs, with
no single major root. e.g. grasses

 Taproot- is composed of a large central root of primary root. e.g. carrot

- store food supply of the plant

Features of the root system

 Primary Root- it is the central root of the plant.
 Lateral Root- it is the route growing directly off of the primary root.
 Apical Root Meristem- It is the zone of cell growth at the tip of the
primary root.
 Root Hair- These extend from the roots, which greatly increase the surface
area for absorption.
 Root Cap- this is located at the end of the apical meristem, which provides
protection.
2. Primary function of the leaf:

1. Photosynthesis
2. Transpiration- is a process wherein water vapor from the external structure
of the leaf is removed by evaporation. Leaves are the main transporting
organs. Most of the water lost during the day is diffused out through the
stomata

3.The Stem
- The stem vary in form in many plants from the soft and delicate stalks of
aquatic plants to the huge and towering trunks of forest trees. Some stems contain
chlorophyll and can therfore carry on photosynthesis other stems are highly
specialized organs such as the potato tubers and carrots

Kinds of Stems:
 Herbaceous stems- are soft and succulent. They are usually gren, so they
contain chlotophyll and can carry on photosynthesis. They usually last only
one season and are called annuals. They do not grow much in diameter

Examples: grass, garden, vegetables, herbs

 Woody Stems- are perennial because they live for more than one year. They
growth in length, increase in size, and form branches from season to season
their woody tissues give them greater for support

Tres
Shrubs Are classified as woody because of their hard stems
Vines

Gumamela
Santan Are examples of shrubs

Sampaguita
Cadena de Amor are the examples of vines they lean on something
Support to maintain an upright position

Acacia are examples of trees they have thick trunks

Mango and many branches
Functions of Stems:
1. Support- Stems give mechanical support to the plants. They also help
support the leaves in the air so that photosynthesis is made easier. However
and fruis are likewise held in positions such as that pollination and seed
disposal are facilitated
2. Conduction- Stems provide a passage for movement of water and mineral
nutrients from roots of leaves. They also allow the flow foods and hormones
from one part of the stem to another
3. Production of new living tissues- Stems provide new living tissues for the
normal metabolism of the plant.

Leaves- These extend from a plant a apical shoot maristem. It is site of

photosynthesis reaction as its primary function. Photosynthesis is the process of
food making and Autotrops. Plant absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. It
also takes up water and light energy from the sun and eventually converts it to
carbohydrates.
Features of Leaf
 Blade- It refers to flat expanded part of the leaf
 Cuticle- It refers to waxy coating on above ground plant structures that help
to prevent loss of water to the air
 Stomata- It refers to tiny pores on the leaf surface that allow substances
such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through as they either to
leave the plant. Guard cell regulates the opening and closing of Stomata

The body of flowering plants consists of vegatative and reproductive structures.

The vegetative structures are the leaf, the stomata and the roots. The reproductive
organs consist of the flower, the fruit, and the seed.
Vegetative Structures
External Structure of a Leaf
1. Lamina or blade- is a flat, thin, green portion made of soft tissue of thin-
walled cells. The lamina is strengthened by a natural of veins
 2. Veins- are vascular bundles entering the blade from the stem. They are like
blood vessels branching out of all tissues of the body. The functions of the
veins are to conduct nutrients and to support the leaf. The chief conducting
vessels in the veins are the xytem and phloem. Veins conduct water; mineral
salts and foods throughout the plant.
3. Midrib- is the large veim located at the center of a leaf, extending from the
petiole to the tip of the blade
4. Petiole- or stalk joins the leaf to the stem.
Internal Tructure of a Leaf
1. Epidermis- protects the inner surface from drying out and from mechanical
injury. The lower epidermis contains many stomata; stomata are openings or
porees through which gases and water vapor pass into or out of the leaf.
Stomata vary greatly in size in different kinds of plants or even in one plant.
On each side of the stomata is an oval-shaped guard cell. A guard cell is a
special type of epidermal cell containing chloroplast. Guard cells regulate
the opeing and closing of the guard cells are stiff; it is closed when in the
guard cells lose water
2. Mesophyll layer- lies betwwen the upper and lower leaf epidermis. It is
divided into two distinct layers; podisade parenchyma

Flowers
- These are collections of reproductive and sterile tissue.
- Flowers serve as an attraction for the insects as thes organism transfer the
pollen from another to the stigma (pollination)
Parts of Flowers
 Sepals- These are leaf like structure that enclose the flower and protect it
when closed
 Petals- these are the colorful structures
 Stamen- It refers to the male reproductive organs of the flower
o ANTHER- produces pollen grains that develop the male germ cells.
o FILAMENT- is a thin stalk located below the anther.
 Pistil- It refers to the female reproduvtive organs of a flower.
 o STIGMA- is located at the top of the pistil or at the top of style which
receives pollen grains.
o STYLE- is an elongated stick connecting to stigma
o OVARY- bears the ovules which later on becomes the fruit
o OVULES- carry female sex cells which later on becomes the seed.

The Different Classifications of a Flower

 Complete Flower- It is a categorization of a flower that consists of all
essential parts, namely stamen, pistil, sepal and petal.
 Incomplete Flower- A classification flower that is lacking of one or more
essential parts of a complete flower.
 Perfect Flower- It is a categorization a flower that consists of both
reproductive parts such as stamen and pistil. Perfect flowers are considered
BISEXUAL because of its two reproductive structures.
 Imperfect Flower- It is a classification of a flower that is lacking of one
reproductive structure either a stamen or a pistil. Imperfect flower are
considered UNISEXUAL because it only possesses either stamen or pistil.
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE
Flower- a flower is a specialized structure wherein the leaves are modified for
reproduction. Like other types of turgs, flowers develop from buds.
Floral Organs
 Calyx- is the outer ring of floral parts which consists of several petals. The
sepals cover and protect the inner parts of the flower fin the bud. They also
support the other parts when the bud opens.
 Corolla- inside the calyx is a group of petals known collectively as the
corolla. They are often brightly colored usually secretes aromatic substance
and nectar. In ceratin flowers both the calyx and the corolla are the same
color. The number of seplas and petals are often the snd in the same species.
 Stamen- is the male organ of the flower. It consists of a slender stalk called
filament which has a pollen-bearing anther.
 Pistil- the female organs of a flower it is located in the center of the flower.
o STIGMA- is located at the top of the pistil or at the top of style which
receives pollen grains.
o STYLE- is an elongated stick connecting to stigma
o OVARY- bears the ovules which later on becomes the fruit
o OVULES- carry female sex cells which later on becomes the seed.