OCHNL DN ]V@A^HDCYLKC@H NH [C[TNGL DN ]V@D^KKC@H ]@VKCH@

Nstudclhtns

Dlhcno Vlgcr` Fnilrlh`9

Fnilrlh`9 <=56=56425

Jlrnh Scrony Dukulrl

Klro`s Lht`hc` Klstr`

 Snscd On`hlrd` Bcdloe`

Fnrlg` Klslools

Erup`9 >4===4P<

Tut`r 

BNVHLH FNOG@VN BNVHLHDNY

^HCQNV[CDLD HLKC@HLO LFCNVTL S L DC[TLHKCL (^HLD)

 

  Dnskrcpkc
Dnskrcpkcûh
ûh dno scs
scstng
tngl
l dn nxp
nxpo`t
o`tlkc
lkcûh9
ûh9 koc
kocgl,
gl, o`k
o`kloc
loczlk
zlkcûh
cûh
en`erìackl, k`hdckc`hns lgfcnhtlons, vçls dn lkkns`.
 

  Dnskrcpkcûh dn ol oçhnl enhãtckl l nxpo`tlr.

Olren wbctn9

Auhkc`
Auhk c`hl
hloc
ocdl
dldn
dns9
s9 ol rl
rlzl
zl sn kl
klrlk
rlktntnrc
rczl
zl p`r
p`r su klplk
klplkcd
cdld
ld dn ldlpt
ldlptlkc
lkcûh
ûh y
rustckc
rustckcdld
dld,, tngpnrl
tngpnrlgnh
gnht`
t` trlhqu
trlhquco`
co`,, nxknon
nxknonhtn
htn klplkc
klplkcdld
dld gltnrhl
gltnrhlo,
o, nonvldl
nonvldl
ankuhdcdld y pr`ocackcdld, k`rrnkt`s çhdckns tãkhck`s, klhlons dn h` guy funhl
k`ha`rglkcûh (olrels y dn h` gukb` ilgûh), y funhl klocdld dn su klrhn.

Olhdrlkn

Nst`s knrd`s s`h uhl rlzl guy vnrsìtco, yl qun sn utcoczl k`g` rlzl purl, tlgfcnh
gltn
gl tnrh
rhl
l ` pltn
pltnrh
rhl.
l. [us
[us ko
kols
lsca
cack
cklk
lkc`
c`hn
hnss pr
pr`d
`duk
uktc
tcvl
vls
s s`h
s`h guy
guy plrn
plrnkc
kcdl
dlss l
ol S`rjsbc
S`rjsbcrn,
rn, luhqun
luhqun tcnhnh
tcnhnh uh gly`r
gly`r rnhdcg
rnhdcgcnh
cnht`
t` dn ol klhlo
klhlo y tlgfcã
tlgfcãhh uhl
gly`r o`hectud dn ol gcsgl. Nstl rnk`h`kcdl k`g` dn tcp` gler`.

Ns dn guy funhl guskuolturl, rnglrkld` p`r ol lotl klocdld dn su klhlo, lot`

p`rknhtlin dn ilgûh y plrtckuolrgnhtn ol pr`dukkcûh dn t`kch`. ]`r `tr` old` tcnhn
uhl rnspuns
rnspunstl
tl ûptcgl
ûptcgl fli`
fli` k`hdck
k`hdckc`h
c`hns
ns ldvnrsls
ldvnrsls,, tlht`
tlht` dn pr`d
pr`dukk
ukkcûh
cûh k`g`
k`g`
kocgìtckls.

Dur`k

[`h k`h`kcd`s p`r su erlh rnscstnhkcl l nhanrgndldns y rìpcdl ldlptlfcocdld l

o`s kocgls kìocd`s dn o`s plçsns tr`pcklons.
Tlgfcãh ns lotlgnhtn rnscstnhtn l o`s pltûenh`s nxtnrh`s y, nh k`hsnkunhkcl,
gnh`s pr`fongìtck` nh ol prìktckl dn elhldnrçl chtnhscvl. ]`r `tr` old`, su lotl
elhlhkcl dn pns` dclrcl blkn l ol Dur`k uhl dn ols gni`rns rlzls p`rkchls dnfcd`
l ol lotl rnhtlfcocdld qun pr`p`rkc`hl l o`s elhldnr`s. Luhld` l nst`, dnstlkl su
nxknon
nxk nonhtn
htn çhdckn
çhdckn dn k`hvnrs
k`hvnrscûh.
cûh. Ns dnkcr,
dnkcr, k`hvcn
k`hvcnrtn
rtn k`h alkcoc
alkcocdld
dld sus jco`s
jco`s dn
locgnht` nh jco`s dn klrhn.
 

  Tcp` dn pr`dukkcûh (ni9 t`d` ldnhtr` ‛ t`d` launrl, d`s ` trns

sctc`s)

Vnlognhtn nstn ns uh vcni` k`hknpt` qun bl scd` rnvcvcd`. K`htr`ol, s`olgnhtn, ol

trlhsgcscûh
trlhsgcscûh b`rcz`htlo dn ols nhanrgndldns,
nhanrgndldns, nspnkclognht
nspnkclognhtn n ols nhanrgndldns
nhanrgndldns dn
knrd`s nh erup`s. No us` dno scstngl t`d` dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl scehcackl nstlfonknr uh
erup`
erup` dn knrd`
knrd`s
s nh uh pnrç
pnrç`d
`d`` dn lo
locg
cgnh
nhtl
tlkc
kcûh
ûh (enh
(enhnr
nrlo
logn
gnhthtn
n dn
dnsp
spuã
uãss dno
dno
dnstntn) y glhtnhnro`s k`g` uh erup` blstl qun oonelh l ol ntlpl dn lklfld`.
^hl vnz qun sn nstlfonkn no erup` h` sn chtr`duknh gìs lhcglons. No tlglü` dno
erup` dnpnhdn dn ols chstlolkc`hns, pnr` ns, p`r o` gnh`s, dno tlglü` lpr`pcld`
plrl ols chstlolkc`hns dn lklfld`. No glhni` t`d` dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl prnvcnhn ol
trlhsg
trlhsgcsc
cscûh
ûh b`rcz`h
b`rcz`htlo
tlo dn nhanrgn
nhanrgndld
dldns
ns qun `kurrnh
`kurrnh k`h no glhni`
glhni` nh aoui`
aoui`
k`htchu`.
k`htchu`. Nh nstn ùotcg`, o`s knrd`s iûvnhns
iûvnhns sn vlh lüldcnhd` k`htchulgnhtn
k`htchulgnhtn nh
no elopûh qun [ctc` Lrenhtch` dn ]r`dukkcûh Lhcglo 6 dn 4 tlgfcãh ns `kupld`
p`r knrd`s lduot`s. Kuloqucnr nhanrgndld qun ãst`s pldnzklh pundn trlhsgctcrsn
chgndcltlgnhtn l o`s knrd`s iûvnhns qun s`h susknptcfons. No vlo`r dno glhni`
t`d`
t`d` dnht
dnhtr`/
r`/t`
t`d`
d` aunrl
aunrl bl sc
scd`
d` dng`
dng`ststrld
rld`
` rnpn
rnpntc
tcdl
dlgn
gnht
htn.
n. [n bl vunot
vunot`
` l
dng`strlr nh uh nstudc` rnkcnhtn dn [kbncdt, nh no kulo onkb`hns dn 2 snglhls,
pnrtnhnkcnhtns l uh rnflü` qun pldnkçl hnug`hçl nhz`ûtckl, aunr`h trlsoldld`s,
uh`s nh uh rnflü` l aoui` k`htchu` dn nhe`rdn-lklfld`, y `tr`s nh uh scstngl
t`d` dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl. Ol tngpnrlturl lgfcnhtlo, locgnht`, y no glhni` dn kldl
erup` aunr`h ceulons. Bn lquç o`s rnsuotld`s dno nstudc`9 Nst`s rnsuotld`s chdcklh
qun k`h t`d` dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl dcsgchuynh o`s rnqunrcgcnht`s dn locgnht` nh uh`s
je/knrd` y dcsgchuynh o`s dçls l gltldnr` nh <<. Nst`s rnsuotld`s, sugld`s l
`tr`s, suecnrnh qun no glhni` t`d` dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl pundn lugnhtlr no pr`gndc`
dn elhlhkcl dclrcl nh 2-6=% y ol nackcnhkcl locgnhtckcl nh 4-<5%. [n pundn uslr 
uhl aceurl k`hsnrvld`rl dn 5% plrl no gni`rlgcnht` dno pr`gndc` dn ol elhlhkcl
dclrcl y > l 5% plrl ol nackcnhkcl locgnhtckcl. Ldngìs, t`d` dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl
pundn dcsgchucr o`s dçls l gnrkld`, sch ngflre` blfrì uhl dcsgchukcûh dno us`
dn ols chstlolkc`hns k`gplrld` k`h no glhni` l aoui` k`htchu`.

]uht`s cgp`rtlhtns9
 

 ♡ No scstngl t`d` dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl pundn lugnhtlr no rnhdcgcnht` y dcsgchucr ols

nhanrgndldns. K`hsnrvld`rlgnhtn, ol ED] pundn gni`rlr 5% y ol nackcnhkcl
locgnhtckcl nh >-5%.

 ♡ No scstngl t`d` dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl pundn tnhnr gukb` vlo`r kulhd` sn blkn
s`o`, sch hnknscdld dno dnstntn tngprlh`.

♡ No vlo`r
vlo`rdndno
dnhscdld t`d` nodnhtr`
knrd`s, dnh tr`/t`
/t`d`
d` aunrl
lo`ilgcnht`aunrl glhni`.
y no dnpnhd
dnpnhdnn dn ol nhanrg
nhanrgndld
ndld prnsnhtn,
prnsnhtn, ol

  ♡ T`d`
T`d` dnhtr`
dnhtr`/t`
/t`d`
d` aunrl
aunrl auhkc`
auhkc`hl
hl k`htr`o
k`htr`olhd
lhd`
` ol trlhsg
trlhsgcsc
cscûh
ûh b`rc
b`rcz`ht
z`htlo
lo dn
nhanrgndldns nhtrn dcanrnhtns erup`s dn knrd`s.

♡ T`d` dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl lyudl l prnsnrvlr no nstltus dn slhctlrc` dn o`s knrd`s

qun chernslh.

 ♡ T`d` dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl prnsnhtl ol `p`rtuhcdld dn `ftnhnr dlt`s nxlkt`s dn ol

k`hvnrscûh locgnhtckcl.

♡ T`d` dnhtr`/t
dnhtr`/t`d`
`d` aunrl
aunrl lyudl
lyudl l dntnhnr
dntnhnr o`s rcne`s
rcne`s dn `trls
`trls nhanrg
nhanrgndl
ndldns
dns
([log`hnool, [VV]).

 ♡ K`h t`d` dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl h` sn utcoczl no <==% dn ols chstlolkc`hns. ♡ T`d`

dnhtr`/t`d`
dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl rnqucnrn glhnilr no aoui` dn lhcglons.
lhcglons. ♡ ]lrl o`erlr o`s gni`rns
gni`rns
rnsuotld`s, no glhni` t`d` dnhtr`/t`d` aunrl dnfn snr lfs`out`, sch rnsnrvl hc
nxknpkc`hns.

  ]r
]r`y
`ynk
nktl
tlrr no sc
scst
stng
ngll dn pr`d
pr`duk
ukkcû
kcûh
h plr
plrl
l uh kcko`
kcko` k`
k`gp
gpon
ont`
t`
dnsdn ol krçl, blstl ol vnhtl dn lhcglons e`rd`s dnhtr` dn uh
scstngl pr`duktcv` l > lü`s. Hùgnr` dn lhcglons (bngfrls dn
krçl
krçl,, rn
rnpr
pr`d
`dukt
ukt`r
`rns
ns y gl
glkb
kb`s
`s dn rn
rnng
ngpopolz
lz`)
`) y dndnhs
hscd
cdld
ld l
glhn
gl hnil
ilr.
r. [u sc
scst
stng
ngl
l dn
dnfn
fn elr
elrlh
lhtc
tczl
zlrr no lfl
lflst
st`
` dn knknrd
rd`s
`s
e`rd`s dn glhnrl snglhlo, quchknhlo, ` gnhsulo.
 

  Chstlolkc`hns9 ìrnl dn krçl (snkkcûh dn enstlkcûh, snkkcûh dn

plrt`s, snkkcûh dn prnknf`s ` rnkrçl), ìrnl dn onvlhtn y knfl.
Nspnkcacklr
Nspnkcacklr dcgnhsc`
dcgnhsc`hns
hns y gltnr
gltnrclons
clons plrl uh scstngl
scstngl dn klgl
pr`auhdl. H` utcoczlr cha`rglkcûh k`pcldl dn chtnrhnt.

  Nqucp`
Nquc p`s9
s9 tcp`
tcp`ss y hùhùgn
gnr`
r` dn k`k`gn
gndndnr`
r`s,
s, fn
fnfn
fndn
dnr`
r`s,
s, ilu
iluol
ols
s
plr
lrccdnr
dnrls
ls,, f`dn
dne
els, nqucp`s dn erlh
lhil
il (augcecelld`rl,
glheunrls,
glheun rls, bnrrl
bnrrlgcnht
gcnhtls,
ls, ntk). Chstl
Chstlolkc`h
olkc`hns
ns y nqucp`
nqucp`s
s dnfnh
nstl
nstlrr cdnht
dnhtcacack
ckld
ld`s
`s nh uh po polh
lh`
` dndnoo scst
scstn
ngl prpr`
`du
dukt
ktcv
cv``
pr`ynktld` p`r su ngprnsl. H` utcoczlr
pr`ynktld` utcoczlr cha`rglkcû
cha`rglkcûh
h k`pcld
k`pcldl
l dn
chtnrhnt.
 

  NTL]L EN[TLKCÛH

Gltnrclo gntlo ` k`hkrnt`

Dnshcvno ;"

]cs`s
Klhtcdld  

Klrlktnrçstckls  

Gltnrclo tnil dn zch y pnraoons dn lougchc

lougchc

Tnkb`s Klhtcdld  

Klrlktnrçstckls ns nh lknr` eloflhczld`

Gltnrclo  
Dcsnü` dn Flolhzls
ol erlhil (Chkoucr ol Glrkl  
dn krçl y cha`rglkcûh
nhe`rdn s`ockctldl nh Klhtcdld  
ol ntlpl nh ol
qun ufcklrìh ^fcklkcûh dn ols
flolhzls ) flolhzls (glrklr  
k`h uhl R)
Tcp` ochnlo

Gltnrclo lknr` ch`xcdlfon

Glrkl Fce Dutkbglh Cfãrckl

K`gndnr`s
Klhtcdld
 
t`tlo/ntlpl

Klrlktnrçstckls  

Tcp` kbupntn

Fnfndnr`s Gltnrclo lknr` ch`xcdlfon

Glrkl Fctn Floo ;/2´´

 

Klhtcdld
 
t`tlo/ntlpl

 Ol f`ol nh no kbupntn rundl ìkcognhtn y

Klrlktnrçstckls ns lut`ocgpclfon, p`r ns` rnsuotl guy
lerldlfon plrl o`s lhcglons

 Dnskrcpkcûh dno polh dn locgnhtlkcûh9 tcp` dn locgnht` p`r alsn

pr`dukt
pr`duktcvl
cvl,, k`h
k`hsug
sug`
` dcl
dclrc`
rc` (k`
(k`hkn
hknhtr
htrld`
ld`,, leu
leul,
l, suf
sufpr`
pr`duk
dukt`s
t`s,,
ntk).

Dnskrcpkcûh dno polh dn locgnhtlkcûh9 tcp` dn locgnht` p`r alsn

pr`duktcvl,
pr`du ktcvl, k`hsu
k`hsug`
g` dclrc` (k`hk
(k`hknhtrl
nhtrld`,
d`, leul, sufpr
sufpr`dukt`
`dukt`s,
s,
ntk).

]r
]rìk
ìktc
tckl
kls
s dn gl
glhn
hni`
i`99 gl
glhn
hni`
i` dn
dnoo on
onkb
kbûh
ûh,, lo hl
hlkc
kcgc
gcnh
nht`
t`,,
ocgpcnzl, dnsk`on, dnsk`ogcoon, glrklkcûh, klstrlkcûh, dnstntn,
ntk. Nstls dnfnh snr dnskrctls p`r ud, h` t`glr nongnht`s dn
pìechls dn chtnrhnt.