Caesar's Bellum Gallicum Book 1 With Vocabulary, Notes, and Clause Subordination

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2012-07-13
Caesar's Bellum Gallicum Book 1 with Vocabulary,

Notes, and Clause Subordination
James A. Stephens
Brigham Young University - Provo
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Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum Book 1 with Vocabulary, Notes,
and Clause Subordination
J. Andrew Stephens
A thesis submitted to the faculty of

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Arts
Roger Macfarlane, Chair

Richard Lounsbury
Stephen Bay
Department of Humanities, Classics, and Comparative Literature
August 2012
Copyright © 2012 J. Andrew Stephens

All Rights Reserved
ABSTRACT
Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum Book 1 with Vocabulary, Notes, and Clause Subordination
J. Andrew Stephens
Department of Humanities, Classics, and Comparative Literature
Master of Arts
Efficiency in the presentation of a Latin text and its study-aids is the key to
assisting intermediate students, who frequently become overwhelmed with the amount
of vocabulary and grammar that needs to be simultaneously understood in order to read
with any accuracy. This text breaks down the first book of Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum in
both a visual and a conceptual manner to aid students in learning intermediate Latin
efficiently. The text is comprised of five parts. The first section contains the text as found
in DuPontet’s edition of Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum. The second section has grammar
notes that explain tense and case uses that are necessary for grasping the text, as well as
citations for further reading. The third section displayes the text segmented into clauses
and is positioned in such a way that the student can, at a glance, visualize what is part
of the main clause, and what is subordinate to it. This segmentation assists the reader
in learning to follow the order of Caesarian clauses when translating. The fourth section
provides a list of vocabulary, not previously memorized by students, that happens to
appear in that specific section. The final component is a list of all words that first appear
in Book 1 of Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum and that appear throughout Caesar’s text five or
more times.
Keywords: Caesar, textbook, vocabulary frequency, grammar

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you, Mary. This would not have been possible without you.
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Chapter 1.1 8
Chapter 1.2 12
Chapter 1.3 14
Chapter 1.4 18
Chapter 1.5 20
Chapter 1.6 22
Chapter 1.7 24
Chapter 1.8 28
Chapter 1.9 30
Chapter 1.10 32
Chapter 1.11 34
Chapter 1.12 36
Chapter 1.13 38
Chapter 1.14 42
Chapter 1.15 46
Chapter 1.16 48
Chapter 1.17 52
Chapter 1.18 54
Chapter 1.19 58
Chapter 1.20 62
Chapter 1.21 66
Chapter 1.22 68
Chapter 1.23 72
Chapter 1.24 74
Chapter 1.25 76
Chapter 1.26 80
Chapter 1.27 82
Chapter 1.28 84
Chapter 1.29 88
Chapter 1.30 90
Chapter 1.31 94
Chapter 1.32 102
Chapter 1.33 104
Chapter 1. 34 108
Chapter 1.35 110
Chapter 1.36 114
Chapter 1.37 118
Chapter 1.38 120
Chapter 1.39 122
Chapter 1.40 126
Chapter 1.41 134
Chapter 1.42 136
iv
Chapter 1.43 140
Chapter 1.44 144
Chapter 1.45 152
Chapter 1.46 154
Chapter 1.47 156
Chapter 1.48 158
Chapter 1.49 160
Chapter 1.50 162
Chapter 1.51 164
Chapter 1.52 166
Chapter 1.53 168
Chapter 1. 54 172
Appendix 174
Works Consulted 198
v
J Andrew Stephens Master’s Project 1
Introduction
Efficiency in the presentation of a Latin text and its study-aids is the key to assisting
intermediate students, who frequently become overwhelmed with the amount of vocabulary and
grammar that needs to be simultaneously understood in order to read with any accuracy. My
method breaks down the first book of Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum in both a visual and conceptual
manner to aid students in learning intermediate Latin efficiently. This approach employs five
main components. The first section contains the text as seen in DuPontet’s edition of Caesar’s
Bellum Gallicum. The second section has grammar notes that explain tense and case uses
that are necessary for comprehending the text, as well as citations for further reading. The
third section displays the text segmented into clauses and positioned in such a way that the
student can, at a glance, see what is part of the main clause, and what is subordinate to it. This
segmentation assists the intermediate reader in learning to follow the order of Caesarian clauses
when translating. The fourth section provides list of vocabulary that students had not previously
memorized that appears in that specific section. The final component is a list of all words that
first appear in Book 1 of Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum and that appear throughout Caesar’s text five
or more times.
The dual, key aspects in this approach to reading Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum are the focus
on memorization of frequently occurring vocabulary and the presentation of the text based
on clause subordination. The need to memorize vocabulary is well known to any student of
a foreign language, but the use of a visual portrayal of clause subordination is underutilized.
In the past few decades, a number of scholars have shown the utility of dividing a prose text
according to the rules of colometry, which is a division of a text along rhetorical lines. However,
the value of such an approach had only been noted in rhetorical and literary analyses rather than
in pedagogical efforts.
Only fairly recently has such a colometric approach been applied as a means of assisting
students in reading Latin texts, and the method employed in this text is an attempt to expand
upon and refine this idea.
Charles Robbins concludes his study of the colometric arrangement of the exordium of
Cicero’s Third Oration Against Catiline by saying:

2 Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum
It would be doing Virgil and Shakespeare a grave injustice if we were to print
their lines in a continuous fashion without regard to verses. It is equally an injustice to
classical prose writers to print them straight out, using only grammatical punctuation,
in disregard of the carefully composed cola and periods. What a tremendous help it would
be to students in learning and teachers and scholars in explaining the classics if we were
to write them out, in Saint Jerome’s words, per cola et commata.1
This is an appropriate way of thinking about the reading of Latin prose. After all, if the ancient
reader had trained his eye to extract lines of poetry from a continuously flowing text, why would
he not expect similar patterns to emerge from a prose text? Robbins expounds his theory
by dividing a passage from Cicero resulting in a text comprised of cola of fairly even length
punctuated by the odd comma. This method is beneficial to a reader of a Latin text, particularly
a student, in that it allows him to see small, easily understood units of text.
Rebecca Harrison has also developed a system for dividing prose text into smaller units.
Hers is a hybrid of syntactical and rhetorical colometries in which subordinate clauses are either
indented or lined up under the word with which they correspond. Her divisions are informed
by a certain degree of orality and she states that, “spacing and the degree of pause in oral
reading are often useful guides in determining whether to combine units.”2 This method has the
same benefits described by Robbins with the addition of providing grammatical and rhetorical
cues through the strategic placement of subordinate clauses, correlatives, and compound
phrases. While Harrison’s method is effective, its system of rules is overly complicated for the
intermediate student, who has not approached an unmodified Latin text before. This seems to
stem from the fact that her method attempts to divide the given Latin text both syntactically and
rhetorically. Such an approach may work well for the upper spectrum of intermediate as well
as advanced texts, but with an introductory text such as Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum, a more rigid
and syntax-minded approach is more beneficial. The result is a system that not only facilitates
the efficient reading of the text, but also has the benefit of directing the student’s attention to the
syntax of the text rather than the rhetorical devices employed.
1 Charles J. Robbins, “A Colometric Arrangement of Cicero,” The Classical Journal 75,

no. 1 (1979): 62.
2 Rebecca Harrison, “A Structural Arrangement of Text to Facilitate Reading,” The Classi-
cal Journal 102, no. 3 (2007): 294.
The method employed in this project embraces the idea of dividing the text of Book 1
of Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum into digestible units. Using strict guidelines for the division of
clauses, Caesar’s text becomes easier to read for the intermediate Latin student. The basic
system is to divide the text into units containing verbal elements such as indicative, subjunctive,
and infinitive verbs as well as ablatives absolute. The natural result of focusing strictly on
syntactical divisions within the text is the emergence of the cola and commata described by
the ancient rhetoricians. A significant portion of the clauses that are built around a verb of
some kind end up resembling poetic lines in length and often in occurrence of caesura. In the
system employed in this project, cola may be divided into smaller units due to interruption
by subordinate clauses, but generally the layout represents a solid foundation upon which a
rhetorical analysis may be attempted. The helpful syntactical and rhetorical cues that Harrison’s
method provides are compensated for in this system by a series of comprehensive grammatical
notes.
The concept behind this text that is effective in teaching Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum is
the idea that a student can benefit from reading a greater volume of the text at a greater pace.
An approach such as this espouses the notion that it is more useful for a student to focus on
the memorization of a prepared vocabulary list of an intermediate Latin text than it is for him
to spend time looking up every unknown word in the text regardless of whether or not he will
ever encounter the word again; that it is more useful for a student to have syntax explained at
every occurrence than it is to get lost in a grammar text, while trying to make sense of a difficult
clause. This teaching method attempts to focus a student’s time and energy on that which is
most useful for the rapid reading of the text, allowing him to be exposed more thoroughly to
vocabulary and syntax.
In this text each page spread consists of four key elements.
First, on the upper left-hand page is the text. It is derived from DuPontet’s edition with
the most noticeable changes being the inclusion of macrons and the expansion of numerals into
words. This is the text that the student should strive to read.
Second, below the text are the grammar and translation notes. Compared with many
other reading texts, this grammar section offers more identification of syntax. An attempt
has been made to identify every use of the subjunctive, all indirect discourse, all uses of the
ablative case with the exception of a few prepositional uses, most uses of the dative case, and
particular uses of the genitive and accusative cases that may not come naturally to an English
speaker. Grammatical identifications are continued throughout the text, which is a departure
from the traditional method of omitting a note on a particular point of grammar after it has
been seen a handful of times. In this text, entries are repeated for the sake of allowing the
student to progress efficiently through the text without needing to flip back to a previously cited
note. Additionally, the notes do not require the student to consult a reference grammar, but
all entries do include the section number from Allen and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar if
further information is desired. In this section there are also occasional notes on translation and
morphology, but the primary focus is on syntax.
Third, on the top of the right-hand page is the section that details clause subordination.
Here, the text on the left side of the page is expanded in order to visually demonstrate the
levels of subordination in any given passage. All independent main clauses are aligned with the
left margin of the page, and any clause subordinate to those main clauses is indented one tab
stop. Similarly, any clause subordinate to that second clause is indented another tab stop. This
allows the student to visualize easily the levels of subordination and facilitates more efficient
and accurate comprehension of the text. Each line of this section contains a verb whose mood is
indicative, infinitive, imperative, subjunctive, or is omitted for purely stylistic reasons and can
be easily inferred from context. Ablatives absolute are also given their own line. Frequently,
one clause is interrupted by another clause that is subordinate or parenthetical to it. Take, for
example, the sentence: Post eius mortem nihilominus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere
conantur. The relative clause quod constituerant breaks up what is in itself a complete idea. In
this instance the two parts of the main clause are connected by a bracket that indicates that the
two halves complete a single thought. Thus:

Post eius mortem nihilominus Helvetii id
quod constituerant
facere conantur.
Brackets are also used when two or more clauses rely upon a single subject or introductory
word. For example:

ne ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtuti tribueret

aut ipsos despiceret.
Here, ne governs both tribueret and despiceret. Finally, brackets are employed when a single
clause is simply too long to fit in one line. For example,

uti inter novissimum hostium agmen
et nostrum primum non amplius quinis aut senis milibus passuum interesset.
In these cases, an attempt has been made to split the line in a place that disrupts the flow of
the clause as little as possible. It should be made clear that this system is intended to facilitate
reading rather than literary analysis. That kind of analysis is the realm of rhetorical colometry
and as Thomas H. Habinek stated: “The only firm rule possible about Latin prose colometry is
that there are no firm rules.”3 For a student first venturing into the world of Latin prose, firm
rules of division are necessary.
Fourth, below the section detailing clause subordination is the additional vocabulary.
The vocabulary listed includes all words, underlined in the clause subordination section, that
occur four or fewer times in Books 1 through 7 of Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum, and augments
the list containing all words that appear five or more times that must be memorized by the
student. The form of the word as found in the text is given first, followed by the principal parts
and definition. The words in this section need not be memorized, as they will not been seen
regularly. Instructors should consider that these words be exempted from quizzes and tests, the
emphasis being placed on the words that must be memorized.
The vocabulary list, located in the appendix, is the final tool in this teaching method. This
list contains roughly one thousand words that 1) occur five or more times in Books 1 through 7
of Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum and 2) occur in Book 1 for the first time. Instructors should note
that there are two hundred words that occur 5 or more times, but as they do not appear in book
one thus were not included for memorization. Students should be required to memorize all the
words listed under the chapter heading before that chapter is read in class, so that the student
is not bogged down with unfamiliar vocabulary. Although many of the words on the list may
already be familiar to the student, the list retains all words in order to suit students, who have
had differing introductory experiences with Latin. The vocabulary list is formatted with the
3 Thomas N. Habinek, The Colometry of Latin Prose (Berkeley, CA: University of Califor-
nia, 1985), 127.
Latin word given in standard dictionary notation on the left side of the page. To the right of that
is a number indicating the number of occurrences of that word in Caesar’s text, and furthest to
the right is the English definition.
When taken as a whole, these five components provide an efficient reading experience
for the intermediate student. Having memorized the frequently occurring vocabulary and being
free from the need to agonize over the identification of grammar principles, the student is able to
read Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum with only one book open in front of him.

Chapter 1.1
Gallia est omnis dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquītānī, tertiam
quī ipsōrum linguā Celtae, nostrā Gallī appellantur. Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē
differunt. Gallōs ab Aquītānīs Garumna flūmen, ā Belgīs Matrona et Sēquana dīvidit. Hōrum
omnium fortissimī sunt Belgae, proptereā quod ā cultū atque hūmānitāte prōvinciae longissimē
absunt, minimēque ad eōs mercātōrēs saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effēminandōs animōs
pertinent important, proximīque sunt Germānīs quī trāns Rhēnum incolunt, quibuscum
continenter bellum gerunt. Quā dē causā Helvētiī quoque reliquōs Gallōs virtūte praecēdunt,
quod ferē cotīdiānīs proeliīs cum Germānīs contendunt, cum aut suīs fīnibus eōs prohibent aut
ipsī in eōrum fīnibus bellum gerunt.
Notes
quī = (eī) quī – the antecedent is often omitted (AG 307).
linguā…nostrā – ablative of means (AG 409).
linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus – ablative of specification (AG 418).
ab Aquītānīs…ā Belgīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
ā cultū atque hūmānitāte – ablative of separation (AG 401).
ad effēminandōs animōs – accusative of the gerundive expressing purpose (AG 506).
quibuscum = cum quibus
quā dē causā – a relative pronoun is often used at the beginning of an independent clause,
connecting it with the preceding sentence. See AG 308f.
virtūte – ablative of specification (AG 418).
cotīdiānīs proeliīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
cum…prohibent…gerunt – cum clause (AG 545).
suīs fīnibus – ablative of separation (AG 401)
Clause Subordination
Gallia est omnis dīvīsa in partēs trēs
quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae
aliam Aquītānī
tertiam
quī ipsōrum linguā Celtae, nostrā Gallī appellantur
Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt
Gallōs ab Aquītānīs Garumna flūmen

ā Belgīs Matrona et Sēquana dīvidit
Hōrum omnium fortissimī sunt Belgae

proptereā quod ā cultū atque hūmānitāte prōvinciae longissimē absunt
minimēque ad eōs mercātōrēs saepe commeant
atque ea
quae ad effēminandōs animōs pertinent
important
proximīque sunt Germānīs
quī trāns Rhēnum incolunt
quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt
Quā dē causā Helvētiī quoque reliquōs Gallōs virtūte praecēdunt

quod ferē cotīdiānīs proeliīs cum Germānīs contendunt
cum aut suīs fīnibus eōs prohibent
aut ipsī in eōrum fīnibus bellum gerunt
Vocabulary
linguā – lingua, linguae, f. – tongue, language
cultū – cultus, cultūs, m. – refinement, culture
hūmānitāte – hūmānitās, hūmānitātis, f. – humanity, refinement, education, culture
commeant – commeō, commeāre, commeāvī, commeātum – come and go, visit frequently
effēminandōs – effēminō, effēmināre, effēmināvī, effēminātum – make effeminate, enervate
praecēdunt – praecēdō, praecēdere, praecessī, praecessum – surpass, excel
Chapter 1.1 cont.

Eōrum ūna pars, quam Gallōs obtinēre dictum est, initium capit ā flūmine Rhodanō; continētur
Garumnā flūmine, Ōceanō, fīnibus Belgārum; attingit etiam ab Sēquanīs et Helvētiīs flūmen
Rhēnum; vergit ad septentriōnēs. Belgae ab extrēmīs Galliae fīnibus oriuntur; pertinent ad
īnferiōrem partem flūminis Rhēnī; spectant in septentriōnēm et orientem sōlem. Aquītānia ā
Garumnā flūmine ad Pyrēnaeōs montēs et eam partem Ōceanī quae est ad Hispāniam pertinet;
spectat inter occāsum sōlis et septentriōnēs.
Notes
Gallōs obtinēre – indirect discourse dependent on dictum est (AG 580).
ā flūmine Rhodanō – ablative of source (AG 403).
Garumnā flūmine, Ōceanō, fīnibus – ablative of means (AG 409).
ab Sēquanīs et Helvētiīs – ablative of source (AG 403).
ab extrēmīs…fīnibus – ablative of source (AG 403).
ā Garumnā flūmine – ablative of source (AG 403).
ad Hispāniam – “near Spain.” See AG 428d.
Eōrum ūna pars
quam Gallōs obtinēre
dictum est
initium capit ā flūmine Rhodanō
continētur Garumnā flūmine, Ōceanō, fīnibus Belgārum
attingit etiam ab Sēquanīs et Helvētiīs flūmen Rhēnum
vergit ad septentriōnēs
Belgae ab extrēmīs Galliae fīnibus oriuntur

pertinent ad īnferiōrem partem flūminis Rhēnī
spectant in septentriōnē et orientem sōlem
Aquītānia ā Garumnā flūmine ad Pyrēnaeōs montēs et eam partem Ōceanī

quae est ad Hispāniam
pertinet
spectat inter occāsum sōlis et septentriōnēs
Vocabulary
vergit – vergō, vergere – lie toward, be situated
extrēmīs – superlative of exter, extera, exterum – outermost, extreme, last
Chapter 1.2
Apud Helvētiōs longē nōbilissimus fuit et dītissimus Orgetorīx. Is, M. Messālā et M. Pupio
Pīsōne cōnsulibus, rēgnī cupiditāte inductus coniūrātiōnem nōbilitātis fēcit et cīvitātī persuāsit
ut dē fīnibus suīs cum omnibus cōpiīs exīrent: perfacile esse, cum virtūte omnibus praestārent,
tōtīus Galliae imperiō potīrī. Id hōc facilius eīs persuāsit, quod undique locī nātūrā Helvētiī
continentur: ūnā ex parte flūmine Rhēnō lātissimō atque altissimō, quī agrum Helvētium ā
Germānīs dīvidit; alterā ex parte monte Iūrā altissimō, quī est inter Sēquanōs et Hēlvetiōs; tertiā
lacū Lemannō et flūmine Rhodanō, quī prōvinciam nostram ab Helvētiīs dīvidit. Hīs rēbus fīēbat
ut et minus lātē vagārentur et minus facile fīnitimīs bellum īnferre possent: quā ex parte hominēs
bellandī cupidī magnō dolōre adficiēbantur. Prō multitūdine autem hominum et prō glōriā bellī
atque fortitūdinis angustōs sē fīnēs habēre arbitrābantur, quī in longitūdinem mīlia passuum
ducenta quadrāgintā, in lātitūdinem centum octōgintā patēbant.
Notes
M. Messālā M. Pīsōne cōnsulibus – ablative absolute (AG 419).
rēgnī – objective genitive (AG 348).
cupiditāte – ablative of means (AG 409).
cīvitātī – dative with special verb persuāsit (AG 367).
ut…exīrent – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
dē fīnibus suīs – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
perfacile esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
cum…praestārent – cum clause (AG 549).
virtūte – ablative of specification (AG 418).
omnibus – dative with compound verb praestārent (AG 370).
imperiō – object of deponent potīrī (AG 410).
hōc – ablative of cause (AG 404).
iīs – dative with special verb persuāsit (AG 367).
nātūrā – ablative of means (AG 409).
flūmine Rhēnō lātissimō atque altissimō – ablative of means (AG 409).
ā Germānīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
monte Iūra altissimō – ablative of means (AG 409). In this instance, mons refers to a
mountain range.
lacū Lemannō et flūmine Rhodanō – ablative of means (AG 409).
ab Helvētiīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
hīs rēbus – ablative of means (AG 409).
ut…vagārentur…possent – substantive clause of result (AG 568).
quā ex parte – a relative pronoun is often used at the beginning of an independent clause,
connecting it with the preceding sentence. (AG 308f).
bellandī – objective genitive of the gerund with adjective cupidī. See AG 349a and 504.
magnō dolōre – ablative of manner (AG 412).
angustōs sē fīnēs habēre – indirect discourse dependent on arbitrabantur (AG 580).
mīlia – accusative of extent of space (AG 425).
passuum – partitive genitive (AG 346).
Apud Helvētiōs longē nōbilissimus fuit et dītissimus Orgetorīx
Is
M. Messālā et M. Pupio Pīsōne cōnsulibus
rēgnī cupiditāte inductus coniūrātiōnem nōbilitātis fēcit
et cīvitātī persuāsit
ut dē fīnibus suīs cum omnibus cōpiīs exīrent
perfacile esse
cum virtūte omnibus praestārent
tōtīus Galliae imperiō potīrī
Id hōc facilius eīs persuāsit

quod undique locī nātūrā Helvētiī continentur
ūnā ex parte flūmine Rhēnō lātissimō atque altissimō
quī agrum Helvētium ā Germānīs dīvidit
alterā ex parte monte Iūrā altissimō
quī est inter Sēquanōs et Hēlvetiōs
tertiā lacū Lemannō et flūmine Rhodanō
quī prōvinciam nostram ab Helvētiīs dīvidit
Hīs rēbus fīēbat

ut et minus lātē vagārentur
et minus facile fīnitimīs bellum īnferre possent
quā ex parte hominēs bellandī cupidī magnō dolōre adficiēbantur
Prō multitūdine autem hominum

et prō glōriā bellī atque fortitūdinis angustōs sē fīnēs habēre
arbitrābantur
quī in longitūdinem mīlia passuum ducenta quadrāgintā
in lātitūdinem centum octōgintā patēbant
Vocabulary
dītissimus – superlative of dīves, dīvitis – very rich, wealthy
inductus – indūcō, indūcere, induxī, inductum – lead on, persuade
perfacile – perfacilis, perfacile – very easy
lacū – lacus, lacūs, m. – lake
bellandī – bellō, bellāre, bellāvī, bellātum – wage war
fortitūdinis – fortitūdo, fortitūdinis, f. – bravery, courage
Chapter 1.3
Hīs rēbus adductī et auctōritāte Orgetorīgis permōtī, cōnstituērunt ea quae ad proficīscendum
pertinērent comparāre, iūmentōrum et carrōrum quam maximum numerum coemere, sēmentēs
quam maximās facere ut in itinere cōpia frūmentī suppeteret, cum proximīs cīvitātibus pācem
et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre. Ad eās rēs cōnficiendās biennium sibi satis esse dūxērunt: in tertium
annum profectiōnem lēge cōnfirmant. Ad eās rēs cōnficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur. Is sibi
lēgātiōnem ad cīvitātēs suscipit. In eō itinere persuādet Casticō Catamantaloedis fīliō Sēquanō,
cuius pater rēgnum in Sēquanīs multōs annōs obtinuerat et ā senātū populī Rōmānī amīcus
appellātus erat, ut rēgnum in cīvitāte suā occupāret quod pater ante habuerit; itemque Dumnorīgī
Aeduō frātrī Dīviciācī, quī eō tempore prīncipātum in cīvitāte obtinēbat ac maximē plēbī acceptus
erat, ut idem cōnārētur persuādet, eīque fīliam suam in mātrimōnium dat.
Notes
auctōritāte – ablative of means (AG 409).
quae…pertinērent – relative clause of characteristic (AG 535).
ad proficīscendum – accusative of the gerund expressing purpose (AG 506).
comparāre…coemere…facere…cōnfirmāre – all of these infinitives rely on cōnstituērunt
quam maximum, maximas – quam + superlative means “as…as possible” or “very… .” See
AG 291c.
ut…suppeteret – clause of purpose (AG 529).
ad eās rēs cōnficiendās – accusative of the gerundive expressing purpose (AG 506).
biennium…esse – indirect discourse dependent on dūxērunt (AG 580).
sibi – dative of reference (AG 376).
in tertium annum – “for the third year.” For in + accusative in constructions of time see AG 424e.
lēge – ablative of means (AG 409).
ad eās rēs cōnficiendās – accusative of the gerundive expressing purpose (AG 506).
sibi – dative with compound verb suscipit (AG 370).
Casticō…Dumnorīgī – dative with special verb persuādet (AG 367).
in Sēquanīs – “among the Sequani”
multōs annōs – accusative of duration of time (AG 423).
ā senātū – ablative of agent (AG 405).
ut…occupāret – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
quod…habuerit – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
eō tempore – ablative of time (AG 423).
plēbī – dative with adjective acceptus (AG 384).
ut…cōnārētur – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
Hīs rēbus adductī et auctōritāte Orgetorīgis permōtī cōnstituērunt
ea
quae ad proficīscendum pertinērent
comparāre
iūmentōrum et carrōrum quam maximum numerum coemere
sēmentēs quam maximās facere
ut in itinere cōpia frūmentī suppeteret
cum proximīs cīvitātibus pācem et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre
Ad eās rēs cōnficiendās biennium sibi satis esse

dūxērunt
in tertium annum profectiōnem lēge cōnfirmant
Ad eās rēs cōnficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur
Is sibi lēgātiōnem ad cīvitātēs suscipit
In eō itinere persuādet Casticō Catamantaloedis fīliō Sēquanō

cuius pater rēgnum in Sēquanīs multōs annōs obtinuerat
et ā senātū populī Rōmānī amīcus appellātus erat
ut rēgnum in cīvitāte suā occupāret
quod pater ante habuerit
itemque Dumnorīgī Aeduō frātrī Dīviciācī
quī eō tempore prīncipātum in cīvitāte obtinēbat
ac maximē plēbī acceptus erat
ut idem cōnārētur
persuādet
eīque fīliam suam in mātrimōnium dat
Vocabulary
coemere – coemō, coemere, coēmī, coemptum – buy in large quantities, buy up
sēmentes – sēmentis, sēmentis, f. – a sowing, planting
biennium – biennium, bienniī, n. – space of two years
fīliam – fīlia, fīliae, f. – daughter
mātrimōnium – mātrimōnium, mātrimōniī, n. – marriage
Chapter 1.3 cont.

Perfacile factū esse illīs probat cōnāta perficere, proptereā quod ipse suae cīvitātis imperium
obtentūrus esset: nōn esse dubium quīn tōtīus Galliae plūrimum Helvētiī possent; sē suīs cōpiīs
suōque exercitū illīs rēgna conciliātūrum cōnfirmat. Hāc ōrātiōne adductī inter sē fidem et iūs
iūrandum dant, et rēgnō occupātō per trēs potentissimōs ac firmissimōs populōs tōtīus Galliae
sēsē potīrī posse spērant.
Notes
factū – ablative supine (AG 510).
esse – indirect discourse dependent on probat (AG 580).
proptereā quod…obtentūrus esset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 539
and 583.
esse – indirect discourse(AG 580).
quīn…possent – a quīn clause (AG 558). In this sentence, possent does not mean “be able,” but
rather “have influence or power.”
sē…conciliātūrum – indirect discourse dependent on cōnfirmat (AG 580). The esse in the
future infinitive is often omitted.
suīs cōpiīs suōque exercitū – ablative of means (AG 409).
illīs – dative of reference (AG 376).
hāc ōrātiōne – ablative of means (AG 409).
rēgnō occupātō – ablative absolute (AG 419).
sēsē…posse – indirect discourse dependent on spērant (AG 580).
Perfacile factū esse
illīs probat
cōnāta perficere
proptereā quod ipse suae cīvitātis imperium obtentūrus esset
nōn esse dubium
quīn tōtīus Galliae plūrimum Helvētiī possent
sē suīs cōpiīs suōque exercitū illīs rēgna conciliātūrum
cōnfirmat
Hāc ōrātiōne adductī inter sē fidem et iūs iūrandum dant

et
rēgnō occupātō
per trēs potentissimōs ac firmissimōs populōs tōtīus Galliae sēsē potīrī posse
spērant
Vocabulary
perfacile – perfacilis, perfacile – very easy
dubium – dubius, dubia, dubium – doubtful, uncertain
conciliātūrum – conciliō, conciliāre, conciliāvī, conciliātum – bring together, unite, connect
Chapter 1.4
Ea rēs est Helvētiīs per indicium ēnūntiāta. Mōribus suīs Orgetorīgem ex vinclīs causam dīcere
coēgērunt. Damnātum poenam sequī oportēbat ut ignī cremārētur. Diē cōnstitūtā causae
dictiōnis Orgetorīx ad iūdicium omnem suam familiam ad hominum mīlia decem undique coēgit,
et omnēs clientēs obaerātōsque suōs, quōrum magnum numerum habēbat, eōdem condūxit:
per eōs nē causam dīceret sē ēripuit. Cum cīvitās ob eam rem incitāta armīs iūs suum exsequī
cōnārētur, multitūdinemque hominum ex agrīs magistrātūs cōgerent, Orgetorīx mortuus est;
neque abest suspīciō, ut Helvētiī arbitrantur, quīn ipse sibi mortem cōnscīverit.
Notes
ea rēs – this refers to the “plan” or “conspiracy.”
mōribus suīs – ablative of specification (AG 418).
ex vinclīs – ablative of source (AG 403). This literally means “from chains,” but “in chains” is
more accurate in English.
damnatum poenam sequi - indirect discourse dependent on oportebat. See AG 388b and 580.
ut…cremārētur – substantive clause of purpose (AG 566).
ignī – ablative of means (AG 409).
diē cōnstitūtā – ablative of time (AG 423).
causae – objective genitive (AG 348).
ad…mīlia decem – with numerals, ad can be translated as “about.”
hominum – partitive genitive (AG 346).
eōdem – this is the adverb.
nē…dīceret – negative clause of purpose (AG 531).
cum…cōnārētur…cōgerent – cum clause (AG 549).
armīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
ex agrīs – ablative of separation (AG 402).
ut…arbitrantur – ut with indicative means “as” (AG 323).
quīn…cōnscīverit – quīn clause (AG 557).
Ea rēs est Helvētiīs per indicium ēnūntiāta
Mōribus suīs Orgetorīgem ex vinclīs causam dīcere coēgērunt
Damnātum poenam sequī

oportēbat
ut ignī cremārētur
Diē cōnstitūtā causae dictiōnis

Orgetorīx ad iūdicium omnem suam familiam ad hominum mīlia decem undique coēgit
et omnēs clientēs obaerātōsque suōs
quōrum magnum numerum habēbat
eōdem condūxit
per eōs
nē causam dīceret
sē ēripuit
Cum cīvitās ob eam rem incitāta armīs iūs suum exsequī cōnārētur
multitūdinemque hominum ex agrīs magistrātūs cōgerent
Orgetorīx mortuus est
neque abest suspīciō
ut Helvētiī arbitrantur
quīn ipse sibi mortem cōnscīverit
Vocabulary
indicium – indicium, indiciī, n. – evidence, mark, sign, token
vinclīs – vinculum, vinculī, n. – bonds, fetters, imprisonment
damnātum – damnō, damnāre, damnāvī, damnātum – condemn, sentence, punish
cremārētur – cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātum – burn, consume by fire
dictiōnis – dictio, dictiōnis, f. – a speech
obaerātōs – obaerātī, obaerātōrum, m. – debtors
exsequī – exsequor, exsequī, exsecūtus sum – maintain, carry out, accomplish
mortuus est – morior, morī, mortuus sum – die
sibi mortem cōnscīverit – consciscō, consciscere, conscīvī, conscītum – to kill oneself
Chapter 1.5
Post eius mortem nihilōminus Helvētiī id quod cōnstituerant facere cōnantur, ut ē fīnibus
suīs exeant. Ubi iam sē ad eam rem parātōs esse arbitrātī sunt, oppida sua omnia, numerō
ad duodecim, vīcōs ad quadringentōs, reliqua prīvāta aedificia incendunt; frūmentum omne,
praeterquam quod sēcum portātūrī erant, combūrunt, ut domum reditiōnis spē sublātā,
parātiōrēs ad omnia perīcula subeunda essent; trium mēnsum molita cibāria sibi quemque domō
efferre iubent. Persuādent Rauracīs et Tulingīs et Latovicīs fīnitimīs, utī eōdem ūsī cōnsiliō,
oppidīs suīs vīcīsque exustīs, ūnā cum iīs proficīscantur, Boiōsque, quī trāns Rhēnum incoluerant
et in agrum Nōricum trānsierant Nōreiamque oppugnābant, receptōs ad sē sociōs sibi adscīscunt.
Notes
cōnantur – historical present (AG 469).
ut…exeant – substantive clause of result (AG 568).
ē fīnibus suīs – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
sē…parātōs esse – indirect discourse dependent on arbitrātī sunt (AG 577).
ad eam rem – “for the purpose”
numerō – ablative of specification (AG 418).
ad – with numerals ad can be translated as “about”
sēcum = cum sē
ut…essent – clause of purpose (AG 531).
domum – accusative of place to which (AG 427).
reditiōnis – objective genitive (AG 348).
spē sublātā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
ad omnia perīcula subeunda – accusative of the gerundive expressing purpose (AG 506).
trium mēnsium – genitive of quality (AG 345).
domō – ablative of place from which (AG 427).
quemque…efferre – indirect discourse dependent on iubent (AG 580).
Rauracīs et Tulingīs et Latobrīgīs fīnitimīs – dative with special verb persuādent (AG 367).
utī…proficīscantur – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
cōnsiliō – ablative with special verb ūsī (AG 410).
oppidīs suīs vīcīsque exustīs – ablative absolute (AG 419).
sibi – dative with compound verb adscīscunt (AG 370).
Post eius mortem nihilōminus Helvētiī id
quod cōnstituerant
facere cōnantur
ut ē fīnibus suīs exeant
Ubi iam
sē ad eam rem parātōs esse
arbitrātī sunt
oppida sua omnia, numerō ad duodecim, vīcōs ad quadringentōs
reliqua prīvāta aedificia incendunt
frūmentum omne
praeterquam quod sēcum portātūrī erant
combūrunt
ut
domum reditiōnis spē sublātā
parātiōrēs ad omnia perīcula subeunda essent
trium mēnsum molita cibāria sibi quemque domō efferre
iubent
Persuādent Rauracīs et Tulingīs et Latovicīs fīnitimīs suīs

utī eōdem ūsī cōnsiliō
oppidīs suīs vīcīsque exustīs
ūnā cum iīs proficīscantur
Boiōsque
quī trāns Rhēnum incoluerant
et in agrum Nōricum trānsierant
Nōreiamque oppugnābant
receptōs ad sē sociōs sibi adscīscunt
Vocabulary
nihilōminus – nevertheless, notwithstanding
praeterquam – except, more than, beyond
combūrunt – combūrō, combūrere, combussī, combustum – burn up, consume entirely
reditiōnis – reditio, reditiōnis, f. – a going back, return
mēnsum – mēnsis, mēnsis, m. – month
cibāria – cibāria, cibāriōrum, n. – meal
exustīs – exūrō, exūrere, exussī, exustum – burn up, consume entirely
adscīscunt – adsciscō, adsciscere, adscīvī, adscītum – receive, adopt, approve
Chapter 1.6
Erant omnīnō itinera duo, quibus itineribus domō exīre possent: ūnum per Sēquanōs, angustum
et difficile, inter montem Iūram et flūmen Rhodanum, vix quā singulī carrī dūcerentur; mōns
autem altissimus impendēbat, ut facile perpaucī prohibēre possent: alterum per prōvinciam
nostram, multō facilius atque expedītius, proptereā quod inter fīnēs Helvētiōrum et Allobrogum,
quī nūper pācātī erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque nōn nūllīs locīs vadō trānsītur. Extrēmum oppidum
Allobrogum est proximumque Helvētiōrum fīnibus Genava. Ex eō oppidō pōns ad Hēlvetiōs
pertinet. Allobrogibus sēsē vel persuāsūrōs, quod nōndum bonō animō in populum Rōmānum
vidērentur, exīstimābant vel vī coāctūrōs ut per suōs fīnēs eōs īre paterentur. Omnibus rēbus ad
profectiōnem comparātīs diem dīcunt, quā diē ad rīpam Rhodanī omnēs conveniant. Is diēs erat
a. d. V. Kal. April., L. Pīsōne A. Gabīniō cōnsulibus.
Notes
erant – “there were”
quibus itineribus…possent – relative clause of characteristic (AG 535).
quā…dūcerentur – relative clause of characteristic (AG 535).
ut…possent – clause of result (AG 537).
prohibēre – the direct object of prohibēre is omitted. Supply eōs.
multō – ablative of degree of difference (AG 414).
nōn nūllīs locīs – In Latin, two negatives make an affirmative. So, “not in no places” is really
“in several places.” See AG 326.
vadō – ablative of means (AG 408).
fīnibus – ablative with proximum used as a preposition (AG 432a).
Allobrogibus – dative with special verb persuāsūrōs (AG 367).
sese…persuāsūrōs – supply esse for the principal verb in indirect discourse dependent on
exīstimābant. See AG 580.
quod…vidērentur – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
bonō animō – ablative of quality (AG 415).
vī – ablative of means (AG 408).
coāctūrōs – supply esse for the principal verb in indirect discourse. See AG 580.
ut…paterentur – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
omnibus rēbus…comparātīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
ad profectiōnem – “for their departure”
dīcunt – “appoint”
quā diē…conveniant – relative clause of purpose (AG 531).
a. d. V. Kal. Apr. = ante diem quīntum Kalendās Aprīlēs. “The fifth day before the Kalends of
April” or “The twenty–eighth of March.”
L. Pīsōne A. Gabīniō cōnsulibus – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Erant omnīnō itinera duo
quibus itineribus domō exīre possent
ūnum per Sēquanōs, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iūram et flūmen Rhodanum
vix quā singulī carrī dūcerentur
mōns autem altissimus impendēbat
ut facile perpaucī prohibēre possent
alterum per prōvinciam nostram, multō facilius atque expedītius
proptereā quod inter fīnēs Helvētiōrum et Allobrogum
quī nūper pācātī erant
Rhodanus fluit
isque nōn nūllīs locīs vadō trānsītur
Extrēmum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvētiōrum fīnibus Genava
Ex eō oppidō pōns ad Hēlvetiōs pertinet
Allobrogibus sēsē vel persuāsūrōs

quod nōndum bonō animō in populum Rōmānum vidērentur
exīstimābant
vel vī coāctūrōs
ut per suōs fīnēs eōs īre paterentur
Omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem comparātīs

diem dīcunt
quā diē ad rīpam Rhodanī omnēs conveniant
Is diēs erat a. d. V. Kal. April.

L. Pīsōne A. Gabīniō cōnsulibus
Vocabulary
impendēbat – impendō, impendere, impendī, impensum – lay out
perpaucī – perpaucī, perpaucae, perpauca – very few
nūper – lately, not long ago
fluit – fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum – flow
Chapter 1.7
Caesarī cum id nūntiātum esset, eōs per prōvinciam nostram iter facere cōnārī, mātūrat ab urbe
proficīscī et quam maximīs potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriōrem contendit, et ad Genavam
pervenit. Prōvinciae tōtī quam maximum potest mīlitum numerum imperat (erat omnīnō in
Galliā ulteriōre legiō ūna), pontem, quī erat ad Genavam iubet rescindī. Ubi dē eius adventū
Helvētiī certiōrēs factī sunt, lēgātōs ad eum mittunt nōbilissimōs cīvitātis, cuius lēgātiōnis
Nammeius et Verucloetius prīncipem locum obtinēbant, quī dīcerent sibi esse in animō sine ūllō
maleficiō iter per prōvinciam facere, proptereā quod aliud iter habērent nūllum: rogāre ut eius
voluntāte id sibi facere liceat.
Notes
cum…nūntiātum esset – cum clause (AG 546).
eōs…cōnārī – indirect discourse dependent on nūntiātum esset (AG 580).
ab urbe – for Caesar, there is only one city: Rome.
quam maximīs – quam + superlative means “as…as possible” or “very… .” See AG 291c.
pontem…rescindī – indirect discourse dependent on iubet (AG 580).
ad Genavam – accusative of place to which (AG 428).
prōvinciae – dative of special verb imperat (AG 367).
quam maximum – quam + superlative means “as…as possible” or “very… .” See AG 291c.
mīlitum – partitive genitive (AG 346).
certiōrēs – predicate adjective (AG 283).
quī dīcerent – relative clause of purpose (AG 531.2).
sibi – dative of possession (AG 373).
esse – indirect discourse dependent on dicerent (AG 580).
facere…rogāre – the two things that they intended to do.
proptereā quod…habērent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
ut…liceat – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
eius voluntāte – ablative of specification (AG 418).
sibi – dative with impersonal verb liceat (AG 368).
Caesarī cum id nūntiātum esset
eōs per prōvinciam nostram iter facere cōnārī
mātūrat ab urbe proficīscī
et quam maximīs potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriōrem contendit
et ad Genavam pervenit
Prōvinciae tōtī quam maximum potest mīlitum numerum imperat

(erat omnīnō in Galliā ulteriōre legiō ūna)
pontem
quī erat ad Genavam
iubet
rescindī
Ubi dē eius adventū Helvētiī certiōrēs factī sunt

lēgātōs ad eum mittunt nōbilissimōs cīvitātis
cuius lēgātiōnis Nammeius et Verucloetius prīncipem locum obtinēbant
quī dīcerent
sibi esse in animō sine ūllō maleficiō iter per prōvinciam facere
proptereā quod aliud iter habērent nūllum
rogāre
ut eius voluntāte id sibi facere liceat
Vocabulary
mātūrat – mātūrō, mātūrāre, mātūrāvī, mātūrātum – hasten, make haste to
ulteriōrem – comparative of ulter, ultra, ultrum – further
ulteriōre – comparative of ulter, ultra, ultrum – further
maleficiō – maleficium, maleficiī, n. – wrongdoing, crime
Chapter 1.7 cont.

Caesar, quod memoriā tenēbat L. Cassium cōnsulem occīsum exercitumque eius ab Helvētiīs
pulsum et sub iugum missum, concēdendum non putābat; neque hominēs inimīcō animō, datā
facultāte per prōvinciam itineris faciendī, temperātūrōs ab iniūriā et maleficiō exīstimābat.
Tamen, ut spatium intercēdere posset dum mīlitēs quōs imperāverat convenīrent, lēgātīs
respondit diem sē ad dēlīberandum sūmptūrum: sī quid vellent, ad Īd. April. reverterentur.
Notes
quod…tenebat – causal clause. It is indicative because it is given on the authority of the speaker (AG 540).
memoria tenēbat – ablative of means (AG 409). This means “to hold in memory” – “to remember.”
occīsum, pulsum, missum – perfect passive infinitives in indirect discourse dependent on
memoria tenebat (AG 580).
ab Helvētiīs – ablative of agent (AG 405).
sub iugum – to pass “under the yoke” was a symbol of submission required of captured soldiers.
concēdendum – supply esse for a future passive periphrastic conjugation in indirect discourse
dependent on putābat. See AG 580 and 196.
hominēs…temperātūrōs – indirect discourse dependent on exīstimābat (AG 580).
animō – ablative of quality (AG 415).
datā facultāte – ablative absolute (AG 420).
itineris faciendī – objective genitive of the gerundive (AG 504).
ab iniūriā et maleficiō – ablative of separation (AG 402).
ut…posset – clause of purpose (AG 531).
dum…convenīrent – dum temporal clause. Dum followed by the present or imperfect
subjunctive implies intention or expectancy (AG 553).
lēgātīs – dative with special verb respondit (AG 367).
sē…sūmptūrum – indirect discourse dependent on respondit (AG 580).
ad dēlīberandum – accusative of the gerund expressing purpose (AG 506).
sī…vellent…reverterentur – condition in indirect discourse. The apodosis is subjunctive
because it would have been imperative in direct discourse. See AG 588 and 589.
quid = aliquid
Īd. April = Īdus Aprīles. “The Ides of April” or “the 13th of April.”
Caesar
quod memoriā tenēbat
L. Cassium cōnsulem occīsum
exercitumque eius ab Helvētiīs pulsum
et sub iugum missum
concēdendum
non putābat
neque hominēs inimīcō animō
datā facultāte
per prōvinciam itineris faciendī
temperātūrōs ab iniūriā et maleficiō
exīstimābat
Tamen
ut spatium intercēdere posset
dum mīlitēs
quōs imperāverat
convenīrent
lēgātīs respondit
diem sē ad dēlīberandum sūmptūrum
sī quid vellent
ad Īd. April. reverterentur
Vocabulary
inimīcō – inimīcus, inimīca, inimīcum – unfriendly, hostile
temperātūrōs – temperō, temperāre, temperāvī, temperātum – keep from, restrain from
dēlīberandum – dēlīberō, dēlīberāre, dēlīberāvī, dēlīberātum – consider, resolve, decide
Chapter 1.8
Intereā eā legiōne quam sēcum habēbat mīlitibusque quī ex prōvinciā convēnerant ā lacū
Lemannō, quī in flūmen Rhodanum īnfluit, ad montem Iūram, quī fīnēs Sēquanōrum ab Helvētiīs
dīvidit, mīlia passuum ūndēvīgintī mūrum in altitūdinem pedum sēdecim fossamque perdūcit.
Eō opere perfectō, praesidia dispōnit, castella commūnit, quō facilius, sī sē invītō trānsīre
cōnārentur, prohibēre posset. Ubi ea diēs quam cōnstituerat cum lēgātīs vēnit et lēgātī ad eum
revertērunt, negat sē mōre et exemplō populī Rōmānī posse iter ūllī per prōvinciam dare et, sī
vim facere cōnentur, prohibitūrum ostendit. Helvētiī eā spē dēiectī, nāvibus iūnctīs ratibusque
complūribus factīs aliī vadīs Rhodanī, quā minima altitūdō flūminis erat, nōn numquam interdiū,
saepius noctū, sī perrumpere possent cōnātī, operis mūnītiōne et mīlitum concursū et tēlīs
repulsī, hōc cōnātū dēstitērunt.
Notes
legiōne, mīlitibus – ablative of means (AG 409).
sēcum = cum sē
ā lacū Lemannō – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
ab Helvētiīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
mīlia – accusative of extent of space (AG 425).
pedum – genitive of quality (AG 345).
eō opere perfectō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
quō facilius…posset – relative clause of purpose (AG 531).
sī…cōnārentur – protasis of future less vivid condition (AG 516b).
sē invītō – ablative absolute (AG 419).
sē…posse – indirect discourse dependent on negat (AG 580).
mōre et exemplō – ablative of specification (AG 418).
sī…cōnentur…prohibitūrum – future less vivid condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
spē – ablative of separation (AG 402).
nāvibus iūnctīs ratibusque complūribus factīs…vadīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
sī…possent – indirect question (AG 576a).
mūnītiōne…concursū…tēlīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
cōnātū – ablative of separation (AG 401).
Intereā eā legiōne
quam sēcum habēbat
mīlitibusque
quī ex prōvinciā convēnerant
ā lacū Lemannō
quī in flūmen Rhodanum īnfluit
ad montem Iūram
quī fīnēs Sēquanōrum ab Helvētiīs dīvidit
mīlia passuum ūndēvīgintī mūrum in altitūdinem pedum sēdecim fossamque perdūcit
Eō opere perfectō
praesidia dispōnit
castella commūnit
quō facilius
sī sē invītō trānsīre cōnārentur
prohibēre possit
Ubi ea diēs
quam cōnstituerat cum lēgātīs
vēnit
et lēgātī ad eum revertērunt
negat
sē mōre et exemplō populī Rōmānī posse iter ūllī per prōvinciam dare et
sī vim facere cōnentur
prohibitūrum
ostendit
Helvētiī eā spē dēiectī, nāvibus iūnctīs ratibusque complūribus factīs, aliī vadīs Rhodanī,
quā minima altitūdō flūminis erat
nōn numquam interdiū, saepius noctū
sī perrumpere possent
cōnātī, operis mūnītiōne et mīlitum concursū et tēlīs repulsī, hōc cōnātū dēstitērunt
Vocabulary
lacū – lacus, lacūs, m. – lake
sēdecim – sixteen
commūnit – commūniō, commūnīre, commūnīvī, commūnītum – fortify thoroughly
exemplō – exemplum, exemplī, n. – example, warning
iūnctīs – iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctum – join, connect
ratibus – ratis, ratis, f. – raft
numquam – never
interdiū – in the daytime, by day
cōnātū – cōnātus, cōnātūs, m. – effort
Chapter 1.9
Relinquēbātur ūna per Sēquanōs via, quā Sēquanīs invītīs propter angustiās īre nōn poterant.
Hīs cum suā sponte persuādēre nōn possent, lēgātōs ad Dumnorīgem Aeduum mittunt, ut eō
dēprecātōre ā Sēquanīs impetrārent. Dumnorīx grātiā et largītiōne apud Sēquanōs plūrimum
poterat et Helvētiīs erat amīcus, quod ex eā cīvitāte Orgetorīgis fīliam in mātrimōnium dūxerat
et, cupiditāte rēgnī adductus, novīs rēbus studēbat et quam plūrimās cīvitātēs suō beneficiō
habēre obstrictās volēbat. Itaque rem suscipit et ā Sēquanīs impetrat ut per fīnēs suōs Helvētiōs
īre patiantur, obsidēsque utī inter sēsē dent perficit: Sēquanī, nē itinere Helvētiōs prohibeant;
Helvētiī, ut sine maleficiō et iniūriā trānseant.
Notes
quā – ablative of place (AG 429).
Sēquanīs invītīs – ablative absolute (AG 419).
hīs – dative with special verb persuādēre (AG 367).
cum…possent – cum clause (AG 549).
suā sponte – ablative of means (AG 409).
ut…impetrārent – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
eō dēprecātōre – ablative absolute (AG 420).
grātiā et largītiōne – ablative of cause (AG 404).
Helvētiīs – dative with adjective amīcus (AG 384).
quod…dūxerat – quod clause (AG 540).
ex eā cīvitāte – ablative of source (AG 403).
cupiditāte – ablative of means (AG 409).
rēgnī – objective genitive (AG 348).
novīs rēbus – dative with special verb studēbat (AG 367).
suō beneficiō – ablative of means (AG 409).
ut…patiantur – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
utī…dent – substantive clause of result (AG 563).
nē…prohibeant – negative substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
itinere – ablative of separation (AG 401).
ut…trānseant – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
Relinquēbātur ūna per Sēquanōs via
quā
Sēquanīs invītīs
propter angustiās īre nōn poterant
Hīs cum suā sponte persuādēre nōn possent

lēgātōs ad Dumnorīgem Aeduum mittunt
ut
eō dēprecātōre
ā Sēquanīs impetrārent
Dumnorīx grātiā et largītiōne apud Sēquanōs plūrimum poterat

et Helvētiīs erat amīcus
quod ex eā cīvitāte Orgetorīgis fīliam in mātrimōnium dūxerat
et cupiditāte rēgnī adductus novīs rēbus studēbat
et quam plūrimās cīvitātēs suō beneficiō habēre obstrictās volēbat
Itaque rem suscipit

et ā Sēquanīs impetrat
ut per fīnēs suōs Helvētiōs īre patiantur
obsidēsque utī inter sēsē dent
perficit
Sēquanī
nē itinere Helvētiōs prohibeant
Helvētiī
ut sine maleficiō et iniūriā trānseant
Vocabulary
dēprecātōre – dēprecātor, dēprecātōris, m. – intercessor
largītiōne – largītiō, largītiōnis, f. – a giving freely, lavishing
fīliam – fīlia, fīliae, f. – daughter
mātrimōnium – mātrimōnium, mātrimōniī, n. – marriage
obstrictās – obstringō, obstringere, obstrīnxī, obstrictum – bind, put under obligation
Chapter 1.10
Caesarī renūntiātur Helvētiīs esse in animō per agrum Sēquanōrum et Aeduōrum iter in
Santonum fīnēs facere, quī nōn longē ā Tolōsātium fīnibus absunt, quae cīvitās est in prōvinciā.
Id sī fieret, intellegēbat magnō cum perīculō prōvinciae futūrum ut hominēs bellicōsōs, populī
Rōmānī inimīcōs, locīs patentibus maximēque frūmentāriīs fīnitimōs habēret. Ob eās causās
eī mūnītiōnī quam fēcerat T. Labiēnum lēgātum praeficit; ipse in Ītaliam magnīs itineribus
contendit, duāsque ibi legiōnēs cōnscrībit, et trēs quae circum Aquileiam hiemābant ex hībernīs
ēdūcit et, quā proximum iter in ulteriōrem Galliam per Alpēs erat, cum eīs quīnque legiōnibus īre
contendit. Ibi Ceutronēs et Graiocelī et Caturīgēs, locīs superiōribus occupātis, itinere exercitum
prohibēre cōnantur. Complūribus eīs proeliīs pulsīs ab Ocelō, quod est citeriōris prōvinciae
extrēmum, in fīnēs Vocontiōrum ulteriōris prōvinciae diē septimō pervenit; inde in Allobrogum
fīnēs, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiāvōs exercitum dūcit. Hī sunt extrā prōvinciam trāns Rhodanum
prīmī.
Notes
renūntiātur – historical present (AG 469).
Helvētiīs – dative of possession (AG 373).
esse – indirect discourse dependent on renūntiātur (AG 577).
facere – indirect discourse dependent on esse (AG 577).
ā Tolōsātium fīnibus – ablative of separation (AG 401).
sī fieret – future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
magnō cum perīculō – ablative of manner (AG 412).
prōvinciae – objective genitive (AG 348).
futūrum – indirect statement dependent on intellegēbat (AG 577).
ut…habēret – clause of result (AG 537).
locīs patentibus maximēque frūmentāriīs – dative with adjective fīnitimōs (AG 384).
mūnītiōnī – dative with compound verb praeficit (AG 370).
itineribus – ablative of manner (AG 412).
ex hībernīs – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
locīs superiōribus occupātis – ablative absolute (AG 419).
itinere – ablative of separation (AG 400).
complūribus…pulsīs – ablative absolute (AG 419).
his proeliis - ablative of means (AG 409).
ab Ocelō – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
diē septimō – ablative of time (AG 423).
ab Allobrogibus – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
Caesarī renūntiātur
Helvētiīs esse in animō
per agrum Sēquanōrum et Aeduōrum iter in Santonum fīnēs facere
quī nōn longē ā Tolōsātium fīnibus absunt
quae cīvitās est in prōvinciā
Id sī fieret
intellegēbat
magnō cum perīculō prōvinciae futūrum
ut hominēs bellicōsōs, populī Rōmānī inimīcōs
locīs patentibus maximēque frūmentāriīs fīnitimōs habēret
Ob eās causās eī mūnītiōnī

quam fēcerat
T. Labiēnum lēgātum praeficit
ipse in Ītaliam magnīs itineribus contendit
duāsque ibi legiōnēs cōnscrībit
et trēs
quae circum Aquileiam hiemābant
ex hībernīs ēdūcit
et
quā proximum iter in ulteriōrem Galliam per Alpēs erat
cum eīs quīnque legiōnibus īre contendit
Ibi Ceutronēs et Graiocelī et Caturīgēs

locīs superiōribus occupātis
itinere exercitum prohibēre cōnantur
Complūribus hīs proeliīs pulsīs

ab Ocelō
quod est citeriōris prōvinciae extrēmum
in fīnēs Vocontiōrum ulteriōris prōvinciae diē septimō pervenit
inde in Allobrogum fīnēs, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiāvōs exercitum dūcit
Hī sunt extrā prōvinciam trāns Rhodanum prīmī
Vocabulary
bellicōsōs – bellicōsus, bellicōsa, bellicōsum – warlike
inimīcōs – inimīcus, inimīcī, m. – unfriendly, hostile
citeriōris – comparative of citer, citra, citrum – nearer
Chapter 1.11
Helvētiī iam per angustiās et fīnēs Sēquanōrum suās cōpiās trādūxerant, et in Aeduōrum fīnēs
pervēnerant eōrumque agrōs populābantur. Aeduī, cum sē suaque ab eīs dēfendere nōn possent,
lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt rogātum auxilium: ita sē omnī tempore dē populō Rōmānō meritōs
esse ut paene in cōnspectū exercitūs nostrī agrī vāstārī, līberī eorum in servitūtem abdūcī,
oppida expugnārī nōn dēbuerint. Eōdem tempore Aeduī Ambarrī, necessāriī et cōnsanguineī
Haeduōrum, Caesarem certiōrem faciunt sēsē dēpopulātīs agrīs nōn facile ab oppidīs vim hostium
prohibēre. Item Allobrogēs, quī trāns Rhodanum vīcōs possessiōnēsque habēbant, fugā sē ad
Caesarem recipiunt et dēmōnstrant sibi praeter agrī solum nihil esse reliquī. Quibus rēbus
adductus Caesar nōn expectandum sibi statuit dum, omnibus fortūnīs sociōrum cōnsūmptīs, in
Santonōs Helvētiī pervenīrent.
Notes
cum…possent – cum clause (AG 549).
ab iīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
rogātum – accusative supine expressing purpose (AG 509).
omnī tempore – ablative of time (AG 423).
sē…esse – indirect discourse dependent on rogātum (AG 580).
ut…nōn dēbuerint – clause of result (AG 537).
eōdem tempore – ablative of time (AG 423).
sēsē…prohibēre – indirect discourse dependent on certiōrem faciunt (AG 580).
dēpopulātīs agrīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
ab oppidīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
sibi - dative of reference (AG 376).
nihil esse – indirect discourse dependent on dēmōnstrant (AG 580).
reliquī – partitive genitive (AG 346).
quibus rēbus – ablative of means (AG 409).
exspectandum – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse dependent on statuit (AG 194).
sibi – dative of agent (AG 374).
dum…pervenīrent – temporal clause implying intention or expectancy (AG 553).
omnibus fortūnīs…cōnsūmptīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Helvētiī iam per angustiās et fīnēs Sēquanōrum suās cōpiās trādūxerant
et in Aeduōrum fīnēs pervēnerant
eōrumque agrōs populābantur
Aeduī
cum sē suaque ab eīs dēfendere nōn possent
lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt
rogātum auxilium
ita sē omnī tempore dē populō Rōmānō meritōs esse
ut paene in cōnspectū exercitūs nostrī agrī vāstārī
līberī eorum in servitūtem abdūcī
oppida expugnārī nōn dēbuerint
Eōdem tempore Aeduī Ambarrī, necessāriī et cōnsanguineī Haeduōrum

Caesarem certiōrem faciunt
sēsē
dēpopulātīs agrīs
nōn facile ab oppidīs vim hostium prohibēre
Item Allobrogēs
quī trāns Rhodanum vīcōs possessiōnēsque habēbant
fugā sē ad Caesarem recipiunt
et dēmōnstrant
sibi praeter agrī solum nihil esse reliquī
Quibus rēbus adductus Caesar

nōn expectandum sibi
statuit
dum
omnibus fortūnīs sociōrum cōnsūmptīs
in Santonōs Helvētiī pervenīrent
Vocabulary
meritōs – meritus, merita, meritum – deserving of
abdūcī – abdūcō, abdūcere, abduxī, abductum – bring down
necessāriī – necessārius, necessāriī, m. – an intimate friend, relation
cōnsanguineī – cōnsanguineī, cōnsanguineōrum, m. – relations, relatives
solum – solum, solī, n. – soil, ground, earth
Chapter 1.12
Flūmen est Arar, quod per fīnēs Aeduōrum et Sēquanōrum in Rhodanum īnfluit, incrēdibilī
lēnitāte, ita ut oculīs in utram partem fluat iūdicārī nōn possit. Id Helvētiī ratibus ac lintribus
iūnctīs trānsībant. Ubi per explōrātōrēs Caesar certior factus est trēs iam partēs cōpiārum
Helvētiōs id flūmen trādūxisse, quārtam ferē partem citrā flūmen Ararim reliquam esse, dē tertiā
vigiliā cum legiōnibus tribus ē castrīs profectus ad eam partem pervēnit, quae nōndum flūmen
trānsierat. Eōs impedītōs et inopīnantēs adgressus magnam partem eōrum concīdit: reliquī sēsē
fugae mandārunt atque in proximās silvās abdidērunt. Is pāgus appellābātur Tigurīnus: nam
omnis cīvitās Helvētia in quattuor pāgōs dīvīsa est. Hic pāgus ūnus, cum domō exīsset, patrum
nostrōrum memoriā, L. Cassium cōnsulem interfēcerat et eius exercitum sub iugum mīserat. Ita
sīve cāsū sīve cōnsiliō deōrum immortālium, quae pars cīvitātis Helvētiae īnsignem calamitātem
populō Rōmānō intulerat, ea prīnceps poenās persolvit. Quā in rē Caesar nōn sōlum pūblicās, sed
etiam prīvātās iniūriās ultus est, quod eius socerī L. Pīsōnis avum, L. Pīsōnem lēgātum, Tigurīnī
eōdem proeliō quō Cassium interfēcerant.
Notes
est – “there is”
incrēdibilī lēnitāte – ablative of manner (AG 412).
ita ut…nōn possit – clause of result (AG 537).
oculīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
in utram…fluat – indirect question (AG 573).
ratibus ac lintribus iūnctīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
partēs…trādūxisse – indirect discourse dependent on certior factus est (AG 580).
partem…esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
dē tertiā vigiliā – ablative of time (AG 423).
ē castrīs – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
fugae – indirect object with special verb mandārunt (AG 367).
mandārunt = mandāvērunt
cum…exīsset – cum clause (AG 546).
patrum nostrōrum memoriā – ablative of time (AG 423).
cāsū…cōnsiliō – ablative of means (AG 409).
populō Rōmānō – indirect object with compound verb intulerat (AG 370).
quod…interfēcerant – quod introduces a causal clause (AG 540) whereas interfēcerant
completes the clause as well as the relative clause that starts with quō.
eōdem proeliō – ablative of place (AG 429).
Flūmen est Arar
quod per fīnēs Aeduōrum et Sēquanōrum in Rhodanum īnfluit, incrēdibilī lēnitāte
ita ut oculīs
in utram partem fluat
iūdicārī nōn possit
Id Helvētiī ratibus ac lintribus iūnctīs trānsībant
Ubi per explōrātōrēs Caesar certior factus est

trēs iam partēs cōpiārum Helvētiōs id flūmen trādūxisse
quārtam ferē partem citrā flūmen Ararim reliquam esse
dē tertiā vigiliā cum legiōnibus tribus ē castrīs profectus ad eam partem pervēnit
quae nōndum flūmen trānsierat
Eōs impedītōs et inopīnantēs adgressus magnam partem eōrum concīdit

reliquī sēsē fugae mandārunt
atque in proximās silvās abdidērunt
Is pāgus appellābātur Tigurīnus

nam omnis cīvitās Helvētia in quattuor pāgōs dīvīsa est
Hic pāgus ūnus

cum domō exīsset
patrum nostrōrum memoriā, L. Cassium cōnsulem interfēcerat
et eius exercitum sub iugum mīserat
Ita sīve cāsū sīve cōnsiliō deōrum immortālium

quae pars cīvitātis Helvētiae īnsignem calamitātem populō Rōmānō intulerat
ea prīnceps poenās persolvit
Quā in rē Caesar nōn sōlum pūblicās, sed etiam prīvātās iniūriās ultus est
quod eius socerī L. Pīsōnis avum, L. Pīsōnem lēgātum, Tigurīnī eōdem proeliō
quō Cassium
interfēcerant
Vocabulary
lēnitāte – lēnitās, lēnitātis, f. – slowness, gentleness
fluat – fluō, fluere, fluxī, fluxum – flow
ratibus – ratis, ratis, f. – raft
lintribus – linter, lintris, f. – boat, skiff
iūnctīs – iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctum – join, connect, unite
adgressus – adgredior, adgredī, adgressus sum – approach, attack
concīdit – concīdō, concīdere, concīdī, concīsum – cut down, kill, slay
persolvit – persolvō, persolvere, persolvī, persolūtum – deal out, pay
socerī – socer, socerī, m. – father–in–law
avum – avus, avī, m. – grandfather
Chapter 1.13
Hōc proeliō factō, reliquās cōpiās Helvētiōrum ut cōnsequī posset, pontem in Arare faciendum
cūrat atque ita exercitum trādūcit. Helvētiī repentīnō eius adventū commōtī, cum id quod ipsī
diēbus vīgintī aegerrimē cōnfēcerant, ut flūmen trānsīrent, illum ūnō diē fēcisse intellegerent,
lēgātōs ad eum mittunt; cuius lēgātiōnis Dīvicō prīnceps fuit, quī bellō Cassiānō dūx Helvētiōrum
fuerat.
Notes
hōc proeliō factō – ablative absolute (AG 419).
pontem faciendum – accusative of the gerundive (AG 506).
adventū – ablative of means (AG 409).
cum…intellegerent – cum clause (AG 546).
diebus vīgintī – ablative of time (AG 423).
ut…trānsīrent – clause of purpose (AG 531).
illum…fēcisse – indirect discourse dependent on intellegerent (AG 580).
ūnō diē – ablative of time (AG 423).
bellō Cassiānō – ablative of time (AG 424d).
Hōc proeliō factō
reliquās cōpiās Helvētiōrum ut cōnsequī posset
pontem in Arare faciendum cūrat
atque ita exercitum trādūcit
Helvētiī repentīnō eius adventū commōtī

cum id
quod ipsī diēbus vīgintī aegerrimē cōnfēcerant
ut flūmen trānsīrent
illum ūnō diē fēcisse
intellegerent
lēgātōs ad eum mittunt
cuius lēgātiōnis Dīvicō prīnceps fuit
quī bellō Cassiānō dūx Helvētiōrum fuerat
Chapter 1.13 cont.

Is ita cum Caesare ēgit: sī pācem populus Rōmānus cum Helvētiīs faceret, in eam partem
itūrōs atque ibi futūrōs Helvētiōs ubi eōs Caesar cōnstituisset atque esse voluisset; sīn bellō
persequī persevērāret, reminīscerētur et veteris incommodī populī Rōmānī et prīstinae virtūtis
Helvētiōrum. Quod imprōvīsō ūnum pāgum adortus esset, cum eī quī flūmen trānsīssent
suīs auxilium ferre nōn possent, nē ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtūtī tribueret aut
ipsōs dēspiceret. Sē ita ā patribus maiōribusque suīs didicisse, ut magis virtūte quam dolō
contenderent aut īnsidiīs nīterentur. Quārē nē committeret ut is locus ubi cōnstitissent ex
calamitāte populī Rōmānī et interneciōne exercitūs nōmen caperet aut memoriam prōderet.
Notes
sī…faceret – protasis of future condition in indirect discourse dependent on ēgit (AG 589).
itūrōs – apodosis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
futūrōs – apodosis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
ubi…cōnstituisset…voluisset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
sīn…persevērāret – protasis of future less vivid condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
bellō – ablative of means (AG 409).
reminīscerētur – apodosis of future less vivid condition in indirect discourse (AG 589). See
also AG 593.
incommodī…virtūtis – genitive with the verb reminīscerētur (AG 350c).
quod…adortus esset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 592).
cum…possent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
quī…trānsīssent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
nē…tribueret…dēspiceret – negative command in indirect discourse (AG 588).
sē…didicisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
ā patribus maiōribusque – ablative of source (AG 403).
ut…contenderent…nīterentur – substantive clause of result (AG 537).
magis virtūte…quam dolō – comparison (AG 434). Also, ablative of manner (AG 412).
īnsidiīs – ablative with special verb nīterentur (AG 431).
nē committerent – hortatory subjunctive (AG 439).
ut…caperet…prōderet – clause of purpose (AG 531).
ubi cōnstitissent – indirect question (AG 573).
ex calamitāte…interneciōne – ablative of source (AG 403).
Is ita cum Caesare ēgit
sī pācem populus Rōmānus cum Helvētiīs faceret
in eam partem itūrōs
atque ibi futūrōs Helvētiōs
ubi eōs Caesar cōnstituisset
atque esse voluisset
sīn bellō persequī persevērāret
reminīscerētur et veteris incommodī populī Rōmānī et prīstinae virtūtis Helvētiōrum
Quod imprōvīsō ūnum pāgum adortus esset

cum eī
quī flūmen trānsīssent
suīs auxilium ferre nōn possent
nē ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtūtī tribueret
aut ipsōs dēspiceret
Sē ita ā patribus maiōribusque suīs didicisse

ut magis virtūte quam dolō contenderent
aut īnsidiīs nīterentur
Quārē nē committeret
ut is locus
ubi cōnstitissent
ex calamitāte populī Rōmānī et interneciōne exercitūs nōmen caperet
aut memoriam prōderet
Vocabulary
persevērāret – persevērō, persevērāre, persevērāvī, persevērātum – persist, continue
reminīscerētur – reminīscor, reminīscī – call to mind, remember
imprōvīsō – adv. from imprōvīsus, imprōvīsa, imprōvīsum – suddenly, unexpectedly
didicisse – discō, discere, didicī – learn
dolō – dolus, dolī, m. – fraud, deceit
nīterentur – nītor, nītī, nīxus sum – lean upon, depend upon
interneciōne – interneciō, interneciōnis, f. – extermination, massacre
Chapter 1.14
Hīs Caesar ita respondit: eō sibi minus dubitātiōnis darī, quod eās rēs quās lēgātī Helvētiī
commemorāssent memoriā tenēret, atque eō gravius ferre quō minus meritō populī Rōmānī
accidissent: quī sī alicuius iniūriae sibi cōnscius fuisset, nōn fuisse difficile cavēre; sed eō
dēceptum, quod neque commissum ā sē intellegeret quārē timēret neque sine causā timendum
putāret. Quod sī veteris contumēliae oblīvīscī vellet, num etiam recentium iniūriārum, quod eō
invītō iter per prōvinciam per vim temptāssent, quod Aeduōs, quod Ambarrōs, quod Allobrogas
vexāssent, memoriam dēpōnere posse?
Notes
eō – ablative of cause (AG 404).
minus...darī – indirect discourse dependent on respondit (AG 580).
dubitationis - partitive genitive (AG 346).
quod…tenēret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 540b and 583.
quās…commemorāssent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
memoriā – ablative of means (AG 409).
eō gravius…quō minus – ablative of degree of difference (AG 414).
meritō – ablative of specification (AG 418).
accidissent – clause of purpose containing a comparative (AG 531a).
quī sī – “if they”
sī…fuisset – protasis of past contrary to fact condition in indirect discourse (AG 589b).
iniūriae – genitive with adjective cōnscius (AG 349).
fuisse – apodosis of past contrary to fact condition in indirect discourse (AG 589b).
eō – ablative of cause (AG 404).
deceptum – apodosis of past contrary to fact condition in indirect discourse (AG 589b).
quod…intellegeret…putāret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 540 and 583.
commissum – indirect discourse dependent on intellegeret (AG 580).
ā sē – ablative of agent (AG 405).
quārē timēret – indirect question (AG 573).
timendum – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse dependent on putāret. See AG 194 and 580.
quod sī…vellet – protasis of simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
contumēliae – genitive with verb oblīvīscī (AG 350).
num…posse – question in indirect discourse (AG 586).
iniūriārum – objective genitive (AG 348).
quod…temptāssent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 572 and 583.
eō invītō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
quod…vexāssent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 572 and 583.
Hīs Caesar ita respondit
eō sibi minus dubitātiōnis darī
quod eās rēs
quās lēgātī Helvētiī commemorāssent
memoriā tenēret
atque eō gravius ferre quō minus meritō populī Rōmānī accidissent
quī sī alicuius iniūriae sibi cōnscius fuisset
nōn fuisse difficile cavēre
sed eō dēceptum
quod neque
commissum ā sē
intellegeret
quārē timēret
neque
sine causā timendum
putāret
Quod sī veteris contumēliae oblīvīscī vellet

num etiam recentium iniūriārum
quod
eō invītō
iter per prōvinciam per vim temptāssent
quod Aeduōs
quod Ambarrōs
quod Allobrogas vexāssent
memoriam dēpōnere posse
Vocabulary
dubitātiōnis – dubitātiō, dubitātiōnis, f. – doubt, uncertainty
cōnscius – cōnscius, cōnscia, cōnscium – conscious to oneself
cavēre – caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautum – guard against, take care for
dēceptum – dēcipiō, dēcipere, dēcēpī, dēceptum – deceive, beguile
oblīvīscī – oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblītus sum – forget
vexāssent – vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātum – harass, molest, annoy
Chapter 1.14 cont.

Quod suā victoriā tam īnsolenter glōriārentur, quodque tam diū sē impūne iniūriās tulisse
admīrārentur, eōdem pertinēre. Cōnsuēsse enim deōs immortālēs, quō gravius hominēs ex
commūtātiōne rērum doleant, quōs prō scelere eōrum ulcīscī velint, eīs secundiōrēs interdum rēs
et diūturniōrem impūnitātem concēdere. Cum ea ita sint, tamen, sī obsidēs ab eīs sibi dentur,
utī ea quae polliceantur factūrōs intellegat, et sī Aeduīs dē iniūriīs quās ipsīs sociīsque eōrum
intulerint, item sī Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sēsē cum eīs pācem esse factūrum. Dīvicō respondit:
ita Helvētiōs ā maiōribus suīs īnstitūtōs esse utī obsidēs accipere, nōn dare, cōnsuērint: eius reī
populum Rōmānum esse testem. Hōc respōnsō datō discessit.
Notes
quod…glōriārentur – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 572 and 583.
victōriā – ablative of cause (AG 404).
quod…admīrārentur – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 572 and 583.
se...tulisse – indirect discourse dependent on admirarentur (AG 580).
pertinēre – indirect discourse dependent on respondit on the previous page (AG 580).
cōnsuēsse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quō…doleant – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 531 and 583.
ex commūtātiōne – ablative of source (AG 403).
quōs…velint – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
hīs – dative with compound verb concēdere (AG 370).
cum…sint – cum concessive clause in indirect discourse. See AG 549 and 583.
sī…dentur – protasis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589a).
ab iīs – ablative of agent (AG 405).
utī…intellegat – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 536 and 583.
quae polliceantur – relative clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
factūrōs – indirect discourse dependent on intellegat (AG 580).
sī…satisfaciant – protasis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589a).
Haeduīs…Allobrogibus – dative with special verb satisfaciant (AG 368).
quās…intulerint – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
ipsīs sociīsque – dative with compound verb intulerint (AG 370).
sēsē…esse factūrum – indirect discourse dependent on respondit (AG 580).
Helvētiōs…īnstitūtōs esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
ā maiōribus suīs – ablative of agent (AG 405).
utī…cōnsuērint – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 536 and 583.
populum Rōmānum…esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
hōc respōnsō datō – ablative absolute (AG 419).
Quod suā victoriā tam īnsolenter glōriārentur
quodque
tam diū sē impūne iniūriās tulisse
admīrārentur
eōdem pertinēre
Cōnsuēsse enim deōs immortālēs

quō gravius hominēs ex commūtātiōne rērum doleant
quōs prō scelere eōrum ulcīscī velint
eīs secundiōrēs interdum rēs et diūturniōrem impūnitātem concēdere
Cum ea ita sint, tamen

sī obsidēs ab eīs sibi dentur
utī
ea
quae polliceantur
factūrōs
intellegat
et sī Aeduīs dē iniūriīs
quās ipsīs sociīsque eōrum intulerint
item sī Allobrogibus satisfaciant
sēsē cum eīs pācem esse factūrum
Dīvicō respondit
ita Helvētiōs ā maiōribus suīs īnstitūtōs esse
utī obsidēs accipere, nōn dare, cōnsuērint
eius reī populum Rōmānum esse testem
Hōc respōnsō datō

discessit
Vocabulary
īnsolenter – contrary to custom, excessively
glōriārentur – glōrior, glōriārī, glōriātus sum – glory, boast
impūne – with impunity
doleant – doleō, dolēre, doluī – suffer pain, grieve
scelere – scelus, sceleris, n. – crime, evil deed
interdum – sometimes, occasionally
diūturniōrem – comp. of diuturnus, diuturna, diuturnum – lasting a long time, of long duration
impūnitātem – impūnitās, impūnitātis, f. – impunity
testem – testis, testis, m. – witness
respōnsō – respōnsum, respōnsī, n. – an answer, reply
Chapter 1.15
Posterō diē castra ex eō locō movent. Idem facit Caesar equitātumque omnem, ad numerum
quattuor mīlium, quem ex omnī prōvinciā et Aeduīs atque eōrum sociīs coāctum habēbat,
praemittit, quī videant quās in partēs hostēs iter faciant. Quī, cupidius novissimum agmen
īnsecūtī, aliēnō locō cum equitātū Helvētiōrum proelium committunt; et paucī dē nostrīs
cadunt. Quō proeliō sublātī Helvētiī, quod quīngentīs equitibus tantam multitūdinem equitum
prōpulerant, audācius subsistere nōn numquam et novissimō agmine proeliō nostrōs lacessere
coepērunt . Caesar suōs ā proeliō continēbat, ac satis habēbat in praesentiā hostem rapīnīs
pābulātiōnibus populātiōnibusque prohibēre. Ita diēs circiter quīndecim iter fēcērunt utī inter
novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum prīmum nōn amplius quīnīs aut sēnīs mīlibus passuum
interesset.
Notes
posterō diē – ablative of time (AG 423).
ex eō locō – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
mīlium – partitive genitive (AG 346).
ex omnī prōvinciā…Haeduīs…sociīs – ablative of source (AG 403).
quī videant – relative clause of purpose (AG 529).
quās…faciant – indirect question (AG 573).
cupidius – adverb: “too eagerly.”
novissimum agmen – “the rearguard”
locō – ablative of place where (AG 429).
dē nostrīs – ablative with cardinal numerals (AG 346c).
quō proeliō – ablative of cause (AG 404).
equitibus – ablative of means (AG 409).
novissimō agmine – ablative of means (AG 409).
proeliō – dative with special verb lacessere (AG 367).
ā proeliō – ablative of separation (AG 400).
rapīnīs, pābulātiōnibus populātiōnibusque – ablative of separation (AG 400).
utī…interesset – clause of result (AG 536).
quīnīs aut sēnīs mīlibus – ablative of comparison (AG 406).
Posterō diē castra ex eō locō movent
Idem facit Caesar

equitātumque omnem, ad numerum quattuor mīlium
quem ex omnī prōvinciā et Aeduīs atque eōrum sociīs coāctum habēbat
praemittit
quī videant
quās in partēs hostēs iter faciant
Quī, cupidius novissimum agmen īnsecūtī, aliēnō locō

cum equitātū Helvētiōrum proelium committunt
et paucī dē nostrīs cadunt
Quō proeliō sublātī Helvētiī

quod quīngentīs equitibus tantam multitūdinem equitum prōpulerant
audācius subsistere nōn numquam
et novissimō agmine proeliō nostrōs lacessere coepērunt
Caesar suōs ā proeliō continēbat

ac satis habēbat in praesentiā hostem rapīnīs pābulātiōnibus populātiōnibusque prohibēre
Ita diēs circiter quīndecim iter fēcērunt

utī inter novissimum hostium agmen
et nostrum prīmum nōn amplius quīnīs aut sēnīs mīlibus passuum interesset
Vocabulary
cadunt – cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum – fall
prōpulerant – prōpellō, prōpellere, prōpulī, prōpulsum – drive forth, drive away
subsistere – subsistō, subsistere, substitī – stand, make a stand
numquam – never
rapīnīs – rapīna, rapinae, f. – robbery, plundering
populātiōnibus – populātiō, populātiōnis, f. – devastating, plundering
quīnīs – quīnī, quīnae, quīna – five at a time, five each
sēnīs – sēnī, sēnae, sēna – six at a time, six each
Chapter 1.16
Interim cotīdiē Caesar Aeduōs frūmentum quod essent pūblicē pollicitī flāgitāre. Nam propter
frīgora, quod Gallia sub septentriōnibus, ut ante dictum est, posita est, nōn modo frūmenta in
agrīs mātūra nōn erant, sed nē pābulī quidem satis magna cōpia suppetēbat: eō autem frūmentō
quod flūmine Arare nāvibus subvexerat proptereā ūtī minus poterat quod iter ab Ararī Helvētiī
āverterant, ā quibus discēdere nōlēbat. Diem ex diē dūcere Aeduī: cōnferrī, comportārī, adesse
dīcere.
Notes
Aeduōs frūmentum – two accusatives: direct object and secondary object (AG 396).
quod essent…pollicitī – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
flāgitāre – historical infinitive (AG 463).
pābulī – partitive genitive (AG 346).
frūmentō – ablative with special verb ūtī (AG 410).
flūmine – ablative of place where (AG 429).
nāvibus – ablative of means (AG 409).
ab Arare – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
ā quibus – ablative of separation (AG 402).
diem ex diē – “day after day”
dūcere – historical infinitive (AG 463).
cōnferrī, comportārī, adesse – indirect discourse dependent on dīcere (AG 580).
dīcere – historical infinitive (AG 463).
Interim cotīdiē Caesar Aeduōs frūmentum
quod essent pūblicē pollicitī
flāgitāre
Nam propter frīgora

quod Gallia sub septentriōnibus
ut ante dictum est
posita est
nōn modo frūmenta in agrīs mātūra nōn erant
sed nē pābulī quidem satis magna cōpia suppetēbat
eō autem frūmentō
quod flūmine Ararī nāvibus subvexerat proptereā
ūtī minus poterat
quod iter ab Arare Helvētiī āverterant
ā quibus discēdere nōlēbat
Diem ex diē dūcere Aeduī

cōnferrī
comportārī
adesse
dīcere

Vocabulary
flāgitāre – flāgitō, flāgitāre, flāgitāvī, flāgitātum – ask, demand
frīgora – frīgus, frīgoris, n. – cold
mātūra – mātūrus, mātūra, mātūrum – ripe, mature
subvexerat – subvehō, subvehere, subvexī, subvectum – bring up, transport
Chapter 1.16 cont.

Ubi sē diūtius dūcī intellēxit et diem īnstāre, quō diē frūmentum mīlitibus mētīrī oportēret,
convocātīs eōrum prīncipibus quōrum magnam cōpiam in castrīs habēbat, in hīs Dīviciācō et
Liscō, quī summō magistrātuī praeerat, quem Vergobretum appellant Aeduī, quī creātur annuus
et vītae necisque in suōs habet potestātem, graviter eōs accūsat quod, cum neque emī neque
ex agrīs sūmī possit, tam necessāriō tempore, tam propinquīs hostibus, ab eīs nōn sublevētur;
praesertim cum magnā ex parte eōrum precibus adductus bellum suscēperit, multō etiam gravius
quod sit dēstitūtus queritur.
Notes
se...dūcī – indirect discourse dependent on intellēxit (AG 580).
īnstāre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quō diē – ablative of time (AG 423).
quō diē…oportēret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
mīlitibus – dative case
convocātīs…prīncipibus – ablative absolute (AG 419).
Dīviācō et Liscō – in apposition with prīncipibus. Therefore, part of the ablative absolute.
summō magistrātuī – dative with compound verb praeerat (AG 370).
quem Vergobretum – predicate accusative (AG 393).
vītae necisque – objective genitive (AG 348).
quod…nōn sublevētur – rather than a quod clause given on the authority of another (AG 540),
this can be understood to be informal indirect discourse. See AG 592.
cum…possit – cum clause (AG 546).
necessario tempore – ablative absolute (AG 420).
propinquīs hostibus – ablative absolute (AG 420).
cum…suscēperit – cum clause (AG 549).
precibus – ablative of means (AG 409).
multō…gravius – ablative of degree of difference (AG 414).
quod sit dēstitūtus – rather than a quod clause given on the authority of another (AG 540), this
can be understood to be informal indirect discourse. See AG 592.
Ubi
sē diūtius dūcī
intellēxit
et diem īnstāre
quō diē frūmentum mīlitibus mētīrī oportēret
convocātīs eōrum prīncipibus
quōrum magnam cōpiam in castrīs habēbat
in hīs
Dīviciācō et Liscō
quī summō magistrātuī praeerat
quem Vergobretum appellant Aeduī
quī creātur annuus
et vītae necisque in suōs habet potestātem
graviter eōs accūsat
quod
cum neque emī neque ex agrīs sūmī possit
tam necessāriō tempore
tam propinquīs hostibus
ab eīs nōn sublevētur
praesertim cum magnā ex parte eōrum precibus adductus bellum suscēperit
multō etiam gravius
quod sit dēstitūtus
queritur
Vocabulary
mētīrī – mētior, mētīrī, mēnsus sum – measure out, distribute
annuus – annuus, annua, annuum – lasting for a year, returning every year
necis – nex, necis, f. – death, murder
accūsat – accūsō, accūsāre, accūsāvī, accūsātum – accuse
emī – emō, emere, ēmī, ēmptum – buy, purchase
sit dēstitūtus – dēstituō, dēstituere, dēstituī, dēstitūtum – set down, forsake, desert
Chapter 1.17
Tum dēmum Liscus ōrātiōne Caesaris adductus, quod anteā tacuerat prōpōnit: esse nōn
nūllōs, quōrum auctōritās apud plēbem plūrimum valeat, quī prīvātim plūs possint quam ipsī
magistrātūs. Hōs sēditiōsā atque improbā ōrātiōne multitūdinem dēterrēre nē frūmentum
cōnferant quod dēbeant: praestāre, sī iam prīncipātum Galliae obtinēre nōn possent, Gallōrum
quam Rōmānōrum imperia perferre; neque dubitāre quīn, sī Helvētiōs superāverint Rōmānī,
ūnā cum reliquā Galliā Aeduīs lībertātem sint ēreptūrī. Ab eīsdem nostra cōnsilia quaeque in
castrīs gerantur hostibus ēnūntiārī: hōs ā sē coercērī nōn posse. Quīn etiam, quod necessāriam
rem coāctus Caesarī ēnūntiārit, intellegere sēsē quantō id cum perīculō fēcerit, et ob eam causam
quam diū potuerit tacuisse.
Notes
ōrātiōne – ablative of means (AG 409).
esse nōn nūllōs – indirect discourse dependent on prōpōnit (AG 580).
quōrum…valeat – relative clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
quī…possint – relative clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
hōs…dēterrēre – indirect discourse dependent on prōpōnit (AG 580).
ōrātiōne – ablative of means (AG 409).
nē…cōnferant – negative clause of purpose (AG 531).
quod dēbeant – relative clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
praestāre – indirect discourse dependent on ōrātiōne (AG 580). “It is better.”
sī…possent – protasis of simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
quīn…sint ēreptūrī – quin clause (AG 558a).
sī…superāverint – protasis of future more vivid condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
ūnā – this is the adverb.
Haeduīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
ab eīsdem – ablative of agent (AG 405).
gerantur – relative clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
ēnūntiārī – indirect discourse dependent on prōpōnit (AG 580).
hōs…posse – indirect discourse dependent on ēnūntiārī (AG 580).
necessāriō – this is the adverb.
ēnūntiārit = ēnūntiāverit – quod clause in indirect discourse. See AG 540 and 583.
intellegere sēsē – indirect discourse dependent on prōpōnit (AG 580).
quantō…cum perīculō – ablative of manner (AG 412).
quantō…fēcerit – indirect question (AG 573).
quam…potuerit – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 555 and 583.
tacuisse – indirect discourse dependent on intellegere (AG 580).
Tum dēmum Liscus ōrātiōne Caesaris adductus
quod anteā tacuerat
prōpōnit
esse nōn nūllōs
quōrum auctōritās apud plēbem plūrimum valeat
quī prīvātim plūs possint quam ipsī magistrātūs
Hōs sēditiōsā atque improbā ōrātiōne multitūdinem dēterrēre

nē frūmentum cōnferant
quod dēbeant
praestāre
sī iam prīncipātum Galliae obtinēre nōn possent
Gallōrum quam Rōmānōrum imperia perferre
neque dubitāre
quīn
sī Helvētiōs superāverint Rōmānī
ūnā cum reliquā Galliā Aeduīs lībertātem sint ēreptūrī
Ab eīsdem nostra cōnsilia

quaeque in castrīs gerantur
hostibus ēnūntiārī
hōs ā sē coercērī nōn posse
Quīn etiam
quod necessāriam rem coāctus Caesarī ēnūntiārit
intellegere sēsē
quantō id cum perīculō fēcerit
et ob eam causam
quam diū potuerit
tacuisse
Vocabulary
dēmum – finally, at last
tacuerat – taceō, tacēre, tacuī, tacitum – be silent
prīvātim – privately, as a private person
sēditiōsā – sēditiōsus, sēditiōsa, sēditiōsum – seditious, quarrelsome
improbā – improbus, improba, improbum – bad, bold, unpatriotic
coercērī – coerceō, coercēre, coercuī, coercitum – enclose, confine, restrain
tacuisse – taceō, tacēre, tacuī, tacitum – be silent
Chapter 1.18
Caesar hāc ōrātiōne Liscī Dumnorīgem Dīviciācī frātrem dēsignārī sentiēbat; sed, quod plūribus
praesentibus eās rēs iactārī nōlēbat, celeriter concilium dīmittit, Liscum retinet. Quaerit ex sōlō
ea quae in conventū dīxerat. Dīcit līberius atque audācius. Eadem sēcrētō ab aliīs quaerit; reperit
esse vēra: ipsum esse Dumnorīgem, summā audāciā, magnā apud plēbem propter līberālitātem
grātiā, cupidum rērum novārum. Complūrēs annōs portōria reliquaque omnia Aeduōrum
vectīgālia parvō pretiō redēmpta habēre, proptereā quod illō licente contrā licērī audeat nēmō.
Hīs rēbus et suam rem familiārem auxisse et facultātēs ad largiendum magnās comparāsse;
magnum numerum equitātūs suō sūmptū semper alere et circum sē habēre; neque sōlum
domī sed etiam apud fīnitimās cīvitātēs largiter posse atque huius potentiae causā mātrem in
Biturīgibus hominī illīc nōbilissimō ac potentissimō collocāsse,
Notes
hāc ōrātiōne – ablative of means (AG 409).
plūribus praesentibus – ablative absolute (AG 419).
ex sōlō – “from him alone.” Some verbs of asking take the ablative with a preposition. See AG 396a.
ab aliīs – some verbs of asking take the ablative with a preposition (AG 396a).
esse vēra – indirect discourse dependent on reperit (AG 580).
ipsum esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
summā audāciā – ablative of quality (AG 415).
magnā…grātiā – ablative of quality (AG 415).
rērum novārum – genitive with adjective cupidum (AG 349).
parvō pretiō – ablative of price (AG 416).
habēre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
illō licente – ablative absolute (AG 419).
audeat – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 540 and 583.
auxisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
ad largiendum – accusative of the gerund expressing purpose (AG 506).
comparāsse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
suō sūmptū – ablative of specification (AG 418).
alere – indirect discourse (AG 580).
habēre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
domī – locative case (AG 427).
posse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
huius potentiae causā – causā is an ablative of cause (AG 404) while huius potentiae is a
peculiar genitive construction dependent on causā (AG 359).
hominī illīc nōbilissimō ac potentissimō – dative with compound verb conlocāsse (AG 370).
conlocāsse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
Caesar
hāc ōrātiōne Liscī Dumnorīgem Dīviciācī frātrem dēsignārī
sentiēbat
sed
quod
plūribus praesentibus
eās rēs iactārī nōlēbat
celeriter concilium dīmittit
Liscum retinet
Quaerit ex sōlō ea
quae in conventū dīxerat
Dīcit līberius atque audācius
Eadem sēcrētō ab aliīs quaerit

reperit
esse vēra
ipsum esse Dumnorīgem, summā audāciā
magnā apud plēbem propter līberālitātem grātiā, cupidum rērum novārum
Complūrēs annōs portōria

reliquaque omnia Aeduōrum vectīgālia parvō pretiō redēmpta habēre
proptereā quod
illō licente
contrā licērī audeat nēmō
Hīs rēbus et suam rem familiārem auxisse

et facultātēs ad largiendum magnās comparāsse
magnum numerum equitātūs suō sūmptū semper alere
et circum sē habēre
neque sōlum domī sed etiam apud fīnitimās cīvitātēs largiter posse
atque huius potentiae causā mātrem in Biturīgibus
hominī illīc nōbilissimō ac potentissimō collocāsse
Vocabulary
dēsignārī – dēsignō, dēsignāre, dēsignāvī, dēsignātum – point out, indicate
iactārī – iactō, iactāre, iactāvī, iactātum – spread, speak of, discuss
vēra – vērus, vēra, vērum – true
audāciā – audācia, audāciae, f. – daring, audacity
līberālitātem – līberālitās, līberālitātis, f. – kindness, generosity
portōria – portōrium, portōriī, n. – toll, tax
vectīgālia – vectīgal, vectīgālis, n. – state toll, tax, duty
pretiō – pretium, pretiī, n. – worth, value, price
redēmpta – redimō, redimere, redēmī, redēmptum – buy up, purchase
licente – liceor, licērī, licētus sum – bid, offer a price
familiārem – familiāris, familiāre – belonging to a family or household
largiendum – largior, largīrī, largītus sum – give abundantly, bestow
sūmptū – sūmptus, sūmptūs, m. – cost, expense
Chapter 1.18 cont.

ipsum ex Helvētiīs uxōrem habēre, sorōrem ex mātre et propinquās suās nūptum in aliās
cīvitātēs collocāsse. Favēre et cupere Helvētiīs propter eam adfīnitātem, ōdisse etiam suō nōmine
Caesarem et Rōmānōs, quod eōrum adventū potentia eius dēminūta et Dīviciācus frāter in
antīquum locum grātiae atque honōris sit restitūtus. Sī quid accidat Rōmānīs, summam in spem
per Helvētiōs rēgnī obtinendī venīre: imperiō populī Rōmānī nōn modo dē rēgnō sed etiam dē eā
quam habeat grātiā dēspērāre. Reperiēbat etiam in quaerendō Caesar, quod proelium equestre
adversum paucīs ante diēbus esset factum, initium eius fugae factum ā Dumnorīge atque eius
equitibus (nam equitātuī quem auxiliō Caesarī Aeduī mīserant Dumnorīx praeerat): eōrum fugā
reliquum esse equitātum perterritum.
Notes
ipsum…habēre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
ex Helvētiīs – ablative of source (AG 403).
ex mātre – ablative of source (AG 403).
conlocāsse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
favēre et cupere – indirect discourse dependent on reperit in the previous section (AG 580).
Helvētiīs – dative with special verb favēre (AG 367).
ōdisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
suō nōmine – ablative of specification (AG 418). “on his own account.”
quod…sit restitūtus – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 540 and 583.
adventū – this can be understood as an ablative of cause (AG 404) or of time (AG 423).
sī quid = sī aliquid
sī…accidat – protasis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
Rōmānīs – dative with compound verb accidat (AG 370).
rēgnī obtinendī – objective genitive of the gerundive (AG 504).
venīre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
imperiō – ablative of cause (AG 404).
quam habeat – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
dēspērāre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
in quaerendō – ablative of the gerund (AG 507).
quod…esset factum – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
paucīs…diēbus – ablative of degree of difference with adverb ante (AG 414).
ā Dumnorīge…equitibus – ablative of agent (AG 405).
equitātuī – dative with compound verb praeerat (AG 370).
auxiliō Caesarī – double dative construction (AG 382).
fugā – ablative of cause (AG 404).
esse…perterritum – indirect discourse dependent on reperiēbat (AG 580).
ipsum ex Helvētiīs uxōrem habēre,
sorōrem ex mātre et propinquās suās nūptum in aliās cīvitātēs collocāsse.
Favēre et cupere Helvētiīs propter eam adfīnitātem

ōdisse etiam suō nōmine Caesarem et Rōmānōs
quod eōrum adventū potentia eius dēminūta
et Dīviciācus frāter in antīquum locum grātiae atque honōris sit restitūtus
Sī quid accidat Rōmānīs

summam in spem per Helvētiōs rēgnī obtinendī venīre
imperiō populī Rōmānī nōn modo dē rēgnō sed etiam dē eā
quam habeat
grātiā dēspērāre
Reperiēbat etiam in quaerendō Caesar

quod proelium equestre adversum paucīs ante diēbus esset factum
initium eius fugae factum ā Dumnorīge atque eius equitibus
(nam equitātuī
quem auxiliō Caesarī Aeduī mīserant
Dumnorīx praeerat)
eōrum fugā reliquum esse equitātum perterritum
Vocabulary
sorōrem – soror, sorōris, f. – sister
nūptum – nūbō, nūbere, nūpsī, nūptum – w/conlocāre to give in marriage
favēre – faveō, favēre, fāvī, fautum – favor, help, support
adfīnitātem – adfīnitās, adfīnitātis, f. – relationship by marriage
ōdisse – ōdī, ōdisse, ōsūrus – hate
antīquum – antīquus, antīqua, antīquum – previous, earlier, old
Chapter 1.19
Quibus rēbus cognitīs, cum ad hās suspīciōnēs certissimae rēs accēderent, quod per fīnēs
Sēquanōrum Helvētiōs trādūxisset, quod obsidēs inter eōs dandōs cūrāsset, quod ea omnia nōn
modo iniussū suō et cīvitātis sed etiam īnscientibus ipsīs fēcisset, quod ā magistrātū Aeduōrum
accūsārētur, satis esse causae arbitrābātur quārē in eum aut ipse animadverteret aut cīvitātem
animadvertere iubēret. Hīs omnibus rēbus ūnum repugnābat, quod Dīviciācī frātris summum
in populum Rōmānum studium, summum in sē voluntātem, ēgregiam fidem, iūstitiam,
temperantiam cognōverat; nam nē eius suppliciō Dīviciācī animum offenderet verēbātur.
Notes
quibus rēbus cognitīs – ablative absolute (AG 419).
cum…accēderent – cum clause (AG 549).
quod…trādūxisset – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
quod…cūrāsset – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
obsides inter eōs dandōs – accusative of the gerundive (AG 506).
quod…fēcisset – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
iniussū – this noun only occurs in the ablative case and functions as an adverb.
īnscientibus ipsīs – ablative absolute (AG 419).
quod…accūsārētur – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
ā magistrātū – ablative of agent (AG 405).
esse – indirect discourse dependent on arbitrābātur (AG 580).
quārē…animadverteret…iubēret – relative clause of purpose (AG 531).
his omnibus rēbus – indirect object with special verb repugnābat (AG 367).
nē…offenderet – clause of fearing (AG 564).
suppliciō – ablative of means (AG 409).
Quibus rēbus cognitīs
cum ad hās suspīciōnēs certissimae rēs accēderent
quod per fīnēs Sēquanōrum Helvētiōs trādūxisset
quod obsidēs inter eōs dandōs cūrāsset
quod ea omnia nōn modo iniussū suō et cīvitātis
sed etiam
īnscientibus ipsīs
fēcisset
quod ā magistrātū Aeduōrum accūsārētur
satis esse causae
arbitrābātur
quārē in eum aut ipse animadverteret
aut cīvitātem animadvertere iubēret
Hīs omnibus rēbus ūnum repugnābat
quod Dīviciācī frātris summum in populum Rōmānum studium
summum in sē voluntātem, ēgregiam fidem, iūstitiam, temperantiam cognōverat
nam
nē eius suppliciō Dīviciācī animum offenderet
verēbātur
Vocabulary
iniussū – without orders
īnscientibus – īnsciēns, inscientis – unaware, ignorant
accūsārētur – accūsō, accūsāre, accūsāvī, accūsātum – accuse, charge
repugnābat – repugnō, repugnāre, repugnāvī, repugnātum – oppose, resist, fight against
ēgregiam – ēgregius, ēgregia, ēgregium – admirable, excellent, distinguished
iūstitiam – iūstitia, iūstitiae, f. – justice, fairness, equity
temperantiam – temperantia, temperantiae, f. – temperance, moderation
offenderet – offendō, offendere, offendī, offēnsum – offend, displease
Chapter 1.19 cont.

Itaque prius quam quicquam cōnārētur, Dīviciācum ad sē vocārī iubet et, cotīdiānīs interpretibus
remōtīs, per C. Valerium Procillum, prīncipem Galliae prōvinciae, familiārem suum, cui summam
omnium rērum fidem habēbat, cum eō colloquitur: simul commonefacit quae ipsō praesente in
conciliō Gallorum dē Dumnorīge sint dicta, et ostendit quae sēparātim quisque dē eō apud sē
dīxerit. Petit atque hortātur ut sine eius offēnsiōne animī vel ipse dē eō causā cognitā statuat vel
cīvitātem statuere iubeat.
Notes
prius quam…cōnārētur – clause of time also known as an anticipatory subjunctive (AG 551).
Dīviciācum…vocārī – indirect discourse dependent on iubet. See AG 580 and 563a.
cotīdiānīs interpretibus remōtīs – ablative absolute (AG 419).
cui – dative with special verb fidem habēbat (AG 367).
quae…sint dicta – indirect question (AG 573).
ipsō praesente – ablative absolute (AG 420).
quae…dixerit – indirect question (AG 573).
ut…statuat…iubeat – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
causā cognitā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Itaque prius quam quicquam cōnārētur
Dīviciācum ad sē vocārī
iubet
et
cotīdiānīs interpretibus remōtīs
per C. Valerium Procillum, prīncipem Galliae prōvinciae, familiārem suum
cui summam omnium rērum fidem habēbat
cum eō colloquitur
simul commonefacit
quae
ipsō praesente
in conciliō Gallorum dē Dumnorīge sint dicta
et ostendit
quae sēparātim
quisque dē eō apud sē dīxerit
Petit
atque hortātur
ut sine eius offēnsiōne animī
vel ipse dē eō causā cognitā statuat
vel
cīvitātem statuere
iubeat
Vocabulary
interpretibus – interpres, interpretis, m. – messenger, negotiator, interpreter
commonefacit – commonefaciō, commonefacere, commonefēcī, commonefactum – remind, warn
sēparātim – apart, separately, differently
offēnsiōne – offēnsiō, offēnsiōnis, f. – setback, displeasure, aversion
Chapter 1.20
Dīviciācus multīs cum lacrimīs Caesarem complexus obsecrāre coepit nē quid gravius in
frātrem statueret: scīre sē illa esse vēra, nec quemquam ex eō plūs quam sē dolōris capere,
proptereā quod, cum ipse grātiā plūrimum domī atque in reliquā Galliā, ille minimum propter
adulēscentiam posset, per sē crēvisset; quibus opibus ac nervīs nōn sōlum ad minuendam grātiam
sed paene ad perniciem suam ūterētur. Sēsē tamen et amōre frāternō et exīstimātiōne vulgī
commovērī. Quod sī quid eī ā Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amīcitiae apud
eum tenēret, nēminem exīstimātūrum nōn suā voluntāte factum; quā ex rē futūrum utī tōtīus
Galliae animī ā sē āverterentur.
Notes
multīs cum lacrimīs – ablative of manner (AG 412).
nē…statueret – negative substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
scīre sē – indirect discourse dependent on obsecrāre (AG 580).
illa esse – indirect discourse dependent on scīre (AG 580).
dolōris – partitive genitive (AG 346).
proptereā quod…crēvisset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
cum…posset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
grātiā – ablative of means (AG 409).
domī – locative case (AG 428k).
reliquā Galliā – ablative of place where (AG 429).
quibus…ūterētur – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
opibus ac nervīs – ablative with special verb ūterētur (AG 410).
ad minuendam grātiam – accusative of the gerundive expressing purpose (AG 506).
sēsē…commovērī – indirect discourse (AG 580).
amōre frāternō et exīstimātiōne – ablative of means (AG 409).
quod…nēminem exīstimātūrum – apodosis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sī quid…accidisset – protasis of future condition in indirect discourse dependent on scīre (AG 589).
eī – dative with compound verb accidisset (AG 370).
ā Caesare – ablative of agent (AG 405).
cum…tenēret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
suā voluntāte – ablative of specification (AG 418a).
factum – indirect discourse dependent on exīstimātūrum (AG 580).
quā ex rē futūrum utī…āverterentur – apodosis of future condition in indirect discourse
(AG 589). This strange periphrasis stands in for the rare future passive infinitive.
ā sē – ablative of separation (AG 401).
Dīviciācus multīs cum lacrimīs Caesarem complexus obsecrāre coepit
nē quid gravius in frātrem statueret
scīre sē
illa esse vēra
nec quemquam ex eō plūs quam sē dolōris capere
proptereā quod
cum ipse grātiā plūrimum domī atque in reliquā Galliā
ille minimum propter adulēscentiam posset
per sē crēvisset
quibus opibus ac nervīs nōn sōlum ad minuendam grātiam
sed paene ad perniciem suam ūterētur
Sēsē tamen et amōre frāternō et exīstimātiōne vulgī commovērī
Quod
sī quid eī ā Caesare gravius accidisset
cum ipse eum locum amīcitiae apud eum tenēret
nēminem exīstimātūrum
nōn suā voluntāte factum
quā ex rē futūrum utī tōtīus Galliae animī ā sē āverterentur
Vocabulary
lacrimīs – lacrima, lacrimae, f. – tear
complexus – complector, complectī, complexus sum – embrace, clasp
obsecrāre – obsecrō, obsecrāre, obsecrāvī, obsecrātum – implore, entreat
vēra – vērus, vēra, vērum – true
adulēscentiam – adulēscentia, adulēscentiae, f. – youth
crēvisset – crēscō, crēscere, crēvī, crētum – grow (great), increase (in fame or power)
nervīs – nervus, nervī, m. – sinews, strength, energy
perniciem – perniciēs, perniciēī, f. – disaster, destruction, ruin
amōre – amor, amōris, m. – love
frāternō – frāternus, frāterna, frāternum – brotherly, fraternal
exīstimātiōne – exīstimātiō, exīstimātiōnis, f. – opinion, judgement
Chapter 1.20 cont.

Haec cum plūribus verbīs flēns ā Caesare peteret, Caesar eius dextram prēndit; cōnsōlātus
rogat fīnem ōrandi faciat; tantī eius apud sē gratiam esse ostendit utī et reī pūblicae iniūriam et
suum dolōrem eius voluntātī ac precibus condōnet. Dumnorīgem ad sē vocat, frātrem adhibet;
quae in eō reprehendat ostendit, quae ipse intellegat, quae cīvitās querātur prōpōnit; monet
ut in reliquum tempus omnēs suspīciōnēs vītet; praeterita sē Dīviciācō frātrī condōnāre dīcit.
Dumnorīgī custōdēs pōnit, ut quae agat, quibuscum loquātur scīre possit.
Notes
cum…peteret – cum clause (AG 546).
plūribus verbīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
ā Caesare – ablative of source (AG 403).
ōrandī – subjective genitive of the gerund (AG 504).
faciat – hortatory subjunctive expressing command in indirect discourse. Verbs of commanding,
such as rogat, in this case, sometimes take the subjunctive without ut. See AG 565a and 588.
tantī – genitive of quality expressing indefinite value. See AG 345b and 417.
sē grātiam esse – indirect discourse dependent on ostendit (AG 580).
utī…condōnet – clause of result (AG 536).
reī pūblicae – objective genitive (AG 347).
quae…reprehendat – indirect question (AG 573).
quae…intellegat – indirect question (AG 573).
quae…querātur – indirect question (AG 573).
ut…vītet – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
sē…condōnāre – indirect discourse dependent on dīcit (AG 580).
Dīviciācō frātrī – dative with compound verb condōnāre (AG 370).
Dumnorīgī – dative of reference (AG 376).
ut…possit – clause of purpose (AG 531).
quae…agat – indirect question (AG 573).
quibuscum…loquātur – indirect question (AG 573).
Haec cum plūribus verbīs flēns ā Caesare peteret
Caesar eius dextram prēndit
cōnsōlātus rogat
fīnem ōrandi faciat
tantī eius apud sē gratiam esse
ostendit
utī et reī pūblicae iniūriam et suum dolōrem eius voluntātī ac precibus condōnet
Dumnorīgem ad sē vocat
frātrem adhibet
quae in eō reprehendat
ostendit
quae ipse intellegat
quae cīvitās querātur
prōpōnit
monet
ut in reliquum tempus omnēs suspīciōnēs vītet
praeterita sē Dīviciācō frātrī condōnāre
dīcit
Dumnorīgī custōdēs pōnit

ut
quae agat
quibuscum loquātur
scīre possit
Vocabulary
verbīs – verbum, verbī, n. – word
prēndit – prēndō, prēndere, prēndī, prēnsum – grasp, seize, lay hold of
condōnet – condōnō, condōnāre, condōnāvī, condōnātum – forgive, give up, sacrifice
reprehendat – reprehendō, reprehendere, reprehendī, reprehēnsum – blame, restrain, hold back
praeterita – praeteritus, praeterita, praeteritum – past, gone by
condōnāre – condōnō, condōnāre, condōnāvī, condōnātum – forgive, give up, sacrifice
custōdēs – custōs, custōdis, m. – guardian, guard
Chapter 1.21
Eōdem diē ab explōrātōribus certior factus hostēs sub monte cōnsēdisse mīlia passuum ab ipsīus
castrīs octō, quālis esset nātūra montis et quālis in circuitū ascēnsus, quī cognōscerent mīsit.
Renūntiātum est facilem esse. Dē tertiā vigiliā T. Labiēnum, lēgātum prō praetōre, cum duābus
legiōnibus et eīs ducibus quī iter cognōverant summum iugum montis ascendere iubet; quid
suī cōnsilī sit ostendit. Ipse dē quārtā vigiliā eōdem itinere quō hostēs ierant ad eōs contendit
equitātumque omnem ante sē mittit. P. Cōnsidius, quī reī mīlitāris perītissimus habēbātur et in
exercitū L. Sullae et posteā in M. Crassī fuerat, cum explōrātōribus praemittitur.
Notes
eōdem diē – ablative of time (AG 423).
ab explōrātōribus – ablative of agent (AG 405).
mīlia – accusative of extent of space (AG 425b).
quālis esset – indirect question (AG 573).
quī cognōscerent – relative clause of purpose (AG 531).
facilem esse – indirect discourse dependent on renūntiātum est (AG 580).
dē tertiā vigiliā – “just after the third watch,” ablative of time (AG 423).
lēgātum prō praetōre – “legate with praetorian authority”
T. Labiēnum...ascendere – indirect discourse dependent on iubet (AG 580)
quid...sit – indirect question (AG 573).
dē quārtā vigiliā – “just after the fourth watch,” ablative of time (AG 423).
eōdem itinere – ablative of means (AG 409).
habēbātur – “was considered”
Eōdem diē ab explōrātōribus certior factus
hostēs sub monte cōnsēdisse mīlia passuum ab ipsīus castrīs octō
quālis esset nātūra montis
et quālis in circuitū ascēnsus
quī cognōscerent
mīsit
Renūntiātum est
facilem esse
Dē tertiā vigiliā
T. Labiēnum, lēgātum prō praetōre, cum duābus legiōnibus et eīs ducibus
quī iter cognōverant
summum iugum montis ascendere
iubet
quid suī cōnsilī sit
ostendit
Ipse dē quārtā vigiliā eōdem itinere

quō hostēs ierant
ad eōs contendit
equitātumque omnem ante sē mittit
P. Cōnsidius
quī reī mīlitāris perītissimus habēbātur
et in exercitū L. Sullae et posteā in M. Crassī fuerat
cum explōrātōribus praemittitur
Vocabulary
quālis – quālis, quāle – of what sort, what kind of
perītissimus – perītus, perīta, perītum – experienced, practiced, expert
Chapter 1.22
Prīmā lūce, cum summus mōns ā Labiēnō tenērētur, ipse ab hostium castrīs nōn longius mīlle
et quīngentīs passibus abesset, neque, ut posteā ex captīvīs comperit, aut ipsīus adventus aut
Labiēnī cognitus esset, Cōnsidius equō admissō ad eum accurrit, dīcit montem quem ā Labiēnō
occupārī voluerit ab hostibus tenērī: id sē ā Gallicīs armīs atque īnsignibus cognōvisse. Caesar
suās copiās in proximum collem subdūcit, aciem īnstruit.
Notes
prīmā lūce – ablative of time (AG 423).
cum...tenērētur...abesset – cum clause (AG 546).
ā Labiēnō – ablative of agent (AG 405).
ab...castrīs – ablative of separation (AG 400).
mīlle et quīngentīs passibus – ablative of comparison (AG 406).
ut...comperit – indicative ut.
ex captīvīs – ablative of source (AG 403).
cognitus esset – this is a continuation of the cum clause above (AG 546).
equō admissō – ablative absolute (AG 420) meaning: “his horse at full gallop.”
montem...tenērī – indirect discourse dependent on dīcit (AG 580).
quem...voluerit – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
ā Labiēnō – ablative of agent (AG 405).
ab hostibus – ablative of agent (AG 405).
sē...cognōvisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
ā Gallicīs armīs atque īnsignibus – ablative of cause (AG 404).
Prīmā lūce
cum summus mōns ā Labiēnō tenērētur
ipse ab hostium castrīs nōn longius mīlle et quīngentīs passibus abesset
neque
ut posteā ex captīvīs comperit
aut ipsīus adventus aut Labiēnī cognitus esset
Cōnsidius
equō admissō
ad eum accurrit
dīcit
montem
quem ā Labiēnō occupārī voluerit
ab hostibus tenērī
id sē ā Gallicīs armīs atque īnsignibus cognōvisse
Caesar suās copiās in proximum collem subdūcit

aciem īnstruit
Vocabulary
accurrit – accurrō, accurrere, accurrī, accursum – run to, occur
Chapter 1.22 cont.

Labiēnus, ut erat eī praeceptum ā Caesare nē proelium committeret, nisi ipsīus cōpiae prope
hostium castra vīsae essent, ut undique ūnō tempore in hostēs impetus fieret, monte occupātō
nostrōs exspectābat proeliōque abstinēbat. Multō dēnique diē per explōrātōrēs Caesar cognōvit
et montem ā suīs tenērī, et Helvētiōs castra mōvisse, et Cōnsidium timōre perterritum quod nōn
vīdisset prō vīsō sibi renūntiāvisse. Eō diē quō cōnsuērat intervāllō hostēs sequitur, et mīlia pas-
suum tria ab eōrum castrīs castra pōnit.
Notes
ut erat...praeceptum – indicative ut.
ā Caesare – ablative of agent (AG 405).
nē...committeret – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
nisi...vīsae essent – protasis of future condition in informal indirect discourse. See AG 589 and 592.
ut...fieret – clause of purpose (AG 531).
ūnō tempore – ablative of time (AG 423).
monte occupātō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
proeliō – ablative of separation (AG 400).
multō...diē – ablative of time (AG 423), “late in the day.”
montem...tenērī – indirect discourse dependent on cognōvit (AG 580).
ā suīs – ablative of agent (AG 405).
Helvētiōs...mōvisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
Cōnsidium...renūntiāvisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
timōre – ablative of means (AG 409).
quod...vīdisset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
eō diē – ablative of time (AG 423).
quō...intervāllō – ablative of manner (AG 412).
ab eōrum castrīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
Labiēnus
ut erat eī praeceptum ā Caesare
nē proelium committeret
nisi ipsīus cōpiae prope hostium castra vīsae essent
ut undique ūnō tempore in hostēs impetus fieret
monte occupātō
nostrōs exspectābat
proeliōque abstinēbat
Multō dēnique diē per explōrātōrēs Caesar cognōvit

et montem ā suīs tenērī
et Helvētiōs castra mōvisse
et Cōnsidium timōre perterritum
quod nōn vīdisset
prō vīsō sibi renūntiāvisse
Eō diē
quō cōnsuērat intervāllō
hostēs sequitur
et mīlia passuum tria ab eōrum castrīs castra pōnit
Vocabulary
abstinēbat – abstineō, abstinēre, abstinuī, abstentum – keep away from, abstain from
vīsō – vīsum, vīsī, n. – sight, appearance, vision
Chapter 1.23
Postrīdiē eius diēī, quod omnīnō bīduum supererat, cum exercituī frūmentum mētīrī oportēret,
et quod ā Bibracte, oppidō Aeduōrum longē maximō et cōpiōsissimō, nōn amplius mīlibus pas-
suum duodēvīgintī aberat, reī frūmentāriae prōspiciendum exīstimāvit: iter ab Helvētiīs āvertit
ac Bibracte īre contendit. Ea rēs per fugitīvōs L. Aemilī, decuriōnis equitum Gallōrum, hostibus
nūntiātur. Helvētiī, seu quod timōre perterritōs Rōmānōs discēdere ā sē exīstimārent, eō magis
quod prīdiē superiōribus locīs occupātīs proelium nōn commīsissent, sīve eō quod rē frūmentāriā
interclūdī posse cōnfīderent, commūtātō cōnsiliō atque itinere conversō nostrōs ā novissimō ag-
mine īnsequī ac lacessere coepērunt.
Notes
postrīdiē eius diēī – “on the next day”
cum...oportēret – cum clause (AG 546).
ā Bibracte – ablative of separation (AG 401).
mīlibus – ablative of comparison (AG 406).
reī frūmentāriae – dative with compound verb prōspiciendum (AG 370).
prōspiciendum – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse. See AG 196 and 580.
ab Helvētiīs – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
Bibracte – accusative of place to which (AG 427).
quod...exīstimārent – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
timōre – ablative of cause (AG 404).
perterritōs Rōmānōs discēdere – indirect discourse dependent on exīstimārent (AG 580).
ā sē – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
eō magis quod – “all the more because,” ablative of cause (AG 404).
quod...commīsissent – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
superiōribus locīs occupātīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
sīve eō – “or because,” ablative of cause (AG 404).
quod...cōnfīderent – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
rē frūmentāriā – ablative of separation (AG 401).
posse – indirect discourse dependent on cōnfīderent (AG 580).
commūtātō cōnsiliō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
itinere conversō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
ā novissimō agmine – “on the rear line”
Postrīdiē eius diēī
quod omnīnō bīduum supererat
cum exercituī frūmentum mētīrī oportēret
et quod ā Bibracte, oppidō Aeduōrum longē maximō et cōpiōsissimō
nōn amplius mīlibus passuum duodēvīgintī aberat
reī frūmentāriae prōspiciendum
exīstimāvit
iter ab Helvētiīs āvertit
ac Bibracte īre contendit
Ea rēs per fugitīvōs L. Aemilī, decuriōnis equitum Gallōrum, hostibus nūntiātur
Helvētiī
seu quod
timōre perterritōs Rōmānōs discēdere ā sē
exīstimārent
eō magis quod prīdiē
superiōribus locīs occupātīs
proelium nōn commīsissent
sīve eō quod rē frūmentāriā interclūdī posse cōnfīderent
commūtātō cōnsiliō atque itinere conversō
nostrōs ā novissimō agmine īnsequī
ac lacessere coepērunt
Vocabulary
mētīrī – mētior, mētīrī, mensus sum – measure, distribute
cōpiōsissimō – cōpiōsus, cōpiōsa, cōpiōsum – wealthy, plentiful, abundant
prōspiciendum – prōspiciō, prōspicere, prōspexī, prōspectum – provide, procure
fugitīvōs – fugitīvus, fugitīvī, m. – fugitive, deserter
decuriōnis – decuriō, decuriōnis, m. – decurion, company–commander
Chapter 1.24
Postquam id animum advertit, cōpiās suās Caesar in proximum collem subdūcit, equitātumque,
quī sustinēret hostium impetum, mīsit. Ipse interim in colle mediō triplicem aciem īnstrūxit
legiōnum quattuor veterānorum; in summō iugō duās legiōnēs quās in Galliā citeriōre proximē
cōnscrīpserat et omnia auxilia collocāri, ac tōtum montem hominibus complēri; et interea
sarcināsque in unum locum cōnferrī et eum ab eīs quī in superiōre aciē cōnstiterant mūnīrī
iussit. Helvētiī cum omnibus suīs carrīs secūtī impedīmenta in ūnum locum contulērunt;
ipsī cōnfertissimā aciē, reiectō nostrō equitātū, phalange factā sub prīmam nostram aciem
successērunt.
Notes
quī sustinēret – relative clause of purpose (AG 531).
legiones...auxilia...collocari – indirect discourse dependent on iussit (AG 580).
montem...complēri – indirect discourse (AG 580).
hominibus – ablative of means (AG 409).
sarcinas...cōnferrī – indirect discourse (AG 580).
eum...mūnīrī – indirect discourse (AG 580).
cōnfertissimā aciē – ablative absolute (AG 420).
reiectō nostrō equitātū – ablative absolute (AG 420).
phalange factā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Postquam id animum advertit
cōpiās suās Caesar in proximum collem subdūcit
equitātumque
quī sustinēret hostium impetum
mīsit
Ipse interim in colle mediō triplicem aciem īnstrūxit legiōnum quattuor veterānorum
in summō iugō duās legiōnēs
quās in Galliā citeriōre proximē cōnscrīpserat
et omnia auxilia collocāri
ac tōtum montem hominibus complēri
et interea sarcināsque in unum locum cōnferrī
et eum ab eīs
quī in superiōre aciē cōnstiterant
mūnīrī
iussit
Helvētiī cum omnibus suīs carrīs secūtī impedīmenta in ūnum locum contulērunt
ipsī
cōnfertissimā aciē, reiectō nostrō equitātū, phalange factā
sub prīmam nostram aciem successērunt
Vocabulary
triplicem – triplex, triplicis – triple, threefold
citeriōre – citerior, citerius – nearer, on this side
sarcinās – sarcina, sarcinae, f. – pack, luggage, burden
cōnstiterant – cōnstō, cōnstāre, cōnstitī, cōnstātum – stand together, be composed, consist
phalange – phalanx, phalangis, f. – phalanx, close formation
Chapter 1.25
Caesar prīmum suō, deinde omnium ex cōnspectū remōtīs equīs, ut aequātō omnium perīculō
spem fugae tolleret, cohortātus suōs proelium commīsit. Mīlitēs ē locō superiōre pīlīs missīs fac-
ile hostium phalangem perfrēgērunt. Eā disiectā gladiīs dēstrictīs in eōs impetum fēcērunt. Gallīs
magnō ad pugnam erat impedīmentō quod plūribus eōrum scūtīs ūnō ictū pīlōrum trānsfīxīs
et colligātīs, cum ferrum sē īnflexisset, neque ēvellere neque sinistrā impedītā satis commodē
pugnāre poterant; multī ut diū iactātō bracchiō praeoptārent scūtum manū ēmittere et nūdō cor-
pore pugnāre.
Notes
suō – ablative absolute (AG 420). Supply remōtō equō.
ex cōnspectū – ablative of separation (AG 401).
remōtīs equīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
ut...tolleret – clause of purpose (AG 531).
aequātō...perīculō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
fugae – objective genitive (AG 347).
proelium commīsit – “he joined battle.”
ē locō superiōre – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
pīlīs missīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
eā disiectā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
gladiīs dēstrictīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Gallīs...impedīmentō – double dative construction (AG 382).
ad pugnam – “for the fight.”
scūtīs...trānsfīxīs et conligātīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
ūnō ictū – ablative of means (AG 409).
cum...inflexisset – cum clause (AG 546).
sinistrā impedītā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
ut...praeoptārent – clause of result (AG 537).
iactātō bracchiō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
manū – ablative of separation (AG 400).
nūdō corpore – ablative of manner (AG 412).
Caesar
prīmum suō, deinde omnium ex cōnspectū remōtīs equīs
ut aequātō omnium perīculō spem fugae tolleret
cohortātus suōs proelium commīsit
Mīlitēs ē locō superiōre

pīlīs missīs
facile hostium phalangem perfrēgērunt
Eā disiectā gladiīs dēstrictīs

in eōs impetum fēcērunt
Gallīs magnō ad pugnam erat impedīmentō

quod plūribus eōrum
scūtīs ūnō ictū pīlōrum trānsfīxīs et colligātīs
cum ferrum sē īnflexisset
neque ēvellere
neque
sinistrā impedītā
satis commodē pugnāre poterant
multī ut diū
iactātō bracchiō
praeoptārent scūtum manū ēmittere et nūdō corpore pugnāre
Vocabulary
aequātō – aequō, aequāre, aequāvī, aequātum – make equal
phalangem – phalanx, phalangis, f. – phalanx, close formation
perfrēgērunt – perfringō, perfringere, perfrēgī, perfrāctum – break through, break up
disiectā – disiciō, disicere, disiēcī, disiectum – break up, disperse
dēstrictīs – dēstringō, dēstringere, dēstrīnxī, destrictum – draw
ictū – ictus, ictūs, m. – blow, stroke
trānsfīxīs – trānsfīgō, trānsfīgere, trānsfīxī, trānsfīxum – pierce through, transfix
colligātīs – colligō, colligāre, colligāvī, colligātum – bind or fasten together
ferrum – ferrum, ferrī, n. – iron, sword
īnflexisset – īnflecto, īnflectere, īnflexī, īnflexum – bend, bow, curve
ēvellere – ēvellō, ēvellere, ēvellī, ēvulsum – tear out, pluck out
sinistrā – sinistra, sinistrae, f. – left hand, left side
iactātō – iactō, iactāre, iactāvī, iactātum – gesticulate, scatter, throw
bracchiō – bracchium, bracchiī, n. – arm
praeoptārent – praeoptō, praeoptāre, praeoptāvī, praeoptātum – prefer, choose before
nūdō – nūdus, nūda, nūdum – naked, bare
Chapter 1.25 cont.

Tandem vulneribus dēfessī et pedem referre et, quod mōns suberat circiter mīlle passuum, eō sē
recipere coepērunt. Captō monte et succēdentibus nostrīs, Boī et Tulingī, quī hominum mīlibus
circiter quindecim agmen hostium claudēbant et novissimīs praesidiō erant, ex itinere nostrōs
ab latere apertō adgressī circumvenīre, et id cōnspicātī Helvētiī, quī in montem sēsē recēperant,
rūrsus īnstāre et proelium redintegrāre coepērunt. Rōmānī conversa signa bipertītō intulērunt:
prīma et secunda aciēs, ut victīs ac summōtīs resisteret; tertia, ut venientēs sustinēret.
Notes
vulneribus – ablative of cause (AG 404).
eō – this is the adverb
captō monte – ablative absolute (AG 420).
succēdentibus nostrīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
mīlibus – ablative of degree of difference (AG 414).
novissimīs praesidiō – double dative construction (AG 382).
ex itinere – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
ab latere apertō – “on the exposed flank.”
ut...resisteret – clause of purpose (AG 531).
victīs ac submōtīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
ut...sustinēret – clause of purpose (AG 531).
Tandem vulneribus dēfessī et pedem referre
et
quod mōns suberit circiter mīlle passuum
eō sē recipere coepērunt
Captō monte et succēdentibus nostrīs

Boī et Tulingī
quī hominum mīlibus circiter quindecim agmen hostium claudēbant
et novissimīs praesidiō erant
ex itinere nostrōs ab latere apertō adgressī circumvenīre
et id cōnspicātī Helvētiī
quī in montem sēsē recēperant
rūrsus īnstāre
et proelium redintegrāre coepērunt
Rōmānī conversa signa bipertītō intulērunt

prīma et secunda aciēs
ut
victīs ac summōtīs
resisteret
tertia
ut venientēs sustinēret
Vocabulary
adgressī – adgredior, adgredī, adgressus sum – approach, begin, undertake
bipertītō – in two parts, in two ways
Chapter 1.26
Ita ancipitī proeliō diū atque ācriter pugnātum est. Diūtius cum sustinēre nostrōrum impetūs
nōn possent, alterī sē, ut coeperant, in montem recēpērunt, alterī ad impedīmenta et carrōs suōs
sē contulērunt. Nam hōc tōtō proeliō, cum ab hōrā septimā ad vesperum pugnātum sit, āversum
hostem vidēre nēmō potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedīmenta pugnātum est, proptereā
quod prō vāllō carrōs obiēcerant, et ē locō superiōre in nostrōs venientēs tēla coniciēbant, et nōn
nūllī inter carrōs rotāsque matarās ac trāgulās subiciēbant nostrōsque vulnerābant. Diū cum
esset pugnātum, impedīmentīs castrīsque nostrī potītī sunt. Ibi Orgetorīgis fīlia atque ūnus ē
fīliīs captus est. Ex eō proeliō circiter hominum mīlia centum trīgintā superfuērunt eāque tōtā
nocte continenter iērunt: nūllam partem noctis itinere intermissō in fīnēs Lingonum diē quārtō
pervēnērunt, cum et propter vulnera mīlitum et propter sepultūram occīsōrum nostrī trīduum
morātī eōs sequī nōn potuissent. Caesar ad Lingonēs litterās nūntiōsque mīsit, nē eōs frūmentō
nēve aliā rē iuvārent: quī sī iūvissent, sē eōdem locō quō Helvētiōs habitūrum. Ipse trīduō
intermissō cum omnibus cōpiīs eōs sequī coepit.
Notes
ancipitī proeliō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
cum...possent – cum clause (AG 546).
hōc tōtō proeliō – ablative of time when (AG 424).
cum...pugnātum sit – cum clause (AG 549).
ab hōrā septimā – “from noon”
ad vesperum – “to evening”
ad multam noctem – “far into the night”
ē locō superiōre – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
cum esset pugnātum – cum clause (AG 546).
impedīmentīs castrīsque – ablative with special verb potiti sunt (AG 410).
ē fīliīs – ablative with cardinal numeral (AG 346.4c).
tōtā nocte – ablative of duration of time (AG 424b).
itinere intermissō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
diē quārtō – ablative of time when (AG 423).
cum...potuissent – cum clause (AG 549).
nē...iuvārent – command in indirect discourse (AG 588).
frūmentō nēve aliā rē – ablative of means (AG 409).
sī iūvissent – protasis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sē...habitūrum – indirect discourse dependent on litterās nūntiōsque mīsit (AG 580).
eōdem locō – ablative of manner (AG 412).
trīduō intermissō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Ita
ancipitī proeliō
diū atque ācriter pugnātum est
Diūtius cum sustinēre nostrōrum impetūs nōn possent

alterī sē
ut coeperant
in montem recēpērunt
alterī ad impedīmenta et carrōs suōs sē contulērunt
Nam hōc tōtō proeliō

cum ab hōrā septimā ad vesperum pugnātum sit
āversum hostem vidēre nēmō potuit
Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedīmenta pugnātum est

proptereā quod prō vāllō carrōs obiēcerant
et ē locō superiōre in nostrōs venientēs tēla coniciēbant
et nōn nūllī inter carrōs rotāsque matarās ac trāgulās subiciēbant
nostrōsque vulnerābant
Diū cum esset pugnātum

impedīmentīs castrīsque nostrī potītī sunt
Ibi Orgetorīgis fīlia atque ūnus ē fīliīs captus est
Ex eō proeliō circiter hominum mīlia centum trīgintā superfuērunt

eāque tōtā nocte continenter iērunt
nūllam partem noctis
itinere intermissō
in fīnēs Lingonum diē quārtō pervēnērunt
cum et propter vulnera mīlitum
et propter sepultūram occīsōrum nostrī trīduum morātī eōs sequī nōn potuissent
Caesar ad Lingonēs litterās nūntiōsque mīsit

nē eōs frūmentō nēve aliā rē iuvārent
quī sī iūvissent
sē eōdem locō quō Helvētiōs habitūrum
Ipse
trīduō intermissō
cum omnibus cōpiīs eōs sequī coepit
Vocabulary
ancipitī – anceps, ancipitis – two–headed, battle with attacks on two sides
rotās – rota, rotae, f. – wheel
matarās – matara, matarae, f. – pike, lance
trāgulās – trāgula, trāgulae, f. – Gallic javelin
fīlia – fīlia, fīliae, f. – daughter
sepultūram – sepultūra, sepultūrae, f. – a burial, interment
Chapter 1.27
Helvētiī omnium rērum inopiā adductī lēgātōs dē dēditiōne ad eum mīsērunt. Quī cum eum in
itinere convēnissent sēque ad pedēs prōiēcissent suppliciterque locūtī flentēs pācem petīssent,
atque eōs in eō locō quō tum essent suum adventum expectāre iussisset, pāruērunt. Eō postquam
Caesar pervēnit, obsidēs, arma, servōs quī ad eōs perfūgissent poposcit. Dum ea conquīruntur et
cōnferuntur, nocte intermissā, circiter hominum mīlia sex eius pāgī quī Verbigenus appellātur,
sīve timōre perterritī, nē armīs trāditīs suppliciō adficerentur, sīve spē salūtis inductī, quod in
tantā multitūdine dēditiciōrum suam fugam aut occultārī aut omnīnō ignōrārī posse exīstimārent,
prīmā nocte ē castrīs Helvētiōrum ēgressī ad Rhēnum fīnēsque Germānōrum contendērunt.
Notes
inopiā – ablative of means (AG 409).
cum...convēnissent...prōiēcissent...petīssent...iussisset – cum clause (AG 546).
quō...essent – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
adventum expectare – indirect discourse dependent on iussisset (AG 580).
eō – “there”
quī...perfūgissent – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
nocte intermissā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
timōre – ablative of means (AG 409).
nē...afficerentur – clause of fearing (AG 564).
armīs trāditīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
suppliciō – ablative of means (AG 409).
spē – ablative of means (AG 409).
salūtis – objective genitive (AG 347).
quod...exīstimārent – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
posse – indirect discourse dependent on exīstimārent (AG 580).
prīmā nocte – ablative of time (AG 423).
ē castrīs – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
Helvētiī omnium rērum inopiā adductī lēgātōs dē dēditiōne ad eum mīsērunt
Quī cum eum in itinere convēnissent

sēque ad pedēs prōiēcissent
suppliciterque locūtī flentēs pācem petīssent
atque eōs in eō locō
quō tum essent
suum adventum expectāre
iussisset
pāruērunt
Eō postquam Caesar pervēnit

obsidēs, arma, servōs
quī ad eōs perfūgissent
poposcit
Dum ea conquīruntur
et cōnferuntur
nocte intermissā
circiter hominum mīlia sex eius pāgī
quī Verbigenus appellātur
sīve timōre perterritī
nē
armīs trāditīs
suppliciō adficerentur
sīve spē salūtis inductī
quod in tantā multitūdine dēditiciōrum suam fugam
aut occultārī
aut omnīnō ignōrārī posse
exīstimārent
prīmā nocte ē castrīs Helvētiōrum ēgressī ad Rhēnum fīnēsque Germānōrum contendērunt
Vocabulary
suppliciter – humbly, suppliantly
perfūgissent – perfugiō, perfugere, perfūgī, perfugitum – take refuge, desert to
dēditiciōrum – dēditiciī, dēditiciōrum, m. – subjects of Rome
Chapter 1.28
Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quōrum per fīnēs ierant hīs utī conquīrerent et redūcerent, sī sibi pūrgāti
esse vellent, imperāvit: reductōs in hostium numerō habuit; reliquōs omnēs obsidibus, armīs,
perfugīs trāditīs in dēditiōnem accēpit. Helvētios, Tulingōs, Latovicōs in fīnēs suōs, unde erant
profectī, revertī iussit, et, quod omnibus frūgibus āmissīs domī nihil erat quō famem tolerārent,
Allobrogibus imperāvit ut iīs frūmentī cōpiam facerent: ipsōs oppida vīcōsque, quōs incenderant,
restituere iussit.
Notes
quod – “this”
hīs – dative with special verb imperāvit (AG 367).
utī conquīrerent et redūcerent – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
sī...vellent – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
obsidibus, armīs, perfugīs trāditīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Helvētios, Tulingōs, Latovicōs...revertī – indirect discourse dependent on iussit (AG 580).
omnibus frūgibus āmissīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
domō – locative case (AG 427).
quō...tolerārent – indirect question (AG 573).
Allobrogibus – dative with special verb imperāvit (AG 367).
ut...facerent – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
iīs – dative of reference (AG 376).
ipsōs...restituere – indirect discourse (AG 580).
Quod ubi Caesar resciit
quōrum per fīnēs ierant
hīs
utī conquīrerent
et redūcerent
sī sibi pūrgāti esse vellent
imperāvit
reductōs in hostium numerō habuit
reliquōs omnēs
obsidibus, armīs, perfugīs trāditīs
in dēditiōnem accēpit
Helvētios, Tulingōs, Latovicōs in fīnēs suōs

unde erant profectī
revertī
iussit
et
quod
omnibus frūgibus āmissīs
domī nihil erat
quō famem tolerārent
Allobrogibus imperāvit
ut iīs frūmentī cōpiam facerent
ipsōs oppida vīcōsque
quōs incenderant
restituere
iussit
Vocabulary
resciit – rescīscō, rescīscere, rescīvī, rescītum – find out, ascertain
pūrgātī esse – pūrgō, pūrgāre, pūrgāvī, pūrgātum – clean, cleanse, purge
frūgibus – frūx, frūgis, f. – fruit, fruits of the earth
Chapter 1.28 cont.

Id eā maximē ratiōne fēcit, quod nōluit eum locum unde Helvētiī discesserant vacāre, nē prop-
ter bonitātem agrōrum Germānī quī trāns Rhēnum incolunt e suīs fīnibus in Helvētiōrum fīnēs
trānsīrent et fīnitimī Galliae prōvinciae Allobrogibusque essent. Boiōs petentibus Haeduīs, quod
ēgregiā virtūte erant cognitī, ut in fīnibus suīs collocārent, concessit, quibus illī agrōs dedērunt
quōsque posteā in parem iūris lībertātisque condiciōnem atque ipsī erant recēpērunt.
Notes
eā maximē ratiōne – ablative of cause (AG 404).
nē...trānsīrent...essent – negative clause of purpose (AG 531).
e suīs fīnibus – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
petentibus Haeduīs – dative with compound verb concessit (AG 370).
ēgregiā virtūte – ablative of specification (AG 418).
ut...conlocārent – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
atque ipsī erant – “as they themselves were”
Id eā maximē ratiōne fēcit
quod nōluit eum locum
unde Helvētiī discesserant
vacāre
nē propter bonitātem agrōrum Germānī
quī trāns Rhēnum incolunt
e suīs fīnibus in Helvētiōrum fīnēs trānsīrent
et fīnitimī Galliae prōvinciae Allobrogibusque essent
Boiōs petentibus Haeduīs,

quod ēgregiā virtūte erant cognitī
ut in fīnibus suīs collocārent
concessit
quibus illī agrōs dedērunt
quōsque posteā in parem iūris lībertātisque condiciōnem
atque ipsī erant
recēpērunt
Vocabulary
vacāre – vacō, vacāre, vacāvī, vacātum – be empty, void
bonitātem – bonitās, bonitātis, f. – goodness, excellence
ēgregiā – ēgregius, ēgregia, ēgregium – admirable, excellent, distinguished
Chapter 1.29
In castrīs Helvētiōrum tabulae repertae sunt litterīs Graecīs cōnfectae et ad Caesarem relātae,
quibus in tabulīs nōminātim ratiō cōnfecta erat, quī numerus domō exīsset eōrum quī arma
ferre possent, et item sēparātim puerī, senēs mulierēsque. Quarum omnium rerum summa erat
capitum Helvētiōrum mīlium ducentōrum sexāgintā trium, Tulingorum mīlium trīgintā sex,
Latovicōrum quattuordecim, Rauricōrum vīgintī trium, Boiōrum trīgintā duōrum: ex hīs quī arma
ferre possent ad mīlia nōnāgintā duo. Summa omnium fuērunt ad mīlia trecenta sexāgintā octō.
Eōrum quī domum rediērunt cēnsū habitō, ut Caesar imperāverat, repertus est numerus mīlium
centum et decem.
Notes
litterīs Graecīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
quī...exīsset – indirect question (AG 573).
quī...possent – relative clause of characteristic (AG 535).
quī...possent – relative clause of characteristic (AG 535).
ad – this is the adverb meaning “about.”
cēnsū habitō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
In castrīs Helvētiōrum tabulae repertae sunt litterīs Graecīs cōnfectae et ad Caesarem relātae
quibus in tabulīs nōminātim ratiō cōnfecta erat
quī numerus domō exīsset eōrum
quī arma ferre possent
et item sēparātim puerī, senēs mulierēsque
Quarum omnium rerum summa erat capitum Helvētiōrum mīlium ducentōrum sexāgintā trium
Tulingorum mīlium trīgintā sex, Latovicōrum quattuordecim, Rauricōrum vīgintī trium, Boiōrum
trīgintā duōrum: ex hīs
quī arma ferre possent
ad mīlia nōnāgintā duo
Summa omnium fuērunt ad mīlia trecenta sexāgintā octō
Eōrum
quī domum rediērunt
cēnsū habitō
ut Caesar imperāverat
repertus est numerus mīlium centum et decem
Vocabulary
tabulae – tabula, tabulae, f. – record, register
sēparātim – apart, separately, differently
senēs – senex, senis, m. – old person
nōnāgintā – ninety
cēnsū – cēnsus, cēnsūs, m. – census
Chapter 1.30
Bellō Helvētiōrum cōnfectō, tōtīus ferē Galliae lēgātī, prīncipēs cīvitātum, ad Caesarem
grātulātum convēnērunt: intellegere sēsē, tametsī prō veteribus Helvētiōrum iniūriīs populī
Rōmānī ab hīs poenās bellō repetīsset, tamen eam rem nōn minus ex ūsū terrae Galliae quam
populī Rōmānī accidisse; proptereā quod eō cōnsiliō flōrentissimīs rēbus domōs suās Helvētiī
relīquissent, utī tōtī Galliae bellum īnferrent imperiōque potīrentur, locumque domiciliō ex
magnā cōpiā dēligerent quem ex omnī Galliā oportūnissimum ac frūctuōsissimum iūdicāssent,
reliquāsque cīvitātēs stīpendiāriās habērent.
Notes
bellō...cōnfectō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
ad Caesarem grātulātum – ad + accusative supine expressing purpose after verb of motion
convēnērunt (AG 509).
intellegere sēsē – indirect discourse (AG 580).
tametsī...repetīsset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 526 and 583.
populī Rōmānī – objective genitive (AG 348).
ab hīs – ablative of agent (AG 405).
eam rem...accidisse – indirect discourse dependent on intellegere (AG 580).
nōn minus ex ūsū – “no less useful”
Galliae... populī Rōmānī – objective genitive (AG 347).
quod...relīquissent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 540 and 583.
eō cōnsiliō – ablative of means (AG 409).
flōrentissimīs rēbus – ablative absolute (AG 420).
utī...īnferrent...potīrentur...dēligerent...habērent – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
tōtī Galliae – dative with compound verb īnferrent (AG 370).
imperiō – ablative with special verb potīrentur (AG 410).
domiciliō – dative of purpose (AG 382).
quem...iūdicāssent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
Bellō Helvētiōrum cōnfectō
tōtīus ferē Galliae lēgātī, prīncipēs cīvitātum
ad Caesarem grātulātum convēnērunt
intellegere sēsē
tametsī prō veteribus Helvētiōrum iniūriīs populī Rōmānī
ab hīs poenās bellō repetīsset
tamen eam rem nōn minus ex ūsū terrae Galliae quam populī Rōmānī accidisse
proptereā quod eō cōnsiliō
flōrentissimīs rēbus
domōs suās Helvētiī relīquissent
utī tōtī Galliae bellum īnferrent
imperiōque potīrentur
locumque domiciliō ex magnā cōpiā dēligerent
quem ex omnī Galliā
oportūnissimum ac frūctuōsissimum iūdicāssent
reliquāsque cīvitātēs stīpendiāriās habērent
Vocabulary
grātulātum – grātulor, grātulārī, grātulātus sum – congratulate, give solemn thanks
tametsī – even if, although
repetīsset – repetō, repetere, repetīvī, repetītum – seek again, demand back
flōrentissimīs – flōrēns, flōrentis – flourishing, blooming
relīquissent – relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum – leave behind
domiciliō – domicilium, domiciliī, n. – dwelling, place of residence
frūctuōsissimum – frūctuōsus, frūctuōsa, frūctuōsum – fertile, fruitful
stīpendiāriās – stīpendiārius, stīpendiāria, stīpendiārium – liable to taxes or tribute
Chapter 1.30 cont.

Petiērunt utī sibi concilium tōtīus Galliae in diem certam indīcere idque Caesaris voluntāte facere
licēret: Sēsē habēre quāsdam rēs quās ex commūnī cōnsēnsū ab eō petere vellent. Eā rē permissā
diem conciliō cōnstituērunt et iūre iūrandō nē quis ēnūntiāret, nisi quibus commūnī cōnsiliō
mandātum esset, inter sē sānxērunt.
Notes
utī...licēret – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
voluntāte – ablative of means (AG 409).
sēsē habēre – indirect discourse dependent on indīcere (AG 580).
quās...vellent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
ex commūnī cōnsēnsū – “by common consent”
ab eō – “of him”
eā rē permissā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
conciliō – dative of purpose (AG 382).
iūre iūrandō – ablative of means (AG 409). See also ablative of the gerundive (AG 507).
nē... ēnūntiāret – negative substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
quis = aliquis
nisi...mandātum esset – future more vivid condition in informal indirect discourse. See AG 589 and 592.
quibus – dative with special verb mandātum esset (AG 367).
commūnī cōnsiliō – ablative of means (AG 409).
Petiērunt
utī sibi concilium tōtīus Galliae in diem certam indīcere
idque Caesaris voluntāte facere licēret
Sēsē habēre quāsdam rēs
quās ex commūnī cōnsēnsū ab eō petere vellent
Eā rē permissā
diem conciliō cōnstituērunt
et iūre iūrandō
nē quis ēnūntiāret
nisi quibus commūnī cōnsiliō mandātum esset
inter sē sānxērunt
Vocabulary
sānxērunt – sanciō, sancīre, sānxī, sānctum – consecrate, make sacred
Chapter 1.31
Eō conciliō dīmissō, īdem prīncēps cīvitātum quī ante fuerant ad Caesarem revertērunt,
petiēruntque utī sibi sēcrētō dē suā omniumque salūte cum eō agere licēret. Eā rē impetrātā, sēsē
omnēs flentēs Caesarī ad pedēs prōiēcērunt: nōn minus sē id contendere et labōrāre nē ea quae
dīxissent ēnūntiārentur, quam utī ea quae vellent impetrārent; proptereā quod, sī ēnūntiātum
esset, summum in cruciātum sē ventūrōs vidērent. Locūtus est prō hīs Dīviciācus Aeduus:
Galliae tōtīus factiōnēs esse duās: hārum alterīus prīncipātum tenēre Aeduōs, alterīus Arvernōs.
Hī cum tantopere dē potentātū inter sē multōs annōs contenderent, factum esse utī ab Arvernīs
Sēquanīsque Germānī mercēde arcesserentur.
Notes
eō conciliō dīmissō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
utī…licēret – clause of purpose (AG 531).
sibi – dative with impersonal verb licēret (AG 368).
eā rē impetrātā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Caesarī – dative of reference (AG 377).
sē…contendere…labōrāre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
nē…ēnūntiārentur – negative clause of result (AG 531).
quae dīxissent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
utī…impetrārent – clause of purpose (AG 531).
quae vellent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
proptereā quod…vidērent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
sī ēnūntiātum esset – protasis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sē ventūrōs – indirect discourse dependent on vidērent (AG 580).
factiōnēs esse…tenēre – indirect discourse dependent on locūtus est (AG 580).
cum…contenderent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
multōs annōs – accusative of time (AG 423).
factum esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
utī…arcesserentur – substantive clause of result (AG 567).
ab Arvernīs Sēquanīsque – ablative of agent (AG 405).
mercēde – ablative of price (AG 416).
Eō conciliō dīmissō
īdem prīncēps cīvitātum
quī ante fuerant
ad Caesarem revertērunt
petiēruntque
utī sibi sēcrētō dē suā omniumque salūte cum eō agere licēret
Eā rē impetrātā
sēsē omnēs flentēs Caesarī ad pedēs prōiēcērunt
nōn minus sē id contendere
et labōrāre
nē ea
quae dīxissent
ēnūntiārentur
quam utī ea
quae vellent
impetrārent
proptereā quod
sī ēnūntiātum esset
summum in cruciātum sē ventūrōs
vidērent
Locūtus est prō hīs Dīviciācus Aeduus

Galliae tōtīus factiōnēs esse duās
hārum alterīus prīncipātum tenēre Aeduōs
alterīus Arvernōs
Hī cum tantopere dē potentātū inter sē multōs annōs contenderent

factum esse
utī ab Arvernīs Sēquanīsque Germānī mercēde arcesserentur
Vocabulary
sēcrētō – apart, separately
tantopere – so greatly, so much
potentātū – potentātus, potentātūs, m. – political power, supremacy
mercēde – mercēs, mercēdis, f. – hire, pay, wages
Chapter 1.31 cont.

Hōrum primō circiter mīlia quindecim Rhēnum trānsisse: posteāquam agrōs et cultum et cōpiās
Gallōrum hominēs ferī ac barbarī adamāssent, traductōs plūrēs: nunc esse in Galliā ad centum
et vīgintī mīlium numerum. Cum hīs Aeduōs eōrumque clientēs semel atque iterum armīs
contendisse; magnam calamitātem pulsōs accēpisse, omnem nōbilitātem, omnem senātum,
omnem equitātum āmīsisse. Quibus proeliīs calamitātibusque frāctōs, quī et suā virtūte et populī
Rōmānī hospitiō atque amīcitiā plūrimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coāctōs esse Sequanīs obsidēs
dare nōbilissimōs cīvitātis et iūre iūrandō cīvitātem obstringere, sēsē neque obsidēs repetitūrōs
neque auxilium ā populō Rōmānō implōrātūrōs neque recūsātūrōs quō minus perpetuō sub
illorum diciōne atque imperiō essent. Ūnum sē esse ex omnī cīvitāte Aeduōrum quī addūcī nōn
potuerit ut iurāret aut līberōs suōs obsidēs daret.
Notes
mīlia…trānsīsse – indirect discourse dependent on locūtus est (AG 580).
posteāquam…adamāssent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
Aeduōs…contendisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
pulsōs accēpisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
omnem nōbilitātem…āmīsisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quibus proeliīs calamitātibusque – ablative of means (AG 409).
frāctōs – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quī…potuissent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
virtūte…hospitiō…amīcitiā – ablative of specification (AG 418).
coāctōs esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
iūre iūrandō – ablative of means (AG 409).
cīvitātem obstringere – indirect discourse (AG 580).
obsidēs repetitūrōs…implōrātūrōs…recūsātūrōs – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quō minus…essent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 557 and 583.
ūnum sē esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quī…potuerit – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
ut iūrāret…daret – clause of purpose (AG 531).
Hōrum primō circiter mīlia quindecim Rhēnum trānsisse
posteāquam agrōs et cultum et cōpiās Gallōrum
hominēs ferī ac barbarī adamāssent
traductōs plūrēs
nunc esse in Galliā ad centum et vīgintī mīlium numerum
Cum hīs Aeduōs eōrumque clientēs semel atque iterum armīs contendisse
magnam calamitātem pulsōs accēpisse
omnem nōbilitātem, omnem senātum, omnem equitātum āmīsisse
Quibus proeliīs calamitātibusque frāctōs

quī et suā virtūte et populī Rōmānī hospitiō atque amīcitiā
plūrimum ante in Gallia potuissent
coāctōs esse Sequanīs obsidēs dare nōbilissimōs cīvitātis
et iūre iūrandō cīvitātem obstringere sēsē
neque obsidēs repetitūrōs
neque auxilium ā populō Rōmānō implōrātūrōs
neque recūsātūrōs
quō minus perpetuō sub illorum diciōne atque imperiō essent
Ūnum sē esse ex omnī cīvitāte Aeduōrum

quī addūcī nōn potuerit
ut iurāret
aut līberōs suōs obsidēs daret
Vocabulary
cultum – cultus, cultūs, m – cultivation, culture
adamāssent – adamō, adamāre, adamāvī, adamātum – fall in love with, find pleasure with
semel – once
frāctōs – frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctum – break, shatter
hospitiō – hospitium, hospitiī, n. – hospitality
obstringere – obstringō, obstringere, obstrinxī, obstrictum – bind
repetitūrōs – repetō, repetere, repetīvī, repetītum – demand back, claim
implōrātūrōs – implōrō, implōrāre, implōrāvī, implōrātum – beseech, implore
perpetuō – continuously, forever
diciōne – diciō, diciōnis, f. – dominion, rule
iūrāret – iūrō, iūrāre, iūrāvī, iūrātum – swear, take oath
Chapter 1.31 cont.

Ob eam rem sē ex cīvitāte profūgisse et Rōmam ad senātum vēnisse auxilium postulātum, quod
sōlus neque iūre iūrandō neque obsidibus tenērētur. Sed peius victōribus Sequanīs quam Aeduīs
victīs accidisse, proptereā quod Ariovistus, rēx Germānōrum, in eōrum fīnibus cōnsēdisset
tertiamque partem agrī Sēquanī, quī esset optimus tōtīus Galliae, occupāvisset et nunc dē alterā
parte tertiā Sēquanōs dēcēdere iubēret, proptereā quod paucīs mēnsibus ante Harudum mīlia
hominum vīgintī quattuor ad eum vēnissent, quibus locus ac sēdēs parārentur. Futūrum esse
paucīs annīs uti omnes ex Galliae fīnibus pellerentur atque omnēs Germānī Rhēnum trānsīrent:
neque enim cōnferendum esse Gallicum cum Germānōrum agrō neque hanc cōnsuētudinem
vīctūs cum illā comparandam.
Notes
sē…profūgisse – indirect discourse dependent on locūtus est (AG 580).
ex cīvitāte – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
vēnisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
auxilium postulātum – accusative supine expressing purpose (AG 509).
quod…tenērētur – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
iūre iūrandō…obsidibus – ablative of means (AG 409).
victōribus Sequanīs…Aeduīs victīs – dative with compound verb accidisse (AG 370).
accidisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
proptereā quod…cōnsēdisset…occupāvisset…iubēret – subordinate clause in indirect
discourse (AG 580).
quī esset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
Sēquanōs dēcēdere – indirect discourse dependent on iubēret (AG 580).
proptereā quod…vēnissent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
paucīs mēnsibus – ablative of degree of difference (AG 414).
hominum – partative genitive (AG 346).
quibus…parārentur – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
futūrum esse…utī…pellerentur…trānsīrent – indirect discourse dependent on locūtus
est (AG 580). The future passive infinitive is rare, so futūrum esse ut is the way that it is usually
expressed. See AG 569a.
paucīs annīs – ablative of time (AG 423).
cōnferendum esse – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse. See AG 196 and 580.
hanc cōnsuētūdinem…comparandam – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse.
See AG 196 and 580.
Ob eam rem sē ex cīvitāte profūgisse
et Rōmam ad senātum vēnisse
auxilium postulātum
quod sōlus neque iūre iūrandō neque obsidibus tenērētur
Sed peius victōribus Sequanīs quam Aeduīs victīs accidisse

proptereā quod Ariovistus, rēx Germānōrum, in eōrum fīnibus cōnsēdisset
tertiamque partem agrī Sēquanī
quī esset optimus tōtīus Galliae
occupāvisset
et nunc
dē alterā parte tertiā Sēquanōs dēcēdere
iubēret
proptereā quod paucīs mēnsibus ante Harudum mīlia hominum vīgintī quattuor
ad eum vēnissent
quibus locus ac sēdēs parārentur
Futūrum esse paucīs annīs

uti omnes ex Galliae fīnibus pellerentur
atque omnēs Germānī Rhēnum trānsīrent
neque enim cōnferendum esse Gallicum cum Germānōrum agrō
neque hanc cōnsuētudinem vīctūs cum illā comparandam
Vocabulary
peius – comp. of malus, mala, malum – bad, evil
Chapter 1.31 cont.

Ariovistum autem, ut semel Gallōrum cōpiās proeliō vīcerit, quod proelium factum sit
Admagetobrigae, superbē et crūdēliter imperāre, obsidēs nobilissimī cuiusque līberōs poscere, et
in eōs omnia exempla cruciātūsque ēdere, sī qua rēs nōn ad nūtum aut ad voluntatem eius facta
sit. Hominem esse barbarum, īrācundum, temerārium: nōn posse eius imperia diūtius sustinērī.
Nisi quid in Caesare populōque Rōmānō sit auxilī, omnibus Gallīs idem esse faciendum quod
Helvētiī fēcerint, ut domō ēmigrent, aliud domicilium, aliās sēdēs remōtās ā Germānīs petant
fortūnamque quaecumque accidat experiantur. Haec sī enūntiāta Ariovistō sint, nōn dubitāre
quīn de omnibus obsidibus quī apud eum sint gravissimum supplicium sumat. Caesarem vel
auctōritāte suā atque exercitūs vel recentī victōriā vel nōmine populī Romānī dēterrēre posse nē
maior multitūdō Germānōrum Rhēnum trādūcātur, Galliamque omnem ab Ariovistī iniūriā posse
dēfendere.
Notes
Ariovistum…imperāre…poscere…ēdere – indirect discourse dependent on locūtus est (AG 580).
ut semel…vīcerit – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 543 and 583.
proeliō – ablative of place where (AG 427).
quod…factum sit – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
si…facta sit – protasis of simple past condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
hominem esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
nisi…sit – simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
quid = aliquid
auxiliī – partitive gentitive (AG 346).
omnibus Gallīs – dative of agent (AG 374).
idem esse faciendum – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse. See AG 196 and 580.
quod…fēcerint – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
ut…ēmigrent…petant…experiantur – substantive clause of result (AG 567).
ā Germānīs – ablative of separation (AG 402).
quaecumque accidat – indirect question (AG 573).
sī enūntiāta…sint – simple past condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
dubitāre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quīn…sūmat – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 558 and 583.
quī…sint – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 580).
Caesarem…posse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
auctōritāte…victōriā…nōmine – ablative of means (AG 409).
nē…trādūcātur – subjunctive with verb of hindering (AG 558b).
Galliam…posse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
ab iniūriā – ablative of separation (AG 401).
Ariovistum autem
ut semel Gallōrum cōpiās proeliō vīcerit
quod proelium factum sit Admagetobrigae
superbē et crūdēliter imperāre
obsidēs nobilissimī cuiusque līberōs poscere
et in eōs omnia exempla cruciātūsque ēdere
sī qua rēs nōn ad nūtum aut ad voluntatem eius facta sit
Hominem esse barbarum, īrācundum, temerārium

nōn posse eius imperia diūtius sustinērī
Nisi quid in Caesare populōque Rōmānō sit auxilī

omnibus Gallīs idem esse faciendum
quod Helvētiī fēcerint
ut domō ēmigrent
aliud domicilium, aliās sēdēs remōtās ā Germānīs petant
fortūnamque
quaecumque accidat
experiantur
Haec sī enūntiāta Ariovistō sint

nōn dubitāre
quīn de omnibus obsidibus
quī apud eum sint
gravissimum supplicium sumat
Caesarem vel auctōritāte suā atque exercitūs vel recentī victōriā

vel nōmine populī Romānī dēterrēre posse
nē maior multitūdō Germānōrum Rhēnum trādūcātur
Galliamque omnem ab Ariovistī iniūriā posse dēfendere.
Vocabulary
superbē – proudly, haughtily
crūdēliter – cruelly
exempla – exemplum, exemplī, n. – example, warning, punishment
ēdere – ēdō, ēdere, ēdidī, ēditum – give out, inflict
nūtum – nūtus, nūtūs, m. – nod, sign
īrācundum – īrācundus, īrācunda, īrācundum – irritable, passionate
temerārium – temerārius, temerāria, temerārium – rash, reckless
ēmigrent – ēmigrō, ēmigrāre, ēmigrāvī, ēmigrātum – deport, migrate
domicilium – domicilium, domiciliī, n. – dwelling
Chapter 1.32
Hāc ōrātiōne ab Dīviciācō habitā, omnēs quī aderant magnō flētū auxilium ā Caesare petere
coepērunt. Animadvertit Caesar ūnōs ex omnibus Sēquanōs nihil eārum rērum facere quās cēterī
facerent sed trīstēs capite dēmissō terram intuērī. Eius reī quae causa esset mīrātus ex ipsīs
quaesiit. Nihil Sēquanī respondēre, sed in eādem trīstitiā tacitī permanēre. Cum ab his saepius
quaereret neque ūllam omnīnō vōcem exprimere posset, īdem Dīviācus Aeduus respondit: hōc
esse miseriōrem et graviōrem fortūnam Sēquanōrum quam reliquōrum, quod sōlī nē in occultō
quidem querī neque auxilium implōrāre audērent absentisque Ariovistī crūdēlitātem, velut sī
cōram adesset, horrērent; proptereā quod reliquīs tamen fugae facultās darētur, Sēquanīs vērō,
quī intrā fīnēs suōs Ariovistum recēpissent, quōrum oppida omnia in potestāte eius essent, omnēs
cruciātūs essent perferendī.
Notes
hāc ōrātiōne…habitā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
ab Dīviciācō – ablative of agent (AG 405).
magnō flētū – ablative of manner (AG 412).
ūnōs…Sēquanōs…facere – indirect discourse dependent on animadvertit (AG 580).
quās…facerent – relative clause of characteristic (AG 535).
trīstēs…intuērī – indirect discourse (AG 580).
capite dēmissō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
quae…esset – indirect question (AG 573).
respondēre, permanēre – historical infinitive (AG 463).
cum…quaereret…posset – cum clause (AG 546).
hōc – ablative of cause (AG 404).
esse…fortūnam – indirect discourse dependent on respondit (AG 580).
quod…audērent…horrērent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
absentis – present participle used as a predicate (AG 496).
sī…adesset – clause of comparison (AG 524).
proptereā quod…darētur – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
Sēquanīs – dative of agent (AG 374).
quī…recēpissent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
quōrum…essent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
essent perferendī – future passive periphrastic in subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See
AG 196 and 583.
Hāc ōrātiōne ab Dīviciācō habitā
omnēs
quī aderant
magnō flētū auxilium ā Caesare petere coepērunt
Animadvertit Caesar
ūnōs ex omnibus Sēquanōs nihil eārum rērum facere
quās cēterī facerent
sed trīstēs
capite dēmissō
terram intuērī
Eius reī
quae causa esset
mīrātus ex ipsīs quaesiit
Nihil Sēquanī respondēre

sed in eādem trīstitiā tacitī permanēre
Cum ab his saepius quaereret

neque ūllam omnīnō vōcem exprimere posset
īdem Dīviācus Aeduus respondit
hōc esse miseriōrem et graviōrem fortūnam Sēquanōrum quam reliquōrum
quod sōlī nē in occultō quidem querī neque auxilium implōrāre audērent
absentisque Ariovistī crūdēlitātem
velut sī cōram adesset
horrērent
proptereā quod reliquīs tamen fugae facultās darētur
Sēquanīs vērō
quī intrā fīnēs suōs Ariovistum recēpissent
quōrum oppida omnia in potestāte eius essent
omnēs cruciātūs essent perferendī
Vocabulary
flētū – flētus, flētūs, m. – weeping, bewailing
trīstēs – trīstis, trīste – sad
dēmissō – dēmittō, dēmittere, dēmīsī, dēmissum – lower, let fall
intuērī – intueor, intuērī, intuitus sum – gaze at
mīrātus – mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum – wonder at, admire
trīstitiā – trīstitia, trīstitiae, f. – sadness
tacitī – tacitus, tacita, tacitum – silent
exprimere – exprimō, exprimere, expressī, expressum – express, describe
miseriōrem – comp. of miser, misera, miserum – miserable, unhappy
implōrāre – implōrō, implōrāre, implōrāvī, implōrātum – beg for, implore, beseech
absentis – absēns, absentis – absent
crūdēlitātem – crūdēlitās, crūdēlitātis – cruelty, inhumanity
velut – as, just as
cōram – personally, publicly
Chapter 1.33
Hīs rēbus cognitīs, Caesar Gallorum animōs verbīs cōnfirmāvit, pollicitusque est sibi eam rem
cūrae futūram; magnam sē habēre spem et beneficiō suō et auctōritāte adductum Ariovistum
fīnem iniūriīs facturum. Hāc ōrātiōne habitā concilium dīmīsit. Et secundum ea multae rēs eum
hortābantur quārē sibi eam rem cōgitandam et suscipiendam putāret; in prīmīs quod Aeduos,
frātrēs cōnsanguineōsque saepe numerō ā senātū appellātōs, in servitūte atque in diciōne vidēbat
Germānōrum tenērī eōrumque obsidēs esse apud Ariovistum ac Sēquanōs intellegēbat; quod in
tantō imperiō populī Rōmānī turpissimum sibi et reī publicae esse arbitrābātur.
Notes
hīs rēbus cognitīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
verbīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
eam rem…futūram – indirect discourse dependent on pollicitus est (AG 580).
sibi…cūrae – double dative construction (AG 382).
sē habēre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
beneficiō suō et auctōritāte – ablative of means (AG 409).
Ariovistum…factūrum – indirect discourse dependent on sē habēre spem (AG 580).
iniūriīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
hāc ōrātiōne habitā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
quārē…putāret – indirect question (AG 573).
rem cōgitandam et suscipiendam – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse. See AG
196 and 580.
Haeduōs…tenērī – indirect discourse dependent on vidēbat (AG 580).
obsidēs esse – indirect discourse dependent on intellegēbat (AG 580).
quod…esse – indirect discourse dependent on arbitrābātur (AG 580).
sibi et reī pūblicae – dative of reference (AG 376).
Hīs rēbus cognitīs
Caesar Gallorum animōs verbīs cōnfirmāvit
pollicitusque est
sibi eam rem cūrae futūram
magnam sē habēre spem
et beneficiō suō et auctōritāte adductum Ariovistum fīnem iniūriīs facturum
Hāc ōrātiōne habitā

concilium dīmīsit
Et secundum ea multae rēs eum hortābantur

quārē
sibi eam rem cōgitandam et suscipiendam
putāret
in prīmīs
quod Aeduos, frātrēs cōnsanguineōsque saepe numerō ā senātū appellātōs
in servitūte atque in diciōne
vidēbat
Germānōrum tenērī
eōrumque obsidēs esse apud Ariovistum ac Sēquanōs
intellegēbat
quod in tantō imperiō populī Rōmānī
turpissimum sibi et reī publicae esse
arbitrābātur
Vocabulary
verbīs – verbum, verbī, n. – word
cūrae – cūra, cūrae, f. – care
secundum – following, after
cōnsanguineōs – cōnsanguineī, cōnsanguineōrum, m. – relations
diciōne – diciō, diciōnis, f. – power, authority
Chapter 1.33 cont.

Paulātim autem Germānōs consuēscere Rhēnum trānsīre et in Galliam magnam eōrum
multitūdinem venīre populō Rōmānō perīculōsum vidēbat. Neque sibi hominēs ferōs ac barbarōs
temperāturōs exīstimābat quīn, cum omnem Galliam occupāvissent, ut ante Cimbri Teutonīque
fēcissent, in provinciam exīrent atque inde in Ītaliam contenderent, praesertim cum Sēquanōs ā
provinciā nostrā Rhodanus dīvideret; quibus rebus quam mātūrrimē occurrendum putābat. Ipse
autem Ariovistus tantōs sibi spīritūs, tantam arrogantiam sūmpserat ut ferendus nōn vidērētur.
Notes
Germānōs consuēscere – indirect discourse dependent on vidēbat (AG 580).
multitūdinem venīre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
populō Rōmānō – dative of reference (AG 376).
perīculōsum – predicate nominative in indirect discourse. See AG 452 and 580.
hominēs…temperāturōs – indirect discourse dependent on exīstimābat (AG 580).
quīn…exīrent…condenderent – quīn clause (AG 558).
cum…occupāvissent – cum clause (AG 546).
ut…fēcissent – normally indicative, but subjunctive as a subordinate clause in indirect
discourse (AG 583).
cum…dīvideret – cum clause (AG 549).
ā provinciā nostrā – ablative of separation (AG 400).
quibus rēbus – dative with intransitive verb used impersonally in the passive (AG 372).
occurrendum – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse dependent on putābat. See AG
196 and 580.
ut…vidērētur – clause of result (AG 536).
Paulātim autem Germānōs consuēscere Rhēnum trānsīre
et in Galliam magnam eōrum multitūdinem venīre populō Rōmānō perīculōsum
vidēbat
Neque sibi hominēs ferōs ac barbarōs temperāturōs

exīstimābat
quīn
cum omnem Galliam occupāvissent
ut ante Cimbri Teutonīque fēcissent
in provinciam exīrent
atque inde in Ītaliam contenderent
praesertim cum Sēquanōs ā provinciā nostrā Rhodanus dīvideret
quibus rebus quam mātūrrimē occurrendum
putābat
Ipse autem Ariovistus tantōs sibi spīritūs, tantam arrogantiam sūmpserat

ut ferendus nōn vidērētur
Vocabulary
perīculōsum – perīculōsus, perīculōsa, perīculōsum – dangerous
temperātūrōs – temperō, temperāre, temperāvī, temperātum – moderate, keep within limits
spīritūs – spīritus, spīritūs, m. – spirit, breath
arrogantiam – arrogantia, arrogantiae, f. – pride, haughtiness
Chapter 1. 34
Quam ob rem placuit eī ut ad Ariovistum lēgātōs mitteret quī ab eō postulārent utī aliquem locum
medium utrīusque colloquiō dēligeret: velle sēsē dē rē pūblicā et summīs utrīusque rēbus cum eō
agere. Eī lēgātiōnī Ariovistus respondit: sī quid ipsī ā Caesare opus esset, sēsē ad eum ventūrum
fuisse; sī quid ille sē velit, illum ad sē venīre oportēre. Praetereā sē neque sine exercitū in eās
partēs Galliae venīre audēre quās Caesar possidēret, neque exercitum sine magnō commeātū
atque mōlīmentō in ūnum locum contrahere posse. Sibi autem mīrum vidērī quid in suā Galliā
quam bellō vīcisset aut Caesarī aut omnīnō populō Rōmānō negōtī esset.
Notes
quam ob rem – “on this account”
eī – dative with special verb placuit (AG 367).
ut…mitteret – substantive clause of purpose (AG 531).
quī…postulārent – relative clause of purpose (AG 531).
utī…dēligeret – clause of purpose (AG 531).
colloquiō – dative of purpose (AG 382).
velle sēsē – indirect discourse dependent on lēgātōs mitteret (AG 580).
sī…esset – protasis of contrary to fact condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
quid = aliquid
sēsē…ventūrum fuisse – apodosis of contrary to fact condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sī…velit – protasis of simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
quid = aliquid
illum…oportēre – indirect discourse dependent on respondit (AG 580).
sē…audēre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quās…possidēret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
exercitum…posse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
vidērī – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quid…esset – indirect question (AG 573).
quam…vīcisset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
Caesarī aut omnīnō populō Rōmānō – dative of possession (AG 373).
negōtī – partitive genitive with quid (AG 346).
Quam ob rem placuit eī
ut ad Ariovistum lēgātōs mitteret
quī ab eō postulārent
utī aliquem locum medium utrīusque colloquiō dēligeret
velle sēsē dē rē pūblicā et summīs utrīusque rēbus cum eō agere
Eī lēgātiōnī Ariovistus respondit

sī quid ipsī ā Caesare opus esset
sēsē ad eum ventūrum fuisse
sī quid ille sē velit
illum ad sē venīre oportēre
Praetereā sē neque sine exercitū in eās partēs Galliae venīre audēre

quās Caesar possidēret
neque exercitum sine magnō commeātū atque mōlīmentō
in ūnum locum contrahere posse
Sibi autem mīrum vidērī

quid in suā Galliā
quam bellō vīcisset
aut Caesarī aut omnīnō populō Rōmānō negōtī esset
Vocabulary
possidēret – possideō, possidēre, possēdī, possessum – occupy, take possession of
mōlīmentō – mōlīmentum, mōlīmentī, n. – a great effort, exertion, endeavor
mīrum – mīrus, mīra, mīrum – wonderful, astonishing
Chapter 1.35
Hīs respōnsīs ad Caesarem relātīs, iterum ad eum Caesar lēgātōs cum hīs mandātīs mittit:
quoniam tantō suō populīque Rōmānī beneficiō adfectus, cum in consulātū suō rēx atque amīcus
ā senātū appellātus esset, hanc sibi populōque Rōmānō grātiam referret ut in colloquium venīre
invītātus gravārētur neque dē commūnī rē dīcendum sibi et cognōscendum putāret, haec esse
quae ab eō postulāret: prīmum nē quam multitūdinem hominum amplius trāns Rhēnum in
Galliam trādūceret; deinde obsidēs quōs habēret ab Aeduīs redderet, Sēquanīsque permitteret
ut quōs ipsī habērent voluntāte eius reddere illīs licēret; nēve Aeduōs iniūriā lacesseret nēve hīs
sociīsque eōrum bellum īnferret.
Notes
hīs respōnsīs…relātīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
quoniam…referret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
tantō suō…beneficiō – ablative of means (AG 409).
cum…appellātus esset – cum clause (AG 546).
ut…gravārētur…putāret – this ut is an indicative concessive clause in indirect discourse.
See AG 527 and 583.
dīcendum…cognōscendum – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse dependent on
putāret. See AG 196 and 580.
haec esse – indirect discourse dependent on lēgātōs…mittit (AG 580).
quae…postulāret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
nē…trādūceret – prohibition in indirect discourse (AG 588).
quōs habēret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
ab Haeduīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
redderet…permitteret – command in indirect discourse (AG 588).
Sēquanīs – dative with verb permitteret (AG 368).
ut…licēret – clause of purpose (AG 531).
quōs…habērent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
nēve…lacesseret…īnferret – prohibition in indirect discourse (AG 588).
iniūriā – ablative of means (AG 409).
hīs sociīsque – dative with compound verb īnferret (AG 370).
Hīs respōnsīs ad Caesarem relātīs
iterum ad eum Caesar lēgātōs cum hīs mandātīs mittit
quoniam tantō suō populīque Rōmānī beneficiō adfectus
cum in consulātū suō rēx atque amīcus ā senātū appellātus esset
hanc sibi populōque Rōmānō grātiam referret
ut in colloquium venīre invītātus gravārētur
neque
dē commūnī rē dīcendum sibi et cognōscendum
putāret
haec esse
quae ab eō postulāret
prīmum nē quam multitūdinem hominum amplius
trāns Rhēnum in Galliam trādūceret
deinde obsidēs
quōs habēret ab Aeduīs
redderet
Sēquanīsque permitteret
ut
quōs ipsī habērent
voluntāte eius reddere illīs licēret
nēve Aeduōs iniūriā lacesseret
nēve hīs sociīsque eōrum bellum īnferret
Vocabulary
invītātus – invītō, invītāre, invītāvī, invītātum – invite, summon
gravārētur – gravor, gravārī, gravātus sum – load, burden
Chpater 1.35 cont.

Sī id ita fēcisset, sibi populōque Rōmānō perpetuam grātiam atque amīcitiam cum eō futuram:
sī nōn impetrāret, sēsē, quoniam M. Messālā M. Pīsōne consulibus senātus cēnsuisset utī
quīcumque Galliam prōvinciam obtinēret, quod commodō reī pūblicae facere posset, Aeduōs
cēterōsque amīcōs populī Rōmānī dēfenderet, sē Aeduōrum iniūriās nōn neglēctūrum.
Notes
sī…fēcisset – protasis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sibi populōque Rōmānō – dative of possession (AG 373).
perpetuam grātiam…futūram – apodosis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sī…impetrāret – protasis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
quoniam…cēnsuisset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 589).
M. Messālā M. Pīsōne consulibus – ablative absolute (AG 420).
utī…dēfenderet – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
quīcumque…obtinēret – relative clause of characteristic (AG 535).
quod…posset – indirect question (AG 573).
commodō – ablative of specification (AG 418).
reī pūblicae – dative of reference (AG 376).
sēsē…sē…neglēctūrum – apodosis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589). The
subject (sēsē) is repeated (sē) because the sentence is long.
Sī id ita fēcisset
sibi populōque Rōmānō perpetuam grātiam atque amīcitiam cum eō futuram
sī nōn impetrāret
sēsē
quoniam
M. Messālā M. Pīsōne consulibus
senātus cēnsuisset
utī quīcumque Galliam prōvinciam obtinēret
quod commodō reī pūblicae facere posset
Aeduōs cēterōsque amīcōs populī Rōmānī dēfenderet
sē Aeduōrum iniūriās nōn neglēctūrum
Vocabulary
cēterōs – cēterī, cēterae, cētera – others, the rest
Chapter 1.36
Ad haec Ariovistus respondit: iūs esse bellī ut quī vīcissent eīs quōs vīcissent quem ad modum
vellent imperārent: item populum Rōmānum victīs nōn ad alterīus praescrīptum, sed ad suum
arbitrium imperāre cōnsuēsse. Sī ipse populō Rōmānō nōn praescrīberet quem ad modum suō
iūre ūterētur, nōn oportēre sē ā populō Rōmānō in suō iūre impedīrī. Aeduōs sibi, quoniam bellī
fortūnam temptāssent et armīs congressī ac superātī essent, stīpendiāriōs esse factōs.
Notes
iūs esse – indirect discourse dependent on respondit (AG 580).
ut…imperārent – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
quī vīcissent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
iīs – dative with special verb imperārent (AG 367).
quōs vīcissent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
quem…vellent – indirect question (AG 573).
populum…cōnsuēsse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
victīs – dative with compound verb praescrīptum (AG 370).
sī…praescrīberet – protasis of simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
populō Rōmānō – dative with compound verb praescrīberet (AG 370).
quem…ūterētur – indirect question (AG 573).
suō iūre – ablative with special verb ūterētur (AG 410).
oportēre sē – apodosis of simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
ā populō Rōmānō – ablative of agent (AG 405).
Haeduōs…esse factōs – indirect discourse dependent on respondit (AG 580).
quoniam…temptāssent…congressī ac superātī essent – subordinate clause in indirect
discourse (AG 583).
Ad haec Ariovistus respondit
iūs esse bellī
ut
quī vīcissent
eīs
quōs vīcissent
quem ad modum vellent
imperārent
item populum Rōmānum victīs nōn ad alterīus praescrīptum
sed ad suum arbitrium imperāre cōnsuēsse
Sī ipse populō Rōmānō nōn praescrīberet

quem ad modum suō iūre ūterētur
nōn oportēre sē ā populō Rōmānō in suō iūre impedīrī
Aeduōs sibi
quoniam bellī fortūnam temptāssent
et armīs congressī ac superātī essent
stīpendiāriōs esse factōs
Vocabulary
praescrīptum – praescrīptum, praescrīptī, n. – order, command
arbitrium – arbitrium, arbitriī, n. – decision, judgement, authority
praescrīberet – praescrībō, praescrībere, praescrīpsī, praescriptum – prescribe, ordain
temptāssent – temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātum try, test, prove
stīpendiāriōs – stipendiarii, stipendiariorum, m. – tributaries
Chapter 1.36 cont.

Magnam Caesarem iniūriam facere, quī suō adventū vectīgālia sibi dēteriōra faceret. Aeduīs sē
obsidēs redditūrum nōn esse, neque his neque eōrum sociis iniūriā bellum inlātūrum, sī in eō
manērent quod convēnisset stīpendiumque quotannīs penderent: sī id nōn fēcissent, longē hīs
frāternum nōmen populī Rōmānī āfutūrum. Quod sibi Caesar dēnūntiāret sē Aeduōrum iniūriās
nōn neglēctūrum, nēminem sēcum sine suā perniciē contendisse. Cum vellet, congrederētur:
intellēctūrum quid invictī Germānī, exercitātissimī in armīs, quī inter annōs quattuordecim
tēctum nōn subīssent, virtūte possent.
Notes
Caesarem…facere – indirect discourse dependent on respondit (AG 580).
quī…faceret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
suō adventū – ablative of means (AG 409).
sē…redditūrum esse…illātūrum – apodosis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
hīs…sociīs – dative with compound verb inlātūrum (AG 370).
iniūriā – ablative of means (AG 409).
sī…manērent…penderent – protasis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
quod convēnisset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
sī…fēcissent – protasis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
hīs – ablative of separation (AG 400).
frāternum nōmen…āfutūrum – apodosis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
quod…dēnūntiāret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
sē…neglēctūrum – indirect discourse dependent on dēnūntiāret (AG 580).
nēminem…contendisse – indirect discourse dependent on respondit (AG 580).
cum vellet – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 545 and 583.
congrederētur – command in indirect discourse (AG 588).
intellēctūrum – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quid…possent – indirect question (AG 573).
quī…subīssent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
virtūte – ablative of means (AG 409).
Magnam Caesarem iniūriam facere
quī suō adventū vectīgālia sibi dēteriōra faceret
Aeduīs sē obsidēs redditūrum

nōn esse, neque his neque eōrum sociis iniūriā bellum inlātūrum
sī in eō manērent
quod convēnisset
stīpendiumque quotannīs penderent
sī id nōn fēcissent
longē hīs frāternum nōmen populī Rōmānī āfutūrum
Quod sibi Caesar dēnūntiāret

sē Aeduōrum iniūriās nōn neglēctūrum
nēminem sēcum sine suā perniciē contendisse
Cum vellet
congrederētur
intellēctūrum
quid invictī Germānī, exercitātissimī in armīs
quī inter annōs quattuordecim tēctum nōn subīssent
virtūte possent
Vocabulary
vectīgālia – vectīgal, vectīgālis, n. – state toll, tax
dēteriōra – dēterior, dēterius – lower, worse, weaker
quotannīs – every year
frāternum – frāternus, frāterna, frāternum – brotherly, fraternal
dēnūntiāret – dēnūntiō, dēnūntiāre, dēnūntiāvī, dēnūntiātum – give notice, declare, summon
perniciē – perniciēs, perniciēī, f. – destruction, disaster, ruin
invictī – invictus, invicta, invictum – unconquered, invincible
exercitātissimī – exercitātus, exercitāta, exercitātum – trained, practiced, exercised
tēctum – tēctum, tēctī, n. – roof
Chapter 1.37
Haec eōdem tempore Caesarī mandāta referēbantur, et lēgātī ab Aeduīs et ā Trēverīs veniēbant:
Aeduī questum quod Harudēs, quī nūper in Galliam trānsportātī essent, fīnēs eōrum
populārentur; sēsē nē obsidibus quidem datīs pacem Ariovistī redimere potuisse: Trēverī
autem, pāgōs centum Suēborum ad rīpās Rhēnī cōnsēdisse, quī Rhēnum trānsīre cōnārentur;
hīs praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium frātrēs. Quibus rēbus Caesar vehementer commōtus
mātūrandum sibi exīstimāvit, nē, sī nova manus Suēbōrum cum veteribus cōpiīs Ariovistī sēsē
coniunxisset, minus facile resistī posset. Itaque rē frūmentariā quam celerrimē potuit comparātā
magnīs itineribus ad Ariovistum contendit.
Notes
eōdem tempore – ablative of time (AG 423).
questum – accusative supine expressing purpose after verb of motion veniēbant (AG 508).
quod…populārentur – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
quī…trānsportātī essent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
sēsē…potuisse – indirect discourse dependent on questum (AG 580).
obsidibus…datīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
pāgōs…cōnsēdisse…praeesse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quī…cōnārentur – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
hīs – dative with compound verb praeesse (AG 370).
quibus rēbus – ablative of means (AG 409).
mātūrandum – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse. See AG 196 and 580.
nē…posset – negative clause of purpose (AG 531).
sī…coniūnxisset – protasis of future condition in informal indirect discourse. See AG 589 and 592.
rē frūmentariā…comparātā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
quam celerrimē potuit – “as quickly as possible”
magnīs itineribus – ablative of means (AG 409).
Haec eōdem tempore Caesarī mandāta referēbantur
et lēgātī ab Aeduīs et ā Trēverīs veniēbant
Aeduī
questum
quod Harudēs
quī nūper in Galliam trānsportātī essent
fīnēs eōrum populārentur
sēsē nē
obsidibus quidem datīs
pacem Ariovistī redimere potuisse
Trēverī
autem, pāgōs centum Suēborum ad rīpās Rhēnī cōnsēdisse
quī Rhēnum trānsīre cōnārentur
hīs praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium frātrēs
Quibus rēbus Caesar vehementer commōtus

mātūrandum sibi
exīstimāvit
nē
sī nova manus Suēbōrum cum veteribus cōpiīs Ariovistī sēsē coniunxisset
minus facile resistī posset
Itaque
rē frūmentariā quam celerrimē potuit comparātā
magnīs itineribus ad Ariovistum contendit
Vocabulary
nūper – lately, recently
redimere – redimō, redimere, redēmī, redemptum – obtain, redeem
mātūrandum – mātūrō, mātūrāre, mātūrāvī, mātūrātum – hasten, make haste
Chapter 1.38
Cum trīduī viam prōcessisset, nūntiātum est eī Ariovistum cum suīs omnibus cōpiīs ad
occupandum Vesontiōnem, quod est oppidum maximum Sēquanōrum, contendere trīduīque viam
ā suīs finibus prōcessisse. Id nē accideret, magno opere sibi praecavendum Caesar exīstimābat.
Namque omnium rērum quae ad bellum ūsuī erant summa erat in eō oppidō facultās; idque
nātūrā locī sīc mūniēbātur ut magnam ad dūcendum bellum daret facultātem, proptereā quod
flūmen Dūbis ut circinō circumductum paene tōtum oppidum cingit; reliquum spatium, quod est
nōn amplius pedum mille sescentōrum, quā flumen intermittit, mōns continet magnā altitūdine,
ita ut rādīcēs montis ex utrāque parte rīpae flūminis contingant, hunc mūrus circumdatus arcem
efficit et cum oppidō coniungit. Hūc Caesar magnīs nocturnīs diurnīsque itineribus contendit,
occupātōque oppidō ibi praesidium collocat.
Notes
cum…prōcessisset – cum clause (AG 546).
trīduī – genitive of quality (AG 345).
viam – cognate accusative (AG 390).
Ariovistum…contendere…prōcessisse – indirect discourse dependent on nūntiātum est
(AG 580).
ad occupandum Vesontiōnem – accusative of the gerundive expressing purpose (AG 506).
nē accideret – negative clause of purpose (AG 531).
praecavendum – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse dependent on exīstimābat.
See AG 196 and 580.
nātūrā – ablative of means (AG 409).
ut…daret – clause of result (AG 536).
ad dūcendum bellum – accusative of the gerundive expressing purpose (AG 506).
ut – “as if”
circinō – ablative of means (AG 409).
pedum mille sescentōrum – genitive of quality. See AG 345 and 407c.
magnā altitūdine – ablative of quality (AG 415).
ut…contingant – clause of result (AG 536).
ex utrāque parte – “on either side”
magnīs nocturnīs diurnīsque itineribus – ablative of means (AG 409).
occupātōque oppidō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Cum trīduī viam prōcessisset
nūntiātum est eī
Ariovistum cum suīs omnibus cōpiīs ad occupandum Vesontiōnem
quod est oppidum maximum Sēquanōrum
contendere
trīduīque viam ā suīs finibus prōcessisse
Id nē accideret
magno opere sibi praecavendum
Caesar exīstimābat
Namque omnium rērum

quae ad bellum ūsuī erant
summa erat in eō oppidō facultās
idque nātūrā locī sīc mūniēbātur
ut magnam ad dūcendum bellum daret facultātem
proptereā quod flūmen Dūbis
ut circinō circumductum paene tōtum oppidum cingit
reliquum spatium
quod est nōn amplius pedum mille sescentōrum
quā flumen intermittit
mōns continet magnā altitūdine
ita ut rādīcēs montis ex utrāque parte rīpae flūminis contingant
hunc mūrus circumdatus arcem efficit
et cum oppidō coniungit
Hūc Caesar magnīs nocturnīs diurnīsque itineribus contendit,
occupātōque oppidō
ibi praesidium collocat
Vocabulary
praecavendum – praecaveō, praecavēre, praecāvī, praecautum – be on one’s guard, take
precautions
circinō – circinus, circinī, m. – a pair of compasses for describing a circle
circumductum – circumdūcō, circumdūcere, circumdūxī, circumductum – lead round
arcem – arx, arcis, f. – fortress, stronghold
diurnīs – diurnus, diurna, diurnum – belonging to a day
Chapter 1.39
Dum paucōs diēs ad Vesontiōnem reī frūmentāriae commeātūsque causā morātur, ex
percontātiōne nostrōrum vōcibusque Gallōrum ac mercātōrum, quī ingentī magnitūdine
corporum Germānōs, incrēdibilī virtūte atque exercitātiōne in armīs esse praedicābant (saepe
numerō sēsē cum his congressōs nē vultum quidem atque aciem oculōrum dīcēbant ferre
potuisse), tantus subitō timor omnem exercitum occupāvit ut non mediocriter omnium mentēs
animōsque perturbāret. Hic prīmum ortus est ā tribūnīs mīlitum, praefectīs, reliquīsque quī ex
urbe amīcitiae causā Caesarem secūtī non magnum in rē mīlitārī ūsum habēbant; quōrum alius
aliā causā inlātā quam sibi ad proficīscendum necessāriam esse dīceret, petēbat ut eius voluntāte
discēdere licēret; nōn nūllī pudōre adductī, ut timōris suspīciōnem vītārent, remanēbant.
Notes
dum…morātur – dum clause (AG 556).
paucōs diēs – accusative of time (AG 423).
reī frūmentāriae commeātūsque – genitive with causā (AG 359b).
causā – ablative of cause (AG 404c).
ex percontātiōne…vōcibusque – “from the inquiry…and replies”
ingentī magnitūdine…incrēdibilī virtūte atque exercitātiōne – ablative of quality (AG 415).
Germānōs…esse – indirect discourse dependent on praedicābant (AG 580).
sēsē…potuisse – indirect discourse dependent on dīcēbant (AG 580).
ut…perturbāret – clause of result (AG 536).
ā tribūnīs…praefectīs…reliquīs – ablative of source (AG 404).
ex urbe – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
amīcitiae – genitive with causā (AG 359b).
causā – ablative of cause (AG 404c).
aliā causā illātā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
quam…dīceret – relative clause of characteristic (AG 535).
ad proficīscendum – ad with accusative of the gerund expressing purpose (AG 506).
necessāriam esse – indirect discourse dependent on dīceret (AG 580).
ut…licēret – clause of purpose (AG 531).
pudōre – ablative of means (AG 409).
ut…vītārent – clause of purpose (AG 531).
Dum paucōs diēs ad Vesontiōnem reī frūmentāriae commeātūsque causā morātur
ex percontātiōne nostrōrum vōcibusque Gallōrum ac mercātōrum
quī
ingentī magnitūdine corporum Germānōs
incrēdibilī virtūte atque exercitātiōne in armīs esse
praedicābant
(saepe numerō sēsē cum his congressōs
nē vultum quidem atque aciem oculōrum
dīcēbant
ferre potuisse)
tantus subitō timor omnem exercitum occupāvit
ut non mediocriter omnium mentēs animōsque perturbāret
Hic prīmum ortus est ā tribūnīs mīlitum, praefectīs, reliquīsque

quī ex urbe amīcitiae causā Caesarem secūtī non magnum in rē mīlitārī ūsum habēbant
quōrum alius
aliā causā inlātā
quam
sibi ad proficīscendum necessāriam esse
dīceret
petēbat
ut eius voluntāte discēdere licēret
nōn nūllī pudōre adductī
ut timōris suspīciōnem vītārent
remanēbant
Vocabulary
percontātiōne – percontātiō, percontātiōnis, f. – inquiry, interrogation
ingentī – ingēns, ingentis – vast, enormous
vultum – vultus, vultūs, m. – countenance, look
mediocriter – moderately, tolerably
pudōre – pudor, pudōris, m. – feeling of shame, modesty, honor
Chapter1.39 cont.
Hī neque vultum fingere neque interdum lacrimās tenēre poterant: abditī in tabernāculīs aut
suum fātum querēbantur aut cum familiāribus suīs commūne perīculum miserābantur. Vulgō
tōtīs castrīs testāmenta obsignābantur. Hōrum vōcibus ac timōre paulātim etiam eī quī magnum
in castrīs ūsum habēbant, mīlitēs centuriōnēsque quīque equitātuī praeerant, perturbābantur.
Quī sē ex hīs minus timidōs exīstimārī volēbant, nōn sē hostem verērī, sed angustiās itineris et
magnitudinem silvārum quae intercēderent inter ipsōs atque Ariovistum, aut rem frūmentāriam,
ut satis commodē supportārī posset, timēre dicēbant. Nōn nūllī etiam Caesarī nūntiābant, cum
castra movērī ac signa ferrī iussisset, nōn fore dictō audientēs mīlitēs neque propter timōrem
signa lātūrōs.
Notes
tōtīs castrīs – ablative of place where (AG 429).
vōcibus ac timōre – ablative of means (AG 409).
equitātuī – dative with compound verb praeerant (AG 370).
sē…timidōs – indirect discourse dependent on exīstimārī (AG 580).
sē…verērī – indirect discourse dependent on dīcēbant (AG 580).
angustiās…rem…timēre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quae…intercēderent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
ut…posset – negative fear clause (AG 564).
cum…iussisset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
castra movērī ac signa ferrī – indirect discourse dependent on iussisset (AG 580).
fore…mīlitēs…lātūrōs – indirect discourse dependent on nūntiābant (AG 580).
dictō – dative with special verb audientēs (AG 367).
Hī neque vultum fingere
neque interdum lacrimās tenēre poterant
abditī in tabernāculīs aut suum fātum querēbantur
aut cum familiāribus suīs commūne perīculum miserābantur
Vulgō tōtīs castrīs testāmenta obsignābantur
Hōrum vōcibus ac timōre paulātim etiam eī

quī magnum in castrīs ūsum habēbant, mīlitēs centuriōnēsque
quīque equitātuī praeerant
perturbābantur
Quī
sē
ex hīs
minus timidōs
exīstimārī volēbant
nōn sē hostem verērī
sed angustiās itineris et magnitudinem silvārum
quae intercēderent inter ipsōs atque Ariovistum
aut rem frūmentāriam
ut satis commodē supportārī posset
timēre
dicēbant
Nōn nūllī etiam Caesarī nūntiābant

cum
castra movērī
ac signa ferrī
iussisset
nōn fore dictō audientēs mīlitēs
neque propter timōrem signa lātūrōs
Vocabulary
fingere – fingō, fingere, fīnxī, fictum – make, shape, fashion
interdum – occasionally, sometimes
lacrimās – lacrima, lacrimae, f. – tear
tabernāculīs – tabernāculum, tabernāculī, n. – tent, hut
fātum – fātum, fātī, n. – fate, destiny
miserābantur – miseror, miserārī, miserātus sum – bewail, lament, deplore
testāmenta – testāmentum, testāmentī, n. – testament
obsignābantur – obsignō, obsignāre, obsignāvī, obsignātum – sign and seal
timidōs – timidus, timida, timidum – fearful, timid
Chapter 1.40
Haec cum animadvertisset, convocātō cōnsiliō, omniumque ōrdinum ad id cōnsilium adhibitis
centuriōnibus, vehementer eōs incūsāvit: primum, quod aut quam in partem aut quō cōnsiliō
dūcerentur sibi quaerendum aut cōgitandum putārent. Ariovistum, sē cōnsule, cupidissimē
populī Rōmānī amīcitiam appetīsse: cūr hunc tam temerē quisquam ab officiō discessūrum
iūdicāret? Sibi quidem persuādērī cognitīs suīs postulātīs atque aequitāte condiciōnum perspectā
eum neque suam neque populī Rōmānī grātiam repudiātūrum. Quod sī furōre atque āmentiā
impulsus bellum intulisset, quid tandem verērentur? aut cūr dē suā virtūte aut dē ipsīus
dīligentiā dēspērārent?
Notes
cum animadvertisset – cum clause (AG 546).
convocātō cōnsiliō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
adhibitīs centuriōnibus – ablative absolute (AG 420).
quod…putārent – quod clause given on the authority of another (AG 540).
quam in partem…quō cōnsiliō dūcerentur – indirect question (AG 573).
cōnsiliō – ablative of means (AG 409).
quaerendum…cōgitandum – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse dependent on
putārent. See AG 196 and 580.
Ariovistum…appetīsse – indirect discourse dependent on incūsāvit (AG 580).
sē cōnsule – ablative absolute (AG 420).
cūr…iūdicārent – deliberative subjunctive in indirect discourse. See AG 444 and 587.
hunc…discessūrum – indirect discourse dependent on iūdicārent (AG 583).
ab officiō – ablative of separation (AG 401).
persuādērī – indirect discourse dependent on incūsāvit (AG 580).
cognitīs suīs postulātīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
aequitāte…perspectā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
eum…repudiātūrum – – indirect discourse dependent on persuādērī (AG 580).
si…intulisset – future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
furōre atque āmentiā – ablative of means (AG 409).
quid…verērentur – deliberative subjunctive in indirect discourse. See AG 444 and 587.
cūr…dēspērārent – deliberative subjunctive in indirect discourse. See AG 444 and 587.
Haec cum animadvertisset
convocātō cōnsiliō
omniumque ōrdinum ad id cōnsilium adhibitis centuriōnibus
vehementer eōs incūsāvit
primum, quod
aut quam in partem aut quō cōnsiliō dūcerentur
sibi quaerendum aut cōgitandum
putārent
Ariovistum
sē cōnsule
cupidissimē populī Rōmānī amīcitiam appetīsse
cūr
hunc tam temerē quisquam ab officiō discessūrum
iūdicāret
Sibi quidem persuādērī

cognitīs suīs postulātīs atque aequitāte condiciōnum perspectā
eum neque suam neque populī Rōmānī grātiam repudiātūrum
Quod sī furōre atque āmentiā impulsus bellum intulisset

quid tandem verērentur
aut cūr dē suā virtūte aut dē ipsīus dīligentiā dēspērārent
Vocabulary
incūsāvit – incūsō, incūsāre, incūsāvī, incūsātum – accuse, blame, find fault with
temerē – blindly, by chance, acidentally
aequitāte – aequitās, aequitātis, f. – equity, fairness, justice
repudiātūrum – repudiō, repudiāre, repudiāvī, repudiātum – refuse, reject, disdain
furōre – furor, furōris, m. – madness, rage
āmentiā – āmentia, āmentiae, f. – insanity, madness
Chpater 1.40 cont.

Factum eius hostis perīculum patrum nostrōrum memoriā, Cimbrīs et Teutonīs ā C. Mariō pulsīs,
cum non minōrem laudem exercitus quam ipse imperātor meritus vidēbātur; factum etiam
nūper in Ītaliā servīlī tumultū, quōs tamen aliquid ūsus ac disciplīna quae ā nōbīs accēpissent
sublevārent. Ex quō iūdicārī posse quantum habēret in sē bonī cōnstantia; proptereā quod quōs
aliquamdiū inermēs sine causā timuissent hōs posteā armātōs ac victōrēs superāssent. Dēnique
hōs esse eōsdem quibuscum saepe numerō Helvētiī congressī nōn sōlum in suīs sed etiam in
illōrum fīnibus plērumque superārint, quī tamen parēs esse nostrō exercituī nōn potuerint.
Notes
factum…perīculum – indirect discourse dependent on incūsāvit (AG 580).
memoriā – ablative of time within which (AG 424).
Cimbrīs et Teutonīs…pulsīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
cum…vidēbātur – cum clause (AG 545).
ā C. Mariō – ablative of agent (AG 405).
factum – indirect discourse (AG 580).
servīlī tumultū – “in the slave revolt”
quōs…sublevārent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
quae…accēpissent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
ex quō – “from this”
quantum habēret – indirect question (AG 573).
protereā quod…superāssent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
quōs…timuissent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
hōs esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quibuscum…superārint – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
quī…potuerint – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
nostrō exercituī – dative with adjective parēs (AG 383).
Factum eius hostis perīculum patrum nostrōrum memoriā
Cimbrīs et Teutonīs ā C. Mariō pulsīs
cum non minōrem laudem exercitus quam ipse imperātor meritus vidēbātur
factum etiam nūper in Ītaliā servīlī tumultū
quōs tamen aliquid ūsus ac disciplīna
quae ā nōbīs accēpissent
sublevārent
Ex quō iūdicārī posse

quantum habēret in sē bonī cōnstantia
proptereā quod
quōs aliquamdiū inermēs sine causā timuissent
hōs posteā armātōs ac victōrēs superāssent
Dēnique hōs esse eōsdem

quibuscum saepe numerō Helvētiī congressī nōn sōlum in suīs
sed etiam in illōrum fīnibus plērumque superārint
quī tamen parēs esse nostrō exercituī nōn potuerint
Vocabulary
meritus – meritus, merita, meritum – deserving
nūper – lately, recently
servīlī – servīlis, servīle – servile, of a slave
cōnstantia – cōnstantia, cōnstantiae, f. – steadiness, perseverance
inermēs – inermis, inerme – unarmed
Chapter 1.40 cont.

Sī quōs adversum proelium et fuga Gallōrum commovēret, hōs, sī quaererent, reperīre posse
diūturnitāte bellī dēfatīgātīs Gallīs Ariovistum, cum multōs mēnsēs castrīs sē ac palūdibus
tenuisset neque suī potestātem fēcisset, dēspērantēs iam de pugnā et dispersōs subitō adortum
magis ratiōne et cōnsiliō quam virtūte vīcisse. Cui ratiōnī contrā hominēs barbarōs atque
imperītōs locus fuisset, hāc nē ipsum quidem spērāre nostrōs exercitūs capī posse. Quī suum
timōrem in reī frūmentāriae simulātiōnem angustiāsque itineris cōnferrent, facere arroganter,
cum aut dē officiō imperātōris dēspērāre aut praescrībere vidērentur. Haec sibi esse curae;
frūmentum Sēquanōs, Leucōs, Lingonēs sumministrāre, iamque esse in agris frūmenta mātūra;
dē itinere ipsōs brevī tempore iūdicātūrōs.
Notes
sī…commovēret – simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
hōs…posse – indirect discourse dependent on incūsāvit (AG 580).
sī quaererent – simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
diūturnitāte – ablative of means (AG 409).
dēfatīgātīs Gallīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Ariovistum…adortum…vīcisse – indirect discourse dependent on reperīre (AG 580).
cum…tenuisset…fēcisset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
multōs mēnsēs – accusative of time (AG 423).
castrīs…palūdibus – ablative of place (AG 426).
ratiōne et cōnsiliō…virtūte – ablative of means (AG 409).
cui ratiōnī – dative of reference (AG 376).
cui ratiōnī…fuisset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
hāc – ablative of means (AG 409).
ipsum…spērāre – indirect discourse dependent on incūsāvit (AG 580).
nostrōs exercitūs…posse – indirect discourse dependent on spērāre (AG 580).
quī…cōnferrent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
facere – indirect discourse dependent on incūsāvit (AG 580).
cum…vidērentur – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
haec…esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
sibi…cūrae – dative of purpose (AG 382).
frūmentum…sumministrāre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
ipsōs…iūdicātūrōs – indirect discourse (AG 580).
brevī tempore – ablative of time (AG 423).
Sī quōs adversum proelium et fuga Gallōrum commovēret
hōs
sī quaererent
reperīre posse
diūturnitāte bellī
dēfatīgātīs Gallīs
Ariovistum
cum multōs mēnsēs castrīs sē ac palūdibus tenuisset
neque suī potestātem fēcisset
dēspērantēs iam de pugnā et dispersōs subitō adortum
magis ratiōne et cōnsiliō quam virtūte vīcisse
Cui ratiōnī contrā hominēs barbarōs atque imperītōs locus fuisset

hāc nē ipsum quidem spērāre
nostrōs exercitūs capī posse
Quī suum timōrem in reī frūmentāriae simulātiōnem

angustiāsque itineris cōnferrent
facere arroganter
cum aut dē officiō imperātōris dēspērāre aut praescrībere vidērentur
Haec sibi esse curae

frūmentum Sēquanōs, Leucōs, Lingonēs sumministrāre
iamque esse in agris frūmenta mātūra
dē itinere ipsōs brevī tempore iūdicātūrōs
Vocabulary
diūturnitāte – diūturnitās, diūturnitātis, f. – long duration
mēnsēs – mēnsis, mēnsis m. – month
praescrībere – praescrībo, praescrībere, praescipsī, praescriptum – dictate, prescribe, ordain,
use as a pretext
cūrae – cura, curae, f. – care, concern
sumministrāre – sumministrō, sumministrāre, sumministrāvī, sumministrātum – help by supplying
mātūra – mātūrus, mātūra, mātūrum – ripe, mature
Chapter 1.40 cont.

Quod nōn fore dictō audientēs neque signa lātūrī dīcantur, nihil sē eā rē commovērī; scīre
enim, quibuscumque exercitus dictō audiēns nōn fuerit, aut male rē gestā fortūnam dēfuisse
aut aliquō facinore compertō avāritiam esse convictam. Suam innocentiam perpetuā vītā,
fēlīcitātem Helvētiōrum bellō esse perspectam. Itaque sē quod in longiōrem diem collātūrus
fuisset repraesentātūrum et proxima nocte de quārtā vigiliā castra mōtūrum, ut quam prīmum
intellegere posset utrum apud eōs pudor atque officium an timor plūs valēret. Quod sī praetereā
nēmō sequātur, tamen sē cum solā decimā legiōne itūrum, dē quā nōn dubitet, sibique eam
praetōriam cohortem futūram. Huic legiōnī Caesar et indulserat praecipuē et propter virtūtem
cōnfīdēbat maximē.
Notes
quod…dīcantur – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
fore – indirect discourse dependent on dīcantur (AG 580).
dictō – dative with special verb audientēs (AG 367).
lātūrī – indirect discourse (AG 580).
sē…commovērī – indirect discourse dependent on incūsāvit (AG 580).
eā rē – ablative of means (AG 409).
scīre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quibuscumque…fuerit – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
dictō – dative with special verb audiēns (AG 367).
rē gestā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
fortūnam dēfuisse – indirect discourse dependent on scīre (AG 580).
aliquō facinore compertō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
avāritiam esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
perpetuā vītā – ablative of time (AG 424b).
fēlīcitātem…esse – indirect discourse dependent on incūsāvit (AG 580).
sē…repraesentātūrum…mōtūrum – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quod…collātūrus fuisset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
proximā nocte – ablative of time (AG 423).
utrum…valēret – indirect question (AG 573).
sī…sequātur – simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sē…itūrum – indirect discourse (AG 580).
dē quā…dubitet – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
eam…futūram – indirect discourse (AG 580).
huic legiōnī – dative with compound verbs indulserat and cōnfīdēbat (AG 370).
Quod
nōn fore dictō audientēs
neque signa lātūrī
dīcantur
nihil sē eā rē commovērī
scīre enim
quibuscumque exercitus dictō audiēns nōn fuerit
aut male
rē gestā
fortūnam dēfuisse
aut
aliquō facinore compertō
avāritiam esse convictam
Suam innocentiam perpetuā vītā, fēlīcitātem Helvētiōrum bellō esse perspectam
Itaque sē
quod in longiōrem diem collātūrus fuisset
repraesentātūrum
et proxima nocte de quārtā vigiliā castra mōtūrum
ut quam prīmum intellegere posset
utrum apud eōs pudor atque officium an timor plūs valēret
Quod sī praetereā nēmō sequātur

tamen sē cum solā decimā legiōne itūrum
dē quā nōn dubitet
sibique eam praetōriam cohortem futūram
Huic legiōnī Caesar et indulserat praecipuē

et propter virtūtem cōnfīdēbat maximē
Vocabulary
male – badly, ill
avāritiam – avāritia, avāritiae, f. – avarice, cupidity
esse convictam – convincō, convincere, convīcī, convictum – convict of a crime, demonstrate
innocentiam – innocentia, innocentiae, f. – harmlessness, innocence
perpetuā – continuous, uninterrupted
fēlicitātem – fēlicitās, fēlicitātis, f. – happiness, good fortune, success
repraesentātūrum – repraesentō, repraesentāre, repraesentāvī, repraesentātum – perform
immediately, hasten
pudor – pudor, pudōris, m. – feeling of shame, modesty, honor
praetōriam – praetōrius, praetōria, praetōrium – praetorian, relating to the praetor
indulserat – indulgeō, indulgēre, indulsī – be patient, indulgent; allow
praecipuē – especially, chiefly, principally
Chapter 1.41
Hāc ōrātiōne habitā, mīrum in modum conversae sunt omnium mentēs, summaque alacritās et
cupiditās bellī gerendī innāta est, prīncepsque decima legiō per tribūnōs mīlitum eī grātiās ēgit
quod dē sē optimum iūdicium fēcisset, sēque esse ad bellum gerendum parātissimam cōnfirmāvit.
Deinde reliquae legiōnēs cum tribūnīs mīlitum et prīmōrum ōrdinum centuriōnibus ēgērunt
utī Caesarī satisfacerent: sē nec umquam dubitāsse neque timuisse neque dē summā bellī suum
iūdicium sed imperātōris esse exīstimāvisse. Eōrum satisfactiōne acceptā et itinere exquīsītō per
Dīviciācum, quod ex aliīs eī maximam fidem habēbat, ut mīlium amplius quīnquāgintā circuitū
locīs apertīs exercitum dūceret, dē quārtā vigiliā, ut dixerat, profectus est. Septimō diē, cum iter
nōn intermitteret, ab explōrātōribus certior factus est Ariovistī copiās ā nostrīs mīlibus passuum
quattuor et vīgintī abesse.
Notes
hāc ōrātiōne habitā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
bellī gerendī – objective genitive of the gerundive (AG 504).
quod…fēcisset – quod causal clause with the reason given on the authority of another (AG 540).
sēque esse – indirect discourse dependent on cōnfirmāvit (AG 580).
ad bellum gerendum – accusative of the gerundive expressing purpose (AG 506).
utī…satisfecerent – clause of purpose (AG 531).
sē…dubitāsse…timuisse…existimavisse – indirect discourse dependent on satisfacerent (AG 580).
imperatoris – possessive genitive (AG 343).
esse – indirect discourse dependent on exīstimāvisse (AG 580).
satisfactiōne acceptā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
itinere exquīsītō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
eī – dative with special verb fidem habēbat (AG 367a, see Note 2).
ut…dūceret – clause of purpose (AG 531).
circuitū – ablative of means (AG 409).
locīs apertīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
septimō diē – ablative of time (AG 423).
cum…intermitteret – cum clause (AG 546).
ab explōrātōribus – ablative of agent (AG 405).
cōpiās…abesse – indirect discourse dependent on certior factus est (AG 580).
ā nostrīs – ablative of separation (AG 400).
Hāc ōrātiōne habitā
mīrum in modum conversae sunt omnium mentēs
summaque alacritās et cupiditās bellī gerendī innāta est
prīncepsque decima legiō per tribūnōs mīlitum eī grātiās ēgit
quod dē sē optimum iūdicium fēcisset
sēque esse ad bellum gerendum parātissimam
cōnfirmāvit
Deinde reliquae legiōnēs cum tribūnīs mīlitum et prīmōrum ōrdinum centuriōnibus ēgērunt
utī Caesarī satisfacerent
sē nec umquam dubitāsse
neque timuisse
neque
dē summā bellī suum iūdicium sed imperātōris esse
exīstimāvisse
Eōrum satisfactiōne acceptā et itinere exquīsītō per Dīviciācum

quod ex aliīs eī maximam fidem habēbat
ut mīlium amplius quīnquāgintā circuitū locīs apertīs exercitum dūceret
dē quārtā vigiliā
ut dixerat
profectus est
Septimō diē
cum iter nōn intermitteret
ab explōrātōribus certior factus est
Ariovistī copiās ā nostrīs mīlibus passuum quattuor et vīgintī abesse
Vocabulary
mīrum – mīrus, mīra, mīrum – wonderful, extraordinary
alacritās – alacritās, alacritātis, f. – quickness, eagerness
satisfactiōne – satisfactiō, satisfactiōnis, f. – apology, reparation, amends
exquīsītō – exquīrō, exquīrere, exquīsīvī, exquīsītum – search out, seek out
Chapter 1.42
Cognitō Caesaris adventū, Ariovistus lēgātōs ad eum mittit: quod anteā dē colloquiō postulāsset,
id per sē fierī licēre, quoniam propius accessisset, sēque id sine perīculō facere posse exīstimāret.
Nōn respuit condiciōnem Caesar, iamque eum ad sānitātem revertī arbitrābātur, cum id quod
anteā petentī dēnegāsset ultrō pollicērētur; magnamque in spem veniēbat prō suīs tantīs
populīque Romānī in eum beneficiīs, cognitīs suīs postulātīs fore utī pertināciā dēsisteret.
Diēs colloquiō dictus est ex eō diē quīntus. Interim saepe ultrō citroque cum lēgātī inter eōs
mitterentur, Ariovistus postulāvit nē quem peditem ad colloquium Caesar addūceret: verērī sē
nē per īnsidiās ab eō circumvenīrētur: uterque cum equitātū venīret: aliā ratiōne sēsē nōn esse
ventūrum.
Notes
cognitō…adventū – ablative absolute (AG 420).
quod…postulāsset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
id…licēre – indirect discourse dependent on lēgātōs…misit (AG 580).
quoniam…accessisset…exīstimāret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 539 and 583.
sēque…posse – indirect discourse dependent on exīstimāret (AG 580).
eum…revertī – indirect discourse dependent on arbitrābātur (AG 580).
cum…pollicērētur – cum clause (AG 549).
quod…dēnegāsset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
petentī – ablative of separation (AG 400).
cognitīs suīs postulātīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
fore utī…dēsisteret – substantive clause of result in indirect discourse dependent on magnam
in spem veniebat standing in for future infinitive. See AG 569a and 583.
pertināciā – ablative of separation (AG 400).
cum…mitterentur – cum clause (AG 546).
nē…addūceret – prohibition in indirect discourse. See AG 450 and 588.
verērī sē – indirect discourse dependent on postulāvit (AG 580).
nē…circumvenīrētur – fear clause in indirect discourse. See AG 564 and 583.
uterque…venīret – hortatory subjunctive in indirect discourse. See AG 439 and 588.
aliā ratiōne – ablative of means (AG 409).
sēsē nōn esse ventūrum – indirect discourse (AG 580).
Cognitō Caesaris adventū
Ariovistus lēgātōs ad eum mittit
quod anteā dē colloquiō postulāsset
id per sē fierī licēre
quoniam propius accessisset
sēque id sine perīculō facere posse
exīstimāret
Nōn respuit condiciōnem Caesar

iamque
eum ad sānitātem revertī
arbitrābātur
cum id
quod anteā petentī dēnegāsset
ultrō pollicērētur
magnamque in spem veniēbat
prō suīs tantīs populīque Romānī in eum beneficiīs
cognitīs suīs postulātīs
fore utī pertināciā dēsisteret
Diēs colloquiō dictus est ex eō diē quīntus
Interim
saepe ultrō citroque cum lēgātī inter eōs mitterentur
Ariovistus postulāvit
nē quem peditem ad colloquium Caesar addūceret
verērī sē
nē per īnsidiās ab eō circumvenīrētur
uterque cum equitātū venīret
aliā ratiōne sēsē nōn esse ventūrum
Vocabulary
respuit – respuō, respuere, respuī – reject, refuse
sānitātem – sānitās, sānitātis, f. – reasonableness, sanity
dēnegāsset – dēnegō, dēnegāre, dēnegāvī, dēnegātum – deny, refuse, reject
pertināciā – pertinācia, pertināciae, f. – stubbornness, obstinacy
citrō – with ultrō – up and down, hither and thither
Chapter 1.42 cont.

Caesar, quod neque colloquium interpositā causā tollī volēbat neque salūtem suam Gallorum
equitātuī committere audēbat, commodissimum esse statuit, omnibus equīs Gallīs equitibus
dētractīs, eō legiōnāriōs mīlitēs legiōnis decimae, cui quam maximē cōnfīdēbat, impōnere, ut
praesidium quam amīcissimum, sī quid opus factō esset, habēret. Quod cum fieret, nōn irrīdiculē
quīdam ex mīlitibus decimae legiōnis dīxit: plūs quam pollicitus esset Caesarem facere; pollicitum
sē in cohortis praetōriae locō decimam legiōnem habitūrum, ad equum rescrībere.
Notes
interpositā causā – ablative of means (AG 409).
equitātuī – dative with special verb committere (AG 367).
commodissimum esse – indirect discourse dependent on statuit (AG 580).
omnibus equīs…dētractīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Gallīs equitībus – dative of separation (AG 381).
cui – dative with special verb confidēbat (AG 367).
ut…habēret – clause of purpose (AG 531).
quam amīcissimum – quam with the superlative indicates the highest possible degree (AG 291).
sī…esset – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
factō – opus indicating need requires the ablative (AG 411a).
cum fieret – cum clause (AG 546).
plūs quam pollicitus esset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
Caesarem facere – indirect discourse dependent on dīxit (AG 580).
pollicitum sē – indirect discourse (AG 580).
habitūrum – indirect discourse dependent on pollicitum (AG 580).
rescrībere – indirect discourse dependent on dīxit (AG 580).
Caesar
quod neque colloquium
interpositā causā
tollī volēbat
neque salūtem suam Gallorum equitātuī committere audēbat
commodissimum esse
statuit
omnibus equīs Gallīs equitibus dētractīs
eō legiōnāriōs mīlitēs legiōnis decimae
cui quam maximē cōnfīdēbat
impōnere
ut praesidium quam amīcissimum
sī quid opus factō esset
habēret
Quod cum fieret

nōn irrīdiculē quīdam ex mīlitibus decimae legiōnis dīxit
plūs quam pollicitus esset
Caesarem facere
pollicitum
sē in cohortis praetōriae locō decimam legiōnem habitūrum
ad equum rescrībere
Vocabulary
amīcissimum – amīcus, amīca, amīcum – friendly
irrīdiculē – without wit or humor
praetōriae – praetōrius, praetōria, praetōrium – praetorian, relating to the praetor
rescrībere – rescrībō, rescrībere, rescrīpsī, rescrīptum – transfer
Chapter 1.43
Plānitiēs erat magna et in eā tumulus terrēnus satis grandis. Hic locus aequō ferē spatiō ab
castrīs Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat. Eō, ut erat dictum, ad colloquium vēnērunt. Legiōnem
Caesar quam equīs vexerat passibus ducentīs ab eō tumulō cōnstituit. Item equitēs Ariovistī parī
intervāllō constitērunt. Ariovistus ex equīs ut colloquerentur et praeter sē dēnōs ad colloquium
addūcerent postulāvit. Ubi eō ventum est, Caesar initiō ōrātionis sua senātūsque in eum beneficia
commemorāvit, quod rēx appellātus esset ā senātū, quod amīcus, quod mūnera amplissime
missa; quam rem et paucīs contigisse, et prō magnīs hominum officiīs cōnsuēsse tribuī docēbat.
Illum, cum neque aditum neque causam postulandī iūstam habēret, beneficiō ac līberālitāte suā
ac senātūs ea praemia cōnsecūtum.
Notes
ā castrīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
equīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
passibus ducentīs – ablative of degree of difference (AG 414).
ab eō tumulō – ablative of separation (AG 401).
parī intervāllō – ablative of degree of difference (AG 414).
ex equīs – “on horseback”
ut colloquerentur…addūcerent – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
quod…appellātus esset – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
quam rem…contigisse…cōnsuēsse – indirect discourse dependent on docēbat (AG 580).
paucīs – dative with compound verb contigisse (AG 370).
cum…habēret – cum clause (AG 549).
postulandī – genitive of the gerund (AG 504).
beneficiō ac līberālitāte suā – ablative of means (AG 409).
Plānitiēs erat magna et in eā tumulus terrēnus satis grandis
Hic locus aequō ferē spatiō ab castrīs Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat
Eō
ut erat dictum
ad colloquium vēnērunt
Legiōnem Caesar
quam equīs vexerat
passibus ducentīs ab eō tumulō cōnstituit
Item equitēs Ariovistī parī intervāllō constitērunt
Ariovistus
ex equīs ut colloquerentur
et praeter sē dēnōs ad colloquium addūcerent
postulāvit
Ubi eō ventum est

Caesar initiō ōrātionis sua senātūsque in eum beneficia commemorāvit
quod rēx appellātus esset ā senātū
quod amīcus
quod mūnera amplissime missa
quam rem et paucīs contigisse
et prō magnīs hominum officiīs cōnsuēsse tribuī
docēbat
Illum
cum neque aditum neque causam postulandī iūstam habēret
beneficiō ac līberālitāte suā ac senātūs ea praemia cōnsecūtum
Vocabulary
terrēnus – terrēnus, terrēna, terrēnum – made of earth, earthen
grandis – grandis, grande – great, large
dēnōs – dēnī, dēnae, dēna – ten each, by tens, ten at a time
mūnera – mūnus, mūneris, n. – gift, present
tribuī – tribuō, tribuere, tribuī, tributum – grant, give
līberālitāte – līberālitās, līberālitātis, f. – generosity, kindness, courtesy
Chapter 1.43 cont.

Docēbat etiam quam veterēs quamque iūstae causae necessitudinis ipsīs cum Aeduīs
intercēderent; quae senātūs cōnsulta quotiēns quamque honōrifica in eōs facta essent; ut omnī
tempore totīus Galliae prīncipātum Aeduī tenuissent, prius etiam quam nostram amīcitiam
appetīssent. Populī Rōmānī hanc esse cōnsuētudinem, ut sociōs atque amīcōs nōn modo suī
nihil dēperdere sed grātiā, dignitāte, honōre auctiōrēs velit esse: quod vērō ad amīcitiam populī
Rōmānī attulissent, id eīs ēripī quis patī posset? Postulāvit deinde eadem quae lēgātīs in
mandātīs dederat: nē aut Aeduīs aut eōrum sociīs bellum īnferret; obsidēs redderet; sī nūllam
partem Germānōrum domum remittere posset, at nē quōs amplius Rhēnum trānsīre paterētur.
Notes
quam…intercēderent – indirect question (AG 573).
quae…facta essent – indirect question (AG 573).
ut…tenuissent – indirect question (AG 573).
omnī tempore – ablative of time (AG 423).
prius…quam…appetīssent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
hanc esse cōnsuētudinem – indirect discourse dependent on docēbat (AG 580).
ut…velit – substantive clause of result (AG 567).
grātiā, dignitāte, honōre – ablative of specification (AG 418).
quod…attulissent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
quis…posset – question in indirect discourse (AG 586).
nē…īnferret…redderet – prohibition in indirect discourse. See AG 450 and 588.
sī…posset – protasis of simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
nē…paterētur – prohibition in indirect discourse. See AG 450 and 588.
Docēbat etiam
quam veterēs
quamque iūstae causae necessitudinis ipsīs cum Aeduīs intercēderent
quae senātūs cōnsulta quotiēns
quamque honōrifica in eōs facta essent
ut omnī tempore totīus Galliae prīncipātum Aeduī tenuissent
prius etiam quam nostram amīcitiam appetīssent
Populī Rōmānī hanc esse cōnsuētudinem

ut sociōs atque amīcōs nōn modo suī nihil dēperdere
sed grātiā, dignitāte, honōre auctiōrēs velit esse
quod vērō ad amīcitiam populī Rōmānī attulissent
id eīs ēripī
quis patī posset
Postulāvit deinde eadem

quae lēgātīs in mandātīs dederat
nē aut Aeduīs aut eōrum sociīs bellum īnferret
obsidēs redderet
sī nūllam partem Germānōrum domum remittere posset
at nē quōs amplius Rhēnum trānsīre paterētur
Vocabulary
necessitūdinis – necessitūdo, necessitūdinis, f. – necessity
quotiēns – how often
honōrifica – honōrificus, honōrifica, honōrificum – honoring, causing honor
dēperdere – dēperdō, dēperdere, dēperdidī, dēperditum – lose, waste, destroy
Chapter 1.44
Ariovistus ad postulāta Caesaris pauca respondit, dē suīs virtūtibus multa praedicāvit: transīsse
Rhēnum sēsē nōn suā sponte sed rogātum et accersītum ā Gallīs; nōn sine magnā spē magnīsque
praemiīs domum propinquōsque relīquisse; sēdēs habēre in Galliā ab ipsīs concessās, obsidēs
ipsōrum voluntāte datōs; stīpendium capere iūre bellī quod victōrēs victīs impōnere cōnsuērint.
Nōn sēsē Gallīs sed Gallōs sibi bellum intulisse; omnēs Galliae cīvitātēs ad sē oppugnandum
vēnisse ac contrā sē castra habuisse; eās omnēs cōpiās ā sē ūnō proeliō pulsās ac superātās esse.
Notes
trānsisse…sēsē – indirect discourse dependent on praedicāvit (AG 580).
suā sponte – ablative of means (AG 409).
ā Gallīs – ablative of agent (AG 405).
relīquisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
sēdēs habēre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
ab ipsīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
voluntāte – ablative of specification (AG 418).
capere – indirect discourse (AG 580).
iūre – ablative of specification (AG 418).
quod…cōnsuērint – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
victīs – dative with compound verb impōnere (AG 370).
sēsē…intulisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
Gallīs – dative with compound verb intulisse (AG 370).
omnēs…vēnisse…habuisse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
ad sē oppugnandum – accusative of the gerundive expressing purpose (AG 506).
cōpiās…pulsās ac superātās esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
ūnō proeliō – “in one battle”
Ariovistus ad postulāta Caesaris pauca respondit
dē suīs virtūtibus multa praedicāvit
transīsse Rhēnum sēsē nōn suā sponte
sed rogātum et accersītum ā Gallīs
nōn sine magnā spē magnīsque praemiīs domum propinquōsque relīquisse
sēdēs habēre in Galliā ab ipsīs concessās
obsidēs ipsōrum voluntāte datōs
stīpendium capere iūre bellī
quod victōrēs victīs impōnere cōnsuērint
Nōn sēsē Gallīs sed Gallōs sibi bellum intulisse

omnes Galliae cīvitātēs ad sē oppugnandum vēnisse
ac contrā sē castra habuisse
eās omnēs cōpiās ā sē ūnō proeliō pulsās ac superātās esse
Vocabulary
postulāta – postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātum – claim, demand
Chapter 1.44 cont.

Sī iterum experīrī velint, sē iterum parātum esse dēcertāre; sī pāce ūtī velint, inīquum esse dē
stīpendiō recūsāre quod suā voluntāte ad id tempus pependerint. Amīcitiam populī Rōmānī sibi
ōrnāmentō et praesidiō, nōn dētrīmentō, esse oportēre, idque sē eā spē petisse. Sī per populum
Rōmānum stīpendium remittātur et dēditiciī subtrahantur, nōn minus libenter sēsē recūsātūrum
populī Rōmānī amīcitiam, quam adpetierit. Quod multitūdinem Germānōrum in Galliam
trādūcat, id sē suī mūniendī, nōn Galliae oppugnandae causā facere: eius reī testimōnium esse
quod nisi rogātus nōn vēnerit, et quod bellum nōn intulerit sed dēfenderit.
Notes
sī…velint – simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sē…parātum esse – indirect discourse dependent on praedicāvit (AG 580).
sī…velint – simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
pāce – ablative with special verb ūtī (AG 410).
inīquum esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quod…pependerint – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
suā voluntāte – ablative of specification (AG 418).
amīcitiam…oportēre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
sibi ōrnāmentō et praesidiō, nōn dētrīmentō – dative of purpose (AG 382).
sē…petīsse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
eā spē – ablative of means (AG 409).
sī…remittātur…subtrahantur – future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sēsē…recūsātūrum – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quam appetierit – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
quod…trādūcat – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
sē…facere – indirect discourse (AG 580).
suī mūniendī nōn Galliae impugnandae – genitive of the gerundive with causā. See AG
504 and 359b.
causā – ablative of cause (AG 404).
testimōnium esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quod nisi…venerit…intulerit…defenderit – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
Sī iterum experīrī velint
sē iterum parātum esse dēcertāre
sī pāce ūtī velint
inīquum esse dē stīpendiō recūsāre
quod suā voluntāte ad id tempus pependerint
Amīcitiam populī Rōmānī sibi ōrnāmentō et praesidiō

nōn dētrīmentō, esse oportēre
idque sē eā spē petisse
Sī per populum Rōmānum stīpendium remittātur

et dēditiciī subtrahantur
nōn minus libenter sēsē recūsātūrum populī Rōmānī amīcitiam
quam adpetierit
Quod multitūdinem Germānōrum in Galliam trādūcat

id sē suī mūniendī, nōn Galliae oppugnandae causā facere
eius reī testimōnium esse
quod nisi rogātus nōn vēnerit
et quod bellum nōn intulerit
sed dēfenderit
Vocabulary
ōrnāmentō – ōrnāmentum, ōrnāmentī, n. – ornament, mark of honor
dēditīciī – dēditīciī, dēditīciōrum, m. – subjects of Rome
libenter – willingly, gladly
testimōnium – testimōnium, testimōniī, n. – testimony, proof
Chapter 1.44 cont.

Sē prius in Galliam vēnisse quam populum Rōmānum. Numquam ante hoc tempus exercitum
populī Rōmānī Galliae prōvinciae fīnibus ēgressum. Quid sibi vellet, cūr in suās possessiōnēs
venīret? Prōvinciam suam hanc esse Galliam, sīcut illam nostram. Ut ipsī concēdī nōn oportēret,
sī in nostrōs fīnēs impetum faceret, sīc item nōs esse inīquōs quod in suō iūre sē interpellārēmus.
Quod frātrēs Aeduōs appellātōs dīceret, nōn sē tam barbarum neque tam imperītum esse rērum
ut nōn scīret neque bellō Allobrogum proximō Aeduōs Rōmānīs auxilium tulisse neque ipsōs in
eīs contentiōnibus quas Aeduī sēcum et cum Sēquanīs habuissent auxiliō populī Rōmānī ūsōs
esse.
Notes
sē…vēnisse – indirect discourse dependent on praedicāvit (AG 580).
exercitum…ēgressum – indirect discourse (AG 580).
fīnibus – ablative of place from which (AG 427).
quid sibi vellet – question in indirect discourse (AG 586). “What did he mean?”
cūr…venīret – question in indirect discourse (AG 586).
prōvinciam…esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
ut…oportēret – apodosis of future less vivid condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sī…faceret – protasis of future less vivid condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
nōs esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quod…interpellārēmus – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
quod…dīceret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
Aeduōs appellātōs – indirect discourse dependent on dīceret (AG 580).
sē…esse – indirect discourse dependent on praedicāvit (AG 580).
ut…scīret – clause of result (AG 536).
Aeduōs…tulisse – indirect discourse dependent on scīret (AG 580).
bellō proximō – “in the last war”
ipsōs…ūsōs esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quās…habuissent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
auxiliō – ablative with special verb ūsōs esse (AG 410).
Sē prius in Galliam vēnisse quam populum Rōmānum
Numquam ante hoc tempus exercitum populī Rōmānī

Galliae prōvinciae fīnibus ēgressum
Quid sibi vellet

cūr in suās possessiōnēs venīret
Prōvinciam suam hanc esse Galliam

sīcut illam nostram
Ut ipsī concēdī nōn oportēret

sī in nostrōs fīnēs impetum faceret
sīc item nōs esse inīquōs
quod in suō iūre sē interpellārēmus
Quod
frātrēs Aeduōs appellātōs
dīceret
nōn sē tam barbarum neque tam imperītum esse rērum
ut nōn scīret
neque bellō Allobrogum proximō Aeduōs Rōmānīs auxilium tulisse
neque ipsōs in eīs contentiōnibus
quas Aeduī sēcum et cum Sēquanīs habuissent
auxiliō populī Rōmānī ūsōs esse
Vocabulary
interpellārēmus – interpellō, interpellāre, interpellāvī, interpellātum – interrupt, hinder
Chapter 1.44 cont.

Dēbēre sē suspicārī simulātā Caesarem amīcitiā, quod exercitum in Galliā habeat, suī opprimendī
causā habēre. Quī nisi dēcēdat atque exercitum dēdūcat ex hīs regionibus, sēsē illum nōn prō
amīcō sed hoste habitūrum. Quod sī eum interfēcerit, multīs sē nōbilibus prīncipibusque populī
Rōmānī grātum esse factūrum: id sē ab ipsīs per eōrum nūntiōs compertum habēre, quōrum
omnium grātiam atque amīcitiam eius morte redimere posset. Quod sī discessisset et līberam
possessiōnem Galliae sibi trādidisset, magnō sē illum praemiō remūnerātūrum et quaecumque
bella gerī vellet sine ūllō eius labōre et perīculō cōnfectūrum.
Notes
debēre – indirect discourse dependent on praedicāvit (AG 580).
simulātā…amīcitiā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Caesarem…habēre – indirect discourse dependent on suspicari (AG 580).
quod…habeat – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
suī opprimendī – genitive of the gerundive with causā. See AG 359b and 504.
causā – ablative of cause (AG 404).
quī nisi dēcēdat…dēdūcat – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
sēsē…habitūrum – indirect discourse dependent on praedicāvit (AG 580).
quod sī…interfēcerit – future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sē…factūrum – indirect discourse (AG 580).
nōbilibus principibusque – dative with adjective grātum (AG 384).
sē…habēre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
ab ipsīs – ablative of agent (AG 405).
quōrum…posset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
morte – ablative of means (AG 409).
quod sī discessisset…trādidisset – future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sibi – dative with compound verb trādidisset (AG 370).
sē…remūnerātūrum – indirect discourse (AG 580).
praemiō – ablative of means (AG 409).
quaecumque…vellet – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
cōnfectūrum – indirect discourse (AG 580).
Dēbēre sē suspicārī
simulātā Caesarem amīcitiā
quod exercitum in Galliā habeat
suī opprimendī causā habēre
Quī nisi dēcēdat

atque exercitum dēdūcat ex hīs regionibus
sēsē illum nōn prō amīcō sed hoste habitūrum
Quod sī eum interfēcerit

multīs sē nōbilibus prīncipibusque populī Rōmānī grātum esse factūrum
id sē ab ipsīs per eōrum nūntiōs compertum habēre
quōrum omnium grātiam atque amīcitiam eius morte redimere posset
Quod sī discessisset
et līberam possessiōnem Galliae sibi trādidisset
magnō sē illum praemiō remūnerātūrum
et quaecumque bella gerī vellet
sine ūllō eius labōre et perīculō cōnfectūrum
Vocabulary
simulāta – simulō, simulāre, simulāvī, simulātum – make like, pretend
grātum – grātus, grāta, grātum – agreeable, pleasing, acceptable
redimere – redimō, redimere, redēmī, redemptum – buy back, redeem, buy up
remūnerātūrum – remūneror, remūnerārī, remunerātus sum – repay, reward
Chapter 1.45
Multa ab Caesare in eam sententiam dicta sunt quārē negōtiō dēsistere nōn posset: neque suam
neque populī Rōmānī cōnsuētudinem patī utī optimē meritōs sociōs dēsereret, neque se iūdicāre
Galliam potius esse Ariovisti quam populī Rōmānī. Bellō superātōs esse Arvernōs et Rutēnōs ab
Q. Fabiō Maximō, quibus populus Rōmānus ignōvisset neque in prōvinciam redēgisset neque
stīpendium imposuisset. Quod sī antīquissimum quodque tempus spectārī oportēret, populī
Romānī iūstissimum esse in Galliā imperium: sī iūdicium senātūs observārī oportēret, līberam
dēbēre esse Galliam, quam bellō victam suīs lēgibus ūtī voluisset.
Notes
ab Caesare– ablative of agent (AG 405).
quārē…posset – indirect question (AG 573).
negōtiō – ablative of separation (AG 400).
cōnsuētudinem patī – indirect discourse dependent on dicta sunt (AG 580).
utī…dēsereret – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
sē iudicāre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
Galliam…esse – indirect discourse dependent on iudicāre (AG 580).
Ariovistī…populī Rōmānī – predicate genitive of possession (AG 343b).
superātōs esse – indirect discourse dependent on dicta sunt (AG 580).
ab Q. Fabiō Maximō – ablative of agent (AG 405).
quibus…ignōvisset…redēgisset…imposuisset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
quod sī…oportēret – protasis of simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
esse – apodosis of simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
sī…oportēret – protasis of simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
dēbēre – apodosis of simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
suīs legibus – ablative with special verb ūtī (AG 410).
quam…voluisset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
Multa ab Caesare in eam sententiam dicta sunt
quārē negōtiō dēsistere nōn posset
neque suam neque populī Rōmānī cōnsuētudinem patī
utī optimē meritōs sociōs dēsereret
neque se iūdicāre
Galliam potius esse Ariovisti quam populī Rōmānī
Bellō superātōs esse Arvernōs et Rutēnōs ab Q. Fabiō Maximō

quibus populus Rōmānus ignōvisset
neque in prōvinciam redēgisset
neque stīpendium imposuisset
Quod sī antīquissimum quodque tempus spectārī oportēret

populī Romānī iūstissimum esse in Galliā imperium
sī iūdicium senātūs observārī oportēret
līberam dēbēre esse Galliam
quam bellō victam suīs lēgibus ūtī voluisset
Vocabulary
ignōvisset – ignōscō, ignōscere, ignōvī, ignōtum – overlook, forgive, pardon
antīquissimum – antīquus, antīqua, antīquum – previous, earlier, coming before
observārī – observō, observāre, observāvī, observātum – respect, regard, observe
Chapter 1.46
Dum haec in colloquiō geruntur, Caesarī nūntiātum est equitēs Ariovistī propius tumulum
accēdere et ad nostrōs adequitāre, lapidēs tēlaque in nostrōs coicere. Caesar loquendī fīnem facit
sēque ad suōs recēpit suīsque imperāvit nē quod omnīnō tēlum in hostēs reicerent. Nam etsī
sine ūllō perīculō legiōnis dēlēctae cum equitātū proelium fore vidēbat, tamen committendum
non putābat ut, pulsīs hostibus, dīcī posset eōs ab sē per fidem in colloquiō circumventōs.
Posteāquam in vulgus mīlitum ēlātum est quā arrogantiā in colloquiō Ariovistus ūsus omnī Galliā
Rōmānīs interdīxisset, impetumque in nostrōs eius equitēs fēcissent, eaque res colloquium ut
dirēmisset, multō maior alacritās studiumque pugnandī maius exercituī iniectum est.
Notes
equitēs…accēdere…adequitāre – indirect discourse dependent on nūntiātum est (AG 580).
propius tumulum – here, the adverb propius acts as a preposition followed by the accusative (AG 432).
lapidēs tēlaque…coicere – indirect discourse (AG 580).
loquendī – genitive of the gerund (AG 504).
nē…reicerent – negative substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
proelium fore – indirect discourse dependent on vidēbat (AG 580).
fore = futūrus esse
committendum – future passive periphrastic in indirect discourse. See AG 196 and 580.
ut…posset – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
pulsīs hostibus – ablative absolute (AG 420).
eōs…circumventōs – indirect discourse dependent on dīcī (AG 580).
ab sē – ablative of agent (AG 405).
quā arrogantiā – ablative with special verb ūsus (AG 410).
quā arrogantiā…interdīxisset – indirect question (AG 573).
omnī Galliā – ablative of separation (AG 400).
Rōmānīs – dative of reference (AG 376).
ut…fēcissent…dirēmisset – indirect question (AG 573). In this case, ut means “how.”
multō – ablative of degree of difference (AG 414).
pugnandī – genitive of the gerund (AG 504).
exercituī – dative of reference (AG 376).
Dum haec in colloquiō geruntur
Caesarī nūntiātum est
equitēs Ariovistī propius tumulum accēdere
et ad nostrōs adequitāre
lapidēs tēlaque in nostrōs coicere
Caesar loquendī fīnem facit

sēque ad suōs recēpit
suīsque imperāvit
nē quod omnīnō tēlum in hostēs reicerent
Nam etsī
sine ūllō perīculō legiōnis dēlēctae cum equitātū proelium fore
vidēbat
tamen
committendum
non putābat
ut
pulsīs hostibus
dīcī posset
eōs ab sē per fidem in colloquiō circumventōs
Posteāquam in vulgus mīlitum ēlātum est

quā arrogantiā in colloquiō Ariovistus ūsus omnī Galliā Rōmānīs interdīxisset
impetumque in nostrōs eius equitēs fēcissent
eaque res colloquium ut dirēmisset
multō maior alacritās studiumque pugnandī maius exercituī iniectum est
Vocabulary
adequitāre – adequitō, adequitāre, adequitāvī, adequitātum – ride to
arrogantiā – arrogantia, arrogantiae, f. – pride, haughtiness
dirēmisset – dirimō, dirimere, dirēmī, dirēmptum – break off, stop
alacritās – alacritās, alacritātis, f. – quickness, eagerness
Chapter 1.47
Bīduō post Ariovistus ad Caesarem lēgātōs mittit: velle sē dē eīs rēbus quae inter eōs agī coeptae
neque perfectae essent agere cum eō: utī aut iterum colloquiō diem cōnstitueret aut, sī id minus
vellet, e suis lēgātīs aliquem ad sē mitteret. Colloquendī Caesarī causa vīsa nōn est, et eō magis
quod prīdiē eius diēī Germānī retinērī nōn poterant quīn in nostrōs tēla coicerent. Lēgātum e
suis sēsē magnō cum perīculō ad eum missūrum et hominibus ferīs obiectūrum exīstimābat.
Commodissimum vīsum est C. Valerium Procillum, C. Valerī Cabūrī fīlium, summā virtūte et
hūmānitāte adulēscentem, cuius pater ā C. Valeriō Flaccō cīvitāte dōnātus erat, et propter fidem
et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam, quā multā iam Ariovistus longinquā cōnsuētūdine ūtēbātur,
et quod in eō peccandī Germānīs causa nōn esset, ad eum mittere, et M. Mēttium, quī hospitiō
Ariovistī ūtēbātur. Hīs mandāvit ut quae dīceret Ariovistus cognōscerent et ad sē referrent. Quōs
cum apud sē in castrīs Ariovistus cōnspexisset, exercitū suō praesente conclāmāvit: Quid ad sē
venīrent? An speculandī causā? Cōnantēs dīcere prohibuit et in catēnās coiēcit.
Notes
bīduō post – ablative of time (AG 423).
velle sē – indirect discourse implied from lēgātōs mīsit (AG 580).
quae…coeptae…perfectae essent – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
utī…cōnstitueret…mitteret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 563 and 583.
sī…vellet – protasis of simple present condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
colloquendī – genitive of the gerund (AG 504).
eō magis – ablative of degree of difference (AG 414).
prīdiē eius diēī – ablative of time (AG 423).
quīn…conicerent – quīn clause (AG 558).
missūrum…obiectūrum – indirect discourse dependent on exīstimābat (AG 580).
magnō cum perīculō – ablative of manner (AG 412).
hominibus ferīs – dative with compound verb obiectūrum (AG 370).
summā virtūte et hūmānitāte – ablative of quality (AG 415).
ā C. Valeriō Flaccō – ablative of agent (AG 405).
cīvitāte – in this construction with dōnō we find the accusative of the person and the ablative of
the thing. See AG 364.
quā multā – ablative with special verb ūtēbātur (AG 410).
longinquā cōnsuētūdine – ablative of means (AG 409).
quod…esset – subordinate clause in indirect discourse. See AG 540 and 583.
in eō – “with him”
peccandī – genitive of the gerund (AG 504).
Germānīs – dative of possession (AG 373).
hospitiō – ablative of special verb ūtēbātur (AG 410).
ut…cognōscerent…referrent – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
quae dīceret – subordinate clause in indirect discourse (AG 583).
cum…cōnspexisset – cum clause (AG 546).
exercitū suō praesente – ablative absolute (AG 420).
quid…venīrent – indirect question (AG 573).
speculandī – genitive of the gerund with causā (AG 504).
Bīduō post Ariovistus ad Caesarem lēgātōs mittit
velle sē dē eīs rēbus
quae inter eōs agī coeptae neque perfectae essent
agere cum eō
utī aut iterum colloquiō diem cōnstitueret
aut
sī id minus vellet
e suis lēgātīs aliquem ad sē mitteret
Colloquendī Caesarī causa vīsa nōn est

et eō magis quod prīdiē eius diēī Germānī retinērī nōn poterant
quīn in nostrōs tēla coicerent
Lēgātum e suis sēsē magnō cum perīculō ad eum missūrum

et hominibus ferīs obiectūrum
exīstimābat
Commodissimum vīsum est

C. Valerium Procillum, C. Valerī Cabūrī fīlium, summā virtūte et hūmānitāte adulēscentem
cuius pater ā C. Valeriō Flaccō cīvitāte dōnātus erat
et propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam
quā multā iam Ariovistus longinquā cōnsuētūdine ūtēbātur
et quod in eō peccandī Germānīs causa nōn esset
ad eum mittere, et M. Mēttium
quī hospitiō Ariovistī ūtēbātur
Hīs mandāvit
ut
quae dīceret Ariovistus
cognōscerent
et ad sē referrent
Quōs cum apud sē in castrīs Ariovistus cōnspexisset

exercitū suō praesente
conclāmāvit
Quid ad sē venīrent
An speculandī causā
Cōnantēs dīcere prohibuit

et in catēnās coiēcit
Vocabulary
hūmānitāte – hūmānitās, hūmānitātis, f. – humanity
dōnātus erat – dōnō, dōnāre, dōnāvī, dōnātum – to present with
linguae – lingua, linguae, f. – language, tongue
peccandī – peccō, peccāre, peccāvī, peccātum – make a mistake, err
hospitiō – hospitium, hospitii, n. – hospitality
speculandī – speculor, speculārī, speculātus sum – look out, watch, observe
catēnās – catēna, catēnae, f – chain, fetter
Chapter 1.48
Eōdem diē castra prōmōvit et mīlibus passuum sex ā Caesaris castrīs sub monte cōnsēdit.
Postrīdiē eius diēī praeter castra Caesaris suās copiās trādūxit et mīlibus passuum duōbus ultrā
eum castra fēcit, eō cōnsiliō utī frūmentō commeātūque quī ex Sēquanīs et Aeduīs supportārētur
Caesarem interclūderet. Ex eō diē diēs continuōs quīnque Caesar prō castrīs suās cōpiās prōdūxit
et aciem īnstrūctam habuit, ut, sī vellet Ariovistus proeliō contendere, eī potestās nōn deesset.
Ariovistus hīs omnibus diēbus exercitum castrīs continuit, equestrī proeliō cotīdiē contendit.
Genus hoc erat pugnae, quō sē Germānī exercuerant. Equitum mīlia erant sex, totidem
numerō pedites vēlōcissimī ac fortissimī, quōs ex omnī cōpiā singulī singulōs suae salūtis causā
dēlēgerant; cum hīs in proeliīs versābantur. Ad eōs sē equitēs recipiēbant: hī, sī quid erat dūrius,
concurrēbant; sī quī graviōre vulnere acceptō equō dēciderat, circumsistēbant; sī quō erat longius
prōdeundum aut celerius recipiendum, tanta erat hōrum exercitātiōne celeritās ut iubīs equōrum
sublevātī cursum adaequārent.
Notes
eōdem diē – ablative of time (AG 423).
mīlibis – ablative of degree of difference (AG 414).
ā castrīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
postrīdiē eius diēī – ablative of time (AG 423).
mīlibus – ablative of degree of difference (AG 414).
eō cōnsiliō – ablative of means (AG 409).
utī…interclūderet – substantive clause of purpose (AG 563).
frūmentō commeātūque – ablative of separation (AG 400).
quī…supportārētur – subjunctive of integral part, or attraction (AG 593).
ut…nōn deesset – clause of purpose (AG 531).
sī…vellet – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
proeliō – ablative of means (AG 409).
eī – dative of possession (AG 373b).
hīs omnibus diēbus – ablative of duration of time (AG 424b).
castrīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
numerō – ablative of specification (AG 418).
suae salūtis – genitive with causā (AG 359b).
sī…erat…concurrēbat – simple past condition (AG 514).
quid – “anything”
sī…dēciderat…circumsistēbant – simple past condition (AG 514).
quī – “anyone”
graviōre vulnere acceptō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
equō – ablative of separation (AG 400).
sī…erat…prōdeundum…recipiendum…erat – future passive periphrastic in simple past
condition. See AG 196 and 514.
quō – “anywhere”
exercitātiōne – ablative of means (AG 409).
ut…adaequārent – clause of result (AG 536).
iubīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
Eōdem diē castra prōmōvit
et mīlibus passuum sex ā Caesaris castrīs sub monte cōnsēdit
Postrīdiē eius diēī praeter castra Caesaris suās copiās trādūxit

et mīlibus passuum duōbus ultrā eum castra fēcit eō cōnsiliō
utī frūmentō commeātūque
quī ex Sēquanīs et Aeduīs supportārētur
Caesarem interclūderet
Ex eō diē diēs continuōs quīnque Caesar prō castrīs suās cōpiās prōdūxit
et aciem īnstrūctam habuit
ut
sī vellet Ariovistus proeliō contendere
eī potestās nōn deesset
Ariovistus hīs omnibus diēbus exercitum castrīs continuit
equestrī proeliō cotīdiē contendit
Genus hoc erat pugnae

quō sē Germānī exercuerant
equitum mīlia erant sex, totidem numerō pedites vēlōcissimī ac fortissimī
quōs ex omnī cōpiā singulī singulōs suae salūtis causā dēlēgerant
cum hīs in proeliīs versābantur
Ad eōs sē equitēs recipiēbant

hī
sī quid erat dūrius
concurrēbant
sī quī
graviōre vulnere acceptō
equō dēciderat
circumsistēbant
sī quō erat longius prōdeundum
aut celerius recipiendum
tanta erat hōrum exercitātiōne celeritās
ut iubīs equōrum sublevātī cursum adaequārent
Vocabulary
prōmōvit – prōmoveō, prōmovēre, prōmōvī, promōtum – move forward, advance
ultrā – beyond, on the far side of
continuōs – continuus, continua, continuum – successive, continuous
continuit – contineō, continēre, continuī, contentum – unite, make continuous
vēlōcissimī – vēlōx, vēlōcis – swift, rapid, quick
dūrius – dūrus, dūra, dūrum – severe, rough
dēciderat – dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī – fall down
prōdeundum – prōdeō, prōdīre, prōdiī, prōditum – advance, go forward
celerius – celer, celeris, celere – quick, swift, rapid
iubīs – iuba, iubae, f. – mane of any animal, crest of a helmet
Chapter 1.49
Ubi eum castrīs sē tenēre Caesar intellēxit, nē diutius commeātū prohibērētur, ultrā eum locum,
quō in locō Germānī cōnsēderant, circiter passūs sescentōs ab hīs, castrīs idoneum locum dēlēgit
aciēque triplicī īnstrūctā ad eum locum vēnit. Prīmam et secundam aciem in armīs esse, tertiam
castra mūnīre iussit. Eō circiter hominum numero sēdecim mīlia expedīta cum omnī equitātū
Ariovistus mīsit, quae cōpiae nostrōs perterrērent et mūnītiōne prohibērent. Nihilō sētius Caesar,
ut ante cōnstituerat, duās aciēs hostem prōpulsāre, tertiam opus perficere iussit. Mūnītīs castrīs,
duās ibi legiōnēs relīquit et partem auxiliorum; quattuor reliquās legiones in castra maiōra
redūxit.
Notes
eum…tenēre – indirect discourse dependent on intellēxit (AG 580).
castrīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
nē…prohibērētur – negative clause of purpose (AG 531).
commeātū – ablative of separation (AG 400).
castrīs – dative of purpose (AG 382).
aciēque triplicī īnstrūctā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
prīmam et secundam aciem…esse – indirect discourse dependent on iussit (AG 580).
tertiam…munīre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
quae…perterrērent…prohibērent – relative clause of purpose (AG 531).
mūnītiōne – ablative of separation (AG 401).
nihilō sētius – “none the less”
duās aciēs…prōpulsāre – indirect discourse (AG 580).
tertiam…perficere – indirect discourse (AG 580).
mūnītīs castrīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
Ubi
eum castrīs sē tenēre
Caesar intellēxit
nē diutius commeātū prohibērētur
ultrā eum locum
quō in locō Germānī cōnsēderant
circiter passūs sescentōs ab hīs, castrīs idoneum locum dēlēgit
aciēque triplicī īnstrūctā
ad eum locum vēnit
Prīmam et secundam aciem in armīs esse

tertiam castra mūnīre
iussit
Eō circiter hominum numero sēdecim mīlia expedīta cum omnī equitātū Ariovistus mīsit
quae cōpiae nostrōs perterrērent
et mūnītiōne prohibērent
Nihilō sētius Caesar

ut ante cōnstituerat
duās aciēs hostem prōpulsāre
tertiam opus perficere
iussit
Mūnītīs castrīs
duās ibi legiōnēs relīquit
et partem auxiliorum; quattuor reliquās legiones in castra maiōra redūxit
Vocabulary
ultrā – beyond, on the far side of
triplicī – triplex, triplicis – triple, three–fold
sētius – comp. of secus – otherwise, not so, late
prōpulsāre – prōpulsō, prōpulsāre, prōpulsāvī, prōpulsātum – drive away, drive forth
Chapter 1.50
Proximō diē īnstitūtō suō Caesar e castrīs utrīsque cōpiās suās ēdūxit paulumque ā maiōribus
castrīs prōgressus aciem īnstrūxit; hostibusque pugnandī potestātem fēcit. Ubi nē tum quidem
eōs prōdīre intellēxit, circiter merīdiē exercitum in castra redūxit. Tum dēmum Ariovistus partem
suārum cōpiārum quae castra minora oppugnāret mīsit. Ācriter utrimque usque ad vesperum
pugnātum est. Sōlis occāsū suās cōpiās Ariovistus, multīs et inlātīs et acceptīs vulneribus, in
castra redūxit. Cum ex captīvīs quaereret Caesar quam ob rem Ariovistus proeliō nōn dēcertāret,
hanc reperiēbat causam, quod apud Germānōs ea cōnsuētūdō esset ut mātrēs familiae eōrum
sortibus et vāticinātiōnibus dēclārārent utrum proelium committī ex ūsū esset necne; eās ita
dīcere: nōn esse fās Germānōs superāre, sī ante novam lūnam proeliō contendissent.
Notes
proximō diē – ablative of time (AG 423).
īnstitūtō suō – ablative of specification (AG 418).
ex castrīs – ablative of place from which (AG 426).
ā maiōribus castrīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
hostibus – dative of reference (AG 376).
pugnandī – subjective genitive of the gerund (AG 504).
nē…prōdīre – indirect discourse dependent on intellēxit (AG 580).
merīdiē – ablative of time (AG 423).
quae…oppugnāret – relative clause of purpose (AG 531).
sōlis occāsū – ablative of time (AG 423).
multīs et inlātīs et acceptīs vulneribus – ablative absolute (AG 420).
cum…quaereret – cum clause (AG 546).
quam ob rem…dēcertāret – indirect question (AG 573).
quod…esset – informal indirect discourse (AG 592).
ut…dēclārārent – substantive clause of result (AG 567).
sortibus et vāticinātiōnibus – ablative of means (AG 409).
utrum…esset – double indirect question. See AG 335 and 573.
ex ūsū – “useful”
nōn esse fās – indirect discourse dependent on reperiēbat causam (AG 580).
sī…contendissent – protasis of future condition in indirect discourse (AG 589).
Proximō diē īnstitūtō suō Caesar e castrīs utrīsque cōpiās suās ēdūxit
paulumque ā maiōribus castrīs prōgressus aciem īnstrūxit
hostibusque pugnandī potestātem fēcit
Ubi
nē tum quidem eōs prōdīre
intellēxit
circiter merīdiē exercitum in castra redūxit
Tum dēmum Ariovistus partem suārum cōpiārum

quae castra minora oppugnāret
mīsit
Ācriter utrimque usque ad vesperum pugnātum est
Sōlis occāsū suās cōpiās Ariovistus

multīs et inlātīs et acceptīs vulneribus
in castra redūxit
Cum ex captīvīs quaereret Caesar

quam ob rem Ariovistus proeliō nōn dēcertāret
hanc reperiēbat causam
quod apud Germānōs ea cōnsuētūdō esset
ut mātrēs familiae eōrum sortibus et vāticinātiōnibus dēclārārent
utrum proelium committī ex ūsū esset necne
eās ita dīcere
nōn esse fās Germānōs superāre
sī ante novam lūnam proeliō contendissent
Vocabulary
prōdīre – prōdeō, prōdīre, prōdiī, prōditum – advance, go forward
dēmum – at last, at length
sortibus – sors, sortis, f. – lot, casting lots
vāticinātiōnibus – vāticinātiō, vāticinātiōnis, f. – soothsaying, prophesying
dēclārārent – dēclārō, dēclārāre, dēclārāvī, dēclārātum – declare, proclaim, make clear
necne – or not
fās – fās, n. indecl. – lawful, right
lūnam – lūna, lūnae, f. – moon
Chapter 1.51
Postrīdiē eius diēī Caesar praesidiō utrīsque castrīs quod satis esse vīsum est relīquit; ālāriōs
omnēs in cōnspectū hostium prō castrīs minōribus cōnstituit, quod minus multitūdine mīlitum
legiōnāriōrum prō hostium numerō valēbat, ut ad speciem ālāriīs ūterētur; ipse triplicī īnstrūctā
aciē usque ad castra hostium accessit. Tum dēmum necessāriō Germānī suās cōpiās castrīs
ēdūxērunt generātimque cōnstituērunt paribus intervāllīs, Harūdēs, Marcomanōs, Triboces,
Vangionēs, Nemetēs, Sedusiōs, Suēbōs, omnemque aciem suam raedīs et carrīs circumdedērunt,
nē qua spēs in fugā relinquerētur. Eō mulierēs imposuērunt, quae ad proelium proficīscentēs
passīs manibus flentēs implōrābant nē sē in servitūtem Rōmānīs trāderent.
Notes
postrīdiē eius diēī – “on the next day”
praesidiō utrīsque castrīs – double dative construction (AG 382).
multitūdine – ablative of specification (AG 418).
ut…ūterētur – purpose clause (AG 531).
ālāriīs – ablative with the special verb ūterētur (AG 410).
triplicī īnstrūctā aciē – ablative absolute (AG 420).
necessāriō – ablative of cause (AG 404).
castrīs – ablative of separation (AG 401).
paribus intervāllīs – ablative of place where (AG 429).
raedīs et carrīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
ne…relinquerētur – negative purpose clause (AG 531).
eō – this is the adverb
passīs manibus – ablative absolute (AG 420).
nē…trāderent – negative substantive purpose clause (AG 563).
Postrīdiē eius diēī Caesar praesidiō utrīsque castrīs
quod satis esse vīsum est
relīquit
ālāriōs omnēs in cōnspectū hostium prō castrīs minōribus cōnstituit
quod minus multitūdine mīlitum legiōnāriōrum prō hostium numerō valēbat
ut ad speciem ālāriīs ūterētur
ipse
triplicī īnstrūctā aciē
usque ad castra hostium accessit
Tum dēmum necessāriō Germānī suās cōpiās castrīs ēdūxērunt

generātimque cōnstituērunt paribus intervāllīs
Harūdēs, Marcomanōs, Triboces, Vangionēs, Nemetēs, Sedusiōs, Suēbōs
omnemque aciem suam raedīs et carrīs circumdedērunt
nē qua spēs in fugā relinquerētur
Eō mulierēs imposuērunt
quae ad proelium proficīscentēs
passīs manibus
flentēs implōrābant
nē sē in servitūtem Rōmānīs trāderent
Vocabulary
ālāriōs – ālāriī, ālāriōrum, m. – allied troops; belonging to the wings
triplicī – triplex, triplicis – triple, three-fold
dēmum – at last, at length
generātim – according to kinds or tribes
raedīs – raeda, raedae, f. – carriage with four wheels
passīs – pandō, pandere, pandī, passum – stretch out, extend
implōrābant – implōrō, implōrāre, implōrāvī, implōrātum – beseech, beg, implore
Chapter 1.52
Caesar singulīs legiōnibus singulōs lēgātōs et quaestōrem praefēcit, utī eōs testēs suae
quisque virtūtis habēret; ipse ā dextrō cornū, quod eam partem minimē firmam hostium esse
animadverterat, proelium commīsit. Ita nostrī ācriter in hostēs signō datō impetum fēcērunt,
itaque hostēs repente celeriterque prōcurrērunt, ut spatium pīla in hostēs coiciendī nōn darētur.
Reiectīs pīlīs comminus gladiīs pugnātum est. At Germānī celeriter ex cōnsuētudine suā phalange
factā impetūs gladiōrum excēpērunt. Repertī sunt complūrēs nostrī milites quī in phalangas
īnsilīrent et scūta manibus revellerent et dēsuper vulnerārent. Cum hostium aciēs ā sinistrō
cornū pulsa atque in fugam conversa esset, ā dextrō cornū vehementer multitūdine suōrum
nostram aciem premēbant. Id cum animadvertisset P. Crassus adulēscēns, quī equitātuī praeerat,
quod expedītior erat quam eī quī inter aciem versābantur, tertiam aciem labōrantibus nostrīs
subsidiō mīsit.
Notes
singulīs legiōnibus – indirect object with compound verb praefēcit (AG 370).
utī…habēret – clause of purpose (AG 531).
ā dextrō cornū – ablative of place where (AG 429b).
eam partem…esse – indirect discourse dependent on animadverterat (AG 580).
signō datō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
ut…darētur – clause of result (AG 536).
reiectīs pīlīs comminus gladiīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
suā phalange factā – ablative absolute (AG 420).
quī…īnsilīrent…revellerent…vulnerārent – relative clause of characteristic (AG 535).
manibus – ablative of separation (AG 401).
cum…conversa esset – cum clause (AG 549).
ā sinistrō cornū – ablative of place where (AG 429b).
ā dextrō cornū – ablative of place where (AG 429b).
multitūdine – ablative of means (AG 409).
cum animadvertisset – cum clause (AG 546).
equitātuī – indirect object with compound verb praeerat (AG 370).
labōrantibus nostrīs subsidiō – double dative construction (AG 382).
Caesar singulīs legiōnibus singulōs lēgātōs et quaestōrem praefēcit
utī eōs testēs suae quisque virtūtis habēret
ipse ā dextrō cornū
quod
eam partem minimē firmam hostium esse
animadverterat
proelium commīsit
Ita nostrī ācriter in hostēs

signō datō
impetum fēcērunt
itaque hostēs repente celeriterque prōcurrērunt
ut spatium pīla in hostēs coiciendī nōn darētur
Reiectīs pīlīs comminus gladiīs

pugnātum est
At Germānī celeriter ex cōnsuētudine

suā phalange factā
impetūs gladiōrum excēpērunt
Repertī sunt complūrēs nostrī milites

quī in phalangas īnsilīrent
et scūta manibus revellerent
et dēsuper vulnerārent
Cum hostium aciēs ā sinistrō cornū pulsa atque in fugam conversa esset
ā dextrō cornū vehementer multitūdine suōrum nostram aciem premēbant
Id cum animadvertisset P. Crassus adulēscēns

quī equitātuī praeerat
quod expedītior erat quam eī
quī inter aciem versābantur
tertiam aciem labōrantibus nostrīs subsidiō mīsit
Vocabulary
testēs – testis, testis, m. – witness
comminus – in close combat
phalange – phalanx, phalangis, f. – phalanx, close formation
īnsilīrent – īnsiliō, īnsilīre, īnsiluī, īnsultum – jump in, leap, spring
revellerent – revellō, revellere, revellī, revulsum – tear away, pull
dēsuper – from above
adulēscēns – adulēscēns, adulēscentis – young
Chapter 1.53
Ita proelium restitūtum est, atque omnēs hostēs terga vertērunt nec prius fugere dēstitērunt quam
ad flūmen Rhēnum mīlia passuum ex eō locō circiter quīnque pervēnērunt. Ibi perpaucī aut
vīribus cōnfīsī trānāre contendērunt aut lintribus inventīs sibi salūtem repperērunt. In hīs fuit
Ariovistus, quī nāviculam dēligātam ad ripam nactus eā profūgit: reliquōs omnēs cōnsecūtī nostrī
interfēcērunt. Duae fuērunt Ariovistī uxōrēs, ūna Suēba nātiōne, quam domō sēcum dūxerat,
altera Nōrica, rēgis Vocciōnis soror, quam in Galliā duxerat ā frātre missam: utraeque in eā fugā
perierunt; duae fīliae: hārum altera occīsa, altera capta est.
Notes
vīribus – ablative with special verb cōnfīsī (AG 431). This can be translated as “trusting in their strength.”
lintribus inventīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
eā – ablative of means (AG 409). This refers back to nāviculam.
nātionē – ablative of specification (AG 418).
ā frātre – ablative of agent (AG 405).
Ita proelium restitūtum est
atque omnēs hostēs terga vertērunt
nec prius fugere dēstitērunt
quam ad flūmen Rhēnum mīlia passuum ex eō locō circiter quīnque pervēnērunt
Ibi perpaucī aut vīribus cōnfīsī trānāre contendērunt

aut
lintribus inventīs
sibi salūtem repperērunt
In hīs fuit Ariovistus

quī nāviculam dēligātam ad ripam nactus eā profūgit
reliquōs omnēs cōnsecūtī nostrī interfēcērunt
Duae fuērunt Ariovistī uxōrēs

ūna Suēba nātiōne
quam domō sēcum dūxerat
altera Nōrica, rēgis Vocciōnis soror
quam in Galliā duxerat ā frātre missam
utraeque in eā fugā perierunt
duae fīliae
hārum altera occīsa
altera capta est
Vocabulary
perpaucī – perpaucī, perpaucae, perpauca – very few
trānāre – trānō, trānāre, trānāvī, trānātum – swim across, swim over
lintribus – linter, lintris, f. – boat, skiff
nāviculam – nāvicula, nāviculae, f. – little ship, boat
soror – soror, sorōris, f. – sister
perierunt – pereō, perīre, periī, peritum – die, perish, be lost
fīliae – fīlia, fīliae, f. – daughter
Chapter 1.53 cont.

C. Valerius Procillus, cum ā custōdibus in fugā trīnīs catēnīs vīnctus traherētur, in ipsum
Caesarem hostēs equitātū persequentem incidit. Quae quidem rēs Caesarī nōn minōrem
quam ipsa victōria voluptātem attulit, quod hominem honestissimum prōvinciae Galliae,
suum familiārem et hospitem, ēreptum e manibus hostium sibi restitūtum viderat, neque eius
calamitāte dē tantā voluptāte et grātulātiōne quicquam fortūna dēminuerat. Is sē praesente dē
sē ter sortibus cōnsultum dīcēbat utrum ignī statim necārētur an in aliud tempus reservārētur:
sortium beneficiō sē esse incolumem. Item M. Mēttius repertus et ad eum reductus est.
Notes
cum…traherētur – cum clause (AG 546).
ā custōdibus – ablative of agent (AG 405).
trīnīs catēnīs – ablative of means (AG 409).
equitātū – ablative of means (AG 409).
Caesarī – indirect object with compound verb attulit (AG 370).
calamitāte – ablative of cause (AG 404).
sē presente – ablative absolute (AG 420).
sortibus – ablative of means (AG 409).
cōnsultum – indirect discourse dependent on dīcēbat (AG 580).
utrum…necārētur…reservārētur – deliberative subjunctive (AG 444).
ignī – ablative of means (AG 409).
beneficiō – dative of possession (AG 373).
sē esse – indirect discourse (AG 580).
C. Valerius Procillus
cum ā custōdibus in fugā trīnīs catēnīs vīnctus traherētur
in ipsum Caesarem hostēs equitātū persequentem incidit
Quae quidem rēs Caesarī nōn minōrem quam ipsa victōria voluptātem attulit
quod
hominem honestissimum prōvinciae Galliae
suum familiārem et hospitem
ēreptum e manibus hostium sibi restitūtum
viderat
neque eius calamitāte dē tantā voluptāte et grātulātiōne quicquam fortūna dēminuerat
Is
sē praesente
dē sē ter sortibus cōnsultum
dīcēbat
utrum ignī statim necārētur
an in aliud tempus reservārētur
sortium beneficiō sē esse incolumem
Item M. Mēttius repertus et ad eum reductus est
Vocabulary
custōdibus – custos, custōdis, m. – guard, guardian, watchman
catēnīs – catēna, catēnae, f. – chain, fetter
voluptātem – voluptās, voluptātis, f. – pleasure, delight, enjoyment
honestissimum – honestus, honesta, honestum – honorable, respectable
hospitem – hospes, hospitis, m. – guest
grātulātiōne – grātulātiō, grātulātiōnis, f. – a wishing joy, congratulation
ter – three times, thrice
sortibus – sors, sortis, f. – lot, casting lots
reservārētur – reservō, reservāre, reservāvī, reservātum – keep, reserve, lay up
Chapter 1. 54
Hōc proeliō trāns Rhēnum nūntiātō, Suēbī quī ad rīpās Rhēnī vēnerant domum revertī coepērunt;
quōs Ubiī qui proximī Rhēnum incolunt perterritōs īnsecūtī magnum ex eīs numerum occīdērunt.
Caesar, ūnā aestāte duōbus maximīs bellīs cōnfectīs, mātūrius paulō quam tempus annī
postulābat in hīberna in Sequanōs exercitum dēdūxit; hībernīs Labiēnum praeposuit; ipse in
citeriōrem Galliam ad conventūs agendōs profectus est.
Notes
hōc proeliō…nūntiātō – ablative absolute (AG 420).
domum – accusative of place to which (AG 428k).
ex iīs – “of them”
ūnā aestāte – ablative of time within which (AG 423).
duōbus maximīs bellīs cōnfectīs – ablative absolute (AG 420).
paulō – ablative of degree of difference (AG 414).
hībernīs – dative with compound verb praeposuit (AG 370).
ad conventūs agendōs – accusative of the gerundive expressing purpose (AG 506).
Hōc proeliō trāns Rhēnum nūntiātō
Suēbī
quī ad rīpās Rhēnī vēnerant
domum revertī coepērunt
quōs Ubiī
qui proximī Rhēnum incolunt
perterritōs īnsecūtī magnum ex eīs numerum occīdērunt
Caesar ūnā aestāte

duōbus maximīs bellīs cōnfectīs
mātūrius paulō quam tempus annī postulābat
in hīberna in Sequanōs exercitum dēdūxit
hībernīs Labiēnum praeposuit
ipse in citeriōrem Galliam ad conventūs agendōs profectus est
Vocabulary
perterritōs – perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī, perterritum – frighten, terrify
praeposuit – praeponō, praeponere, praeposuī, praepositum – put over, set over as commander
citeriōrem – citerior, citerius – nearer, on this side
Appendix
1st Appearance of Words Occurring 5 or More Times in Caesar’s

Bellum Gallicum
Word # of occurrences Definition
1.1
ab 542 from
absum 49 be away, be absent, be far away
ad 706 towards, to
alius, alia, aliud 81 another, other, different
animus, animi, m. 66 soul, heart, spirit, courage
appello (1) 38 address, approach, entreat, name
atque 416 and, and also
attingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum 12 touch, attack, touch upon
aut 148 or, either
bellum, belli, n. 171 war
capio, capere, cepi, captum 64 take, receive
causa, causae, f. 152 cause, reason, motive
contendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum 76 strive, stretch, strain, exert
contineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 34 hold, keep together, surround, contain, restrain
cotidianus, -a, -um 9 daily
cum 250 with
cum 279 when, since, although
de 206 down from, away from, from
dico, dicere, dixi, dictum 102 say, speak, tell
differo, differre, distuli, dilatum 9 spread abroad, scatter, harass, delay
divido, -videre, -visi, -visum 15 divide up, distribute, distinguish
et 908 and
etiam 68 as yet, still, also, even
fere 45 almost, nearly, just, exactly
finis, finis, m. 125 boundary, limit, border
flumen, fluminis, n. 103 steam, river
fortis, forte 11 strong, powerful, courageous
gero, gerere, gessi, gestum 70 carry, bear
hic, haec, hoc 622 this
importo (1) 5 bring in, import
in 1083 into, towards, in, on
incolo, -colere, -coliu 14 inhabit, dwell in
inferus, -a, -um 17 below, lower
initium, initii, n 24 a beginning
institutum, instituti, n. 5 institution
inter 79 between, among
ipse, ipsa, ipsum 187 self, just, exactly
is, ea, id 991 he, she, it, this or that
lex, legis, f. 14 a law, bill

longe 66 a long way off, far, at a distance
mercator, mercatoris, m. 11 merchant
mons, montis, m. 34 mountain, mountain range
noster, nostra, nostrum 96 our
obtineo , -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 26 hold, possess, maintain, obtain
occasus, occasus, m. 7 the setting of the heavenly bodies, the west
omnis, omne 523 all, every, whole
orior, oriri, ortus sum 18 arise, spring from, be born, rise
pars, partis, f. 244 part, portion, share
parvum 39 too little, not enough
pertineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 22 reach, extend, relate to
proelium, proelii, n. 121 battle, fight
prohibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibitum 43 hold back, check, restrain, forbid
propinquus, -a, -um 18 near, neighboring
propior , propius 46 nearer
propterea 20 on that account, therefore
provincia, provinciae, f. 46 province, office
-que 907 and
qui, quae, quod 1172 who, which, that
quod 280 because, whereas, and, but, now
quoque 10 also, too
reliquus, -a, -um 117 remaining, left , left behind
saepe 17 often, frequently
septentrio, septentrionis, m. 7 the north
sol, solis, m. 13 the sun
specto (1) 7 contemplate, watch, observe
sui 661 himself, herself, itself, themselves, each other
sum, esse, futurus sum 635 to be
suus, -a, -um 256 his, her, its, their
tertius, -a, -um 36 third
trans 23 over, across
tres, tria 41 three
unus, -a, -um 106 one
virtus, virtutis, f. 72 manliness, excellence, virtue, courage
1.2
afficio, -ficere, -feci, -factum 10 influence, work upon
ager, agri, m. 62 land, territory, field
alter, altera, alterum 13 second
altus, -a, -um 12 high, deep
angustus, -a, -um 10 narrow, confined
apud 45 at, near, by, with, among
arbitror , arbitrari, arbitratus sum 41 witness, perceive, decide, judge
autem 31 but, on the other hand, however, moreover

centum 12 a hundred
civitas, civitatis, f. 182 state, commonwealth, city, citizenship
coniuratio, coniurationis, f. 5 conspiracy, plot
consul, consulis, m. 9 a consul
copia, copiae, f. 146 supplies, forces, plenty, abundance
cupiditas, cupiditatis, f. 8 eager desire, passionate longing, ambition
cupidus, -a, -um 6 desirous, eager, keen
dolor, doloris, f. 10 pain, anguish, grief, sorrow
ducenti , -ae, -a 11 two hundred
ex 467 from, out of
exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum 10 go out, go away, die
facile 38 easily, without difficulty
facio, facere, feci, factum 267 make, do, form
finitimi, finitimorum, m. 18 neighbors
fio, fieri, factus sum 53 be made, come into existence, become
gloria, gloriae, f. 5 fame, glory
habeo, habere, habui, habitum 174 have, hold
homo, hominis, m. 86 human being, man
imperium, imperii, n. 58 command, order, power, authority
infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 48 bring, carry in, place on, introduce
late 11 broadly, widely
latitudo, latitudinis, f. 9 breadth, extent
latus, -a, -um 8 broad, wide
locus, loci, m. 278 place, position
longitudo, longitudinis, f. 11 length
magnus, -a, -um 293 great, large
mille, milia 124 a thousand
multitudo, multitudinis, f. 83 multitude, crowd, mob
natura, naturae, f. 30 nature, character
nobilis, nobile 8 known, renowned, infamous, noble
nobilitas, nobilitatis, f. 7 noble birth, nobility
octoginta 8 eighty
passus, passus, m. 62 step, stride, footstep, track
pateo, patere, patui, patitum 12 be open, stand open
persuadeo, -suadere, -suasi, -suasum 20 persuade, convince
possum, posse, potui 302 be able, be possible; have influence
potior, potiri, potitus sum 15 get possession of, obtain, be master of
praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitum 16 stand before, be outstanding, perform, fulfill
pro 79 before, for, in front of, on behalf of, according to
quadraginta 6 forty
regnum, regni, n. 19 royal power, authority, rule, a kingdom
res, res, f. 392 thing, object, matter, affair
totus, -a, -um 63 whole, complete, entire
undique 26 from or an all sides, everywhere, altogether
ut 349 that, so that, how
vagor, vagari, vagatus sum 8 wander, ramble, rove
1.3
ac 184 and, and also
adduco , -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 41 bring, lead to
amicitia, amicitiae, f. 30 friendship
amicus, amici, m. 12 friend
annus, anni, m. 46 year, season
ante (adv.) 36 before
auctoritas, auctoritatis, f. 30 support, example, authority, rights
carrus, carri, m. 9 a kind of four-wheeled baggage-waggon
comparo (1) 18 prepare, get ready, provide, settle
conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 51 finish, make ready, accomplish, obtain, consume
confirmo (1) 32 confirm, strengthen, encourage
conor, conari, conatus sum 32 undertake, attempt, strive
constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutum 79 cause to stand, set up, place, establish
deligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum 25 pick, pluck, choose, select
do, dare, dedi, datum 98 give
duco, ducere, duxi, ductum 38 draw, lead, reckon
exercitus, exercitus, m. 132 army
fides, fidei, f. 35 trust, confidence, belief, faith
filius, filii, m. 13 son
firmus, -a, -um 11 firm, strong, stout
frater, fratris, m. 26 brother
frumentum, frumenti, n. 56 corn, grain
idem, eadem, idem 111 the same
ille, illa, illud 121 that
item 30 also, likewise, in like manner
iter, itineris, n. 113 a going, way, journey, road
iumentum, iumenti, n. 7 beast of burden
iusiurandum, iusiurandi, n. 12 an oath
legatio, legationis, f. 15 embassy, legation
multum 33 much, greatly
multus, -a, -um 74 much, many
non 313 not
numerus, numeri, m. 109 number, count, measure
occupo (1) 28 take possession of, seize
oratio, orationis, f. 22 speaking, speech, language
pater, patris, m. 14 father
pax, pacis, f. 27 peace
per 104 through, along, because of
perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 16 bring to an end, complete, accomplish
permoveo, -movere, -movi, -motum 15 move, excite, induce
plebes, plebei, f. 9 the plebeians, the people, the masses
populus, populi, m. 84 a people, nation

potens, potentis 9 able, powerful, capable
principatus, principatus, m. 12 the first place, the first rank in state or military
probo (1) 16 approve, show, prove
profectio, profectionis, f. 10 a departure, source, origin
proficiscor, -ficisci, -fectus sum 80 start forward, set out, depart
quam 105 as...as possible, very (with superl.)
quin 21 who not, that not, but that
satis (indecl. adj.) 8 enough, sufficient
senatus, senatus, m. 25 council of elders, the Senate
spero (1) 12 hope, hope for, believe in, trust in
suppeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum 5 be in store, suffice
suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 9 take up, support, accept
tempus, temporis, n. 111 time, period of time
1.4
arma, armorum, n. 81 arms, weapons
cliens, clientis, m. 10 client, dependent
cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum 70 bring together, collect
conduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 6 bring together, unite, collect
decem 19 ten
enuntio (1) 8 tell, disclose, declare
eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum 11 tear out, snatch, free
familia, familiae, f. 9 household, family estate
ignis, ignis, m. 13 fire
incito (1) 16 urge on, hasten, excite, rouse
iudicium, iudicii, n. 10 trial, judgment
ius, iuris, n. 19 right, law
magistratus, magistratus, m. 21 magistrate, a magistracy, official dignity, office
mors, mortis, f . 21 death
mos, moris, m. 18 will, inclination, custom, usage
ne 119 lest, that not
neque 244 not, ant not
ob 13 in front, before, because of
oportet, -tere, -tuit 18 it is proper, one should
poena, poenae, f. 10 punishment, penalty
sequor , sequi, secutus sum 31 follow, accompany, attend, pursue
suspicio, suspicionis, f. 11 mistrust, suspicion
ut 84 as, when, since
1.5
aedificium, aedificii, n. 18 a building
consilium, consilii, n. 121 deliberation, consultation, council
domus, domus, f. 33 house, home
duodecim 9 twelve
effero, efferre, extuli, elatum 9 carry out, bring forth, lift up
iam 71 now, already
incendo, -cendere, -cendi, -censum 21 kindle, set fire to, burn
iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum 112 order, command
oppidum, oppidi, n. 133 town
oppugno (1) 23 attack, assault
paratus , -a, -um 12 prepared, ready
periculum, periculi, n. 55 trial, attempt, danger, peril
porto (1) 5 bear, carry, convey
post (prep.) 30 behind, after
privatus, -a, -um 8 private
quadringenti 6 four hundred
quisque, quaeque, quidque 44 each, every, everyone, everybody
recipio , -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 75 hold back, take back, recover, receive, accept
socius, socii, m. 13 a partner, companion, associate
spes, spei, f. 54 hope
subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum 7 go under, submit to, approach, climb
tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum 21 lift up, raise, remove, carry off
transeo , -ire, -ii, -itum 64 go over, cross
ubi 40 when, where
una 31 in one, together
utor, uti, usus sum 52 use, make use of, employ
vicus, vici, m. 18 district of a town, village, estate
1.6
ante (prep.) 26 before
bonus, -a, -um 7 good
convenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum 61 meet, come together, assemble, agree
dies, diei, m. 188 daytime, day
difficilis, difficile 6 difficult
duo, duae, duo 79 two
eo, ire, ii, itum 24 go
existimo (1) 79 judge, consider, regard, deem
expeditus, -a, -um 15 unshackled, unimpeded
exter, -a, -um 25 outward, foreign, strange
facilis, facile 8 easy
multo 9 by much, by far
nondum 9 not yet
nonnullus, -a, -um 24 some, several
omnino 21 altogether, entirely, wholly
paco (1) 9 pacify, make peaceful
patior, pati, passus sum 19 suffer, undergo, permit, allow
pons, pontis, m. 32 bridge
qua 12 by which way, where
quintus , -a, -um 5 fifth

ripa, ripae, f. 18 the bank of a river, shore of the sea
singulus, -a, -um 33 single, separate, one alone
vadum, vadi, n. 13 a shallow, ford, river, sea, shallows
vel 12 or
video, videre, vidi, visum 144 see
vis, vis, f. 46 force, power, strength, violence
vix 12 with difficulty, scarcely, only just
1.7
adventus, adventus, m. 47 an arrival
certus, -a, -um 45 resolved, definite, certain
concedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 14 go away, retire, yield
dum 26 yet, now, while
facultas, facultatis, f. 27 power, means, capacity, means
impero (1) 59 order, give orders, command
iniuria, iniuriae, f. 32 an injury, injustice, wrong
intercedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 10 go between, intervene
iugum, iugi, n. 13 yoke, collar
legatus, legati, m. 124 ambassador, envoy
legio, legionis, f. 189 a legion
licet, licere, licuit 17 it is allowed, one may
memoria, memoriae, f. 21 memory, remembrance
miles, militis, m. 166 soldier
mitto, mittere, misi, missum 158 send, let go
nullus, -a, -um 55 no, none, not any
nuntio (1) 29 announce, give notice, command
occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum 17 strike down, kill, slay
pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum 20 strike, knock, beat, impel, drive
pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum 58 arrive at, reach
princeps, principis, m. 5 first, foremost
puto (1) 20 settle, consider, reckon, think, suppose
quis, quid 70 anyone, anybody, anything (see aliquis)
rescindo, -scindere, -scidi, -scissum 7 tear back, cut open, repeal
respondeo, -ndere, -ndi, -nsum 16 answer to, reply
revertor, -verti, -versus sum 23 turn back, return
rogo (1) 9 ask, inquire, question
sine 42 without
spatium, spatii, n. 42 space, room, interval
sub 35 under, up under, along under
sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum 8 take, choose, borrow
tamen 74 however, yet, nevertheless
teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum 52 hold
ullus, -a, -um 25 any
urbs, urbis, f. 7 a walled town or city
volo, velle, volui 64 be willing, wish

voluntas, voluntatis, f. 18 will, wish, inclination
1.8
altitudo, altitudinis, f. 23 height, depth
castellum, castelli, n. 13 castle, fortress, fort
complures, complura 31 several
concursus, concursus, m. 7 a running together, concourse, meeting
deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 15 throw, cast, hurl down, kill
desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum 13 withdraw, desist, leave off
dispono, -ponere, -posui, -positum 17 distribute, arrange, put in order
fossa, fossae, f. 26 ditch, trench
influo, -fluere, -fluxi, -fluxum 8 flow in
interea 9 in the meantime, meanwhile
invitus, a, um 7 unwilling, against one’s will
munitio, munitionis, f. 74 a fortifying, building up, fortifications
murus, muri, m. 48 wall
navis, navis, f. 107 ship, vessel
nego (1) 5 to say no, deny, refuse
noctu 16 by night
novem 5 nine
opus, operis, n. 46 work, labor
ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum 20 hold out, show, display, declare
parvus, -a, -um 25 little, small
perduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 13 lead through, bring along, continue
perrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptum 8 break through, burst through
pes, pedis, m. 44 foot
praesidium, praesidii, n. 64 protection, defence, guard
quo 16 whereby, because
repello, -pellere, reppuli, -pulsum 10 drive back, drive away, repel
reverto, -vertere, -verti 11 turn back, return
si 174 if
telum, teli, n. 39 missle, dart, spear, arrow
venio, venire, veni, ventum 134 come
1.9
angustia, angustiae, f. 7 narrowness, strait, narrow place
beneficium, beneficii, n. 16 a kindness, favor, benefit, service
gratia, gratiae, f. 27 pleasantness, favor, esteem, thanks
impetro (1) 19 get, obtain, accomplish
itaque 40 and thus, and so, therefore
novus, -a, -um 34 new, fresh
obses, obsidis, m. 73 hostage, pledge
propter (prep.) 58 on account of, because of
relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lictum 81 leave, leave behind
spons, spontis, f. 5 unaided, willingly, voluntarily
studeo, studere, studui 15 be eager, strive after, support

via, viae, f. 18 way, road, street
1.10
circum (prep.) 10 round, around
conscribo, -ibere, -ipsi, -iptum 9 enroll, levy, compose
educo, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 22 draw out, lead out, raise up
extra (prep.) 7 outside of, beyond, without
finitimus, -a, -um 22 neighboring, adjacent, related to, similar
frumentarius, -a, -um 26 of grain
hiberna, hibernorum, n. 46 winter quarters
hiemo (1) 17 winter, spend the winter
ibi 50 there, then, therein
inde 15 thence, from there, then
intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum 45 understand, perceive, become aware of
praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 18 set over, appoint as superintendent
primus , -a, -um 72 first, foremost
quinque 19 five
renuntio (1) 7 report, announce
septimus, -a, -um 14 seventh
superus, -a, -um 145 upper, higher
ulterior , ulterius 8 farther, on the other side, beyond
1.11
auxilium, auxilii, n. 68 help, aid, assistance
conspectus, conspectus, m. 17 look, sight, view
consumo, -mere, -mpsi, -mptum 14 consume, employ, use up, wear away
debeo, debere, debui, debitum 14 owe, ought, should
defendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fensum 28 repel, drive away, defend, protect
demonstro (1) 37 indicate, point out, explain, show
depopulor, -populari, -populatus sum 6 lay waste, ravage
expugno (1) 12 capture, overcome, subdue
exspecto (1) 34 wait for, await
fortuna, fortunae, f. 33 change, fate, luck, fortune
fuga, fugae, f. 70 flight, running away
hostis, hostis, m. 286 stranger, enemy
ita 47 so, thus
liberi, liberorum, m. 15 children
nihil, n. 43 nothing
paene 19 nearly, almost
populor, populari, populatus sum 5 lay waste, devastate, plunder
possessio, possessionis, f. 5 property, possession, occupation
praeter (prep.) 16 beyond, besides
servitus, servitutis, f. 15 slavery, servitude
statuo, statuere, statui, statutum 18 put, place, set, establish, decide
suum, sui, n. 14 one’s own people, property
traduco , -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 32 carry, lead, bring over, transfer

vasto (1) 10 empty, lay waste, plunder
1.12
abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum 12 put away, withdraw, retire, hide
calamitas, calamitatis, f. 12 loss, failure, misfortune, calamity
castra, castrorum, n. 273 camp, encampment
casus, casus, m. 24 a falling, fall, misfortune, downfall
citra 6 on this side, nearer
deus, dei, m. 10 god
explorator, exploratoris, m. 22 exploror, scout, spy
immortalis, -e 7 immortal, everlasting
impeditus, -a, -um 18 entangled, hindered, impeded
incredibilis, -e 6 not to be believed, incredible
inopinans, -antis 8 not expecting, unawares
interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 83 do away with, destroy, kill, slay
iudico (1) 19 judge, decide
mando (1) 12 entrust, order, command, commit
nam 44 for
oculus, oculi, m. 6 eye
pagus, pagi, m. 11 village, country district, inhabitants of a village
publicus, -a, -um 9 belonging to the people, public
quartus , -a, -um 13 the fourth
quattuor 27 four
reliqui, reliquorum, m. 42 the rest, the remainder
sed 103 but, however
silva, silvae, f. 57 wood, forest
sive 8 or if, whether… or
solum 12 only
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum 5 take vengeance, avenge
vero 19 in truth, really, in fact
vigilia, vigiliae, f. 19 wakefulness, a watch, vigilance
1.13
adorior, -oriri, -ortus sum 17 attack, attempt, undertake
aegre 8 with regret, with difficulty, hardly
ago, agere, egi, actum 38 drive, go
committo, -mittere, -misi, -missum 35 unite, connect, combine, entrust
commoveo, -movere, -movi, -motum 8 shake, carry off, influence
consequor, -sequi, secutus sum 16 follow, go after, reach, obtain
consisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum 46 consist, stand still, stop, hold one’s ground
curo (1) 12 care for, attend, manage
despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum 5 look down upon, despise
dux, ducis, m. 28 guide, leader, ruler, commander
fero, ferre, tuli, latum 68 bear, bring

incommodum, incommodi, n. 14 inconvenience, disadvantage, misfortune
insidiae, insidiarum, f. 7 an ambush
magis 45 more, to a greater extent, rather
magnopere 7 greatly, very much
maiores, maiorum, m. 10 ancestors
ne 36 not, lest, that not
nomen, nominis, n. 18 a name
persequor, -sequi, -secutus sum 7 follow constantly, pursue to the end, punish, avenge
princeps, principis, m. 46 leader
pristinus, -a, -um 9 former, previous, earlier
prodo, -dere, -didi, -ditum 7 put forth, show, betray, hand over
quare 6 how? why?
repentinus, -a, -um 14 sudden, unexpected, unlooked for
sui (reflexive pronoun) 96 himself, herself, itself, themselves; each other
tribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum 9 allot, assign, grant, give, allow
ubi 16 where
vetus, veteris 12 old, ancient, former
viginti 21 twenty
1.14
accido, -cidere, -cidi 44 fall down, fall to, to happen
accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 59 take, receive
admiror, -mirari, -miratus sum 5 admire, be astonished at
aliquis, aliquid 25 someone, something, anyone, anything
commemoro (1) 6 call to mind, mention, relate
commutatio, commutationis, f. 8 a change, alteration
consuesco, -escere, -evi, -etum 37 accustom, habituate
contumelia, contumeliae, f. 7 outrage, violence, insult
depono, -ponere, -posui, -positum 8 put down, commit, entrust
discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 49 part, separate, depart, go away
diu 20 by day, for a long time, a long time ago
enim 17 indeed, truly, certainly
eo 65 thither, so far, there, for that
eodem 10 to the same place, in the same place
graviter 14 heavily, with weight
instituo, -uere, -ui, -utum 45 make ready, build, establish, undertake
meritum, meriti, n. 8 desert, merit, service, blame
polliceor, -ceri, -citus sum 26 make an offer, promise
quod 11 and, but, now
recens, -ntis 9 new, fresh, young, recent
satisfacio, -facere, -feci, -factum 5 give satisfaction, satisfy, make amends
secundus, -a, -um 13 following, successful, favorable, second
tam 14 so, so far
tempto (1) 11 prove, try, test
timeo, timere, timui 16 be afraid, fear, dread
victoria, victoriae, f. 33 victory, conquest
1.15
agmen, agminis, n. 33 army on the march, column
alienus, -a, -um 8 that of another, foreign
ample 22 fully, grandly, abundantly
audaciter 7 boldly
cado, cadere, cecidi, casum 5 fall down, drop, perish, happen
circiter 56 about
coepio, -epere, -epi, -eptum 61 begin, commence
eques, equitis, m. 120 horseman, cavalry, knights
equitatus, equitatus, m. 111 cavalry
insequor, -sequi, -secutus sum 18 follow after, succeed, attack
intersum, -esse, -fui 9 be between, intervene; it concerns,
lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itum 10 provoke, stimulate, excite
moveo, movere, movi, motum 18 move, set in motion, excite
nostri 138 us, ourselves
pabulatio, pabulationis, f. 7 procuring fodder, foraging
pauci, paucorum, m. 9 a few, the select few
posterus, -a, -um 24 subsequent, following, next
praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 15 send before, send ahead
praesentia, praesentiae, f. 5 presence, present
quindecim 13 fifteen
quingenti, -ae, -a 5 five hundred
quis, quid 112 who? what?
satis (adv.) 17 enough, sufficiently
tantus, -a, -um 82 of such a size, so great
1.16
adsum, -esse, -fui 12 be present, at, near, support
averto, -vertere, -verti, -versum 7 turn away, turn off, remove
comporto (1) 8 carry together, collect
confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 29 bring together, collect
convoco (1) 16 call together, assemble
cotidie 11 daily
creo (1) 5 make, create, elect
insto, -stare, -stiti 8 press upon, pursue eagerly, persist
interim 31 meanwhile, in the meantime, for the time being
modo 24 only, merely, just, but
necessarius, -a, -um 7 necessary, unavoidable, inevitable
nolo, nolle, nolui 11 be unwilling, wish not
pabulum, pabuli, n. 6 food, nourishment
pono, ponere, posui, positum 42 lay down, put, set
potestas, potestatis, f. 27 power, authority, ability
praesertim 11 especially, chiefly

praesum, -esse, -fui 18 be before, be over, present
prex, precis, f. 8 request, entreaty, curse
publice 6 for the people, publicly, all together
queror, queri, questus sum 10 complain, lament, bewail
quidem 41 indeed, even
sublevo (1) 9 lift up, support, encourage
vita, vitae, f. 19 life
1.17
antea 9 before, formerly
deterreo, -terrere, -terrui, -territum 5 deter, discourage, frighten from anything
dubito (1) 14 doubt, be uncertain
libertas, libertatis, f. 19 freedom, rights, liberty
perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 19 carry through, bear to the end, complete
propono, -ponere, -posui, -positum 16 put forth, expose, relate, propose
quantus, -a, -um 19 of what size? how great?
supero (1) 26 go above, prevail, survive, surpass
tum 47 then, at that time
valeo, valere, valui 13 be strong, be well, farewell
1.18
adversus, -a, -um 10 turned towards, opposed
alo, alere, alui, altum 9 feed, support
audeo, audere, ausus sum 29 be daring, dare, venture
augeo, augere, auxi, auctum 14 make grow, increase
celeriter 65 quickly, swiftly
conloco (1) 35 place, lay, set, arrange, settle
concilium, concilii, n. 36 a bringing together, assembly, council
contra (adv.) 5 against, opposite
conventus, conventus, m. 7 a coming together, assembly
cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum 5 desire, long for, wish for
deminuo, -nuere, -nui, -nutum 6 diminish, lessen
despero (1) 19 be without hope, despair, give up
dimitto , -mitto, -misi, -missum 35 send forth, send away, let go
equester, -stris, -stre 14 relating to horsemen, equestrian, relating to cavalry
honor, honoris, m. 9 honor
mater, matris, f. 6 mother
nemo, neminis , m. 14 no man, no one, nobody
pauci, -ae, -a 31 few, little
perterreo, -terrere, -terrui, -territum 33 frighten, terrify
potentia, potentiae, f. 7 power, might, ability
praesens, -ntis 8 present, at hand
quaero, quaerere, quaesii, quaesitum 16 seek, search for, get, ask
reperio, reperire, repperi, repertum 27 get again, find, discover

restituo , -uere, -ui, -utum 7 replace, restore, stay behind, remain, survive
retineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 18 hold back, detain, keep, reserve, maintain
semper 10 always
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum 13 feel, experience, realize, perceive, think
solus, -a, -um 9 alone, only, sole
uxor, uxoris, f. 9 wife, spouse
1.19
accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 27 approach, come near
animadverto, -ertere, -erti, -ersum 25 take notice of, attend to, perceive, observe
cognosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitum 131 become acquainted with, know, learn
conloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum 10 speak, talk with
familiaris, familiaris, m. 6 a familiar friend, close friend
hortor, hortari, hortatus sum 19 exhort, incite, encourage
peto, petere, petivi, petitum 68 make for, go to, seek, ask for, beseech
priusquam 30 before, sooner, rather
quisquam, quaequam, quidquam 26 anyone, anybody, anything
removeo, -movere, -movi, -motum 6 move back, withdraw, put away
simul 18 at once, at the same time, together
studium, studii, n. 17 zeal, eagerness, enthusiasm, study
supplicium, supplicii, n. 12 a humble entreaty, supplication, punishment
unum, uni, n. 6 one thing
vereor, -eri, -itus sum 25 be afraid, fear, revere
voco (1) 6 call, summon
1.20
adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum 7 apply, employ
consolor, -ari, -atus sum 5 console, comfort, encourage, alleviate
fleo, flere, flevi, fletum 6 weep, weep for, lament
gravis, -e 22 heavy, weighty
loquor, loqui, locutus sum 8 speak
minuo, -uere, -ui, -utum 10 lessen, diminish, reduce
moneo, monere, monui, monitum 8 admonish, warn
nec 28 not, and not (see atque)
ops, opis, f. 9 might, power, resources, means, wealth
oro (1) 11 speak, beg, entreat
respublica, respublicae, f. 15 the republic, state, commonwealth
scio, scire, scivi, scitum 12 know, understand
vito (1) 10 avoid, shun
vulgus, vulgi, m. 7 the people, multitude, rabble, mob
1.21
ascendo, -ndere, -ndi, -nsum 8 mount, ascend, go up
ascensus, ascensus, m. 9 a going up, ascent
circuitus, circuitus, m. 10 circuit, roundabout way, compass
consido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum 24 sit down, settle
militaris, -e 18 of a soldier, of war, military
octo 8 eight
postea 12 thereafter, afterwards
1.22
acies, aciei, f. 42 keenness, edge, battle
admitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 6 admit, let in, allow
captivus, captivi, m. 22 captive, prisoner
collis, collis, m. 36 hill, high ground
comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertum 8 find out, discover
denique 5 at last, finally
equus, equi, m. 28 horse
impetus, impetus, m. 48 attack, onset
insigne, insignis, n. 6 a distinguishing mark, token, badge
instruo, -struere, -struxi, -structum 19 build in, equip, prepare, provide
intervallum, intervalli, n. 11 intervening space, interval, distance
lux, lucis, f. 18 light
nisi 24 if not, unless, except
praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 7 take before, receive in advance
subduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 6 pull up, raise, remove, withdraw
timor, timoris, m. 34 fear, dread
1.23
biduum, bidui, n. 8 a space of two days
commuto (1) 5 change, alter entirely, exchange
confido, -fidere, -fisus sum 23 have complete trust, be assured
converto, -vertere, -verti, -versum 13 turn round, turn back, change
duodeviginti 5 eighteen
intercludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum 13 shut off, hinder
postridie 7 the day after, on the next day
pridie 5 on the day before
supersum, -esse, -fui 7 be left, remain, be plentiful
1.24
compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum 19 fill up, fill, fulfill
confertus, -a, -um 7 dense, in close formation, full of
impedimentum, impedimenti, n. 48 a hindrance, impediment, baggage

medius , -a, -um 29 middle, midmost, mid
postquam 8 after, when
prope (adv.) 34 near
reicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 6 throw back, behind, drive off, fling aside
succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 14 go under, ascend, succeed
sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 38 hold up, support, sustain
1.25
apertus, -a, -um 21 open, uncovered
circumvenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum 26 come round, surround, assail
claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum 6 shut, close
cohortor, -ari, -atus sum 24 encourage, incite, exhort
commode 10 rightly, properly, kindly
conspicor, -ari, atus sum 11 catch sight of, perceive
corpus, corporis, n. 12 body, flesh
defetiscor, -fetisci, -fessus sum 6 become tired, grow weary
deinde 7 from that place, thereafter, thereupon
emitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 7 send forth, send out, let loose, free
gladius, gladii, m. 10 sword
impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum 20 hinder, prevent, ensnare
latus, lateris, n. 26 side, flank
manus, manus, f. 47 hand, band
multi, multorum, m. 13 many persons
pilum, pili, n. 12 heavy javelin
primum 24 at first, for the first time, as soon as
pugna, pugnae, f. 33 fight, battle, battle line
pugno (1) 59 fight, combat, contend
redintegro (1) 7 restore, renew, repair
refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum 16 carry back, bring back, restore, answer
resisto, -sistere, -stiti 21 resist, oppose, withstand
rursus 24 backward, back
scutum, scuti, n. 10 shield
secundus, a, um 5 second
signum, signi, n. 46 sign, mark, token
submoveo, -movere, -movi, -motum 5 move up from below, move away, remove
tandem 6 at length, at last
vinco, vincere, vici, victum 18 conquer, defeat, subdue, surpass
vulnus, vulneris, n. 21 wound
1.26
acriter 18 sharply, keenly
alter, altera, alterum 43 the one, the other, one of two
conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 40 throw together, throw, hurl, conjecture
hora, horae, f. 16 an hour

intermitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 34 separate, break off, let pass, cease, leave off
iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutum 5 help, aid, assist
littera, litterae, f. 22 letter, epistle, literature
moror, -ari, -atus sum 20 linger, tarry, detain, hinder
neve 5 and not, or not, nor
nox, noctis, f. 45 night
nuntius, nuntii, m. 34 messenger, announcer
obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 7 throw in the way, oppose
subicio , -icere, -ieci, -iectum 5 throw, place, set under; throw from beneath
triduum, tridui, n. 10 a space of three days
triginta 14 thirty
vallum, valli, n. 36 palisade, fortification, defence
vesper, vesperi, m. 5 evening
vulnero (1) 12 wound, injure
1.27
conquiro, -irere, -isivi, -isitum 6 bring together, collect, search for
deditio, deditionis, f. 18 unconditional surrender, capitulation
egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 26 go out, pass out, march out, go up
ignoro (1) 5 be ignorant of, not know
inopia, inopiae, f. 25 want, need, poverty
occulto (1) 13 hide, conceal
pareo, parere, parui, paritum 6 appear, obey, yield
posco, poscere, poposci 5 ask earnestly, request, demand
proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 10 throw forth, put forward
salus, salutis, f. 46 health, safety
servus, servi, m. 6 slave
sex 18 six
trado, -dere, -didi, -ditum 28 hand over, give up, surrender
1.28
amitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 17 send away, let go, lose
atque 8 and, and also
condicio, condicionis, f. 17 arrangement, condition, proviso
fames, famis, f. 7 hunger
par, paris 19 equal, like
perfuga, perfugae, f. 6 a deserter
ratio, rationis, f. 41 a reckoning, account, reason
reduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 28 draw backwards, lead back
unde 9 whence?
1.29
caput, capitis, n. 11 head
mulier, mulieris, f. 8 a woman, a wife, matron
nominatim 5 by name, expressly
puer, pueri, m. 5 boy, child
redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum 11 go back, return
sexaginta 11 sixty
summa, summae, f. 18 the highest place, main thing, supreme command
trecenti , -ae, -a 5 three hundred
1.30
communis, -e 30 shared, common
consensus, consensus, m. 7 agreement, concord, agreement
indico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum 8 announce, proclaim, order
opportunus, -a, -um 7 opportune, fit, suitable, convenient
permitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 10 let go, give up, yield
quidam , quaedam, quoddam 18 a certain person or thing
terra, terrae, f. 14 earth, land, ground, soil, region
usus, usus, m. 37 use, application, practice, utility
1.31
arcesso, -ere, -ivi, -itum 13 summon, fetch
barbarus, -a, -um 10 foreign, strange
consuetudo, consuetudinis, f. 31 custom, usage, habit
cruciatus, cruciatus, m. 9 torture, torment
decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 6 move away, withdraw, retire
experior, -periri, -pertus sum 10 try, test, prove
factio, factionis, f. 6 faction, side, political party
ferus, -a, -um 6 wild
hospitium, hospitii, n. 5 hospitality, relation between host and guest
iterum 5 again, a second time
laboro (1) 12 work, toil, labor
nunc 6 now, at present, already
occultum, occulti, n. 8 concealment
paro (1) 22 prepare, make ready, provide, furnish
posteaquam 9 after
postulo (1) 18 claim, demand, request, require
primo 10 at first
profugio, -fugere, -fugi 11 flee away, escape
quicumque, quae-, quod- 12 whoever, whichever, whatever
recuso (1) 9 object to, protest against
rex, regis, m. 14 king
sedes, sedis, f. 5 a seat, chair, home, habitation
victor, victoris, m. 9 a conqueror, victor
1.32
ceteri, -ae, -a 5 the others, the rest
intra 22 within, inside
permaneo, -nere, -nsi, -nsum 10 remain, stay, abide
vox, vocis, f. 13 voice, cry, call
1.33
cogito (1) 10 think, reflect, consider
mature 5 at the right time, early, prematurely
occurro, -currere, -curri, -cursum 15 hasten to meet, attack
paulatim 10 gradually, little by little
turpis, -e 6 ugly, foul, deformed
1.34
colloquium, colloquii, n. 15 talk, conversation, conference
commeatus, commeatus, m. 22 furlough, passage, trip, food, forage
contraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractum 5 draw together, collect, unite
negotium, negotii, n. 14 business, occupation, trouble
opus, operis, n. 7 a work, labor
placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum 7 please, be agreeable to
praeterea 11 besides, further, hereafter
uterque , utraque, utrumque 37 each of two, both
1.35
censeo, censere, censui, censum 9 estimate, express an opinion
commodum 8 at the right time, opportunely
mandatum, mandati, n. 7 commission, order, charge
neglego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum 12 neglect, disregard, omit
perpetuus, -a, -um 17 continuous, uninterupted
quoniam 17 since, seeing that, because
reddo, -dere, -didi, -ditum 11 give back, restore
1.36
congredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 8 meet, argue
maneo, manere, mansi, mansum 9 remain, stay
pendo, pendere, pependi, pensum 6 weigh, consider, esteem
stipendium, stipendii, n. 7 a tax, tribute, contribution, pay of a soldier
1.37
coniungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunctum 19 join together, unite, join
transporto (1) 10 convey across, transport
vehementer 9 vehemently, violently, strongly
1.38
cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctum 6 surround
circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum 6 surround
contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum 8 touch, happen
efficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 31 do, produce, make, effect, bear
huc 23 hither, to this place
munio, munire, munivi, munitum 29 build, surround with a wall, fortify, defend
namque 5 for
nocturnus, -a, -um 10 by night, nightly, nocturnal
procedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 16 go forth, go ahead, advance
radix, radicis, f. 5 root, foot of a mountain
sescenti, -ae, -a 9 six hundred
sic 32 so, thus
1.39
centurio, centurionis, m. 25 a centurion
dictum, dicti, n. 5 a word, speach, saying
exercitatio, exercitationis, f. 7 practice, exercise, experience
magnitudo, magnitudinis, f. 28 greatness, magnanimity
mens, mentis, f. 8 mind, reason, understanding
perturbo (1) 19 disturb thoroughly, alarm, upset
praedico (1) 5 proclaim, publish, declare
praefectus, praefecti, m. 8 an overseer, a civil or military officer
remaneo, -manere, -mansi, -mansum 12 remain behind, stay, abide
subito 30 suddenly
supporto (1) 5 bring, carry, convey up to
tribunus, tribuni, m. 20 a tribune
1.40
an 10 or, or whether
appeto, -ere, -ivi, -itum 6 grasp, desire, seek, attack
armatus, -a, -um 12 armed, equipped
audio, audire, audivi, auditum 30 hear
bonum, boni, n. 8 good, profit, advantage
brevis, -e 7 short
cohors, cohortis, f. 44 troop, company, cohort
contra (prep.) 28 opposite to, over against, contrary to

cur 5 why?
decimus, -a, -um 16 the tenth
defatigo (1) 5 weary, fatigue, tire
desum, -esse, -fui, -futurus 12 be down, fall short, fail, be wanting
diligentia, diligentiae, f. 13 carefulness, attentiveness, accuracy
disciplina, disciplinae, f. 8 instruction, teaching, education
dispergo, -pergere, -persi, -persum 11 scatter, disperse
facinus, facinoris, n. 9 deed, action, crime, villainy
impello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum 9 drive against, incite, urge on
imperator, imperatoris, m. 16 a commander, leader, chief
imperitus, -a, -um 9 unskilled, inexperienced, ignorant
laus, laudis, f. 12 praise, fame, glory
longus, -a, -um 18 long
nos, nostri/nostrum 20 we, us
officium, officii, n. 16 duty, allegience, office
ordo, ordinis, m. 27 series, line, order, rank
palus, paludis, f. 24 a swamp, march, bog
perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum 23 see through, look through, examine, observe
plerumque 15 for the most part, mostly, generally
simulatio, simulationis, f. 7 pretence, feint
tumultus, tumultus, m. 7 confusion, uproar, tumult
1.41
inicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 6 throw in, inspire,
modus, modi, m. 16 measure, limit, boundary, mode, method
quinquaginta 8 fifty
umquam 5 ever, at any time
1.42
commodus, -a, -um 5 proper, fit, appropriate
detraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractum 6 draw down, drag away, remove
factum, facti, n. 5 deed, act
impono, -ponere, -posui, -positum 5 put, place, set in or upon
interpono, -ponere, -posui, -positum 9 put, place between or among
legionarius, -a, -um 7 belonging to a legion
pedes, peditis, m. 10 a foot soldier, infantry
ultro 11 to the far side, beyond, besides, moreover
1.43
aditus, aditus, m. 19 an approach, access
aequus, -a, -um 17 equal
adfero, -ferre, attuli, adlatum 16 carry to, bring to

at 35 but, moreover
dignitas, dignitatis, f. 13 worth, worthiness, merit
doceo, docere, docui, doctum 22 teach, instruct
iustus, -a, -um 7 just, fair, lawful, proper
planities, planitiei, f. 9 a level surface, plain
praemium, praemii, n. 18 gift, reward
remitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 15 send back, send again, relieve, yield
tumulus, tumuli, m. 7 mound of earth, hill, a sepulchral mound
1.44
contentio, contentionis, f. 7 exertion, effort, comparison, combat, strife
decerto (1) 6 contend, fight to a finish
deduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 30 lead, bring down; lead, draw away
detrimentum, detrimenti, n. 9 loss, damage, injury, detriment, defeat
iniquus, -a, -um 16 uneven, unequal
labor, laboris, m. 32 work, labor, toil
liber, libera, liberum 7 free
numquam 5 never
opprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pressum 11 press upon, crush, burden
regio, regionis, f. 41 region, territory, district
sicut 6 as, just as
suspicor, -ari, -atus sum 6 suspect, suppose, surmise
1.45
bene 5 well
desero, -serere, -serui, -sertum 8 desert, forsake, abandon
potius 6 rather, more, preferably
redigo, -igere, -egi, -actum 10 drive back, lead back, collect
sententia, sententiae, f. 18 opinion, thought, purpose
1.46
etsi 20 even if, although
interdico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum 7 forbid, prohibit, outlaw
lapis, lapidis, m. 8 stone
1.47
adolescens, adolescentis, m. 18 a young man
conclamo (1) 9 call upon, bewail, call together
conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum 18 behold, perceive
longinquus, -a, -um 5 long
post (adv.) 11 behind, afterwards, next
scientia, scientiae, f. 6 knowledge of, skill in
1.48
adaequo (1) 6 to make equal with, to compare
celeritas, celeritatis, f. 28 quickness, swiftness
circumsisto, -sistere, -steti 10 surround
concurro, -currere, -curri, -cursum 14 run together, attack, engage
cursus, cursus, m. 14 a running, course, journey
exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum 5 exercise, train
genus, generis, n. 33 birth, origin, race, family, offspring
produco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 14 bring forward, produce, promote
totidem 5 just as many
versor, -ari, -atus sum 11 turn round, bend, twist
1.49
idoneus, -a, -um 20 fit, appropriate, suitable
terreo, terrere, terrui, territum 5 frighten, terrify, deter
1.50
meridies, meridiei, m. 7 mid-day
paulum 18 a little
progredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 29 go forth, over, advance, proceed
usque 10 at every point, all the way, continuously, always
utrimque 5 from both sides, on both sides
1.51
necessario 12 necessarily, unavoidably
species, speciei, f. 12 a seeing, view, sight, representation, kind, spe-
cies
1.52
cornu, cornus, n. 14 a horn
dexter, dextra, dextrum 12 right
excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 12 take out, take up, receive
premo, premere, pressi, pressum 25 press
procurro, -currere, -cursi, -cursum 5 run forward
quaestor, quaestoris, m. 8 the quaestor
repente 6 suddenly, unexpectedly
sinister , sinistra, sinistrum 5 left, on the left hand, favorable, unfavorable
subsidium, subsidii, n. 27 reserve troops, help, assistance
1.53
consulo, -sulere, -sului, -sultum 12 reflect, consult, consider
fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum 18 flee, take flight, avoid
incido, -cidere, -cidi, -casum 5 to fall in or on
incolumis, -e 19 uninjured, safe and sound
invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum 7 come upon, find, discover
nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum 17 light upon, obtain, meet
natio, nationis, f. 16 birth, race, people, class
neco (1) 6 kill, slay
statim 9 firmly, steadfastly, immediately
tergum, tergi, n. 12 back
verto, vertere, verti, versum 6 turn, turn round, put to flight, rout

1.54
aestas, aestatis, f. 11 summer
paulo 32 a little (w/abl. of comparison)
Works Consulted
Brady, Sidney G. Caesar’s Gallic Campaigns. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Co., 1963.
Brittain, Marion Luther. Introduction to Caesar. New York, NY: American Book
Co., 1901.
D’Arbois de Jubainville, Henry. Les Noms Gaulois: Chez César Et Hirtuis De Bello
Gallico. Paris: E. Bouillon, 1891.
Habinek, Thomas N. The Colometry of Latin Prose. Berkeley, CA: University of
California, 1985.
Harrison, Rebecca. “A Structural Arrangement of Text to Facilitate Reading.” The
Classical Journal 102, no. 3 (2007): 291-303.
Lecrompe, René. César, De Bello Gallico: Index Verborum : Documents Pour Servir à
l’Enseignement De La Langue Latine. Hildesheim: G. Olms, 1968.
McCaffrey, Daniel V. “Reading Latin Efficiently and the Need for Cognitive Strategies.”
In When Dead Tongues Speak: Teaching Beginning Greek and Latin, edited by
John Gruber-Miller, 113-133. New York: Oxford, 2006.
McGill, Thornton A. Caesar’s Forms and Syntax. Woodbury, NY: Barron’s Educational
Series, inc., 1966.
Panhuis, Dirk. “Gapping in Latin.” The Classical Journal 75, no. 3 (1980): 229-41.
Robbins, Charles J. “A Colometric Arrangement of Cicero.” The Classical Journal 75, no.
1 (1979): 57-62.
Siedler, Charles W. “Rhetorical Devices in Caesar’s Commentaries.” The Classical
Weekly 50, no. 2 (1956): 28-31.
Sihler, E. G. A Complete Lexicon of the Latinity of Caesar’s Gallic War. Amsterdam:
B.R. Grüner, 1968.
Smith, John Conrad. “Latin Case Frequency in Caesar’s De Bello Gallico, I-IV.” MA
thesis, Brigham Young University, 1977.

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Caesar's Bellum Gallicum Book 1 with Vocabulary,

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation

and Clause Subordination

A thesis submitted to the faculty of

Roger Macfarlane, Chair

Department of Humanities, Classics, and Comparative Literature

Brigham Young University

Copyright © 2012 J. Andrew Stephens

Keywords: Caesar, textbook, vocabulary frequency, grammar

upon and refine this idea.

Cicero’s Third Oration Against Catiline by saying:

It would be doing Virgil and Shakespeare a grave injustice if we were to print

their lines in a continuous fashion without regard to verses. It is equally an injustice to

to write them out, in Saint Jerome’s words, per cola et commata.1

syntax of the text rather than the rhetorical devices employed.

1 Charles J. Robbins, “A Colometric Arrangement of Cicero,” The Classical Journal 75,

vocabulary and syntax.

In this text each page spread consists of four key elements.

morphology, but the primary focus is on syntax.

two halves complete a single thought. Thus:

word. For example:

ne ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtuti tribueret

clause is simply too long to fit in one line. For example,

rules of division are necessary.

emphasis being placed on the words that must be memorized.

the right is the English definition.

Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt

Gallōs ab Aquītānīs Garumna flūmen

Hōrum omnium fortissimī sunt Belgae

Quā dē causā Helvētiī quoque reliquōs Gallōs virtūte praecēdunt

Chapter 1.1 cont.

Belgae ab extrēmīs Galliae fīnibus oriuntur

Aquītānia ā Garumnā flūmine ad Pyrēnaeōs montēs et eam partem Ōceanī

Id hōc facilius eīs persuāsit

Hīs rēbus fīēbat

Prō multitūdine autem hominum

Ad eās rēs cōnficiendās biennium sibi satis esse

Ad eās rēs cōnficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur

Is sibi lēgātiōnem ad cīvitātēs suscipit

In eō itinere persuādet Casticō Catamantaloedis fīliō Sēquanō

Chapter 1.3 cont.

Hāc ōrātiōne adductī inter sē fidem et iūs iūrandum dant

Mōribus suīs Orgetorīgem ex vinclīs causam dīcere coēgērunt

Damnātum poenam sequī

Diē cōnstitūtā causae dictiōnis

Persuādent Rauracīs et Tulingīs et Latovicīs fīnitimīs suīs

Extrēmum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvētiōrum fīnibus Genava

Ex eō oppidō pōns ad Hēlvetiōs pertinet

Allobrogibus sēsē vel persuāsūrōs

Omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem comparātīs

Is diēs erat a. d. V. Kal. April.

Prōvinciae tōtī quam maximum potest mīlitum numerum imperat

Ubi dē eius adventū Helvētiī certiōrēs factī sunt

Chapter 1.7 cont.

Hīs cum suā sponte persuādēre nōn possent

Dumnorīx grātiā et largītiōne apud Sēquanōs plūrimum poterat

Itaque rem suscipit

Ob eās causās eī mūnītiōnī

Ibi Ceutronēs et Graiocelī et Caturīgēs

Complūribus hīs proeliīs pulsīs

Hī sunt extrā prōvinciam trāns Rhodanum prīmī