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Product: BACKHOE LOADER

Model: 416E BACKHOE LOADER SHA
Configuration: 416E Backhoe Loader Single Tilt Center Pivot SHA00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3054C Engine
Systems Operation
416E, 422E and 428E Backhoe Loaders Hydraulic and Steering System
Media Number -RENR6479-04 Publication Date -01/09/2011 Date Updated -14/09/2011
i04460560
Piston Pump (Work Tool and Steering)

SMCS - 4306; 5070
https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb/m... 17/03/15
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Illustration 1 g01277795
(1) Pump control valve
(2) Piston
(3) Bias spring
(4) Actuator Piston
(5) Slipper
(6) Input shaft
(7) Swashplate
(8) Slipper Retainer
(9) Cylinder block
(10) Cylinder block spring
(11) Valve plate
(12) Pressure compensator spool
(13) Flow compensator spool
(20) Spring
(21) Spring
(20) Spring
(21) Spring
The piston pump for the hydraulic system is controlled by the load signal from the work tools. The
piston pump senses both pressure and flow needs. When none of the hydraulic circuits are being used,
the pump is at low-pressure standby.
If one or more circuits are being used, the resolver network compares the control valve work port
pressures. The single highest pressure felt flows to flow compensator spool (13). The flow
compensator (13) keeps the pump output at a level that is needed to fulfill the flow and pressure
requirements of the system.
The pump outlet pressure is maintained about 2200 kPa (320 psi) above the needed pressure of the
work port by flow compensator spool (13) .
The system pressure will be greater than the requirements for the highest work port pressure unless
the pump is at full stroke. Margin pressure is the difference between the signal pressure and the
system pressure.
The pressure compensator valve prevents a high-pressure spike at the pump. The hydraulic system
pressure is limited by the signal relief valve in the control valves. The prevention of high-pressure
spikes protects the hydraulic system from damaging high pressures.
When the work port pressure rises above the pressure in Table 2, pressure compensator spool (12)
overrides flow compensator spool (13). When the pressure compensator spool overrides flow
compensator spool the pump destrokes.
Table 1
416E, 422E, and 428E
25000 ± 350 kPa (3626.0000 ± 50.7640 psi)
The pump has one piston (2) and a bias spring (3). The bias spring (3) causes swashplate (7) to
upstroke. The pressure in the piston (2) causes the pump to reduce flow.
The pressure in the piston (2) is controlled by the flow compensator (13) or the pressure compensator
(12) .
The flow compensator (13) regulates the pressure in the actuator piston (4) by one of two ways. The
flow compensator (13) will communicate with the tank when the setting for the margin pressure is not
met. The flow compensator (13) will communicate the pump discharge pressure to the piston (2)
when the setting for the margin pressure is met.
Low Pressure Standby
(2) Piston
(3) Bias spring
(4) Actuator Piston
(5) Slipper
(6) Input shaft
(7) Swashplate
(9) Cylinder block
(11) Valve plate
(14) Passage
(15) Passage
(16) Passage
(17) Passage
(18) Cavity
(19) Signal line from the control valve
(20) Spring
(21) Spring
Starting the machine with the work tool controls in the HOLD position and the steering is inactive, the
pump is at low-pressure standby.
There are no flow or pressure demands from the implements on the pump but there is signal pressure
in line (19). The signal pressure is due to the orifice in the priority spool (dynamic load sense orifice).
This orifice maintains a charge in the signal line from the metering pump. This charge causes quick
steering response.
Before the engine is started, bias spring (3) holds swashplate (7) at a maximum angle. As the pump
begins to turn, this causes oil to flow. The flow of oil builds up pressure in the system because of the
closed centers of the implement valves.
The pressure in passage (15) is felt at the bottom of the spool for flow compensator (13) and the spool
for pressure compensator (12). As this pressure increases, the pressure pushes the spool for the flow
compensator against spring (20). Spool (13) moves up. The movement of the spool opens passage
(15) to passage (16) in order to allow the pressure oil to flow to piston (4) .
The oil acts against the piston (2). The oil pressure overcomes the force of bias spring (3) and supply
pressure. This pressure causes the piston to move to the right. The piston moves the swashplate (7)
toward the minimum angle. The actuator piston (4) continues to move to the right. The actuator piston
(4) allows oil to drain into the case.
The draining oil limits the maximum travel of the piston (2) to the right. The pump will produce
enough flow in order to account for the system leakage. The pump will also produce enough flow in
order to account for the leakage to the pump case.
Upstroking
(2) Piston
(3) Bias spring
(4) Actuator Piston
(5) Slipper
(6) Input shaft
(7) Swashplate
(9) Cylinder block
(11) Valve plate
(14) Passage
(15) Passage
(16) Passage
(17) Passage
(18) Cavity
(20) Spring
(21) Spring
When the pump increases the output due to the demand for the increased flow of oil, the pump is
upstroking. Because of the increased flow demand, the signal pressure combines with the force of the
spring (20) in the cavity (18) .
This combination of signal pressure and spring force is greater than the pump discharge pressure. This
combination of signal pressure and spring force causes the spool (13) to move down. As the spool
moves down, the spool blocks the flow of the supply oil to piston (4). Oil in the passage (14) for
piston (2) can now drain to passage (14) .
The swashplate (7) upstrokes because of the force from the bias spring (3) .
This upstroke increases the pump flow. As the flow requirements are satisfied the pump output
pressure increases. The pressure in passage (14) moves spool (12) up to the metering position. This
means that the setting for the margin pressure of the flow compensator has been met.
Metering
(2) Piston
(3) Bias spring
(4) Piston
(5) Slipper
(6) Input shaft
416E Backhoe Loader Single Tilt Center Pivot SHA00001-UP (MACHINE) POWE... Página 10 de 14
(7) Swashplate
(9) Cylinder block
(11) Valve plate
(14) Passage
(15) Passage
(16) Passage
(17) Passage
(18) Cavity
(20) Spring
(21) Spring
In the metering position, the signal oil pressure in line (19) and the force of spring (20) equals the
pump supply pressure below spool (12) .
The pump will maintain the flow that is required in order to maintain system pressure. The pump will
stay in the metering position until the flow requirements change.
Destroking
(2) Piston
(3) Bias spring
(4) Piston
(5) Slipper
(6) Input shaft
(7) Swashplate
(9) Cylinder block
(11) Valve plate
(14) Passage
(15) Passage
(16) Passage
(17) Passage
(18) Cavity
(20) Spring
(21) Spring
When the pump decreases the output due to the decreasing demand for the flow of oil, the pump is
destroking. The decreasing demand for the flow of oil causes the pump discharge pressure to increase.
The discharge pressure is higher than the signal pressure and the force of the spring (20) in the flow
compensator. The spool (13) is pushed up.
Pump oil now flows from passage (15) past spool (12). The oil flows through passage (16) around
pressure compensator spool (12) to passage (14). then, the oil flows into piston (2). Pump pressure
behind piston (2) is now greater than the bias piston (3). The angle of swashplate (7) decreases. This
angle decreases pump flow.
Once the lower flow requirements are met, flow compensator spool (13) moves down to the metering
position. Swashplate (7) will maintain an angle that is sufficient to provide the lower required flow. If
all implements are returned to hold, the pump goes to the low-pressure standby.
High Pressure Spike
(2) Piston
(3) Bias spring
(4) Piston
(5) Slipper
(6) Input shaft
(7) Swashplate
(9) Cylinder block
(11) Valve plate
(14) Passage
(15) Passage
(16) Passage
(17) Passage
(18) Cavity
(20) Spring
(21) Spring
When the control valve is rapidly centered or when the cylinders are suddenly stopped, there can be
high pressure in the pump discharge line. The signal oil pressure in line (19) and cavity (18) becomes
equal to the pump output pressure. Spring (20) keeps spool (12) shifted downward.
When the pressure in passage (15) rises above the pressure in Table 2, the upward force on the spool
(13) overcomes spring force (21). This force will cause spool (13) to move up. Supply oil flows
through passage (14) to piston (2).
Table 2
416E, 422E, and 428E
25000 ± 350 kPa (3626.0000 ± 50.7640 psi)
Oil pressure that is felt on the piston (4) will destroke the pump.
Copyright 1993 - 2015 Caterpillar Inc. Tue Mar 17 15:20:45 EST 2015
All Rights Reserved.
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416E Backhoe Loader Single Tilt Center Pivot SHA00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERE...

Product: BACKHOE LOADER

Piston Pump (Work Tool and Steering)

(1) Pump control valve

(3) Bias spring

(4) Actuator Piston

(6) Input shaft

(8) Slipper Retainer

(9) Cylinder block

(10) Cylinder block spring

(11) Valve plate

(12) Pressure compensator spool

(13) Flow compensator spool

(1) Pump control valve

(12) Pressure compensator spool

(13) Flow compensator spool

25000 ± 350 kPa (3626.0000 ± 50.7640 psi)

Low Pressure Standby

(1) Pump control valve

(3) Bias spring

(4) Actuator Piston

(6) Input shaft

(8) Slipper Retainer

(9) Cylinder block

(10) Cylinder block spring

(11) Valve plate

(12) Pressure compensator spool

(13) Flow compensator spool

(19) Signal line from the control valve

(1) Pump control valve

(3) Bias spring

(4) Actuator Piston

(6) Input shaft

(8) Slipper Retainer

(9) Cylinder block

(10) Cylinder block spring

(11) Valve plate

(12) Pressure compensator spool

(13) Flow compensator spool

(19) Signal line from the control valve

(1) Pump control valve

(3) Bias spring

(6) Input shaft

(8) Slipper Retainer

(9) Cylinder block

(10) Cylinder block spring

(11) Valve plate

(12) Pressure compensator spool

(13) Flow compensator spool

(19) Signal line from the control valve

(1) Pump control valve

(3) Bias spring

(6) Input shaft

(8) Slipper Retainer

(9) Cylinder block

(10) Cylinder block spring

(11) Valve plate

(12) Pressure compensator spool

(13) Flow compensator spool

(19) Signal line from the control valve

High Pressure Spike

(1) Pump control valve

(3) Bias spring

(6) Input shaft