PirMehr Ali Shah

Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

Office of the controller of Examinations
Mid Exam / FALL 2020 (Paper Duration 24 hours)
To be filled by Teacher

Course No.: MGT 644 Course Title: Introduction to E-Commerce

Total Marks: Date of Exam: 11/12/2020
Degree: Semester: BBA 7th Section:
Marks
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Obtained/
TotalMarks
Marks
Obtaine
d
Total Marks in Words:
Name of the teacher: Dr. Muhammad Asif Zaheer
Who taught the course: Signature of teacher / Examiner:

To be filled by Student

Registration No.: 17-Arid-5081 Name: Hayat Alam Khan

Answer the following questions (not exceeding 10 lines) after reading carefully
assigned material which I have already emailed all of you. Avoid copy paste
and be aware of plagiarism.
Q.No.1 a) Which areas are covering in perspective of e-commerce, please answer in (yes or no)
from individually assigned material. (Part a & b, 14 Marks)
Sr. No Areas covering in perspective of e-commerce, answer Yes Or No
from individually assigned material
1. E- Trust Yes
2. E- Loyalty Yes
3. E- Satisfaction Yes
4. E- Privacy No
5. E- Security No
6. E- Service Quality No
7. E- Payments No
8. Business to Consumer (B2C) Yes
9. Business to Business (B2B) No
10. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) No

Part 2) Briefly explain, how authors relate the above areas (where you mentioned “Yes” in above
table) with E-Commerce in your own words. (Only from assigned material)

Answer:
E- Trust: -
When customers release their personal information about online, 2 kinds of information
privacy trusts issues arise from the seller’s inability or nature to effectively manage the
buyer’s personal info. One relates to the improper use of data because of the absence of
applicable merchant management which require trust in between of each party. once patrons
realize it worrying to form buying choices because of lean info, they have alternative
suggests that to substitute for his or her info deficiency. Trust is projected as a method for
assuaging perceived info spatial property by permitting patrons to simply accept the
weakness related to acceptive the info the knowledge the data sent by the signals that sellers
send to reveal their hidden information.
E-Loyalty: -
Pre-contractually, to resolve their buyers’ hidden info drawback in terms of however their
personal info is managed, sellers signal their procedural fairness in terms of properly
managing personal info. samples of signals embrace posting their info privacy policy and
being authorized by third-party privacy agencies, like Trust. whereas all sellers send signals
of their info practices, patrons can solely believe the signals coming back from sellers they
trust and square measure willing to become liable to them. Hence, trust permits patrons to
just accept the data sent by the signals sent by sellers in terms of their procedural fairness.
This would like Loyalty from each side of parties.
E- Satisfaction: -
Signals square measure designed and sent by agents to disclose their personal data
concerning their true quality to principals. Signals will separate each individual sellers and
teams of sellers with specific characteristics. In turn, principals square measure dynamic
recipients of knowledge World Health Organization actively examine these signals to assess
their informational content and credibleness (validity) so as to see the agents’ true
characteristics. This resolve satisfaction to client sides.
E- Privacy: -
When buyers disclose their personal information online, two types of information privacy
concerns arise from the sellers’ inability or unwillingness to effectively manage the buyers’
personal information. Information privacy concerns only relate to seller quality, and they are
distinct from product quality uncertainty. It is possible that buyers may have no concerns
about the quality of a seller’s products and the seller’s ability to deliver the right product in a
timely fashion, but they still decide not to purchase because of information privacy concerns.
Information privacy concerns relate to both agency problems of hidden information and
hidden action.
E- Security: -
As an open and global communications medium, the Internet is exposed to many security
vulnerabilities. A recent study shows that more than two thirds of Americans are concerned
about hackers and cyber criminals. For ecommerce to proliferate, buyers must be confident in
the seller’s ability and willingness to safeguard their monetary information from security
breaches during transmission and storage with authentication, encryption, and non-
repudiation. Monetary information includes credit card and social security numbers, user
names and passwords, and other information that may lead to financial consequences if
stolen.
E- Service Quality: -
When patrons disclose their personal data online, 2 sorts of data privacy considerations arise
from the sellers’ inability or temperament to effectively manage the buyers’ personal data.
data privacy considerations solely relate to marketer quality, and that they area unit distinct
from product quality uncertainty. it's attainable that patrons might don't have any
considerations concerning the standard of a seller’s merchandise and also the seller’s ability
to deliver the correct product in an exceedingly timely fashion, however they still decide to
not purchase as a result of data privacy considerations.
E- Payments: -

Monetary info includes Mastercard and social insurance numbers, user names and passwords,
and alternative info which will result in money consequences if taken. As Associate in
Nursing open and world communications medium, the net is exposed to several security
vulnerabilities. A recent study shows that quite 2 thirds of American citizens square measure
involved regarding hackers and cyber criminals. For ecommerce to proliferate, patrons should
be assured within the seller’s ability and temperament to safeguard their financial info from
security breaches throughout transmission and storage with authentication, encryption, and
non-repudiation.

Business to Consumer (B2C):-

Having shown the negative impact of perceived uncertainty on the proliferation of on-line
transactions, this study suggests that understanding and mitigating perceived uncertainty
could be a primary issue for B2C e-commerce analysis. However, the literature has viewed
perceived uncertainty as a background intermediator with skimpy conceptualization,
operationalization, and mensuration. The identification and validation of the four projected
antecedents of uncertainty perceived info imbalance, fears of merchandiser selfishness, and
knowledge privacy and knowledge security considerations give a comprehensive
understanding of the character of uncertainty perceptions in online environments.
Q.No.2 Write down the organization/Industry and region where study was conducted
and findings in your own words (Only from assigned material). (Marks
08)
Answer:
The organization is E- consumer’s engagement in online exchange relationships with sellers
and regions is business-to-consumer (B2C) ecommerce adoption. The potential benefits of
business-to-consumer (B2C) ecommerce adoption the consumer’s engagement in online
exchange relationships with sellers have been widely touted.
Findings: -
The major findings in these 2 distinct findings with 2 completely different product. that's
concerning book and prescription book. This study has several key findings that unit of
measurement valid in distinct electoral studies with fully completely different product (books
and prescription drugs) and fully alternative ways (single electronic computer and class of
websites). most likely the results make sure the several negative impact of perceived
uncertainty on purchase attentions, confirming the paper’s components to that that the
existence of uncertainty perceptions might be a significant impediment to on-line exchange
partnerships. Second, by showing the impact
of purchase intentions on transactions over time, this study contributes to the rising e-
commerce literature where applied mathematics studies unit of measurement few and skinny.
Third, the impact of perceived uncertainty on purchase intentions is adopted by
purchase involvement, others stressing the probably riotous impact of perceived uncertainty
for purchases that area unit important to shoppers. Fourth, drawing upon and leading the
principal–agent perspective, the study sheds light-weight on the character of perceived
uncertainty in on-line surroundings by proposing and creating an effort a group of four
antecedents perceived information spatiality, fears of merchant selfishness.

Q.No.3. Write down the concluding remarks in your own words (Only from assigned
material). (Marks 08)
Answer:
Conclusions: -
It finds USA an entire study of E commerce in on-line engagement client purchaser
relationship amongst each end. This study shows varied methods in between of each client
finish and in purchaser ends. The ecommerce in perspective to on-line buying trusts, safety
and alternative perspective towards each end specify problems clarities and variations so as to
reinforce the expertise and quality of the system. It helps to research the negative and
positive consequences of e commerce in associated with client and purchaser satisfaction. the
key ending finds some dramatic privacy and security problems from client or purchaser ends
once it takes them towards their personal info.
In this study concludes some issues facing in perspective of e commerce business to client.
This paper argues that on-line buyer seller relationships are higher understood if they are
viewed as agency relationships. The paper’s basic premise is that perceived uncertainty could
also be a barrier to online transactions, meaningly for prime involvement merchandise.
Drawing upon and maintenance the principal agent perspective, it proposes four sources of
perceived uncertainty because of hidden knowledge adverse selection and hidden action
problems perceived knowledge imbalance, fears of bourgeois self-regarding, and data privacy
and security problems. This paper then proposes a group of uncertainty mitigators trust,
computer informativeness, product diagnostic, and social presence and establishes their
mitigating result on the projected sources of seeming uncertainty. In doing so, it sheds light
weight on but online buyer seller relationships are expedited by overcoming supposed
uncertainty due to agency problems.

END