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An Overview of Cellular Respiration  

Some organisms, such as plants, can trap the energy in sunlight through ph​_______________​ and store it in 
the chemical bonds of carbohydrate molecules. The principal carbohydrate formed through 
photosynthesis is ​_______________​. Other types of organisms, such as animals, fungi, many protozoa, and a 
large portion of 
bacteria, are unable 
to perform this 
process. Therefore, 
these organisms 
must rely on the 
carbohydrates 
formed in plants to 
obtain the energy 
necessary for their 
metabolic processes. 

Animals and other 

organisms obtain the 
energy available in 
carbohydrates 
through the process 
of ​__________________​ ​ ___________________​. Cells take the car​____________​ into their cytoplasm, and through a 
complex series of metabolic processes, they break down the carbohydrates and release the e​_________​. 
The energy is generally not needed immediately; rather, it is used to combine adenosine diphosphate 
(ADP) with phosphate ions to form adenosine triphosphate (​_____​) molecules. The ATP can then be used 
for processes in the c​_____​ that require energy, much as a battery powers a mechanical device. 

During the process of cellular respiration, c​________​ d​________​ gas is given off. This carbon dioxide can be 
used by plant cells during photosynthesis to form new carbohydrates. Also in the process of cellular 
respiration, o​__________​ g​___​ is required to serve as an acceptor of electrons. This oxygen is identical to 
the oxygen gas given off during photosynthesis. Thus, there is an interrelationship between the 
processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, namely the entrapment of e​_______​ available in 
sun​_____​t and the provision of the energy for cellular processes in the form of ​____​. 
The overall mechanism of cellular respiration involves four processes: glycolysis, in which glucose 
molecules are broken down to form pyruvic acid molecules; the Krebs cycle, in which pyruvic acid is 
further broken down and the energy in its molecule is used to form high-energy compounds, such as 
(NADH); the electron transport system, in which electrons are transported along a series of steps 
resulting in ATP synthesis. The general chemical equation for cellular respiration is: 

C​6​H​12​O​6​ + 6 _​ __​ → 6 H​2​O + 6​_____​ + energy 

Figure 6-1 provides an overview of cellular respiration. Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid in the 
cytoplasm, which is then used to produce acetyl CoA in the mitochondrion. Finally, the Krebs cycle 
proceeds in the mitochondrion. Electron transport and chemiosmosis result in energy release; ATP 
synthesis also occurs in the mitochondrion. 

An Overview of Photosynthesis  
A great variety of living things on Earth, including all green plants, synthesize their f​______​ from 
simple molecules, such as 
carbon dioxide and 
water. For this process, 
the organisms require 
e​_______​, and that energy 
is derived from 
s​___________​t. Organisms 
that have the ability to do 
this are also referred to 
as auto​______________​. 

Figure 5-1     Energy 
relationships in living 
cells. 

Figure 5-1 shows the energy relationships in living cells. Light energy is captured in the 
chl​______________​ of plant cells and used to synthesize g​__________​ molecules, shown as C​6​H​12​O​6​. 
In the process, ​__________​ (O​2​) is released as a waste product. The glucose and oxygen are then 
used in the m​_______________​ of the plant cell, and the energy is released and used to fuel the 
synthesis of ATP from ADP and P. In the reaction, CO​2​ and ​_________​ are released in the 
mitochondrion to be reused in 
ph​_____________​ in the 
ch​___________​ts. 
  

  

The process of utilizing light energy 

to synthesize carbohydrate 
molecules is called​ _​ _________________​. 
Photosynthesis is actually two separate processes. In the first process, the light dependent 
reaction, energy-rich electrons flow through a series of coenzymes and other molecules. This 
electron e​________​ is trapped. During the trapping process, adenosine triphosphate (​____​) 
molecules and molecules of NADPH are formed. Both ATP and NADPH are rich in e​_______​ (like 
Duracell and Energizer batteries.. These molecules are used in the second process, the light 
independent (“dark”) reaction, where carbon ​____________​ molecules are bound into 
carbohydrates to form organic substances such as glu​______​ (sugars). 

https://byjus.com/biology/light-dependent-reactions/