Timotius Lena 1943003

English IV
Universitas Advent Indonesia
(Faculty of Science, AMHutapea)

CHAPTER 2

MATERIALS TO BE LEARNED

Combining Root Root Word

Prefix Form Word Word Suffix (Pronunciation) (Definition)
ar- rhythmia Arrthythmia(ah-rith-me-ah)
irregular heartbeat

ab- normal Abnormal(ab-nor-mal)

not normal or usual
tonsil -ectomy Tonsillectomy(ton’si-lek-to-me)
surgical removal of the tonsils
bronch -itis Bronchitis(brong-ki-tis)
inflammation lungs
Hem/o -rrhage Hemorrhage(hem-o-rij)
ruptured blood vessel
Nephr/o -pathy Nephropathy(ne-frop-ah-the)
kidney disease

Blephar/o spasm Blepharospasm (blef-ah-ro-

spazm’)
involuntary eyelids closure
crani -ometer Craniometer(kra-ni-om-a-ter)
device for measuring skull

Cardi/o -graph Cardiograph(kar-de-o-graf’)

instrument for recording heart beat
Poly- -uria Polyuria(pol’e-u-re-
ah
excessive excretion of urine
An- -emia Anemia(an-ne-me-ah)
lack healthy red bloods cell
Peri- card -itis Pericarditis(per’i-kar-di-
tis
inflammation of the pericardium
Pseudo mening -itis Pseudomeningitis (soo’do-
men’in-ji-tis
meningeal inflammation
micro scope Microscope(mi-kro-skop)
instrument for viewing very small
objects

1
 Word
Word Part Definition Example Pronunciation Definition
Abdomin/o abdomen abdominocystic Ab-dom’-i-no-
sis-tic
An/o anus Anaplasty An’ah-plas-te Surgical operation

Andr/o men Android An-droid resembling a human being

Angi/o vessel Angietomy An’je’-ek-to- Excision of a section of a

me blood vessel

append appendix appendage Ah-pen-dij less important portion of an

organ, or an outgrowth
Appendic/o appendix appendicolysis Ah-pen’di-ko- Surgery to free the appendix
li-sis from adhesions

Arteri/o artery arteriogram Ar-te-re-o- radiograph of an artery

gram’
Arthr/o joint Arthrocele Ar-thro-sel a joint swelling

Eccephal/o brain encephaloma En-sef’ah-lo- tumor of the brain

mah
Esophag/o esophagus esophagism e-sof-ah-jism Esophageal spasm causing
dysphagia
Gastro/o stomach gastropathy Gas-trop-ah-the stomatch disease

Gloss/o tongue glossodynia Glos’o-din-e-ah pain in the tongue

gyne Woman gynephobia Jin’e-fo-be-ah irrational fear of or aversion

to women
Hepat/o liver hepatocele Hep-ah-to-sel hernia of the liver

Hyster/o Uterus Hysterolith His-ter-o-lith’ A calculus in the uterus

Ile/o Ileum Ileus Il-e-us Intestinal obstruction causing

(small colic, vomiting, and
intestine) constipation
Irid/o Iris (eye) Iridomalacia Ir’i-do-mah-la- softening of the iris
she-ah
Kerat/o Cornea of Keratorhexis Ker’ah-to-rek- rupture of the cornea
eye; horny sis
substance
Lamina/o Thin flat Laminotomy Lam’-i-not-o- transection of a vertebral
part of me lamina
vertebra
Lapar/o Abdomen Laparorhaphy Lap’ah-ror-ah- Suture in the abdominal wall
fe
Lingua Tongue Nigralingua Ni-gra-ling- black tongue
gwah
Lobe Lobe, as of Lobotomy Lo-bot-o-me Incision into a lobe
2
 lung or
brain
Mamm/o Breast Mammogram Mam-o-gram radiograph of the breast

Mast/o Breast Mastitis Mas-ti-tis infection of the breast

Myel/o Bone Myelocyte mi-e-lo-sit a precursor in the granulocytic serie
marrow; s intermediate between a PROMYEL
spinal cord OCYTE and a METAMYELOCYTE, no
rmally occurring only in the bone m
arrow
Mylo, myos Muscle Myocarditis Mi’o-kar-dis-tis is an inflammatory disease of the
heart muscle (myocardium) that can
result from a variety of causes

Myring/o Eardrum Myringoplasty mi-ring-o- surgical reconstruction of the tympa

pals’te nic membrane

Nephr/o Kidney Nephritis Ne-fri-tis  is inflammation of the kidney

Neur/o Nerve Neuralgia Nu-ral-je-ah is defined as an intense burning or st

abbing pain caused by irritation of o
r damage to a nerve
Oophor/o ovary oophorocystosis o-of’o-ro-sis- the formation of an ovarian cys
to-sis
Ophthalm/o Eye Ophthalmor- Of-thal’mo-ra- hemorrhage from the eye
rhagia je-ah
orchi/o Testicle Orchiopathy Or’ke-op-ah- any disease of the testes
the
orchid/o Testicle Orchidorrhaphy Or’ki-dor-ah-fe Surgical treatment of an undescende
d testicle by freeing it and implantin
g it into the scrotum.
Synonym(s): orchidopexy, orchido
rraphy, orchiorrhaphy
Oste/o Bone osteoporosis Os’te-o-po-ro- “porous bones." It occurs when bon
sis es lose an excessive amount of their 
protein and mineral content, particul
arly calcium

Ot/o ear Otitis o-ti-tis inflammation of the ear

3
 Word
Word Definitio Example Pronunciation Definition
Part n
Pancreat/o Pancreas pancreatogenous Pan’kre-ah – arising in the pancreas
tog-e-nus
Pharyng/o Pharynx Pharyngismus Far’in-jis-mus Spasm of the muscles of the pharynx

Phleb/o Vein Phlebotomy Fle-bot-o-me Phlebotomy is the act of drawing or re

moving blood from the circulatory syst
em through a cut (incision) or puncture 
in order to obtain a sample for analysis 
and diagnosis
Pneum/o Lungs Pneumonectomy Nu’mo-nek-to- excision of lung tissue, of an entire lun
me g (total pneumonectomy) or less (partia
l pneumonectomy), or of a single lobe 
(LOBECTOMY)

Proct/o Rectum Proctodynia Prok’to-din-e- pain in the rectum; proctodynia

ah
Prostat/o Prost Prostatitis Pros’tah-ti-tis Prostatitis is an inflammation of the 
ate prostate gland, a common conditio
gland n in adult males.

Pyel/o Pelvis of Pyelectasis Pi’e-lek-tah-sis Dilation of the pelvis of the kidney

kidney
Rect/o Rectum Rectocele Rek-to-sel hernial protrusion of part of the rect
um into the vagina.
Ren/o Renal Reniform Ren-i-form Kidney-shaped; resembling a kidne
(kidney) y.
Synonym(s): reniform

Rhin/o Nose Rhinitis Ri-ni-tis is inflammation of the mucous linin

g of the nose.
Salping/o Fallopian Salpingocyesis Sal-ping’go- the implantation and development o
tube ci- f a blastocyst in the uterine tube.
e-sis Synonym(s): fallopian
pregnancy, salpingocyesis

Splen/o Spleen Splenoptosis Sple-nop-to- downward displacement of the

sis pleen.

Spondyl/o Vertebra Spondylodymus Spon’di-lod-i- conjoined twins united by the verte

mus brae.

Steth/o Chest Stethospasm Steth-o-spasm spasm of the pectoral (chest) muscl

es.
Stomat/o Mount Stomatomalacia Sto-mah-to- excessive or abnormal softness of t
ma-la-she-ah he oral structures.
4
 Ten/o Tendon Tendolysis Ten-dol-i-sis the freeing of a tendon from adhesio
ns
Thorac/o Thorax Throracentesis Thro’rah- Also known as pleural fluid analysis,
(chest) sen- te-sis thoracentesis is a procedure that re
moves fluid or air from the chest thr
ough a needle or tube.

Thyr/o Thyroid Thyroxine Thi-rok-sin a THYROID

gland HORMONE that contains IODINE and is
a derivative of the amino acid TYROS
INE,
Trache/o trachea tracheoscopy Tra’ke-os- inspection of the interior of the trach
ko- pe ea. adj., adj tracheoscop´ic.

Suffixes
For illustrative purpose, only selected suffixes are presented.

Word
Word Part Definition Example Pronunciation Definition
-itis Inflammation Gastritis Gas-tri-tis Gastritis commonly refers to infla
mmation of the lining of the stom
ach, but the term is often used to 
cover a variety of symptoms resul
ting from stomach lining inflamma
tion and symptoms of burning or 
discomfort

-algia Pain Gastralgia Gas-tral-je-ah pain in the stomach; called also g

astralgia and stomachalgia.

-ectomy Excision Gastrectomy Gas-trek-to-me Gastrectomy is the surgical remo

val of all or part of the stomach.

-tomy Incision Colotomy Ko-lot-o-me incision of the colon.

-rrhaphy Suture Colorrhaphy Ko-lor-ah-fe suture of the colon

-lysis Loosen Enterolysis En’ter-ol-i-sis surgical separation of intestinal a

dhesions.
-ac Pertaining to Cardiac Kar-de-ak  pertaining to the HEART

-ism Condition Alcoholism Al-ko-hol’ism a primary, chronic disease with g

enetic, psychosocial, and environ
mental factors influencing its dev
elopment and manifestations

-ole A small Arteriole Ar-te-re-ol a minute arterial branch

vesion
5
-us Singular Digitus Dij-i-tus A finger or toe, Synonym(s):digiti

I plural Digiti Digiti Dij-i-ti Plural of digitus.

6
STUDENT PRACTICE
Prefixes. State the meanings of these prefixes, taken from case history No. 1. Use the
medical dictionary when necessary.

1. Poly-
2. pre-
3. hypo-
4. hyper-
5. mono-
6. con-
7. a-, an-
8. brady-
9. meso-
10. inter-
11. micro-
12. tri-
13. neo-
14. hydr-

suffixes
state the meanings of these suffixes, used in case history No. 1. Consult the
medical dictionary when necessary.

1. – ema
2. – it is
3. – plasia
4. – ia
5. –ancy
6. –ion

STUDENT PRACTICE
identify word Elemnts
identify the following word elements, prefixes, or suffixes that were used in case history
No. 2. use the dictionary when necessary.

1. lapar/o
2. neur/o
3. phagia
4. pathy
5. dys
6. cardi/o
7. trophy
8. atachy
9. otomy
10. intra
11. hyper
12. rhea
13. emia
14. di
15. osis
Match word Element with Meaning
Match the following prefixes or word elements with their meaning. Use
the dictionary when necessary.

hema binding, fixation

endo incomplete
trauma excess
dia drficiecy
ultara tour
quad beyond
desis wound
atel within
hyper pertaining to blood
hypo through, completely

STUDENT PRACTICE
Matching word Elements to Meaning
Match these prefixes, suffixes, and word elements to their meaning:

dys tumor
pnea deficiency
my/o resembling, like
algia cell
medi attracted to, affinity for
oma pain
oid two
histi/o one
cyte without
philic bad, difi\ficult
bi tissue
mono muscle
a middle
penia resembling a net
reticul/o brathing

Define the Terms

Using the combined prefixes, roots, and suffixes, define the terms used in case history
No. 3.

1. dys/pnea
2. my/ algia
3. reticulo/nodular
4. diffuse
5. bi/lateral
6. inter/stitial
7. leuko/penia
8. mono/cyt/osis
9. lymph/oma/toid
10. eosino/philic
11. eosino/philic
12. granul/omat/osis
13. histio/cyt/ic
14. an/o/rect/ic
15. sarc/oid/osis

MATCHING
Match the following word elements with their meaning:
aden/o lip
bronch/o brain
cheil/o uterus
derm/o abdomen
encephal/o bronchus
gloss/o bone
hyster/o skin
irid/o gland
lapar/o tongue
oste/o eye

SPELLING AND DEFINITION

Circle the letter of the correct spelling and then define the combining form:
1. (a) oophor/o (b) ophoor/o (c) oophor/o
Definition:
2. (a) prosct/o (b) proct/o (c) prost/o
Definition:
3. (a) neuphr/o (b) neprect/o (c) nephr/o
Definition:
4. (a) rhinit/o (b) rhin/o (c) rhen/o
Definition:
5. (a) orchi/o (b) oorch/o (c) orche/o
Definition:
6. (a) salcr/o (b) salp/o (c) sacr/o
Definition:
7. (a) salpr/o (b) salping/o (c) salpen/o
Definition:
8. (a) myring/o (b) mirang/o (c) myling/o
Definition:
9. (a) pharang/o (b) pharyng/o (c) pragyn/o
Definition:
10. (a) spongyl/o (b) sphondyl/o (c) spondyl/o
Definition:
11. (a) urotor/o (b) uroter/o (c) ureter/o
Definition:
12. (a) chondr/o (b) cholondr/o (c) chodol/o
Definition:
13. (a) chost/o (b) cost/o (c) costol/o
Definition:
14. (a) vast/o (b) vass/o (c) vein/o
Definition:
15. (a) ven/o (b) veni/o (c) vein/o
Definition:

DEFINING MEDICAL WORD ELEMENTS

Provide the medical root word for the following terms
DEFINING MEDICAL WORD ELEMENTS
Provide the medical root word for the following terms:

1. man 9. liver
2. woman 10. gallbladder
3. heart 11. mouth
4. head 12. tongue
5. chest 13. breast
6. tooth 14. muscle
7. brain 15. nerve
8. stomach
CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS TO BE LEARNED

The literal meaning of a word may be shortened through usage, by common consent,
or when understood without being expressed.

Suffix Meaning Example Pronunciation / definition

-ectomy Excision, removal Append/ectomy Ap’en-dek-to-me

-centesis Surgical puncture arthocentesis Ar’thro-sen-te-sis

-ostomy Mouth,forming an Col/ ostomy Ko-los-to-me

opening
-otomy Incision, to cut into phlebotomy Fle-bot-o-me

-desis Binding, stabilization arthodesis Ar’thro-de-

sis
-orrhaphy Suture neurorrhaphy Nu-ror-ah-fe

-opexy Fixation, suspension Gastro/pexy Gas-tro-pek’se

oplasty Formation plastic repair Rhino/plasty Ri-no-plas’te

-oclasis To break down, Osteo/clasis Os’te-ok-lah-sis

refracture
-olysis Loosen, free from Entero/lysis En’ter-ol-i-sis
adhesions, destruction
-otripsy To crush Litho/tripsy Lith-o-trip’se

-cis Cut Circum/cision Ser-kum-sizh’un

(around)
-cid Kill Germi/cidal Jer-mi-si-dal

-statis Stop/control Hemo/stasis He-mo-sta’sis

(blood)
-osis Condition of Necr/osis Ne-kro-sis
(death)
-age Related to Tri/age (three) Tre-ahzh

-iatry Healing Psych/iatry Si’ki-ah-tre

(mind)
-therapy Treatment Chemo/therapy Ke-mo-ther’a-pe
(drug)

-ion Process Excerebrat/ion Ek-se-e-bra’shun

Suffix Meaning Example Pronunciation / definition
-algia Pain Cepha/lalgia Sef’a’lal’je’ah
(head)
-o/ cele Hernia, swelling Hepato/ cele Hep-ah-to-sel
(liver)
-odynia Pain Cephalo/ dynia Sef’ah-lo-din-e-ah
(head)
-ectasis Dilation, expansion Bronchi/ectasis Brong’ke-ek-tah-sis
(bronchus)
-emia Blood Poly/cy/themia Pol-e-si-the’me-ah
(many)
-o/ gen Producing, beginning Carcin/o/gen Car-sin-o-jen
(cancer)
-o/ gram Record Encephal/o/gram En-sef-ah-lo-gram
(brain)
-o/ graph Instrument for Cardi/o/graph Kar-de-o-graf’
recording (Herat)
-o/ graphy Process Roentgen/o/graphy Rent’gen-og-rah-fe

-iasis Abnormal condition, Chole/lith/iasis Ko’le-lit-thi-ah-sis

formation of, (gallstone)
presence of
-itis Inflammation Gastr/itis Gas-tri-tis
(stomach)
-o/ logy Study of Bio/logy (life) Bi-ol-o-je

-o/ malacia Softening Oste/o/malacia os’te-o-mah-la-she-ah

(bone)
-o/ megaly Enlargement Herat/o/megaly Hep’ahto-meg-ah-le
(liver)
-o/ meter Instrument for Crani/o/meter Kra’ne-om-e-ter
measuring (cranium)
-ometry Process of measuring Pelvi/metro Pel-vim-e-tre
(pelvis)
-oid Resemble Lip/oid (fat) Lip-oid

-oma Tumor Aden/oma (gland) Ad’e-no-mah

-osis Abnormal condition Dermat/osis (skin) Der’mah-to-sis

-opathy Disease Nephr/o/pathy Ne-frop-ah-the

(kidney)

-o/ penia Decrease, deficiency Leuk/ o/penia Loo-ko-pe-ne-ah

(white) (cell)

-phagia Eating, swallowing Dys/plagia Dis-fa-ze-ah

(difficult)
-phasia Speeech a/ pacía (without) Ah-fa-zhe-ah
-plegia Parálisis, stroke Hemi/ plegia (half) Hem’-ple-je-ah

-phobia Fear Acr/o/phobia Ak’ro-fo-be-ah

(extremities)
-O/ ptosis Prolapse, falling, Hyster/o/ptosis His’ter-op-to-sis
dropping (uterus)

-o/ rrhage Brust forth, Hem/o/rrhage Hem-o-rij

hemorrhage (blood)
-o/ rrhea Discharge, flow Men/o/rrhea Men’o’re-ah
(menses)
-o/ rrhexis Rupture Angi/o/rrhexis An’je-or-ek-sis
(blood vessel)
-o/ sclerosis Hardening Arteri/o/sclerosis Ar-te’re-o-skle-ro-sis
(artery)
-o/ scopy Examination, view Oto/scopy (ear) o-tos-ko-pe

-o/ spasm Involuntary Blephar/o/spasm Blef-ah-ro-spazm’

contraction, twiching (eyelid)

PROGRESS CHECK
MATCHING
Match the following word elements with their meaning:
1. –ectomy a. tumor
2. –o/ stomy b. abnormal condition
3. –o/ tomy c. rupture
4. –o/ rrhaphy d. resembling
5. –o/ rrhage e. discharge
6. –o/ rrhea f. burst forth
7. –o/ rrhexis g. cut into
8. –ooid h. suture
9. –oma i. removal
10. -osis j. mounth

SPELLING AND DEFINITION

Circle the letter of the correct spelling and then define the word element.
1. (a) -centensis (b) -centisis (c) -senticis (d) -cinteses
Definition: _
2. (a) -clysis (b) -clasis (c) -claxis (d) –
clasy Definition: _
3. (a) -ectasy (b) -ectosis (c) -ectasis (d) –eclasis
Definition: _
4. (a) -malachi (b) -melacia (c) -malazia (d) –
malacia Definition: _
5. (a) -plegia (b) -plagia (c) -phlagia (d) –
pelagia Definition: _
6. (a) -tosis (b) -ptosis (c) -protosis (d) –tsosis
 Definition: _
7. (a) -slerosis (b) -schlerosis (c) -sclerosis (d) –
shlerosis Definition: _
8. (a) -magaly (b) -mejally (c) -magely (d) –megaly
Definition: _
9. (a) -cele (b) -cely (c) -cili (d) –
ceal Definition: _
10. (a) -isis (b) -iasis (c) -iatis (d) –
iesis Definition: _

MATCHING: SUFFIXES
Match these suffixes at the left to their definition on the right:
1. –ia a. dilation
2. –ectomy b. state or condation
3. –o/ stomy c. formation (of)
4. –o/ tomy d. removal (of)
5. –o/ rrhaphy e. opening (into)
6. –ectasis f. cut (into)
7. –o/ rrhage g. suture
8. –o/ rrhea h. rupture
9. –o/ rrhexis i. burst forth
10. –iasis j. flow

IDENTFY AND DEFINE TERMS

For the following list of medical terms identify the underline part and define the whole
term.
EXAMPLE: anemia
-emia-suffix (blood
condition) Definition: lack of red blood
cells

1. cardiac
2. neuralgia
3. appendectomy
4. paracenteses
5. ovoid
6. mammogram
7. hyperemesis
8. arteriole
9. cystocele
10. histology
11. sarcoma
12. rhinoplasty
13. hemorrhage
14. phlebotomy
15. hemostasis
16. proctodynia
17. cholelithiasis
18. gastritis
19. dyspnea
 20. hepatomegaly
21. abduction
22. antiseptic
23. circumcision
24. contraception
25. dysmenorrhea
26. hypertension
27. intercostal
28. intraocular
29. neonate
30. subcutaneous
31. ultrasonic
32. nephropathy
33. cardiogram
34. android
35. encephaloma
36. gastropathy
37. hysterectomy
38. myelocyte
39. oophorocystosis
40. orchidorrhaphy
41. otitis
42. osteoporosis
43. sacrolumbar
44. stomatitis
45. tympanum

MATCHING: WORD ELEMENTS

Match these word elements to their meaning:
1. penia a. joint
2. an b. apart, free from
3. dis c. cell
4. hypo d. beginning
5. cyte e. sugar
6. emesis f. less than normal
7. genesis g. without
8. scopy h. deficiency of
9. gluc i. examining
10. arthr j. vomit

BUILDING MEDICAL WORDS

Using of the appropriate word elements build medical words then mean:
1. Softening of the bones
2. Formation of gallstones
3. Scientific study of living organisms
4. headache
5. A substance that causes cancer
6. Removal of the thyroid gland
7. Inflammation of the urinary bladder
8. An obstructed artery
9. Rupture of a vessel in the cerebrum
10. Incision into the thorax
11. Healing of the mind
12. Instruments for examining the ear
13. X-ray film of a blood vessel
14. Any disease of the intestine
15. Removal of the foreskin of the penis