Mulan (traditional Chinese: 木蘭; simplified Chinese: 木兰) is a legendary folk heroine from

the Northern and Southern dynasties era (4th to 6th century AD) of Chinese history. According
to legend, Mulan took her aged father's place in the conscription for the army by disguising
herself as a man. In the story, after prolonged and distinguished military service against nomadic
hordes beyond the northern frontier, Mulan is honored by the emperor but declines a position of
high office. She retires to her hometown, where she is reunited with her family and reveals her
sex, much to the astonishment of her comrades. Scholars are divided on whether Mulan was
more likely a real person or a fictional character of legend.

First mentions
The first written record of Mulan is the Ballad of Mulan[note 1], a folk song believed to have been
composed during the Northern Wei dynasty (386–535 AD) and compiled in an anthology of
books and songs in the Southern Chen dynasty (557–589 AD). The historical setting of Ballad of
Mulan is usually the Northern Wei's military campaigns against the nomadic Rouran. A later
adaptation has Mulan active around the founding of the Tang dynasty (c. 620 AD).[1] The story of
Hua Mulan was taken up in a number of later works, including the 16th-century historical fiction
Romance of Sui and Tang [zh][note 2], and many screen and stage adaptations. The Hua Mulan
crater on Venus is named after her.[2][3]

Sources

Painting of Hua Mulan, 18th century, housed in the British Museum

The Ballad of Mulan was first transcribed in the Musical Records of Old and New[note 3], a
compilation of books and songs by the monk Zhijiang in the Southern Chen dynasty in the 6th
century. The earliest extant text of the poem comes from an 11th- or 12th-century anthology
known as the Music Bureau Collection[note 4], whose author, Guo Maoqian, explicitly mentions the
Musical Records of Old and New as his source for the poem. As a ballad, the lines do not
necessarily have equal numbers of syllables. The poem consists of 31 couplets and is mostly
composed of five-character phrases, with a few extending to seven or nine.

An adaptation by playwright Xu Wei (d. 1593) dramatized the tale as "The Female Mulan" [note 5]
or, more fully, "The Heroine Mulan Goes to War in Her Father's Place" [note 6], in two acts.[4][5]
Later, the character of Mulan was incorporated into the Romance of Sui and Tang, a novel
written by Chu Renhuo (褚人獲).[6][7]

Over time, the story of Hua Mulan rose in popularity as a folk tale among the Chinese people.

Name

The heroine of the poem is given different family names in different versions of her story. The
Musical Records of Old and New states Mulan's given name is not known and therefore implies
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Mulan is her surname.[8] As the Ballad of Mulan is set in the Northern Wei dynasty when
northern China was ruled by ethnic Xianbei, ancestors of the Mongols, there is some belief that
Mulan was not ethnic Han Chinese but Xianbei, who had exclusively compound surnames.[8]
Mulan may have been the sinified version of the Xianbei word "umran" which means
prosperous.[8]

According to later books such as Female Mulan, her family name is Zhu (朱), while the Sui
Tang Romance says it is Wei (魏). The family name Hua (花; Huā; 'flower'), which was
introduced by Xu Wei,[4] has become the most popular in recent years in part because of its more
poetic meaning.

In Chinese, her given name (木蘭) literally means "magnolia."

Historicity

Mulan's name is included in Yan Xiyuan's One Hundred Beauties, which is a compilation of
various women in Chinese folklore. There is still a debate whether Mulan is a historical person
or just a legend, as her name does not appear in Exemplary Women which is a compilation of
biographies of women during the Northern Wei dynasty.[9]

Though The Ballad of Mulan itself does not expressly indicate the historical setting, the story is
commonly attributed to the Northern Wei dynasty due to geographic and cultural references in
the ballad.[8] The Northern Wei dynasty was founded by the Tuoba clan of ethnic Xianbei who
united northern China in the 4th century. The Tuoba Xianbei rulers were themselves nomads
from the northern steppes and became partially sinified as they ruled and settled in northern
China.[8] The Tuoba Xianbei took on the Chinese dynasty name "Wei", changed their own
surname from "Tuoba" to "Yuan", and moved the capital from Pingcheng, modern day Datong,
Shanxi Province in the northern periphery of Imperial China, to Luoyang, south of the Yellow
River, in the Central Plain, the traditional heartland of China.[8] The emperors of the Northern
Wei were known both by the sacred Chinese title, "Son of Heaven", and by "Khagan", the title of
the leader of nomadic kingdoms. The Ballad of Mulan refers to the sovereign by both titles. The
Northern Wei also adopted the governing institutions of Imperial China, and the office of
shangshulang (尚書郎) the Khagan offered Mulan is a ministerial position within the
shangshusheng (尚書省), the highest organ of executive power under the emperor.[10] This
offering indicates Mulan was trained in the martial arts and literary arts as she was capable of
serving as a civilian official charged with issuing and interpreting written government orders.

The Xianbei in China also retained certain nomadic traditions, and Xianbei women were
typically skilled horseback riders.[8] Another popular Northern Wei folk poem called "Li Bo's
Younger Sister" praises Yong Rong, Li Bo's younger sister, for her riding and archery skills.[8]
The Ballad of Mulan may have reflected the gender roles and status of women in nomadic
societies.[11]

The Northern Wei was engaged in protracted military conflict with the nomadic Rouran, who
frequently raided the northern Chinese frontier to loot and pillage.[8] Northern Wei emperors
considered the Rouran to be uncivilized "barbarians" and called them Ruanruan or wriggling
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worms.[12] According to the Book of Wei, the dynasty's official history, Emperor Taiwu of
Northern Wei launched a military expedition in 429 against the Rouran by advancing on the
Black Mountain and then extending northward to the Yanran Mountain.[8] Both locations are
cited in The Ballad. The Black Mountain corresponds to Shahu Mountain (殺虎山), located
southeast of modern-day Hohhot in Inner Mongolia. Yan Mountain, the shorthand for Yanran
Mountain (燕然山), is now known as the Khangai Mountains of central Mongolia.[12] The
Northern Wei sought to protect the frontier by establishing a string of frontier garrison
commands across what is today Inner Mongolia.

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