Bolted Connections Students

Typical Bolted Connections as
per Fig. 10.6 of 2011 edition
Dr. N. Subramanian 1
End-Plate connections
End- plate connection
Extended end-plate connection

Beam-to-Beam Connections
Force Transmission Through Bolts
(Trahair et al, 2001) as per Fig. 10.8 of
2011 edition
Possible Failure Modes as per Fig.
10.6 of 2011 edition
Possible Failure Modes as per
section 10.3 of 2011 edition
 Thus any joint may fail in any one of the following
modes:
 Shear failure of bolt
 Shear failure of plate
 Bearing failure of bolt
 Bearing failure of plate
 Tensile failure of bolts
 Bending of bolts
 Tensile failure of plate
Bearing Failure of Bolt
Photo by P.S. Green (Copyright© AISC)
Tension Failure of Bolts
Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon of Georgia Institute of

Technology © AISC
Bearing Failure of Plates
Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon of Georgia Institute of

Technology© AISC
Behaviour of
HSFG Bolted Connection
• In HSFG bolts, the slip will occur when load
overcomes the frictional resistance provided
by the preload of the bolt.
• After slip occurs, the behaviour is similar to
the normal bolts.
• In this case also, it is commonly assumed that
equal size bolts share the loads equally in
transferring the external force.
Connection with HSFG Bolts as per
Fig. 10.16 of 2011 edition
Case Study: Kemper Arena collapse
On June 4, 1979
severe wind
(110 km/h) and
rain storm (108
mm) caused a
portion (61 by
66 m )of
Kemper Arena's
roof to collapse
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemper_Arena
The secondary steel plane trusses were supported by
the space frame by pipe hangers at 42 different panel
points. Each of these hangers carried 622 kN in tension.
the roof was designed to hold water as a temporary
reservoir.
Details of the Kemper Arena Hanger
Assembly
➢The important lesson to
be learnt by this failure is
that high-strength bolts,
which are relatively
brittle, should not be used
in joints subjected to
fatigue loads.
➢HSFG bolts, with pre-

tensioning, are suitable
for such connections.
Simple Connections as per section
Connections may be classified as:
• Lap and butt joints
• Truss joint connections
• Connections at beam-column junctions
➢Seat angle connection
➢Web angle connection
➢Stiffened seat angle connection
➢Header plate connection
• Tension and flange splices
Lap Joints as per Fig. 10.18 of 2011
edition
Butt Joints as per Fig. 10.18 of 2011
edition
Typical Truss Connections as per
Block shear model
may be used to
predict the ultimate
capacity of gusset
plate connections in
tension.
Local buckling may
be prevented , by
restricting the
unsupported edge of
a gusset plate to 42ε
times the thickness,
where
ε= (250 / fy)0.5.
Case Study: I-35W Mississippi River
Bridge
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-35W_Mississippi_River_bridge
On August 1, 2007,the bridge collapsed into the river, killing

35 people and injuring 100.The National Transportation
Safety Board (NTSB), concluded that the gusset plates
contributed to the failure of the bridge, as their thickness
was 50% less than the required. NTSB found 16 fractured
gusset plates from the bridge's center span.
Splices in tension Members as per
Types of Beam-Splices as per
Fig. 10.40 and 10.41 of 2011
edition
Bolted Beam-Splice
Bolted Column Splice as per Fig.
Bolted Column Splice
Case study: Hyatt Regency walkway
collapse as per Fig. CS1 and CS2 of
2011 edition
A multistory atrium, which had suspended
concrete walkways. The fourth and second floor
walkways hung one above the other by 32 mm
steel tension rods. On July 17th 1981, the 4th floor
walkway failed and fell on the lower walkway, then
crashing into the floor killing 114 people and
injuring 185.
• Design a lap joint/butt joint between two
plates as shown in Fig. so as to transmit a
factored load of 270 kN using M20 bolts of
grade 4.6 and grade 410 steel plates.
Tensile Properties of Fasteners (Table
10.1 of 2011 edition)
For grade 4.6 bolts, nuts of grade 4 are used and for grade 8.8, nuts of grade 8 or 10 are used.
In property class 4.6, the number 4 indicates 1/100th the

nominal ultimate tensile strength in N/mm2 and the number 6
indicates the ratio of yield stress to ultimate stress, expressed
as a percentage. Thus the ultimate tensile strength of class 4.6
bolt is 400 N/mm2 and yield strength is 0.6 times 400, which
is 240 N/mm2
Design Strength Of Black Bolts
• The nominal capacity, Vnsb, of a bolt in shear is
given in the code as
Vnsb = (f u / 3)(n n A nb + n s A sb ) lj lg  pk
where nn = number of shear planes with threads intercepting the
shear plane,
ns = number of shear planes without threads intercepting the
shear plane,
βlj = reduction factor which allows for the overloading of end bolts
that occur in long connections
βlg = reduction factor that allows for the effect of large grip length,
βpk = reduction factor to account for packing plates in excess of
6mm.
The factored shear force Vsb should satisfy
Vsb ≤ Vnsb / γmb (γmb = 1.25)
Shear Planes With and Without
Threads
Threads included in the Shear

Plane
Threads Excluded from the Shear Plane34

Dr. N. Subramanian
Design Strength of Black Bolts (cont.)
Asb = Nominal shank area

Anb = Net tensile stress area through the threads
Anb = / 4 (d - 0.9382p)2 ≈ 0.78 Asb
p= pitch of thread, mm
• Reduction Factor for Long Joints:
βlj = 1.075 – lj (200 d) with 0.75 ≤ βlj ≤ 1.0
• Reduction Factor for Large Grip Length:
βlg = 8d / (3d + lg); lg ≤ 8d; βlg ≤ βlj
• Reduction Factor for Packing plate:
βpk = (1-0.0125 tpk ); tpk is the thickness of the thicker
packing plate in mm
Bolts in Tension
• The nominal capacity of a bolt in tension is:
Tnb = 0.90 fub Anb < fyb Asb (γm1 / γm0 )
where Asb = Shank area of bolt
Anb = Net Tensile Stress area of bolt
fyb = Yield stress of the bolt
γm1 = 1.25; γm0 = 1.10
• The factored tension force Tb shall satisfy

Tb ≤ Tnb / γmb ; γmb = 1.25
If any of the connecting plates is flexible, then additional prying

forces must be considered.
Bolts in Bearing
 The nominal bearing strength of the bolt is :
Vnpb = 2.5 kbd t fu
fu = Ultimate tensile stress of the plate in MPa

d = nominal diameter of the bolt in mm
t = summation of the thicknesses of the connected plates
experiencing bearing stress in the same direction (If the bolts
are countersunk, the thickness of the plate minus one half of
the depth of counter sinking)
kb is smaller of e/(3do), p/(3do)-0.25, fub/ fu and 1.0,

where fub is the ultimate tensile stress of the bolt, e is the edge
distance, p is the pitch of the fastener along bearing direction,
and do is the diameter of the bolt hole.
Vnpb should be multiplied by a factor 0.7 for over size or short slotted
holes and by 0.5 for long slotted holes.
Bolts in Bearing (cont.)
• The factor kb takes into account inadequate edge distance
or pitch and also prevents bearing failure of bolts.
• If we adopt a minimum edge distance of 1.5 x bolt hole
diameter and a minimum pitch of 2.5 x diameter of bolt,
kb may be approximately taken as 0.50.
• The bolt bearing on any plate subjected to a factored
shear force Vsb, shall satisfy
Vsb ≤ Vnpb / γmb ; γmb = 1.25
Capacity Of Ordinary Bolts (Grade 4.6) Based on Net
Tensile Area
Design Strength of HSFG Bolts
The design slip resistance or nominal shear capacity of a bolt:
Vnsf = μf ne Kh Fo
μ = Coefficient of friction (called as slip factor) ≤0.55.
ne = Number of effective interfaces
Kh = 1.0 for fasteners in clearance holes
= 0.85 for fasteners in oversized and short slotted holes
= 0.7 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded parallel to
the slot
Fo = Minimum bolt tension (proof load) ≈ 0.8 Asb fo
Asb = Nominal shank area of bolt
fo = Proof stress ≈ 0.7 fub
fub = Ultimate tensile stress of bolt
Design Strength of
HSFG Bolts (cont.)
The factored design force Vsf, should satisfy:
Vsf ≤ Vnsf / γmf
γmf = 1.10 if slip resistance is designed at service load
γmf = 1.25 if slip resistance is designed at ultimate load.
Long Joints:
The design slip resistance is reduced by
βlj = 1.075-lj / (200 d) but 0.75<βlj ≤ 1.0
• The fomulae for bearing & tension resistance,
and Combined Shear and Tension are similar to
those of Black bolts.
Coefficient of Friction
Capacities of HSFG Bolts
Eccentric Shear with moment in
Connections
Elastic Vector Analysis
Rotation Effect Direct Shear

Md i P
R= Rv =
 di2 n
Based on shaft torsion
analogy
Bracket-Type II Connection
The bolts are subjected to direct shear along with

tension due to the moment.
Bracket-Type II Connection (cont.)
M* = Pe Tensile force in
extreme critical bolt Direct
Check: Shear
Assume NA below
2 2 the last bolt
V   Te  P
  +    1.0 V=
 Vnd   Tnd 
M * yn n
Te =
 iy 2

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Bolted Connections Students

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Typical Bolted Connections as

per Fig. 10.6 of 2011 edition

End- plate connection

Extended end-plate connection

Photo by P.S. Green (Copyright© AISC)

Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon of Georgia Institute of

Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon of Georgia Institute of

➢HSFG bolts, with pre-

On August 1, 2007,the bridge collapsed into the river, killing

In property class 4.6, the number 4 indicates 1/100th the

Threads included in the Shear

Threads Excluded from the Shear Plane34

Asb = Nominal shank area

• The factored tension force Tb shall satisfy

If any of the connecting plates is flexible, then additional prying

fu = Ultimate tensile stress of the plate in MPa

kb is smaller of e/(3do), p/(3do)-0.25, fub/ fu and 1.0,

Rotation Effect Direct Shear

The bolts are subjected to direct shear along with

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