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The right
The right‐hand
hand side could be treated as dot product of two
side could be treated as dot product of two
vectors with components:
w w w and
and x y v
, ,..., , ,...,
x y v p p p
Chain rule: One independent Variable
Exercise 265. Express dw/dt as a function of t:
= x2 + y
w = x
w + y2, x = cost;
x = cost; y = sint
y = sint
Solution. Applying the chain rule for 2 intermediate variables x and
y and 1 independent variable t one can obtain dw/dt as dot
y and 1 independent variable t, one can obtain dw/dt as dot
product of the vectors:
w w x y dx dyy
, and
d , ,
x y t t dt dt
Therefore:
dw w dx w dy
dt x dt y dt
Concretely,
y,
dw
2 x sin t 2 y cos t 2sin t cos t 2sin t cos t 0
dt
Chain rule: One independent Variable
Exercise 266. Express dw/dt as a function of t:
x y
w = cos2t;
xx = cos = sin2t,
yy = sin t z = 1/t
z = 1/t.
z z
Solution. Applying the chain rule for 3 intermediate variables x and
Solution. Applying the chain rule for 3 intermediate variables x and
y and 1 independent variable t, one can obtain dw/dt as dot
product of the vectors:
w w w x y z dx dy dz
, , and , , , ,
x y z t t t dt dt dt
Therefore:
dw w dx w dy w dz
dt x dt y dt z dt
Concretely, dw 1 1 x y 1
2cos t sin t 2sin t cos t 2 2
dt z z z t
t 2 cos 2 t sin 2 t
2t sin t cos t 2t sin t cos t 2
1
t
Chain rule: One independent Variable
Exercise 267. Evaluate dw/dt at t = 1:
w 2 ye x ln z x ln t 2 1 y tan 1 t z et
Solution First
Solution. First,
dw 2t 1 1
2 ye x 2 2e x 2 et
dt t 1 t 1 z
ln t 1
2
2t ln t 1
2
1 1 t
2 tan 1 te 2 e e
t2 1 t 2 1 et
4t tan 1 t t 2 1 2 t 2 1
1 4t tan 1
t 2 1 4t tan 1
t 1
t2 1 t2 1
At t 1:
At t = 1:
dw
4 tan 1 1 1 4 1 1
dt t 1 4
Chain rule: Two and Three independent Variables
Exercise 268. Express z/u and z/v as a function of u and v:
= 4ex lny,
zz = 4e lny x = ln(ucosv); y = usinv
x = ln(ucosv); y = usinv
Solution. Applying the chain rule for 2 intermediate variables x and
y and 2 independent variables u and v one can obtain z/u as dot
y and 2 independent variables u and v, one can obtain z/u as dot
product of the vectors:
z z x y
, and
d ,
u u
x y
Therefore:
z z x z y
u x u y u
a og ca y, o e ca ob a / as
Analogically, one can obtain z/v as dot product of the vectors:
do p oduc o e ec o s
z z x y
, and v , v
x y
i
i.e. z z x z y
v x v y v
Chain rule: Two and Three independent Variables
Exercise 268. Express z/u and z/v as a function of u and v:
= 4ex lny,
zz = 4e lny x = ln(ucosv); y = usinv
x = ln(ucosv); y = usinv
Solution. Concretely
z z x z y cos v 4e x
4e ln y
x
sin v
u x u y u u cos v y
ln u sin v i v 4u cos v ln u sin v 4u cos v
ln u cos v ln u cos v
4e
4cos v ln u sin v 1
4e sin
u u sin v u u
z z x z y u sin v 4e x
4e ln y
x
u cos v
v x v y v u cos v y
ln u sin v sin v 4e ln u cos v
ln u cos v
4e
u cos v
u cos u sin v
4u cos v sin v ln u sin v 4u cos 2 v 4cos 2 v
4sin v ln u sin v
u cos v u sin v sin v
Chain rule: One independent Variable
Exercise 269. Evaluate z/u and z/v at the point (u,v) = (1.3,/6):
x
z tan 1 x u cos v y u sin v
y
Solution First
Solution. First,
z z x z y 1 1 1 x
2 cos v 2 2 sin v
u x u y u x y x y
1 1
y2 y2
y2 1 y2 x y x
2 cos v sin v cos v sin v
x y y
2
x y y
2 2 2
x y
2 2
x y
2 2
Because at every point (u, v) the partial derivative z/u = 0, at the
i t ( ) (1 3 /6) / 0 t
point (u,v) = (1.3,/6), z/u = 0, too.
Chain rule: One independent Variable
Exercise 269. Evaluate z/u and z/v at the point (u,v) = (1.3,/6):
x
z tan 1 x u cos v y u sin v
y
Solution
Solution.
z z x z y 1 1 1 x
2 u sin v 2 2 u cos v
v x v y v x y x y
1 1
y2 y2
y2 1 y2 x y x
2 u sin v u cos v u sin v u cos v
x y y
2
x y y
2 2 2
x y
2 2
x y
2 2
Because at every point (u, v) the partial derivative z/u = ‐1, at the
i t ( ) (1 3 /6) /
point (u,v) = (1.3,/6), z/u = ‐1, too.
1 t
Chain rule: Two and Three independent Variables
Exercise 270. Express w/u and w/v as a function of u and v:
w = xy + yz + xz,
y y , x = u + v;; yy = u – v;; z = uv
and then evaluate w/u and w/v at the point (u, v) = (1/2, 1).
Solution Applying the chain rule for 3 intermediate variables x y
Solution. Applying the chain rule for 3 intermediate variables x, y
and z and 2 independent variables u and v, one can obtain z/u as
dot product of the vectors:
w w w x y z
, ,
and , ,
x y z u u u
Therefore:
w w x w y w z
u x u y u z u
Analogically, one can obtain z/v as dot product of the vectors:
w w w x y z
, , and , ,
x y z v v v
i.e. w w x w y w z
v x v y v z v
Chain rule: Two and Three independent Variables
Exercise 270. Express w/u and w/v as a function of u and v:
w = xy + yz + xz,
y y , x = u + v;; yy = u – v;; z = uv
and then evaluate w/u and w/v at the point (u, v) = (1/2, 1).
Solution Concretely
Solution. Concretely,
w w x w y w z
y z 1 x z 1 y x v
u x u y u z u
u v uv u v uv u v u v v 2u 2uv 2uv 2u 4uv
w 1 1
2 4 1 3
u u ,v 1 ,1 2 2
2
w
y z 1 x z 1 y x u
v
u v uv u v uv u v u v u
2v 2u 2
w 1 1 3
2 1 2 2
v u ,v 1 ,1 4 2 2
2
Chain rule: Two and Three independent Variables
Exercise 271. Express u/x, u/y and u/z as a function of x, y
and z:
pq
u , p = x + y + z; q = x – y + z
q
and then evaluate u/x, u/y and u/z at the point
x, y, z 3, 2,1
Solution. Applying the chain rule for 2 intermediate variables p and
q and 3 independent variables x, y and z, one can obtain u/x as
dot product of the vectors:
u u p q
, and ,
p q x x
Therefore:
u u p u q
x p x q x
Analogically one can obtain u/y and u/z like this:
Analogically, one can obtain u/y and u/z like this:
u u p u q u u p u q
and
y p y q y z p z q z
Chain rule: Two and Three independent Variables
Exercise 271. Express u/x, u/y and u/z as a function of x, y
and z:
pq
u , p = x + y + z; q = x – y + z
q
and then evaluate u/x, u/y and u/z at the point
x, y, z 3, 2,1
Solution. Concretely
u 1 p 1 p q p x yzx yz 2y
1 2 1 2 2
x q x y z x y z
2 2
q q q q
u 4 4 2 2 3
4 2 3
x
3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3
2
x , y , z 3 ,2,1 3 2 1
u 1 p q p x yzx yz 2 x z
1 2 1 2
y q x y z x y z
2 2
q q
u
2 3 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 3
2 3 3 2 3 3 3 5
y
42 3 2 3 2 3
2
x , y , z
3 ,2,1 3 1
Chain rule: Two and Three independent Variables
Exercise 271. Express u/x, u/y and u/z as a function of x, y
and z:
pq
u , p = x + y + z; q = x – y + z
q
and then evaluate u/x, u/y and u/z at the point
x, y, z 3, 2,1
Solution. Concretely
u 1 p q p 2y
1 2 1 2
z q x y z
2
q q
u u
4 2 3
z x , y , z
3 ,2,1 x x , y , z
3 ,2,1
Implicit Differentiation Revisited
Implicit Differentiation Revisited
Suppose that
1. The function F(x, y) is differentiable.
2. The equation F(x, y) = 0 defines y implicitly as a
2 The equation F(x y) = 0 defines y implicitly as a
differentiable function of x, say y = h(x).
Then at any point where Fy 0,
Then, at any point where F 0
dy Fx
dx Fy
Note: This relationship gives a surprisingly simple shortcut to
pg p gy p
finding derivatives of implicitly defined functions.
Implicit Differentiation
Exercise 272. Assuming that the equation
x3 – 2y2 + xy = 0
defines y as a differentiable function of x, find dy/dx.
Exercise 273. Assuming that the equation
xey + sinxy + y – ln2 = 0
defines y as a differentiable function of x, find the value of dy/dx at
th
the point (0, ln2).
i t (0 l 2)
Solution. The function F(x, y) = xey + sinxy + y – ln2 is differentiable.
For the partial derivatives we have:
For the partial derivatives, we have:
Fx = ey + ycosxy;
Fy = xey + xcosxy + 1;
dy F
y,
Finally, the formula x yyields:
d
dx Fy
z Fx z Fy
and
x Fz y Fz
Implicit Differentiation
1 1 1
Exercise 274. Use equation 1 0
x y z
to find the values of z/x and z/y at the point (2, 3, 6).
/ /
Exercise 275. Use equation sin(x + y) + sin(y + z) + sin(x + z) = 0
to find the values of z/x and z/y at the point (, , ).
/ /