UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGÓGICA Y TECNOLÓGICA DE COLOMBIA

VICERRECTORÍA ACADÉMICA
INSTITUTO INTERNACIONAL DE IDIOMAS
guía para el desarrollo de clases virtuales

Teacher:
COURSE GUIDE TOPIC EXPECTED TIME
1. English V REVIEW MODAL VERBS OF WORK
RELATIVE CLAUSES 8 hours
PASSIVE VOICE
OBJECTIVES:
 Review the different topics from guides 1 and 2.

2. PRESENTATION:

Dear Student, in this guide you will review the different topics from guides 1 and 2.

In guide 1, we learned about modal verbs. They are helping verbs that express a wide range of meanings (ability,
permission, possibility, necessity, etc.).

In guide 2, we learned about relative clauses and passive voice. Relative clauses are used to identify which person or
thing we are talking about. (He is the man who helped me). We use the passive voice to say what happens to the
subject (Two men were arrested by the police) in contrast to active sentences which are used to say what the subject
does (The police arrested two men).

You will be able to improve your English by developing this guide. In this process, you are the main protagonist and I
will be assisting you in anything that you need. Never hesitate to ask me anything concerning this guide.

Likewise, for guides 1 and 2, you must have already read chapters 1 to 4 from the audiobook 1984.

3. APPROPRIATION

MODAL VERBS
The verbs listed below are called “modal verbs.” They are helping verbs that express a wide range of meanings
(ability, permission, possibility, necessity, etc.).

Can
"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express ability or opportunity, to
request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.

I can ride a horse. (ability)

We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. (opportunity)
She cannot stay out after 10 PM. (permission)
Can you hand me the stapler? (request)
Any child can grow up to be president. (possibility)
Could
"Could" is a modal verb used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests.
Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. (possibility)
Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. (past ability)
You could see a movie or go out to dinner. (suggestion)
Could I use your computer to email my boss? (request)
May
"May" is a modal verb most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to give or request permission,
although this usage is becoming less common.
Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work. (possibility)
Johnny, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner. (give permission)
May I use your bathroom? (request permission)
Might
"Might" is a modal verb most commonly used to express possibility.
It might rain tomorrow. (possibility)
Should
"Should" is a modal verb most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice.
When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. (recommendation)
You should focus more on your family and less on work. (advice)

had better
"Had better" is most commonly used to make recommendations. It can also be used to express desperate hope as well
as warn people.
You had better take your umbrella with you today. (recommendation)
That bus had better get here soon! (desperate hope)
You had better watch the way you talk to me in the future! (warning)
Must
"Must" is a modal verb most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or strong
recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more flexible form "have to." "Must not" can be used to prohibit
actions.
This must be the right address! (certainty)
Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. (necessity)
You must take some medicine for that cough. (strong recommendation)
Jenny, you must not play in the street! (prohibition)
Will
"Will" is a modal verb used with promises or voluntary actions that take place in the future. "Will" can also be used to
make predictions about the future.
I promise that I will write you every single day. (promise)
I will make dinner tonight. (voluntary action)
He thinks it will rain tomorrow. (prediction)
Would
“Would” is a modal verb used to talk about hypotheses (when we imagine something), or for politeness.

I knew that she would be very successful in her career. (hypotheses)

Would you please close the door? (politeness)
Have to
"Have to" is used to express certainty, necessity, and obligation.

This answer has to be correct. (certainty)

The soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent burning. (necessity)
They have to leave early. (obligation)
Ought to
"Ought to" is used to advise or make recommendations. "Ought to" also expresses assumption or expectation as well as
strong probability, often with the idea that something is deserved.

You ought to stop smoking. (recommendation)

Jim ought to get the promotion. (It is expected because he deserves it.)
This stock ought to increase in value. (probability)

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative clauses tell us more about people and things:

Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.

This is the house which Jack built.
Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.

We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses. The different relative pronouns are:

Use who for a person. He’s the doctor who looked after your grandmother.
Use which for a thing. This is the knife which the killer used.
Use where for a place. This is the city where she grew up.
Use when for a period of time. I still remember the day when you proposed.
It is possible to use that instead of which She’s the girl that lives next door. = She’s the girl who lives next
or who. door

This is the machine that we used to make the copies. = This is the
machine which we used to make the copies.

PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice is a grammatical structure used when you do not want to emphasize who or what performs the
action, but rather emphasize who or what receives the action. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing
receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know
who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
Passive forms are made up of the verb be with a past participle:

past
be participle
English is spoken all over the world.
The
windows have been cleaned.
Lunch was being served.
The work will be finished soon.
might have
They been invited to the party.

If we want to show the person or thing doing the action, we use by:

She was attacked by a dangerous dog.

The money was stolen by her husband.

Active and Passive Overview

Tense Active Passive

Present simple Tom cleans the house The house is cleaned by Tom

Present continuous Sarah is writing the letter. the letter is being written by Sarah.

Simple Past The hunter killed the lion. The lion was killed by the hunter.

Present Perfect Someone has cleaned the windows. The windows have been cleaned.

Past Perfect George had repaired many cars Many cars had been repaired by
George

Future will Someone will finish the work by The work will be finished by 5:00
5:00 PM. PM.

Future be going to Sally is going to make a beautiful A beautiful dinner is going to be

dinner tonight. made by Sally tonight.

4. EXERCISES

Complete the sentences with can, can't or couldn't and the verbs in brackets ( ).

► You don't have to shout. I can hear (hear) you very well.
► I couldn't watch (watch) that programme last night because I had to go out.

1. He ______________ (play) last week because he was injured.

2. He eats in restaurants all the time because he ______________ (cook).
3. I ______________ (give) you a lift in my car because it isn't working at the moment.
4. I didn't have a good seat in the theatre, so I ______________ (see) the stage very well.
5. John doesn't need a calculator. He ______________ (do) very difficult sums in his head.
6. She's very good at music. She ______________ (play) three instruments.
7. I ______________ (find) my address book. Have you seen it?
8. He spoke very quickly and I ______________ (understand) anything he said.
9. We ______________ (go) on the trip because we ______________ (afford) it. It was very expensive.
10. I ______________ (do) any more work because I was very tired, so I stopped.
11. I'm afraid that I ______________ (talk) to you now. I'm in a hurry. I have to be at work in five minutes.

Put the words in brackets ( ) in the right order to make questions.

► (have — a return ticket to York — could — please — I — ?)
Could I have a return ticket to York, please?

1. (please — I — may — a glass of orange juice — have — ?)

____________________________________________________________
2. (we — listen to your new CD — can — ?)
____________________________________________________________
3. (your mobile — please — use — I — can — ?)
____________________________________________________________
4. (may — borrow — your camera tomorrow — I — ?)
____________________________________________________________
5. (please — the menu — pass — you — could — ?)
____________________________________________________________
6. (can — this letter for me — you — post — ?)
____________________________________________________________

Look at this table about different jobs and use the information to complete the sentences, using “have to”
or “don't have to”.

Shop assistants have to deal with the public.

1. Teachers ____________________________ to people.

2. Bank clerks ____________________________ to people.
3. Bank clerks ____________________________ with money.
4. Doctors ____________________________ with money.
5. Shop assistants often ____________________________ uniforms.
6. Teachers __________ uniforms.

Look at the signs and complete the sentences with don't have to or mustn't.

► You don't have to go in.

► You mustn't eat inside.

1. ______________ arrive half an hour early.

2. You ______________ arrive late.
 3. Small vehicles ______________ wait.
4. Drivers of large vehicles ______________ cross alone.

5. Students ______________ make a noise.

6. Third-year students ______________ take the exam.

7. You ______________ talk in the library.

8. You ______________ put the books back on the shelves.

9. Swimmers ______________ pay today.

10. Swimmers ______________ eat or drink by the pool.

Complete the sentences, using should or shouldn't and the words in brackets ( ).

► You shouldn't work (You/work) so hard. Have a holiday.

► I enjoyed that film. We should go (We/go) to the cinema more often.

1. ______________________ (You/park) here. It's not allowed.

2 What ______________________ (I/cook) for dinner tonight?
3. ______________________ (You/wear) a coat. It's cold outside.
4. ______________________ (You/smoke). It's bad for you.
5. ______________________ (We/arrive) at the airport two hours before the flight.
6. ______________________ (I/pay) now or later?
7. Do you think ____________________ (I/apply) for this job?
8. What do you think ______________________ (I/write) in this space on the form?
9. ______________________ (I/eat) any more cake. I've already eaten too much.
10. This food is terrible. ______________________ (We/complain) to the manager.
11. Which shirt do you think ______________________ (I/buy)?

Complete using who, which, or where.

1. There was a princess ________ lived in a castle.

2. Thanks for the chocolates ________ you sent me.
3. That's the city ________ we met.
4. Lugo is a town ________ is famous for its Roman walls.
5. The Sil is the river ________ we fish.
6. I have a daughter ________ is a doctor.
7. That's the hen ________ lays the best eggs.
8. I know the man ________ did it.
9. The village ________ I live is very quiet.
10. A mechanic is a person ________ fixes cars.
11. Is there a bench ________ we can sit?
12. The house, ________ is on the right, is nice.
13. I'm looking for someone ________ speaks Spanish.
14. A hive is ________ bees live.
15. He's wearing the tie ________ I gave to him.
Change these active sentences to passive. Choose if you need the agent or not.

1. The Government is planning a new road near my house.

________________________________________________________
2. My grandfather built this house in 1943.
________________________________________________________
3. Picasso was painting Guernica at that time.
________________________________________________________
4. The cleaner has cleaned the office.
________________________________________________________
5. He had written three books before 1867.
________________________________________________________
6. John will tell you later.
________________________________________________________
7. By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal.
________________________________________________________
8. Somebody should do the work.
________________________________________________________
9. The traffic might have delayed Jimmy.
________________________________________________________
10. People speak Portuguese in Brazil.
________________________________________________________
11. Everybody loves Mr Brown.
________________________________________________________
12. They are building a new stadium near the station.
________________________________________________________
13. The wolf ate the princess.
________________________________________________________
14. At six o'clock someone was telling a story.
________________________________________________________
15. Somebody has drunk all the milk!
________________________________________________________
16. I had cleaned all the windows before the storm.
________________________________________________________
17. A workman will repair the computer tomorrow.
________________________________________________________
18. James might cook dinner.
________________________________________________________
19. Somebody must have taken my wallet.
________________________________________________________