Nettur Technical Training Foundation

NETTUR TECHNICAL TRAINING FOUNDATION
MASTER FILE
FOR
CNC TECHNOLOGY
SEMESTER 5
SUBJECT CODE CP01 05 05
Prepared By: Mr. R.Koti Approved by:
Verified by: Mr. S.Nagesh Mr. Roshan Peter

Course Coordinator-CP01
Tab Content Rev: 0 Released on: July 2018
1
Detailed syllabus
For
CNC Technology
Subject Code : CP01 05 05
Subject Title : CNC Technology
Hours per semester : 20h
Revision no. 1
Revision date 01.01.2014
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
x Understand the CNC codes and part Programming.
x Awareness of FMS
x Awareness of Robotics
x Familiarize with digitizing.
x Familiarize with laser machining.
Topics
Unit Time
Major Topics
No. Alloted
6.0 CNC part programming in FANUC / SINUMERIK control systems- lathe 12h
7.0 Introduction to FMS 4h
8.0 Robotics 2h
9.0 Digitizing 1h
10.0 Laser machining 1h
Total 20h
Subject content
time
Unit No. Topics/sub topics allotted in
hrs
6.0 CNC part programming– Lathe 12h
6.1 Axis nomenclature 1h
6.2 Terms in programming 2h
6.3 Tool, Speed, & Feed functions 2h
6.4 Preparatory and Miscellaneous function codes used in lathe 2h
6.5 Exercise on part programming – without canned cycle 2h
6.6 Canned cycle 2h
6.6.1 Exercise on part programming – with canned cycles 1h
7.0 INTRODUCTION TO FMS 4h
7.1 Introduction 1h
7.2 Sub systems of FMS 1h
7.3 Scope of FMS 1h
7.4 Benefits of FMS 1h
8.0 Robotics 2h
8.1 Definition 1h
2
8.2 Elements of robotic systems
8.3 Need of using robotics
1h
8.4 key features of robots
9.0 DIGITISING 1h
9.1 Introduction
1h
9.2 key features
10.0 LASER MACHINING 1h
10.1 Introduction
1h
10.2 key features
Grand Total 20h
Reference books:
1 Numerical machine tools - S.J Martin
2. The numerical controls of machine tool - Prof Dr.Ing wilhelm Simon
3. AM on Computers American Machinist
4. Computers in manufacturing George Schaffer
5. Computer Technology Eanle D Jones
6. CAD/CAM Zimmers
7. Numerical controlled machines Koram Kuren
8. NC Machines and Cam Pressman Williams
---------------------------
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CNC TECHNOLOGY
Introduction to CNC Technology
Competition between manufacturing firms is increasingly dictated by quality, cost, variety

and. Servicing. Achieving the highest possible efficiency in manufacturing can only
produce each one of these attributes of a successful product.
The variety being demanded in view of the varying tastes of the consumer calls for very
small batch sizes. Small batch sizes will not be able to take advantage of the mass
production techniques such as special purpose machines or transfer lines. Hence, the
need for flexible automation is felt, where you not only get the benefits of rigid
automation but are also able to vary the products manufactured thus bringing in the
flexibility. Numerical Control fits the bill perfectly and we would see that manufacturing
would increasingly be dependent on Numerical Control (NC) in future.
The concept, Numerical Control or control by numbers, which has revolutionized the
manufacturing scene is partially due to the rapid advancement in microelectronics that
has taken place since late 1960s. The key factor responsible for the popularity of the NC
is the flexibility it offers in manufacturing
Towards the end of Second World War, there is increased activity in aerospace
manufacturing in U.S.A. Mr. John Parsons of Parsons Corporation who is one of the sub
contractors to USAF (United States Air Force), was toying with the idea of utilizing the
digital computers which were just then becoming popular to reduce the drudgery of
computation. Machining (milling) of complex curvature is a highly skilled job. He
proposed that the coordinate points of a complex three-dimensional profile may be
utilized for controlling the milling machine table so that accurate jobs could be produced.
The USAF accepted his proposal and a contract were awarded to him to develop such a
machine. The project was then awarded to the Servomechanism Laboratory of
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1951, which finally demonstrated a working
milling machine in 1952.
4
This is a 28", Cincinnati Hydro-Tel vertical-spindle contour milling machine, which was
extensively modified. All the motion elements in the milling machine were removed and
are replaced by three variable-speed hydraulic transmissions and connected to the three
lead screws of the table. The resolution of the machine was 0.0005-in. A feedback
control system was provided to make sure the machine was moving to the correct
positions as programmed.
The first control system was developed using electronic valves. Bendix Corp. produced
the first commercial production-based NC unit in 1954 after purchasing the patent rights
from MIT. In 1960, the first controller with transistor technology was introduced. These
systems were able to control machines with three, four and five axes and had new
features such as circular and parabolic interpolation, cutter compensation and dial input.
Integrated circuits (ICs) came in 1967. These permitted a 90 per cent reduction in the
number of components, as well as an 80 per cent reduction in wiring. These systems
were much more reliable.
Though the concept was demonstrated, the actual availability of such a machine for the
aerospace industry came around 1955 after a very large number of refinements to the
basic controller demonstrated in 1952. Later on, machine tool builders serving a variety
of applications introduced several commercial NC units into the market. Since then rapid
strides have taken place in NC technology parallel with the developments in electronics
and microelectronics.
Numerical control of machine tools may be defined as a method of automation in which

various functions of machine tools are controlled by letters, numbers and symbols.
Basically a NC machine runs on a program fed to it. The program consists of precise
instructions about the methodology of manufacture as well as the movements. For
example what tool is to be used, at what speed, at what feed and to move from which
point to which point in what path. Since the program is the controlling point for product
manufacture, the machine becomes versatile and can be used for any part. All the
functions of a NC machine tool are therefore controlled electronically, hydraulically or
pneumatically. In NC machine tools one or more of the following functions may be
automatic.
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(a) Starting and stopping of machine tool spindle.
(b) Controlling the spindle speed.
(c) Positioning the tool tip at desired locations and guiding it along desired paths
by automatic control of the motion of slides.
(d) Controlling the rate of movement of the tool tip (i.e. feed rate),
(e) Changing of tools in the spindle.
CNC Lathe
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Coordinate system (Axis Nomenclature)
There are nine standard axes universally used in CNC machining. Three are the
familiar primary linear (straight-line) movements X, Y, and Z. Three primary
rotary axes (A, B, and C) are used to identify arc or circular movements such as a
programmable turntable, lathe spindle, or an articulating, wrist action milling head
(rotary motion).Finally, we have three secondary, straight-line motions called the
auxiliary linear axes (U, V, and W).
Articulate A wrist-type action that moves in an arc but not a full circle. Mill heads
articulate.
Discrete planes One of three unique planes defined by the axes that lie on it: X-Y, Y-
Z, or X-Z.
Five-axis mill A vertical or horizontal machine with a head that articulates in the A and
B axes.
Orthogonal axis set Three axes lying at mutual 908 angles. Right-hand rule Used to
determine the letter identification of axes within an orthogonal set.
Rule of thumb Used to determine the sign value of rotary axes. Three-space
envelope A three-dimensional work envelope defined by X, Y, and Z coordinates or by
spherical polar coordinates.
World orientation The relationship of a machine’s axis set with respect to the floor and
operator.
The Primary Linear Axes X, Y, and Z
The basic axes used to define a three-space (three dimensional) envelope lie at 90
degrees to each other, and as such are called an orthogonal axis set. Using the same
root word as orthographic projection, the set is comprised of axis lines at mutual 908
angles, intersecting at a common reference point (Fig. 1.1-A). The limit of machine’s
axis travel is defined as the Work Envelope.
Three Primary Planes
Combining any two primary axis lines defines a fl at plane.
There are three planes: X-Y, X-Z, and Y-Z (Fig. 1.1-B). For example, when viewing a
part placed on a vertical milling machine, the table represents the X-Y plane, while a
lathe object is viewed in the X-Z plane—usually from overhead.
When the machine control is capable of cutting curves in more than one of these three
discrete (unique) planes, the programmer must add a code word to define in which
plane the motion is to occur. We’ll learn to use the codes later, but they are G17, G18
and G19.
7
Fig 1
1.1A,B
1A B
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Axis ID on a CNC Machine
When facing a new machine for the first time, the world orientation of its axis set
(relationship to the floor and to the operator) can often be identified this way, in this
order(Fig. 1.2).
Z The axis parallel to the main spindle

X Usually the longest axis, usually parallel to the floor
Y The axis perpendicular to both X and Z
These are conventional guides, not a standard. For any given CNC machine, the
set needn’t be in any given relationship to the world. While the axis set remains
orthogonal and the
axes are in the same position to each other, the axis set can be rotated to any world
position.
Try it yourself. Use the right-hand rule for a mill in your shop (Fig. 1.3). Depending
on the world perspective of the axis set, you may find your hand in any position, but it will
be found to fit the rule. There are almost no violations to the orthogonal set, but it can be
found lying in some odd positions relative to the world, especially on advanced CNC
equipment and robots.
The most common example of skewed world orientation, shown in Figs. 1.4 and
1.5, is a slant bed lathe, where the X axis has been tilted relative to the floor. This
modification makes chip and coolant ejection more efficient and improves operator
access for setting up tools.
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The Primary Rotary Axes A,B, and C
Some CNC machines feature programmable axes that rotate or articulate. According to
the EIA267-B standard, there are three primary rotary axes:
A, B, and C
Each is identified by the central primary linear axis around which it pivots. The
A axis rotates around a line parallel to X
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B axis rotates around a line parallel to Y
C axis rotates around a line parallel to Z
Question
To identify a rotary axis, first find its central axis. For example, a lathe equipped with a
positioning spindle that can stop
at any given rotation angle facilitates drilling holes spaced around the perimeter of a
turned part (Fig. 1.6). What is this axis called?
Answer
The indexing chuck turns about an axis parallel to the lathe’s Z axis, therefore it’s a C
rotary axis. If it can stop only at a given location, not feed through an arc during
machining, it is a positioning axis.
That same C axis could also be capable of rotating at programmed, slow feed rates,
which would then enable milling operations as well, assuming a milling head was added.
It is then known as a feed axis. To facilitate the milling operation, a powered tooling head
is added to the tool turret (Fig. 17-8).
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Mill Rotary Axes
When angled or warped surfaces are required, but they can’t be cut with standard milling equipment,
we turn to rotary axis machines. There are two ways a CNC mill might employ a programmable rotary
axis: by rotating the part or by rotating the cutter head, or a combination of the two. Articulating Mill
Heads These machines are equipped with a spindle head that can rotate in one or two planes during
a cut (A or A 1 B). The articulation is similar to the two Bridgeport type mill head rotations, but here it’s
empowered to feed in an arc (Fig. 1.8).
Five-Axis Cutter Heads Machines with this capability are known as fi ve-axis mills with axes X, Y, and Z and A and
B (Fig. 1.9).
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Plus or Minus Rotary Motion—Rule of Thumb
To define which direction a rotary motion is to occur, clockwise or counter
clockwise, we use a plus or minus sign on the coordinate. Try it yourself. Use the rule of
thumb (Fig. 1.11) to solve the following questions about cutting a warped surface.
Rule of Thumb—Rotary Axis Sign Value To identify whether the rotary axis direction is
positive or negative(clockwise or counter clockwise), use the rule of thumb(Fig. 1.11).
First, identify the positive direction for the central axis around which the rotation
occurs (1X, 1Y, or 1Z). Then, pointing the thumb of your right hand along that positive
direction, your fingers will curl in the positive rotary axis
direction. Negative rotary motion would be against your fingers.
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Question: The part shown in Fig. 17-11 must be profi le milled by climb cutting (right to
left on the page). To make this warped surface, an A/B articulating head must follow the
changing warp as the mill moves on the X and Y axes. Use the rule of thumb (Fig. 17-
12) to determine which direction the head must rotate, in the plus or minus A and B
directions.
A. Before cutting, is the A axis tilted in the plus or minus direction from vertical? (This is
shown on the right of Fig. 1.10.)
B. Which way does A move during the cut?
C. The B axis starts at a zero-degree tilt; does it end in a plus or minus tilt at the end of
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the cut? (See the left side of the figure.)
The Secondary Linear Axes U, V, and W
The lathe drilling attachment in Fig. 1..6 illustrates another axis set. CNC machines
occasionally receive secondary, straight-line axes to add auxiliary tool slides or boring
quills and other machining functions to their capability.
Secondary Linear Rule
To identify the secondary linear axes, determine the primary linear parallels (X, Y, or Z).
If the secondary axis is parallel to
X, it is the U axis
Y, it is the V axis
Z, it is the W axis
For example, the small vertical milling machine shown in Fig. 1.12 has its programmable quill
designated as the Z axis, therefore the knee, which also moves vertically, becomes
the “W” axis according to EIA267-B.
Control Systems
Open Loop Systems
Open loop systems have no access to the real time data about the performance of
the system and therefore no immediate corrective action can be taken in case of
system disturbance. This system is normally applied only to the case where the output
is almost constant and predictable. Therefore, an open loop system is unlikely to be
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used to control machine tools since the cutting force and loading of a machine tool is
never a constant. The only exception is the wire cut machine for which some
machine tool builders still prefer to use an open loop system because there is virtually
no cutting force in wire cut machining.
Close Loop Systems
In a close loop system, feed back devices closely monitor the output and any
disturbance will be corrected in the first instance. Therefore high system accuracy is
achievable. This system is more powerful than the open loop system and can be applied
to the case where the output is subjected to frequent change. Nowadays, almost all CNC
machines use this control system.
Elements of Machine tool
This can be any type of machine tool or equipment. In order to obtain high accuracy and
repeatability, the design and make of the machine slide and the driving leadscrew of a
CNC machine is of vital importance. The slides are usually machined to high accuracy
and coated with anti-friction material such as PTFE and Turcite in order to reduce the
stick and slip phenomenon. Large diameter recirculating ball screws are employed to
eliminate the backlash and lost motion. Other design features such as rigid and heavy
machine structure; short machine table overhang, quick change tooling system, etc also
contribute to the high accuracy and high repeatability of CNC machines.
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Driving System
The driving system is an important component of a CNC machine as the accuracy and
repeatability depend very much on the characteristics and performance of the driving
system. The requirement is that the driving system has to response accurately according
to the programmed instructions. This system usually uses electric motors although
hydraulic motors are sometimes used for large machine tools. The motor is coupled
either directly or through a gear box to the machine lead screw to moves the machine
slide or the spindle. Three types of electrical motors are commonly used.
.
DC Servo Motor
This is the most common type of feed motors used in CNC machines. The principle of
operation is based on the rotation of an armature winding in a permanently energised
magnetic field. The armature winding is connected to a commutator, which is a cylinder
of insulated copper segments mounted on the shaft. DC current is passed to the
commutator through carbon brushes, which are connected to the machine terminals.
The change of the motor speed is by varying the armature voltage and the control of
motor torque is achieved by controlling the motor's armature current. In order to achieve
the necessary dynamic behavior it is operated in a closed loop system equipped with
sensors to obtain the velocity and position feedback signals.
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AC Servo Motor
In an AC servomotor, the rotor is a permanent magnet while the stator is equipped with
3-phase windings. The speed of the rotor is equal to the rotational frequency of the
magnetic field of the stator, which is regulated by the frequency converter. AC motors are
gradually replacing DC servomotors. The main reason is that there is no commutator or
brushes in AC servomotor so that maintenance is virtually not required. Furthermore, AC
servos have a smaller power-to-weight ratio and faster response.
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Stepping Motor
A stepping motor is a device that converts the electrical pulses into discrete mechanical
rotational motions of the motor shaft. This is the simplest device that can be applied to
CNC machines since it can convert digital data into actual mechanical displacement. It is
not necessary to have any neither analog-to-digital converter nor feedback device for the
control system. They are ideally suited to open loop systems. However, stepping motors
are not commonly used in machine tools due to the following drawbacks: slow speed,
low torque, low resolution and easy to slip in case of overload. Examples of stepping
motor application are the magnetic head of floppy-disc drive and hard disc drive of
computer, daisy-wheel type printer, X-Y tape control, and CNC EDM Wire-cut machine.
Fig 1.16 : Stepper Motor
Positional Feed Back Devices

There are two types of positional feedback devices: linear transducer for direct
positional measurement and rotary encoder for angular or indirect linear
measurement.
Linear Transducers - A linear transducer is a device mounted on the machine
table to measure the actual displacement of the slide in such a way that
backlash of screws; motors, etc would not cause any error in the feed back
data. This device is considered to be of the highest accuracy and also more
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5th Semester CP01: CNC Technology
expensive in comparison with other measuring devices mounted on screws or

motors.
Fig 1.17 : Positional Feed Back Devices
Rotary Encoders - A rotary encoder is a device mounted at the end of the

motor shaft or screw to measure the angular displacement. This device cannot
measure linear displacement directly so that error may occur due to the
backlash of screw and motor etc. Generally, this error can be compensated for
by the machine builder in the machine calibration process.
Fig 1.18 : Rotary Encoder
Velocity Feedback Device
The actual speed of the motor can be measured in terms of voltage generated
from a tachometer mounted at the end of the motor shaft. DC tachometer is
essentially a small generator that produces an output voltage proportional
to the speed. The voltage generated is compared with the command voltage
corresponding to the desired speed. The difference of the voltages can is then
used to actuate the motor to eliminate the error.
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Display
Unit
The Display Unit serves as an interactive device between the machine and the
operator. When the machine is running, the Display Unit displays the present
status such as the position of the machine slide, the spindle RPM, the feed
rate, the part programmes, etc. In an advanced CNC machine, the Display Unit
can show the graphics simulation of the tool path so that part programmes can
be verified before the actually machining. Much other important information
about the CNC system can also displayed for maintenance and installation
work such as machine parameters, logic diagram of the programmer controller,
error massages and diagnostic data.
Fig 1.19 : Display Unit
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6.0 CNC part programming in FANUC control system – Lathe

TURNING CENTRE PROGRAMMING
COMPARISON BETWEEN MACHINING CENTRES AND TURNING CENTRES
A. Axes system the axes system followed is basically X and Z with additional axes
such as C, W,Y coming occasionally based on the structure of the machine too.
B. Tools used are generally single point cutting tools such as turning and boring
tools are used however, when the machine is equipped with C axis and power (or
driven) tools in the tool turret all Types of milling tools would also be used. These
may be used on the turn mill centers, where the Milling operations such as key way
milling, flat milling, PCD drilling, etc. can be carried out.
C. Multiple cuts Very often the blanks for turned jobs are normally solid materials
(rolled stock) which require the removal of large amount of material in roughing cuts
for clearing. This is in contrast to machining centers, where only a few cuts (often
one or two) along the final contour to be generated are required. As a result, it is
necessary to plan the optimum tool path for clearance in a number of turning jobs.
This is called as cut planning.
D. Internal and external features are identical features in these jobs with internal and
external equivalents, such as turning and boring, etc. Programming for them is similar,
however, care has to be taken to see that the tool while positioning for cutting internal
features be carefully handled.
E. More than one tool post in the earlier machines such as Herbert Batchmatic, there
used to be two tool posts. While programming care has to be taken to see from
where the tool has been brought into contact with the work piece. However, the
present day turning centers mostly are with single tool turrets and therefore less
problems are encountered.
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F. Different G and M codes the preparatory and miscellaneous codes used are to
some extent it but some are different in view of the basic structure of the machine
tool.
G. Tool nose radius In machining center, the programming is done with the center of
spindle and its top end where as in turning centers, the programming is to be done
with the centre of the tool nose radius and compensation for the tool nose radius has
to be done while programming.
H. Work rotation the greatest simplification to programming of turning centers is

because of the work rotation and as a result, the 3D profile gets transformed to 2D
profile. However, in some cases other axes may be involved, but simultaneously there
can be only two axes.
I. Tool indexing Normally tool change in turning center is done by means of turret
indexing, though some turning center have tool magazines in the traditional sense. As
a result, the tool change position could be very close to the work piece surface with
enough clearance for the longest tool present in the turret.
J. Diameter programming Very often the dimensioning practice in turned components
is to give all diameters. However, the tool should approach for machining only radially
and hence the provision of diameter programming facility in most of the turning
centres. This means that all the movements along X-axis should be doubled to
represent the diametral movement rather than the radial movement.
6.1 Axis nomenclature
The general arrangement of a turning center is shown in Fig. 1. The spindle axis is
designated as Z and the radial axis perpendicular to the Z and away towards the
principal tool post is termed as X-axis. Here, three datum have been defined. The first
datum shown is home or machine datum, which is a prefixed position on the machine.
This may generally be the intersection of spindle axis and clamping plane (collets
face). At the start (power on) the controller display should show the axis positions with
respect to home. A component datum is a datum position fixed by the programmer on
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Tool Datum
MACHINE
DATUM
Fig. 1 Axes System used for Turning Centers

The component for the convenience of part programming. At the beginning of the
program the position of the component datum with respect to home position would
have to be specified (G50 or G92). Tool datum is the third datum, which is of intersect
in turning centers, which is essentially the point about which the turret indexes as well
as the axes move.
Though programming is normally expected to be done by moving the tool tip around
the component profile, in actual practice, it is the tool datum, which actually moves
along the axes. The difference between the tool tip position and the turret datum is
termed as tool offsets as shown in Fig. 2. For each of the tool used in turning center, a
separate tool offset data along the X and Z-axes as shown in Fig. 2 would have to be
entered.
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Fig. 2 Tool Offsets that are required for Each Tool in the Turret
On a production method the tool offsets for each of the tools can be obtained by a
number of ways. A single method, most generally used is the use of a mandrel of
known size into the work holding device and touch the end faces and diameter by the
tool and noting down the corresponding display positions with respect to home position
as shown in Fig 3. Then the offset values can be easily obtained by noting down as
shown in Fig. 3. The actual reference point on the tool, which is used for programming
in turning centers, is shown in Fig. 4.
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Contact Point Z axis
Tool Tip
Tool Nose Reference Point Contact Point Xaxis
Fig. 4 Actual reference point on the tool
6.2 Terms in programming
O Indicates the programme no and can be given from 0001 to 9999
; Indicates the End of Block

/ Indicates the Block Skip
X,Y,Z Primary Axis (Absolute)
U,V,W Primary Axis (Incremental)
I,J,K Radius Victor
G Preparatory Functions
M Miscellaneous Functions
% Start of the Programme
F Feed Rate
S Spindle Function
T Tool Function
N Sequence No
A,B,C Rotary axis about X,Y,Z
6.3 Tool, Speed, & Feed functions
Tool Function
Tools are selected in a program through the T word. The T word selects the turret station
that is to be indexed to the cutting position and activates the tool offset register number.
The tool offset register number selects the following from the tool-offset file.
1. X and Z-axis tool offsets
2. Tool nose radius value
3. Tool nose orientation number
The T word has the format T4, such as T0101. The first two digits (01) specify the turret
station and the last two digits (01) specify the location of the tool offsets. There is no need
for any association between the tool number and the tool offset register number. The offset
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is cancelled by giving 00 in place of the offset register number. The register contains the
following values. The register values can be entered through manual data input (MDI)
mode or through a separate tool offsets program.
Contents of the Tool Offset Registers
Offset X-axis offset amount Z-axis offset Tool nose Tool nose
register amount radius radius
number direction
01 120.040 15.20 0.8 0
02 121.410 18.65 0.8 0
The method of measuring the tool-offset values is already presented earlier. Given
below is an example of giving tool-offset codes.
N080 M06 T0515;

Block N080 calls for turret station 5. Tool geometry offset register number is chosen as
15.If no digits are programmed in the last two places, the turret will not index. Instead, the
control will use the turret station number as an offset and activate that offset with present
tool in place. This could result in a collision as the control is attempting the active tool
with incorrect offsets.
Speed Function
The spindle speed can be specified in two ways, either direct rpm or in constant surface sped
in m/min or ft/min. The constant surface speed option would be useful in turning, because
the cutting speed is dictated by the diameter of the rotating work piece which often varies
during a turning process such as in taper turning, facing or when multiple steps are turned
by the same tool, etc. Hence to maintain a constant cutting force and uniform surface
finish it is necessary to vary the spindle rpm in direct proportion to the change in work
diameter at the cutting tool edge. This is achieved by constant surface speed option,
which can be invoked by using the preparatory function G96. During power on, the default
mode is the constant RPM, which can also be invoked by G97. G96 and G97 form a group of
preparatory functions, which would cancel each other and otherwise would remain modal.
Since the spindle speed is continuously available with the diameter, there is a possibility
27
that the rpm may go beyond the set rpm or a certain maximum limit for the equipment
being used (for example limit on the chuck) though it is within machine tool's capability.
In such situations, it is possible to specify an upper limit on the speed change by using the
G50 command. The following example gives the program listing to demonstrate the use of S
word.
N090 G50 S4000 Maximum spindle rpm is 4000
N100 G96 S200 Spindle speed is set at 200 m/min
N080 G97 S2500 Spindle speed is set at 2500 rpm
The S word is modal and once programmed it need not be programmed again until a
different spindle speed is required. Do not program a decimal point with the S word.
Feed Specification
Similar to the speed, feed rate can be specified in two forms in the normal mm/min as well as
mm/rev format, the conventional turning feed specification. These two formats can be
obtained by using the following G-codes.
G98 feed in mm/min
G99 feed in mm/rev
6.4 Preparatory and Miscellaneous function codes used in FUNUC control- lathe
LIST OF G CODES M CODES FOR TURNING: -
: G Codes:
Sl No Code
01 G00-Rapid positioning-G00 X Z
02 G01- linear interpolation-G01 X Z F
03 G02- Circular interpolation (clock wise)-G02 X Z I K F
04 G03- Circular interpolation (Counter clock wise)-G03 X Z I K F
05 G04- Dwell-G04 P1000
06 G20- Inch Input

07 G21-Metric Input
08 G28- Return to home position- G28 U W
09 G32-Thread cutting single pass- -G32 X Z F
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10 G33- Thread cutting variable

11 G50/G92- Maximum spindle speed
12 G70 - Finishing cycle
13 G71- Rough Turning cycle
14 .G72- Rough facing cycle
15 G73- Pattern repeating cycle
16 G74- Drilling cycle
17 G75-Groving cycle
18 .G76- Thread cutting cycle

19 G94/G98- Feed in mm/min.
20 G95/G99- Feed in mm/rev

21 G96-Constant Cutting speed -Constant Surface speed
22 G97- Constant RPM
LIST OF M CODES
Sl No Code
01 M00- Program stop
02 M01 - Optional stop
03 M02 – Spindle on Program end request
04 M03 – Spindle on clock wise
05 M04 – Spindle on Counter clock wise
06 M05 – Spindle stop
07 M07 – Mist coolant on
08 M08 – Flood Coolant on
09 M09 – Coolant off
10 M30 – Program stop and rewind
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6.5 Exercise on part programming – without canned cycle.
30
Programme for Ex No 01
Facing (Raw size Ø40 X 64 mm Length)

O0001
T0101M06
G50 S1000
G96 S200 M03
G90 G00 X42 Z2M08
G01 X-1 F0.15
G00 X42 Z4
G00 X42 Z0
G01 X-1 F0.15
G00 X200 Z200
M30
31
32
Facing & Turning (Raw Size Ø44MM X 52MM Length)
O00001
M101 M06
G50 S400 M03
G90 G00 X46 Z0 M08
GO1 X-1 F0.15
G00 X42 Z2
G01 Z-50 F0.15
G00 X44 Z2
G00 X40
G01 Z-50 F0.15
G00 X200 Z200
M30
33
34
Step Turning (Raw Size Ø22MM X 62MM Length)

O0001
T0101 M06
G50 S200
G00 X13 Z2
G96 S200 M03
G00 X10.5
G90 G00 X24 Z0.5 M08
G01 Z-19.5 F0.15
G01 X-1 F0.15
G00 X200 Z200
G00 X20.5 X2
M00
G01 Z-60 F0.15
T0202
G00 X22 Z2
G50 S2000
G00 X18.5
G96 S200 M03
G01 Z-39.5 F0.15
G90 G000 X0 Z2 M08
G00 X20 Z2
G01 X0 Z0 F0.15
G00 X16.5
G01 X10 Z0
G01 Z-39.5 F0.15
G01 X10 Z-20
G00 X18 Z2
G01 X15 Z-20
G00 X15.5
G01 X15 Z-40
G01 Z-39.5 F0.15
G01 X20 Z-40
G00 X18 Z2
G01 X20 Z-60
G00 X13.5
G00 X200 Z200
G01 Z-19.5 F0.15
M30
G00 X15 Z2
G00 X11.5
G01 Z-19.5 F0.15
6.6 Canned cycle
35
6.6.1 Exercise on part programming – with canned cycles
36
Facing Cycle (External- Raw Size Ø77MM X 70MM)

O1234
T0101 M06
G50 S4000 G96 S200 M03
G90 G00 X100 Z10 M08
G01 Z2.0 F.1X84.
N20 G72 W3. R0.5N25
G72 P30 Q75 U1. W0.5 F0.3
N30 G0 Z-75.
N35 G01 X80.Z-75.
N40 X75.
N45 Z-53.
N50 X69.Z-50.
N55 X54.
N60 G03 X50.Z-48. I0. K2.
N65 G01 Z-5.
N70 G02 X40. Z0. I-5. K0.
N75 G01 X40. Z2.
G0 X100.
M05
M09
G0 G28 U0.0 W0.0
M30
37
38
Facing Cycle (Internal Ø90MM X 65MM Length with pre drilled hole of Ø16.)
O1234
T0101 M06
G50 S4000 G97 S800 M03
G90 G00 X10 Z10 M08 (DRILL) N25 G0 Z-65
X0. Z2. M08 N30 G01 X20. Z-65.0
G01 Z-100. F0.1 N35 X25.
G0 Z2. N40 Z-52.
M05 N45 X29.Z-50.
M09 N50 X40.
G0 G28 U0.0 W0.0 N55 G02 X50.Z-45. R5.
M00 N60 G01 Z-2.
N2 T0202 M06 N65 X54. Z0.
T0202 M06 N70 X54. Z2.
G96 S200 M03 G0 X30.Z5.
G90 G00 X30. Z2. M08 M05
X16. M09
G72 W3. R0.5 G0 G28 U0.0 W0.0
G72 P25 Q70 U-1. W0.5 F0.3 M30
39
40
Turning Cycle (Raw Size Ø77MM X 67 MM)

O1234
T0101 M06
G50 S4000 G96 S200 M03
G90 G00 X200 Z10 M08
X100. Z2. M08
X84.
N20 G71 U3. R0.5
N25 G71 P30 Q75 U3. W1.5 F0.3
N30 G00 X46.
N35 G01 X46. Z0.
N40 X50.Z-2.
N45 Z-45.
N50 G02 X60.Z-50. I5. K0.
N55 G01 X71.
N60 X75.Z-52.
N65 Z-75.
N70 X80.
N75 X84.Z-75.
G0 X100.
M05
M09
G0 G28 U0.0 W0.0
M30
41
42
Pattern Repeating cycle(External Raw Size Ø77MM X 75MM)

O1234
T0101 M06
G50 S4000
G96 S200 M03
G90 G00 X120 Z7 M08.
X89.
G73 U5. W5. R5
G73 P85 Q120 U0.4 W0.2 F0.33
N85 G01 X0. Z0.
N90 X10.
N95 G03 X50.Z-20. I0. K-20.
N100 G01 Z-40.
N105 G02 X70.Z-50. I10. K0.
N110 G01 X73.
N115 G03 X75.Z-51. I0. K-1.
N120 G01 Z-75.G0 X120.
M05
M09
G0 G28 U0.0 W0.0
M30
43
44
Pattern Repeating cycle (Internal –Raw Size Ø90MM X 65MM Length with pre sized
bore and of stock left out is 5MM in X and Z axis.)
O1234
T0101 M06
G50 S4000 G97 S800 M03 (DRILL)
N75 G01 X54. Z0.
X0. Z2. M08
N80 X50.Z-2.
G01 Z-120. F0.1
N85 Z-45.
G0 Z2.M05
N90 G03 X40.Z-50. R5.
M09
N95 G01 X29.
G0
N100 X25.Z-52.
G28 U0.0 W0.0
N105 Z-75.
M00
G0 Z5.
T0202 M06
M05
G50 S4000
M09
G96 S200 M03
G0 G28 U0.0 W0.0
G90 G0 X30. Z2.M08
M30
X16.
G73 U5. W5. R5
G73 P75 Q105 U-0.5 W0.5 F0.3
45
46
Deep Hole Drilling
O1234 (Raw Size Ø50MM X 80MM Length)

T0101 M06
G50 S4000
G97 S800 M03
G90 X100 Z5.0
M03 S1000
X0.0 M08
G01 Z2.0 F0.1
G74 R500
G74 Z-50 Q5000 F.16
G0 X100 Z10
M05
M09
G0 G28 U0.0 W0.0
M30
47
48
Threading (Raw Size with pre size of Ø80 X 100 MM length with groove)
O1234
T0101 M06
G50 S4000
G97 S800 M03
G0X85 Z1 M08
G92 X79.5 Z-40 F2.0
X79.0
X78.5
X78.0
X77.5
X77
X76.5
X76
G0 Z20
M05
M09
G0 G28 U0.0 W0.0
M30
49
CNC Turning Exercises

Additional Exercises
X+
Z- Z+
X-
50
51
Programme for Additional Ex No 01
Position X Z
1 0 0
2 20 0
3 20 -20
4 40 -20
5 40 -30
52
53
Position X Z
1 0 0
2 14 0
3 20 -3
4 20 -30
5 30 -30
6 40 -35
7 40 -45
54
55
Position X Z I K
1 0 0
2 10 0
3 20 -5 0 -5
4 20 -30
5 28 -30
6 40 -36 0 -6
7 40 -45
56
57
Co-Ordinate System: -
1) Absolute: - G90
2) Incremental: -G91
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0; (Milling- Machine Zero)
G28 U0 W0; (Turning- Machine Zero)
This will also assumes as incremental and U W is also incremental
Radius Method
Position X Z
1 0 0
2 20 0
Diameter Method
Position X Z
1 0 0
2 40 0
58
59
X Z
3RVLWLRQ
1 0 0
2 40 0
3 40 -75
4 90 -75
60
61
X Z
3RVLWLRQ
1 0 0
2 42 0
3 50 -4
4 50 -113
5 64 -120
6 110 -120
62
63
ABSOLUTE G90: -
X Y I K
3RVLWLRQ
1 0 0
2 50 -25 0 -25
3 50 -95
4 60 -100
5 96 -100
6 110 -107 0 -7
Incremental G91
U W I K
3RVLWLRQ
1 0 0
2 50 -25 0 -25
3 0 -70
4 10 -5
5 36 0
6 14 -7 0 -7
64
Speed Function
G50/G92: -
S Is related to G50/G92.
V= (3.14dN)/1000
V- Cutting speed mm/min.
d- diameter
N-rpm.
Calculate the speed require to turn diameter 10 job by using the single point cutting
tool material is MS
V= (3.14dN)/1000
N=(V1000)/3.14xd
N=(25x1000)/3.14x10
N=796.17 ~ 800RPM
G50 S800 and G90 S200 In both Speed will be fluctuating M03
G97;
- Drilling
- Reaming
- Boring
- Tapping
G96;
- Grooving
- Turning
- Taper turning
- Threading
G50 S800 – maximum speed

G96 S200 – Minimum speed
G50 S1000
G97 S900 M03 – Speed remains constant
65
Note: -
Always cutting speed will be in meter/min.
Feed will be in mm/min. For CNC Milling.
Feed will be in mm/rev. For CNC Turning.
Feed for roughing will be 0.15mm/rev.
Feed for Finishing will be 0.08mm/rev.
Note: -
For facing it is compulsory to go oblique cutting G95/G99 – mm/rev.
66
67
Programme for Additional Ex No AE01
O0001;
N10 M06 T0101;
N20 G50 S2000;
N30 G96 S100 M03;
N40 G90 G00 X52 Z2 M07;
N50 G01 X-1 Z2 F0.5; OVER TRAVEL
N60 G00 Z3 X52;
N70 G00 X52 Z0;
N80 G01 X-1 Z0 F0.08; FINISHING
N90 G00 Z2 X52;
N100 G28 U0 W0;
N110 M05;
N120 M09;
N130 M30;
68
69
O0002;
N10 M06 T0101;
N20 G50 S2000; (Maximum Speed)
N30 G96 S150 M03; (CSS)
N40 G90 G00 X32 Z2 M07;
N50 G01 X-1 Z2 F0.15; (Rough)
N60 G00 Z3 X32;
N70 G00 X32 Z1;
N80 G01 X-1 Z1 F0.15;
N90 G00 Z0 X32;
N100 G00 X32 Z0;
N110 G01 X-1 Z0 F0.08;
N120 G00 Z3 X32;
N130 G28 U0 W0;
N140 M05;
N150 M09;
N160 M30;
70
71
FACING AND TURNING
O0004;
N10 M06 T0202;
N20 G50 S2000;
N30 G96 S100 M03;
N40 G90 G00 X57 Z0 M07;
N50 G01 X-1 Z0 F0.08
N60 G00 Z2 X57;
N70 G00 X53 Z2;
N80 G01 X53 Z-29 F0.15;
N90 G00 X54 Z2;
N100 G00 X51 Z2;
N110 G01 X51 Z-79 F0.15;
N120 G00 X52 Z2;
N130 G00 X50 Z2;
N140 G01 X50 Z-80 F0.08
N150 G01 X57 Z-80;
N160 G28 U0 W0;
N170 M05;
N180 M09;
N190 M30;
Note: - Positioning of Z0 must be as same as in the linear interpolation otherwise operation goes in angle
cut.
72
Canned cycles
G71 U R (Retracts)
U is called depth of cut along X-axis
R is known as Retracts
G71 P Q U W F
Profile Starting.
Profile Ending.
Excess material left along X
Excess material left along Z
Feed.
Q-Sequence number of Profile Ending.

P-Sequence number of Profile Starting.
73
74
O0004;
N10 M06 T0101;
N20 G50 S2000;
N30 G96 S100 M03;
N40 G90 G00 X122 Z0 M07;
N50 G01 X-1 Z0 F0.08;
N60 G00 Z0 X122;
N70 G00 Z2 X40;
N80 G71 U2 R1;
N90 G71 P100 Q150 U0.5 W0.3 F0.15;
N100 G01 X40 Z0;
N110 G01 X40 Z-90;
N120 G01 X80 Z-90;
N130 G01 X80 Z-10;
N140 G01 X120 Z-130;
N150 G00 X122 Z2;
N160 G00 X150 Z50;
N170 M00;
N180 M06 T0202;
N190 G96 S500 M03;
N200 G00 X40 Z2;
N210 G70 P100 Q150 F0.08;
N220 G00 X150 Z50;
N230 G28 U0 W0;
N240 M05;
N250 M30;
75
76
O0002;
N10 M06 T0101;
N20 G50 S2000;
N30 G96 S100 M03;
N40 G90 G00 X152 Z0 M07;
N50 G01 X-1 Z0 F0.08;
N60 G00 Z2 X152;
N70 G71 U2 R10;
N80 G71 P90 Q170 U0.5 W0.3 F0.15;
N90 G00 X34 Z2;
N100 G01 X34 Z0;
N110 G03 X50 Z-8 I0 K-8;
N120 G01 X50 Z-15;
N130 G01 X100 Z-40;
N140 G01 X100 Z-112;
N150 G02 X116 Z-120 I8 K0;
N160 G00 X152 Z-120;
N170 G00 X152 Z2;
N180 G28 U0 W0;
N190 M00;
N200 M06 T0202;
N210 G96 S400 M03;
N220 G90 G00 X152 Z2;
N230 G70 P90 Q170 F0.08;
N240 G28 U0W0;
N250 M30;
77
Note: -
In G71 and G72 cycle starting point will interchange each other.
Note: -
G72 is rough facing cycle.
In turning depth of cut is given in X-axis.
In facing depth of cut is given in Z-axis.
G72 W R
Retract
Depth of cut in Z-axis
G72 P Q U W F0.15
Roughing feed.
Excess material left along Z-.
Excess material left along X-.
Ending block number.
Starting block number.
78
79
O0001;
N10 M06 T0101;
N20 G50 S2000;
N30 G96 S100 M03;
N40 G90 G00 X202 Z0 M07;
N50 G01 X-1 Z0 F0.08;
N60 G00 X202 Z2;
N70 G72 W2 R1;
N80 G72 P90 Q180 U0.4 W0.3 F0.15;
N90 G00 X202 Z-175;
N100 G01 X130 Z-175;
N110 G01 X120 Z-170;
N120 G01 X120 Z-60;
N130 G01 X110 Z-55;
N140 G01 X40 Z-55;
N150 G01 X40 Z-5;
N160 G01 X30 Z0;
N170 G01 X0 Z0;
N180 G00 Z2 X202;
N190 G28 U0 W0;
N200 M00;
N210 M06 T0202;
N220 G96 S500 M03;
N230 G90 G00 X202 Z2;
N240 G90 P90 Q180 F0.08;
N250 G28 U0 W0;
N260 M30;
80
G73 Pattern repeating cycle: -

Note: -
This G73 cycle is mainly used for forged bar or foundry
Shape of the material is pattern or profile we required
G73 U2.0 W3.0 R4
Maximum raw material along X-axis
Maximum raw material along Z-axis
Number of cuts
G73 P Q U W F
Ending block number
Starting block number
81
82
O0001;
N10 M06 T0101;
N20 G50 S3000;
N30 G96 S200 M03;
N40 G90 G00 X80 Z6 M07;
N50 G73 U5.0 W4 R2;
N60 G73 P70 Q130 U1 W1 F0.15;
N70 G00 X0 Z6;
N80 G01 X0 Z0;
N90 G01 X64 Z0;
N100 G01 X70 Z-3;
N110 G01 X70 Z-80;
N120 G01 X100 Z-80;
N130 G00 X80 Z6;
N140 G28 U0 W0;
N150 M00;
N160 M06 T0202;
N170 G96 S500 M03;
N180 G90 G00 X80 Z6;
N190 G70 P70 Q130 F0.08;
N200 G28 U0 W0;
N210 M30;
83
84
O0008;
N10 M06 T0101;
N20 G50 S2000L;
N30 G96 S400 M03L;
N40 G90 G00 X35 Z6 M07;
N50 G73 U6 W4 R5;
N60 G73 P70 Q170 U0.5 W0.3 F0.015;
N70 G00 X0 Z6;
N80 G01 X0 Z0;
N90 G03 X25 Z-12.5 I0 K-12.5;
N100 G01 X25 Z-110;
N110 G01 X82 Z-110;
N120 G03 X85 Z-111.5 I0 K-1.5;
N130 G01 X85 Z-273;
N140 G01 X87 Z-280;
N150 G01 X108 Z-280;
N160 G03 X115 Z-283.5 I0 K-3.5;
N170 G00 X35 Z6;
N180 G28 U0 W0;
N190 M00;
N200 M06 T0202;
N210 G96 S500 M03;
N220 G90 G00 X35 Z6 M07;
N230 G70 P70 Q170 F0.08;
N240 G28 U0 W0;
N250 M30;
85
G74-DRILLING CYCLE
G74 Z Q F
Normal Feed
Incremental depth of cut in micron
Total depth of the hole
86
87
O0008;
N10 M06 T0101;(diameter 3 center drill)
N20 G50 S2000;
N30 G97 S400 M03;
N40 G90 G00 X0 Z0 M07;
N50 G01 X0 Z-10 F0.15;
N60 G00 X0 Z-2;
N70 G28 U0 W0;
N80 M00;
N90 M06T0202;
N100 G97 S250 M03;
N110 G90 G00 X0 Z0 M07;
N120 G74 R1500;
N130 G74 Z-120 Q100000 F0.2;
N140 G00 X0 Z2;
N150 G28 U0 W0;
N160 M30;
88
G75 Grooving Cycle: -

G75 R
Retract amount in microns
G75 X Z P Q F
Feed
Incremental depth of cut along Z-axis in micron
Incremental depth of Z-axis in micron
Width of the tool or end point of the tool
Diameter of the grove
89
90
O0004;
N10 M06 T0101;
N20 G50 S2000;
N30 G96 S400 M03;
N40 G90 G00 X112 Z-24 M07;
N50 G75 R1000;
N60 G75 X80 Z-24 P2000 F0.2;
N70 G00 X112 Z-24;
N80 G00 X112 Z-43;
N90 G75 R1000;
N100 G75 X80 Z-43 P2000 F0.2;
N110 G00 X112 Z-43;
N120 G28 U0 W0;
N130 M30;
91
92
O0005;
N10 M06 T0101;
N20 G50 S2000;
N30 G96 S4000;
N40 G90 G00 X112 Z-20 M07;
N50 G75 R1000;
N60 G75 X80 Z-65 P2000 Q4000 F0.15;
N70 G00 X112 Z-65;
N80 G28 U0 W0;
N90 M30;
93
THREAD CUTTING CYCLE: -

1. G32-Single pass
2. G76-Multi pass
Internal thread
External thread
M6x1.0
H-Height of the thread
H-0.866p
M6x1.0
h=0.866xP-H/8
=0.866x1
=0.866
Major diameter = 6
M6x1.0
Pitch=1.0mm
Pitch=0.644xP
=0.644x1
=0.644
Minor diameter = minor diameter – major diameter

=-0.644/2
=6-1.28
=4.72
94
G32 X Z F
Pitch = Feed
Length of the thread
Minor diameter
G76 P01 02 03 Q04 R05
G76 X06 Z07 P08 Q09 F10
01-Number of finishing passes

02-Chamfering
03-Angle of thread for ISO Metric i.e. 60`
BSW i.e.55`
ACME i.e.29`
SQUARE i.e.45`
04-Minimum depth of cut in microns

05-Finishing depth cut in mm
06-Minor diameter
07-Length of the thread

08-Heigt of the thread in micron
09-First depth of cut in microns
10- Pitch
95
96
M20X2.0
Major diameter=20mm
Pitch =2.0mm
H=0.644P
=0.644x2.0
=1.288mm
Minor diameter-Major diameter-2H

=20-(2x1.288)
=20-2.576
=17.5mm
O0006;
N10 M06 T0101 ;( Threading tool)
N20 G50 S2000;
N30 G96 S400 M03;
N40 G90 G00 X22 Z2 M07;
N50 G76 P02 00 60 Q500 R0.2;
N60 G76 X17.5 Z-52 P1.288 Q100 F2;
N70 G00 X150 Z50;
N80 G28 U0 W0;
N90 M30;
O0007;
N10 M06 T0101 ;( Single Pass)
N20 G50 S2000;
N30 G96 S400 M03;
N40 G90 G00 X22 Z2 M07;
N50 G32 X200 Z-50 F2;
N60 X19.5 Z-50;
N70 X19 Z-50;
N80 X18.5 Z-50;
N90 X58 Z-50;
N100 X17.5 Z-50;
N110 G00 X150 Z50;
N120 G28 U0 W0;
N90 M30;
97
G32 X Z F
M8X1.5
Minor diameter = Major diameter-2H
H=0.644p
=0.644x1.5
=0.996mm
Minor = 8-2
=6mm
Thumb Rule: - M6=0.85x6
=5.1mm
G32 X6.0 Z-40 F
Note: -
1. For external threading the value of X in G32 and G76 cycle should be its minor diameter.
2. For internal threading so the value of X in G32 and G76 cycle should be its major diameter.
3. Thumb Rule: -
According to thumb rule for internal threading the diameter of the hole calculated
by using a formula =0.85 x Major diameter
Ex: -
=0.85 x major diameter
=0.85 x 10
=8.5mm
98
99
M12 x 2.0
Major diameter =12mm
Pitch = 2.0
H=0.644P
=0.644 x 2.0
=1.288mm
H= -1.288mm
Minor diameter = Major diameter – 2H

=12-(2 x 1.288)
=12-(2.576)
=9.424mm
O0009;
N10 M06 T0101;
N20 G50 S1000;
N30 G96 S200 M03;
N40 G90 G00 X14 Z2 M07;
N50 G32 X11.8 Z-112 F2.0;
N60 G32 X11.4 Z-112;
N70 X11 Z-112;
N80 X10.6 Z-112;
N90 X10.2 Z-112;
N100 X9.8 Z-112;
N110 X9.4 Z-112;
N120 G00 X14 Z2;
N130 G28 U0 W0;
N140 M30;
100
101
M14x2.5
Major diameter = 14
Pitch = 2.5
H =0.644p
=0.644 x 2.5
H =1.61
Minor diameter = Major diameter – 2H

= 14-(2 x1.61)
= 14-3.22
= 10.78mm
O0010;
N10 M06 T0101; (Center drill)
N20 G50 S2000;
N30 G97 S400 M03;
N40 G90 G00 X0 Z2;
N50 G01 Z-4 F0.2;
N60 G00 Z2;
N70 G28 U0 W0;
N80 M00;
N90 M06 T0202; (Twist drill)
N100 G97 S200 M03;
N110 G90 G00 X0 Z2;
N120 G74 R2000;
N130 G74 Z-32 Q10000 F0.2;
N140 G00 X0 Z2;
N150 G28 U0 W0;
N160 M00;
N170 M06 T0303; (Grooving tool)
N180 G96 S200 M03;
N190 G00 X16 Z-44;
N200 G75 R2000;
N210 G75 X8 Z-70 P2000 Q1000 F0.2;
N220 G00 X16 Z-70;
N230 G28 U0 W0;
N240 M00;
N250 M06 T0404; (Threading tool)
N260 G96 S200 M03;
N270 G90 G00 X16 Z2;
N280 G76 P02 00 60 Q300 R0.2;
N290 G76 X10.78 Z-42 P1.61 Q150 F2.0;
N300 G00 X150 Z150;
N310 G28 U0 W0;
N320 M05;
N330 M09;
N340 M30;
102
Programming steps in Sinumerik Control system
x Define the raw material in blank menu

x Select the blank as cylinder
x Select the facing tool from Tool menu
x Set the Maximum speed (LIMS)
x Select the required contour from turning menu and stock removal sub menu for facing and
turning operations,
x Select the contour turning menu for specialised profiles like arc and angles.
x After entering necessary data press accept tab and cycle will be generated in the progamme.
x Further check the programme in simulation in simulation mode, and execute the
programme.
FACING PROGRAM
Define the blank Blank Dimensions
Select the tool Tool Menu
Select the turning menu Enter Drawing and machining data
Execute the Programme
103
7.0 INTRODUCTION TO FMS & ROBOTICS
7.1 INTODUCTION TO FMS
A Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is a production system consisting of a set of

identical and/or complementary numerically controlled machine which are connected
through an automated transportation system. each process in FMS is controlled by a
dedicated computer (FMS cell computer).
At the turn of the century FMS did not exist. There was not a big enough need for
efficiency because the markets were national and there was no foreign competition.
Manufacturers could tell the consumers what to buy. Henry Ford is quoted as saying.
People can order any color of car as long as it is black. This was the thinking of many
big manufacturers of the time. After the Second World War a new era in manufacturing
was to come. The discovery of new materials and production techniques increased
quality and productivity. The war’s end open foreign markets and new competition. Now
the market focused on consumer and not the manufacturer. The first FMS was patent in
1965 by Theo Williamson who made numerically controlled equipment. Examples of
numerically controlled equipment are like a CNC lathes or mills which is called varying
types of FMS. In the 70s manufacturers could not stay to date with the ever-growing
technological knowledge manufacturers competitors have, so FMS became main stream
in manufacturing.
In the 80s for the first time manufacturers had to take in consideration
efficiency, quality, and flexibility to stay in business.
The use of CNC machine tools provides flexibility in terms of the low job changing time.
However the full benefits of automation cannot be achieved simply by the use of the
CNC machine tool alone. The complete job making process involves the use of machine
tool along with all the associated equipment being made available at the right time. The
associated equipment involves the cutting tools, work piece blank, part program, tool
offsets and the like. As a result the effective CNC machine utilization can be achieved if
all these are integrated.
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7.2 Sub systems of FMS
Equipments of FMS (Subsystems)
Primary equipment
Work centers
• Universal machining centers (prismatic FMSs)
• Turning centers (rotational FMSs)
• Grinding machines
• Nibbling machines
Process centers
• Wash machines
• Coordinate measuring machines
• Robotic work stations
• Manual workstations
Secondary equipment
Support stations
• Pallet/fixture load/unload stations
• Tool commissioning/setting area
Support equipment
• Robots
• Pallet/fixture
• Pallet buffer stations
• Tools stores
• Raw material stores
• Transport system(AGVs ,robots)
• Transport units (pallets)
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7.3 Scope of FMS
Scope of FMS
A technology which will help achieve leaner factories with better response times, lower
unit costs, and higher quality under an improved level of management and capital
control. Thus it can be seen that a true FMS can handle a wide variety of dissimilar parts,
producing them in small numbers even one at a time, in any order, as needed by making
use of all the computer controlled equipment (workstations and material handling) with
the help of a central computer control of all the equipment within. Typical costs
associated with the various types of manufacturing systems are given in Table
Automation Benefits
Sl Automation Machine
No Utilization
01 Basic CNC Manual tool and work Loading 40 %
02 Basic CNC with automatic work holding and work piece storage, 60%
manual loading
03 Complete machine automation automatic work and tool handling, 75 %

Tool monitoring, Work piece
inspection, work and tool storage
04 Integration of group of machines 80%
05 Flexible Manufacturing System Automated work piece 90 %

movement between machines
Thus it can be seen that the full utilization (90% with the rest 10% allocated for
maintenance) can be achieved in FMS by properly integrating all the required functions.
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A large number of definitions have been provided in the literature for the flexible
manufacturing systems (FMS) as follows: A series of automatic machine tools or items of
fabrication equipment linked together with an automatic material handling system, a
common hierarchical digital pre programmed computer control, and provision for random
fabrication of parts or assemblies that fall within predetermined families.
A FMS is a group of NC machine tools that can randomly process a group of parts,
having automated material handling and central computer control to dynamically balance
resource utilization so that the system can adopt automatically to changes in part
production, mixes and levels of output. FMS is a randomly loaded automated system
based on group technology manufacturing linking integrated computer control and a
group of machines to automatically produce and handle (move) parts for continuous
serial processing.
FMS combines microelectronics and mechanical engineering to bring the economies of
scale to batch work. A central online computer controls the machine tools, other
workstations, and the transfer of components and tooling. The computer also provides
monitoring and information control. This combination of flexibility and overall control
makes possible the production of a wide range of products in small numbers.
A process under control to produce varieties of components or products within its stated
capability and to predetermined schedule.
Typical Costs Associated with Various Manufacturing Systems
Costs Small scale (stand Medium scale Large scale

alone machine (FMS (Transfer lines)
tools)
Direct labour 43.7 24.7 19.7
Overhead 13.5 13.9 23.7
Capital Other costs 17.8 25.0 33.1 28.3 29.8 26.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
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7.4 Benefits of FMS
Benefits of FMS:
1. Flexible Manufacturing Systems are regarded as one of the most efficient methods to
employ in reducing or eliminating problems in manufacturing industries.
2. FMS brings flexibility and responsiveness to the manufacturing floor.
3. FMS enables manufacturers to machine a wide variety of workpieces on few
machines with low staffing levels, productively, reliably and predictably.
4. A true FMS can handle a wide variety of different parts, producing them one at a time
in random order.
5. Machine tools in many manufacturing industries are woefully under utilised due to
equipment not being used on second and third shifts, a decreasing availability of skilled
personnel, and day-to-day disturbances.
6. FMS shortens the manufacturing process through improved operational control,
round-the-clock availability of automated equipment, increased machine utilization and
responsiveness, and reduction of human intervention.
7. Better competitive advantage
8. Lower work in process inventories
9. Reduced throughput time and its variability
10. Improved manufacturing control
11. Improved quality and reduced scrap rate
12. Reduction of floor space used
13. Better status monitor of machines, tools, and material handling devices
14. Improves the short run response time to the problems on the shop floor such as
• Demand variations,
• Design and process changes that can be easily adjusted by changing the CNC part
program, which is generally developed by a CAD/CAM system as part of the design
change,
• Machine unavailability can be taken care of by the FMS control system which can
automatically transfer the part to another machine that is available, and
• Cutting tool failures can be detected by sensors and stop the machine thereby reducing
the catastrophic failures. Then the control system can initiate steps to repair and replace
the failed cutting tool. 15. Improve the long term cost-effectiveness of the system by
supporting
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• Changing product volumes,

• Allowing different part mixes, and
• Allowing new parts to be added
Before we further proceed with the discussion on FMS, it may be necessary to examine
the concept of flexibility. It is not a unique definition and it is possible to define a number
of flexibilities related to manufacturing, which will be relevant to the manufacturing
system. Some of them are:
• Machine flexibility
• Production flexibility
• Mix flexibility
• Product flexibility
• Routing flexibility
• Volume flexibility
• Expansion flexibility
Machine Flexibility
This defines the capability of machines to a wide range of production of operations and
part styles that may require. This may be characterized by having a low setup or change
over time, ease of machine reprogramming, sufficiently large tool storage capacity and
the skill and versatility of machine operators.
Production Flexibility
This aspect refers to the range of part styles that can be produced in the system. This is
dependent on the machine flexibility and the range of machine flexibilities.
Mix Flexibility
This is the ability with which the product mix in a given system can be changed. This
depends to a great extent upon the similarity of parts in the mix, the relative work content
times of parts produced and the machine flexibility.
Product Flexibility
This is the ease with which changes in product designs can be accommodated in the
system. This will depend on how closely the new part design matches the existing part
family, the ability for off-line part program preparation and the machine flexibility.
Routing Flexibility
This specifies the capacity to produce parts through alternative workstation sequences in
response to equipment breakdowns, tool failures, and other interruptions. This is
facilitated by the similarity of parts in the mix, similarity of workstations, duplication of
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workstations, cross-training of manual operators and the availability of common tooling.

Volume Flexibility
This is the ability to economically produce parts in high and low total quantities of
production depending upon the market demand. This will depend upon the level of
manual labour performing production and amount invested in capital equipment.
Expansion Flexibility
This is the ease with which the system can be expanded to increase total production
quantities, should the need arise. This can be examined by the expense of adding
workstations, ease with which layout can be expanded, type of part handling system
used and the ease with which properly trained workers can be added.
The development of an FMS for a given application therefore will have to take the
required flexibilities into account while designing the various facilities and controlling
procedures.
8. Robotics
Robotics
Robot is derived from Czech word ‘robota’ which means forced laborer .Machines that
can replace human beings as regards to physical work and decision making are
categorized as robots and their study as robotics.
8.1 Definition
Definition: A robot is a multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts,
tools, or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of
a verity of tasks.
Introduction
Mankind has always strived to give life like qualities to its artifacts in an attempt to find
substitutes for himself to carry out his orders and also to work in a hostile environment.
The popular concept of a robot is of a machine that looks and works like a human being.
This humanoid concept has been inspired by science fiction stories and films in the
twentieth century. The industrial robots of today may not look the least bit like a human
being although all the research is directed to provide more and more anthropomorphic and
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human-like features and super-human capabilities in these. To sum up, machines that can
replace human beings as regards to physical work and decision making are categorized
as robots and their study as robotics.
The robot technology is advancing rapidly. The industry is moving from the current
state of automation to robotization, to increase productivity and to deliver uniform quality.
Robots and robot-like manipulators are now commonly employed in hostile
environment, such as at various places in an atomic plant for handling radioactive
materials. Robots are being employed to construct and repair space stations and satellites.
There are now increasing number of applications of robots such as in nursing and aiding
a patient. Micro robots are being designed to do damage control inside human veins.
Robot like systems are now employed in heavy earth-moving equipment. It is not
possible to put up an exhaustive list of robot applications.
One type of robot commonly used in the industry is a robotic manipulator or simply
a manipulator or a robotic arm. It is an open or closed kinematic chain of rigid links
interconnected by movable joints. In some configurations, links can be considered to
correspond to human anatomy as waist, upper arm, and forearm with joints at shoulder
and elbow. At the end of the arm, a wrist joint connects an end-effector to the forearm.
The end-effector may be a tool and its fixture or a gripper or any other device to do the
work. The end-effector is similar to the human hand with or without fingers.
8.2 Elements of robotic systems.
Elements of robots
A moveable body –
Robots may have wheels, limbs connected by mechanical joints, or other types of
moveable segments.
An actuator –
In order to be activated, robots may use an electric motor, a hydraulic system, a
pneumatic system or a combination of all three.
A power source –
A robot needs a power source to drive its actuators. Electric robots use batteries or
extension cord. Hydraulic robots need pumps to pressurize the hydraulic fluid, and
pneumatic robots need air compressors.
An electrical circuit –
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The electrical circuit powers the electric motor, solenoid or valves that control
hydraulic or pneumatic systems.
A reprogrammable brain (computer) –
The computer controls all other components. In order to change the robot's
behavior, you just have to reprogram the computer.
A sensory system –
Some robots have the ability to collect information about their environment and
react to it.
End-effector (A gripper) Waist

An industrial robot that least looks like
This a human
8.3 Need of using robotics
Need OF ROBOTS AND ROBOTICS
Czech writer, Karel Capek, in his drama, introduced the word robot to the world in 1921.
It is derived from Czech word robot a meaning "forced laborer". Isaac Asimov the well-
known Russian science fiction writer, coined the word robotics in his story "Runaround",
published in 1942, to denote the science devoted to study of robots.
The antecedents of the modern reprogrammable automation dates back to the
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eighteenth century. Perhaps, the best record is of Joseph Jacquard's use of punched
cards in mechanical looms, which laid the foundations for NC, CNC, and automats, in
addition to robotics. Numerical control (NC) works on control actions based on stored
information that may include start and stop operations, coordinate points, actions, logic
for branching, and control sequences. A manufacturing system producing a variety of
products in small batches, without requiring major hardware changes, with frequent
changes in product models and production schedules, requires flexibility. In the transfer line
approach, raw material is automatically transferred from one machine to another till it is
converted to the final product. Such a transfer line approach, producing a large quantity of
the same product for an extended period of time, may become useless when a major
product change is required. It often ends up in abandoning the large capital investment.
Contemporary industrial robots are reprogrammable machines that can perform different
operations by simply modifying stored data, a feature that evolved from numerical control
and is a solution for both of the above situations.
Need of systems to work in hostile environments that human workers cannot easily or
safely access (Ex: radioactive material handling) led to the development of tele
operated manipulator in 1940s. The field of "telecherics" deals with the use of remote
manipulators controlled by a human being in a "master-slave" configuration. Here, the
actual machine (slave) is operated from a distance by a control "joystick" of a geometrically
similar machine (master).
The combination of numerical control and telecherics have evolved the basic concepts of
modern industrial robots with human operator and master manipulator replaced by a
programmable controller. This merging created a new field of engineering referred to as
robotics, and with it a number of engineering and scientific issues in design, control, and
programming have emerged, which are substantially different from those of the existing
techniques.
The need of robots was very much felt in the following areas
a) When working conditions are dangerous and potentially hazardous to health.
b) When work cycles are reparative in nature.
c) When it is awkward or humanly difficult to handle a part or tool either due to
excessive weight or awkward location or shape.
d) When the process of manufacturing is of continuous (Non Stop) Type such
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that a large work is required to worth in many shifts one after the other
Some of the landmark developments in the field are now enunciated. In 1938-1939, a
jointed mechanical arm was invented for use in spray painting. A process controller that
could be used as a general-purpose playback device for operating machines, was
developed in 1946, the year in which first large-scale electronic computer ENIAC was
built. The first numerically controlled machine tool was developed in 1952. The patenting of
the first manipulator, with the basic concept of teaching/playback, in 1954, set rolling the
exponential growth in robotics.
The unmatched quality, reliability, and productivity offered by these robots, although in
very limited applications, was recognized by the industry and sparked higher degree of
accuracy, repeatability, flexibility, and reliability is needed for industrial robots. Robotics
today is dealing with research and development in a number of interdisciplinary areas,
including kinematics, dynamics, control, and motion planning, sensing, programming, and
machine intelligence.
LAWS OF ROBOTICS
1. A robot should not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human to be
harmed.
2. A robot must obey orders given by humans except when that conflicts with the First
Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence unless that conflicts with the First
or Second Law.
These are very general laws and apply even to other machines and appliances. They
are always taken care of in any robot design.
8.4 Key features of robots
The key features of Robots are
1. Increases the productivity

2. Increases the quality level of products
3. Minimizes the labor requirement
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4. Reduces the production time

5. Improves the existing manufacturing process
6. Increases the life of production machines.
7. Increases the safety level of workers labor force by replacing by robots for
performing monotonous, tedious and hazardous jobs and there by creating
better working conditions for workers.
8. Minimizes the loss of man hours on account of accidents and diseases.
PROGRESSIVE ADVANCEMENT IN ROBOTS

The growth in the capabilities of robots has been taking rapid strides since the
introduction of robots in the industry in early 1960s, but there is still a long way to go to
obtain the super-humanoid anthropomorphic robot depicted in fiction. The growth of
robots can be grouped into robot generations, based on characteristic
breakthroughs in robot's capabilities. These generations are overlapping and include
futuristic projections.
First Generation
The first generation robots are repeating, non servo, pick-and-place, or point-to-point
kind. The technology for these is fully developed and at present about 80% robots in use
in the industry are of this kind. It is predicted that these will continue to be in use for a long
time.
Second Generation
The addition of sensing devices and enabling the robot to alter its movements in
response to sensory feedback marked the beginning of second generation. These robots
exhibit path-control capabilities. This technological breakthrough came around 1980s
and is yet not mature.
Third Generation
The third generation is marked with robots having human-like intelligence. The growth in
computers led to high-speed processing of information and, thus, robots also acquired
artificial intelligence, self-learning, and conclusion-drawing capabilities by past
experiences. On-line computations and control, artificial vision, and active force/torque
interaction with the environment are the significant characteristics of these robots. The
technology is still in infancy and has to go a long way.
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Fourth Generation
This is futuristic and may be a reality only during this millennium. Prediction about its
features is difficult, if not impossible. It may be a true android or an
artificial biological robot or a super humanoid capable of producing its own clones.
This might provide for fifth and higher generation robots.
THE FUTURE PROSPECTS
The use of robots in industries has been increasing at the rate of about 25% annually.
This growth rate is expected to increase rapidly in the years to come with more
capable robots being available to the industry at lesser costs. The favorable factors for
this prediction are:
(i) More people in the industry are becoming aware of robot technology and its
potential benefits, (ii) The robotics technology will develop rapidly in the next few years
and more user-friendly robots will be available. (iii) The hardware, software interfacing,
and installations will become easier; (iv) The production of industrial robots will
increase and will bring down the unit cost, making deployment of robots justifiable. (v)
The medium and small-scale industries will be able to beneficially utilize the new
technology.
All these will increase the customer base and, therefore, demand for the industrial
robots and manpower geared with robot technology.
Robot is the technology for the future and with a future. The current research goals
and trends indicate that the industrial robots of the future will be more robust, more
accurate, more flexible, with more than one arm, more mobile, and will have many
more capabilities. The robots will be human friendly and intelligent, capable of
responding to voice commands and will be easy to program.
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9.0 DIGITISING AND LASER MACHINING
9.1 Introduction
Digitizing
Digitizing refers to the conversion of profiles into coordinate points at close intervals.
This can be applied to curves as well as surfaces. Since the touch trigger probe
generates the point of contact with the help of the CNC control unit, it would also be
possible to use it for digitizing complex profiles and surfaces. A typical example is
shown in Fig for digitizing a curve. The probe will be programmed to move along the
surface at small intervals and the obtained point is noted in the controller. For digitizing a
surface it is necessary to move the probe tip through the two sets of curves in
perpendicular directions as shown in Fig. The points can be uploaded into a PC from
the controller, where it can be used for converting it into a CNC programme by
using appropriate interpolation techniques.
Probe used for Digitizing a Profile Probe used for Digitizing a

Surface
9.2 Key Features of Digitizing
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10.0 Laser machining
10.1 Introduction
Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated emission of Radiation) machining is a new

very flexible process in mould making especially, for the machining of filigree
structures. This process is suitable for machining difficult-to-machine materials, like
ceramics, carbide and hardened steel with excellent productivity and surface quality.
Laser machining provides a number of advantages over the traditional electro
discharge machining (EDM) in die making. It eliminates the expensive manufacture
of electrodes, radically shortens the number of operations, reduces lead time from
mould design to manufacture and provides excellent productivity and cost efficiency
with good surface finish. There are many cost effective advantages on surface
quality, material removal, when machining with a combination of high-speed milling
(HSM) and laser machining (LM) for roughing and finishing, respectively. The laser
machining is the solution for the machining of a range of difficult-to-machine metallic
and non-metallic materials used in the tool and die making industry.
Laser pulses can vary over a very wide range of duration (milliseconds to
femtoseconds ) and fluxes, and can be precisely controlled. This makes laser
ablation very valuable for both research and industrial applications.
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Applications
The simplest application of laser ablation is to remove material from a solid surface
in a controlled fashion. Laser machining and particularly laser drilling are examples;
pulsed lasers can drill extremely small, deep holes through very hard materials. Very
short laser pulses remove material so quickly that the surrounding material absorbs
very little heat, so laser drilling can be done on delicate or heat-sensitive materials,
including tooth enamel (laser dentistry).
Also, laser energy can be selectively absorbed by coatings, particularly on metal, so
CO2 or Nd:YAG pulsed lasers can be used to clean surfaces, remove paint or
coating, or prepare surfaces for painting without damaging the underlying surface.
High power lasers clean a large spot with a single pulse. Lower power lasers use
many small pulses which may be scanned across an area.
10.2 Key Features of Laser Machining
x No solvents are used, so it is environmentally friendly and operators are not

exposed to chemicals.
x It is relatively easy to automate, e.g., by using robots.
x The running costs are lower than dry media or CO2 ice blasting, although the
capital investment costs are much higher.
x The process is gentler than abrasive techniques, e.g. carbon fibres within a
composite material are not damaged.
x Heating of the target is minimal.
Another class of applications uses laser ablation to process the material removed
into new forms either not possible or difficult to produce by other means. A recent
example is the production of carbon nanotubes.
Remote laser spectroscopy uses laser ablation to create a plasma from the surface
material; the composition of the surface can be determined by analyzing the
wavelengths of light emitted by the plasma.
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Finally, laser ablation can be used to transfer momentum to a surface, since the
ablated material applies a pulse of high pressure to the surface underneath it as it
expands. The effect is similar to hitting the surface with a hammer. This process is
used in industry to work-harden metal surfaces, and is one damage mechanism for a
laser weapon. It is also the basis of pulsed laser propulsion for spacecraft.
Lasers, broadly speaking, are devices that generate or amplify light, just as
transistors generate and amplify electronic signals at audio, radio or microwave
frequencies. Here light must be understand broadly, since lasers have covered
radiation at wavelengths ranging from infrared range to ultraviolet and even soft x-
ray range.
laser principles: A laser device is consisted of: (1) laser medium like atoms,
molecules, ions or semiconductor crystals; (2) pumping process to excite these
atoms (molecules, etc.) into higher quantum-mechanical energy levels; and (3)
suitable optical feedback elements that allow the beam of radiation to either pass
once through the laser medium (as in laser amplifier) or bounce back and forth
repeatedly through the laser medium (as in a laser oscillator).
Laser machining technology uses high intensity laser beams of varying widths for a
variety of applications such as slotting, cutting, and creating holes. It can be used in
fabrication of different types of materials such as metals, plastics, vinyl, glass,
marble, and graphite. Other materials that can be fabricated using laser machining
include nylon, ceramics, carbon fiber, composites, soft rubber, and thin metal foils.
Laser machining systems are used in conjunction with computer numeric control
(CNC), which makes it ideal for use with thin walled tubing, boasting beam widths
down to .0005'. In this process, the machining operator uses computers to control
machine tools for manufacturing complex and intricate parts in metal and other
materials.
A laser machining process involves the use of conventional as well as fiber optic
beam delivery systems, which allow precision positioning while cutting metal or other
materials. It is used to cut burr-free parts that are required in a number of industries
such as aerospace, automobile, shipping, and others. The process is fast, efficient,
and can be repeated any number of times depending on production volumes. It is
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used to create grooves that are cut to a specific depth with one pass of a laser beam
without severing any material from the work piece.
Laser machining is used for producing a knurled or roughened surface on hard

materials such as metals and fragile materials such as ceramics and glass. The
technology is also used for marking material surfaces. In the process a high intensity
laser beam is passed through a stencil of a mirror and onto the area of the material
or work piece that is being marked.
Research is underway to develop advanced laser machining techniques that will

allow the production of microscopic devices for use in medical industry. This will help
in fighting deadly diseases such as cancer in the near future.
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CNC PROGRAMMING-LATHE
REVISION
CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control.

Prior to this, it was called NC, for Numerical Control.
In the early 1970's computers were introduced to these
controls, hence the name changed.
In CNC machine tools, a dedicated computer is used to
perform all the basic functions of NC machine.
The present generations of CNC machines are designed to
meet the requirements of HIGH PRODUCTIVITY,
FLEXIBILITY and HIGH RELIABLITY to produce
components of HIGH QUALITY and ACCURACY levels
combined with REDUCTION IN MANUFACTURING COST.
Additional features available in CNC compared to NC is
¾ Part program can be directly typed using keyboard.
¾ Part program can be edited which is stored in the memory.
¾ Sub programming can be done.
¾ Cutting tool path can be generated.
¾ We can obtain information regarding machine utilization.

AXES NOMENCLATURE
Coordinate system (Axis Nomenclature)

CNC machine needs a coordinate system to control the
tools. For example, internationally used ISO R841
standardized format is a common standard. Tools are
needed to cut three dimensional work pieces
That means that the tools will move in a three-dimensional
space. Therefore the coordinate system should have
three perpendicular axes. The axes used are called x-
axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively.
Their respective position can be shown by making the

thumb, index finger and middle finger of the right hand
perpendicular to each other as shown Fig, called the
right-hand rule.
7
8
9
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
PART PROGRAM:
Part program includes all necessary information for a

machining process done with the tool selected.
Accordingly, each operation comprises of different
processes like Turning, Drilling, Boring, Tapping, Reaming
etc… Each process requires a part program
10
DATA: {G00 X70. Z-10. ; }
Numeral (including sign and decimal point) after address is

called data.
ADDRESS: { G00 X70. Z-10. ; }
The address is expressed by the alphabet.
11
WORD : { G00 X70. Z-10. ; }
Word is the minimum unit for specifying the function. It consists of the
address and data.
BLOCK: { G00 X70. Z-10. ; }
Block is the minimum command unit necessary to perform a process, it

is composed of words. In the program, one line corresponds to one
block.
12
SPEED FUNCTION:
Four digit number ( max.) following S specifies the speed value. The G –
Code before this “S” specifies if its cutting speed (or) spindle speed (or)
spindle maximum speed.
Example:
G96 S200 M 3 --------------------------- Cutting speed : 200m/min
G97 S1500 M 3 ------------------------- Spindle speed : 1500 rpm
G92 S2700 ------------------------------ Max.Spindle Speed : 2700 rpm
13
FEED FUNCTION :
Feed is normally given in mm/rev. (default machine setting)
Example :
# F 0.2 --- feed of 0.2 mm/rev
# Feed range 0.0001~500.0000 mm/rev.
# Feed is specified with G 01, G 02, and G03 and fixed cycles.
# Once feed value is specified, it will remain until a new one is specified.
# Feed can be controlled by the feed override switch. [0% to 150%]
# Feed is restricted by spindle speed

14
TOOL FUNCTION :
The four digits after T, when commanded, indexes the turret

to the desired station as well as picks up the tool offset
values.
The first two digits correspond to the turret station no. and
geometry offset, while the last two digits correspond to the
wear offset.
15
G-CODES
Sl No Code
01 G00-Rapid positioning-G00 X Z
: G Codes:
02 G01- linear interpolation-G01 X Z F
03 G02- Circular interpolation (clock wise)-G02 X Z I K F
04 G03- Circular interpolation (Counter clock wise)-G03 X Z I K F
05 G04- Dwell-G04 P1000
06 G20- Inch Input
07 G21-Metric Input
08 G28- Return to home position- G28 U W
09 G32-Thread cutting single pass- -G32 X Z F
16
10 G33- Thread cutting variable
11 G50/G92- Maximum spindle speed
12 G70 - Finishing cycle
13 G71- Rough Turning cycle
14 .G72- Rough facing cycle
15 G73- Pattern repeating cycle
16 G74- Drilling cycle
17 G75-Groving cycle
18 .G76- Thread cutting cycle
19 G94/G98- Feed in mm/min.
20 G95/G99- Feed in mm/rev
21 G96-Constant Cutting speed -Constant Surface speed
22 G97- Constant RPM
17
M CODES
Sl No Code
01 M00- Program stop
02 M01 - Optional stop
03 M02 – Spindle on Program end request
04 M03 – Spindle on clock wise
05 M04 – Spindle on Counter clock wise
06 M05 – Spindle stop
07 M07 – Mist coolant on
08 M08 – Flood Coolant on
09 M09 – Coolant off
10 M30 – Program stop and rewind
18
EXERCISE 1
19
EXERCISE 2
NOTE : ASSUME MISSING DIMENSIONS IF ANY
20
EXERCISE 3
21
EXERCISE 4
22
EXERCISE 5
23
INTRODUCTION
Flexible Manufacturing System:
“A system that consists of numerous

programmable machine tools connected by an
automated material handling system”
The Basic components of FMS are:
1. Workstations.
2. Automated material Handling and Storage system.
3. Computer Control System.
Application Characteristics of FMS
FLEXIBILITY IN MANUFACTURING
¾ Basic Flexibility
¾ Machine flexibility
¾ Material handling flexibility.
¾ System Flexibility
¾ volume flexibility
¾ Routing flexibility
¾ Expansion flexibility.
¾ Aggregate Flexibility
¾ Program flexibility
¾ production flexibility
¾ market flexibility
Sub system of FMS
• Sequential FMS
• Random FMS
• Dedicated FMS
• Engineered FMS
• Modular FMS
Benefits of FMS
• Decreased Lead Times

• Increased machine utilization
• Improved Due Date Reliability
• Decreased Store Inventors
levels
• Decreased Work in Progress
• Increased Quality
ROBOTICS
DEFINITION
A robot is a multifunctional manipulator designed to

move material, parts, tools, or special devices
through variable programmed motions for the
performance of a variety of tasks.
ELEMENTS OF A ROBOTIC SYSTEM
Elements of robots
A moveable body –
Robots may have wheels, limbs connected by
mechanical joints, or other types of moveable segment
An actuator –
In order to be activated, robots may use an electric motor, a
hydraulic system, a pneumatic system or a combination of all
three.
A power source –
A robot needs a power source to drive its actuators.
Electric robots use batteries or extension cord. Hydraulic
robots need pumps to pressurize the hydraulic fluid, and
pneumatic robots need air compressors.
An electrical circuit –
The electrical circuit powers the electric motor, solenoid or
valves that control hydraulic or pneumatic systems.
A reprogrammable brain (computer) –
The computer controls all other components. In order to
change the robot's behavior, you just have to reprogram the
computer.
A sensory system –
Some robots have the ability to collect information about their
environment and react to it.
NEED OF USING ROBOTICS
The need of robots was very much felt in the following areas
a) When working conditions are dangerous and potentially hazardous to
health.
b) When work cycles are reparative in nature.
c) When it is awkward or humanly difficult to handle a part or tool either
due to excessive weight or awkward location or shape.
d) When the process of manufacturing is of continuous (Non Stop) Type
KEY FEATURES
1. Increases the productivity

2. Increases the quality level of products
3. Minimizes the labor requirement
4. Reduces the production time
5. Improves the existing manufacturing process
6. Increases the life of production machines.
7
7.Increases the safety level of workers labor force by
replacing by robots for performing monotonous, tedious and
hazardous jobs and there by creating better working
conditions for workers.
8.Minimizes the loss of man hours on account of accidents
and diseases.
8
INTRODUCTION
¾ Digitizing refers to the conversion of profiles into

coordinate points at close intervals.
¾ This can be applied to curves as well as surfaces. Since
the touch trigger probe generates the point of contact with
the help of the CNC control unit, it would also be possible
to use it for digitizing complex profiles and surfaces
KEY FEATURES
¾ The probe will be pro-grammed to move along the surface at

small intervals and the obtained point is noted in the
controller.
¾ For digitizing a surface it is necessary to move the probe
tip through the two sets of curves in perpendicular
directions as shown in Fig
The points can be uploaded into a PC from the controller, where it
can be used for converting it into a CNC programme by using
appropriate interpolation techniques.
INTRODUCTION
Laser beam machining (LBM)
¾ Process, a form of machining, in which a laser is directed

towards the work piece for machining.
¾ This process uses thermal energy to remove material from
metallic or non-metallic surfaces.
¾ The laser is focused onto the surface to be worked and the
thermal energy of the laser is transferred to the surface, heating
and melting or vaporizing the material.
¾ Laser beam machining is best suited for brittle materials with
low conductivity, but can be used on most materials.
KEY FEATURES
Melt and blow or fusion cutting uses high-pressure gas to

blow molten material from the cutting area, greatly
decreasing the power requirement. First the material is
heated to melting point then a gas jet blows the molten
material out of the kerf avoiding the need to raise the
temperature of the material any further. Materials cut with
this process are usually metals.
•Laser cutting is quick in comparison to other traditional
cutting techniques as most of the work is automated.
•Holding the piece of metal is easier in laser cutting than in
mechanical cutting.
•The cuts obtained by laser are more precise than can be
done by any other method of cutting metals. It’s for the very
reason laser cutting is preferred in industries that require
absolute exact size of metals as an outcome.
•In the laser process, the metal doesn’t come in direct
contact with other metals to facilitate the cut. Hence the
metal is more finely cut without any contaminations
•The laser beam is very delicate to handle. A slight mistake while
adjusting the distance and temperature can lead to burning or
discoloring of the metal.
•The laser beam is harmful if it comes in contact with human
workers. It can cause severe burns if it happens accidentally
Qct REG.NO.:

(DTC, TTC, BTC, VTC, GTC, RNTC, GNTC, MNTC, HNTC, KNTC)
DIPLOMA IN TOOL AND DIE MAKING - CP01
V SEMESTER I SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION - MARCH 2016
SUBJECT: CNC TECHNOLOGY TOTAL MARKS: 70
SUBJECT CODE: CP01 05 18 TOTAL TIME: 2H 15MIN
PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN
1.0 FILL IN THE BLANKS 1X5=5
1.1 In part programming the symbol “ ; ” explains __________
1.2 Dry run is used to______
1.3 M00 miscellaneous function used for ______
1.4 The M code using for Spindle ON clockwise is ___________
1.5 The robotic joints of motion are called _________ of freedom.
2.0 CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER 1X5=5

2.1 In the programming letter “O” is used for _______ ( )
a) Program number b) Feed function c) Speed function d) Tool function
2.2 Dry run is used to______ ( )
a)Check CNC programme b)Reduce machining time c)Programme communication d)None of the above
2.3 .__________ refers to the space within which the robot can operate. ( )
a) spatial resolution b) .Accuracy c) . Repeatability d) None of the above
2.4 M00 miscellaneous function used for ______ ( )
a) Temporary program stop b) Optional stop c) Program end d) Spindle stop
2.5 AGV is used in FMS for______________ ( )
a)Automaic work loading b)Automated Material handling c)Automatic tool changing d)Automatic pallet changing
3.0 MATCH THE FOLLOWING 1X5=5

A B
3.1 U a. FEED RATE
3.2 F b. G32
3.3 TURNING FEED c. Programme end
3.4 G94/G98 d. X AXIS
3.5 M02 e. Feed in mm/min.
f. MM/REV
Qeˎ REG.NO.:

PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN



A B
3.1 M02 a. FEED RATE
3.2 G94/G98 b. Programme end
3.3 TURNING FEED c. MM/REV
3.4 F d. Feed in mm/min.
3.5 U e. X AXIS
f. G32
Qe˟ REG.NO.:

PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN



A B
3.1 U a. MM/REV
3.2 F b. FEED RATE
3.3 TURNING FEED c. X AXIS
3.4 G94/G98 d. Programme end
3.5 M02 e. Feed in mm/min.
f. G32
QeѮ REG.NO.:

PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN


A B
3.1 U a. X AXIS
3.2 F b. Feed in mm/min.
3.3 TURNING FEED c. FEED RATE
3.4 G94/G98 d. Programme end
3.5 M02 e. G32
f. MM/REV
Qe REG.NO.:

PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN

2 3 In
2.3 I the
th programming
i lletter
tt “O” is
i used
d for
f _______ ( )

A B
3.1 U a. Feed in mm/min.
3.2 F b. Programme end
3.3 TURNING FEED c. G32
3.4 G94/G98 d. FEED RATE
3.5 M02 e. MM/REV
f. X AXIS
Course : Diploma In Tool and Die Making - CP01
Subject: CNC Technology Total Marks : 55

Subject Code: CP01 05 18 Total Time : 2H
PART B
1.0 ANSWER ANY TEN OF THE FOLLOWING 2*10=20
1. 1 When programme stop code is to be used.
1. 2 Write the formula for finding cutting speed for tuning
1. 3 What is dwell?
1. 4 Expand LASER
1. 5 Write difference between M30 and M01?
1. 6 Define Robot?
1. 8 Explain the term “WORD”.
1. 9 Write difference G01 and G00?
1. 10 What is the meaning of G28 U0 W0?
1. 12 Explain the following M-codes-a)M07 b)M08
2.0 ANSWER ANY SIX OF THE FOLLOWING 3*6=18

2. 1 Write Difference between G96 & G97
2. 2 Write a short note on tool function?
2. 3 Explain Grooving cycle with syntax
2. 4 List any 6 application of robots?
2. 5 What is tool function? Briefly explain.
2. 6 What are the applications of laser machining?
2. 7 Explain Pattern repeating cycle with syntax
2. 8 Compare the FMS with basic CNC manual tool and work loading.
3.0 ANSWER ANY THREE OF THE FOLLOWING 4*3=12

3. 1 What do you mean by theoretical tool tip? Explain
3. 2 What are the benefits of FMS ?
3. 3 Explain with neat sketch axis nomenclature of CNC turning centre
3. 4 Write a part programme for the given fig.using drilling cycle assume your machining data
4.0 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING 5*1=5
4. 1 a) Write a part programme for the given fig. using turning CANNED CYCLE, use Tool no 1
for roughing operation & use tool no 3 for finishing operation use surface cutting speed 150
r.p.m & maximum spindle speed 1200 r.p.m & use feed 0.12mm/rev for roughing &
0.1mm/rev for finishing
OR
b) Write a short note on scope of FMS?

Qct REG.NO.:

V SEMESTER SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION - MAY 2016
PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN
1.1 In part programming the letter “O” explains _____________
1.2 In the block M03 S800, the address S stands for___________
1.3 The function of G code G98 is__________
1.4 ________ control requires outside sensing to modify the robot program
1.5 The word robot originated from the word ___________

2.1 ________ is the alphabet using for Indicating block No. ( )
a) M b) N c) P d) Q
2.2 Recommended cutting speed for mild steel is ________ m / min. ( )
a) 70-100 b) 60-80 c) 30-45 d) 20-30
2.3 G98 preparatory function used for ( )
a) Feed per minute b) Feed per revolution c) Feed in mm d) None of the above
2.4 G00 X 70 Z-10 In this block, which is call it has DATA. ( )
a) 00 70 -10 b) G X Z c) G00 X 70 Z-10 d) None of the above
2.5 . Automation means ( )
a).Flexible manufacturing b) Robots c) Computer graphics workstation d).Numerical –control machine

A B
3.1 RAPID PROTO TYPING a. Velocity feed back
3.2 Tachogenerator b. GROOVING
3.3 G28U0W0 c. G94/G98
3.4 G95/G99 d. DITIZING
3.5 MM/MIN e. Feed in mm/rev
f. Reference mode
Qeˎ REG.NO.:

PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN


a) 70-100 b) 60-80 c) 30-45 d) 20-30
a) M b) N c) P d) Q

A B
3.1 MM/MIN a. DITIZING
3.2 G95/G99 b. Reference mode
3.3 G28U0W0 c. GROOVING
3.4 Tachogenerator d. G94/G98
3.5 RAPID PROTO TYPING e. Feed in mm/rev
f. Velocity feed back
Qe˟ REG.NO.:

PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN


a) 70
70-100
100 60-80
b) 60 80 30-45
c) 30 45 20-30
d) 20 30
a) M b) N c) P d) Q

A B
3.1 RAPID PROTO TYPING a. GROOVING
3.2 Tachogenerator b. DITIZING
3.3 G28U0W0 c. Feed in mm/rev
3.4 G95/G99 d. Reference mode
3.5 MM/MIN e. G94/G98
f. Velocity feed back
QeѮ REG.NO.:

PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN

a) 70-100 b) 60-80 c) 30-45 d) 20-30
a) M b) N c) P d) Q

A B
3.1 RAPID PROTO TYPING a. Feed in mm/rev
3.2 Tachogenerator b. G94/G98
3.3 G28U0W0 c. DITIZING
3.4 G95/G99 d. Reference mode
3.5 MM/MIN e. Velocity feed back
f. GROOVING
Qe REG.NO.:

PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN

2 3 ________ is
2.3 i th
the alphabet
l h b t using
i ffor IIndicating
di ti bl block
kNNo. ( )
a) M b) N c) P d) Q
a) 70-100 b) 60-80 c) 30-45 d) 20-30

A B
3.1 RAPID PROTO TYPING a. G94/G98
3.2 Tachogenerator b. Reference mode
3.3 G28U0W0 c. Velocity feed back
3.4 G95/G99 d. DITIZING
3.5 MM/MIN e. GROOVING
f. Feed in mm/rev
Course : Diploma In Tool and Die Making - CP01
Subject: CNC Technology Total Marks : 55

PART B
1. 1 What are the methods used for programming in the robot?
1. 2 Define Robotics?
1. 3 Explain the term “BLOCK”.
1. 4 List any two sub systems of FMS
1. 5 Write deference between M30 and M99?
1. 6 Explain the following G-codes-a)G40 b)G41
1. 8 What is programme number?
1. 10 List the applications of digitising.
1. 11 Explain the following G-codes-a)G02 b)G03
1. 12 Explain the following M-codes-a)M07 b)M08

2. 1 Write difference between G00 and G01?
2. 3 Briefly explain when optional stop code is to be used.
2. 4 Write a note on circular interpolation with example.
2. 5 Explain Pattern repeating cycle with syntax
2. 6 What is spindle speed limitation? Explain why it is necessary.
2. 7 What are the applications of laser machining?
2. 8 Usage of constant cutting speed in thread cutting cycle is not
recommended. Why?

3. 1 Give the example for process centres used in FMS.
3. 3 Give the example for work enters used in FMS.
3. 4 What are the various types of flexibilities?

4. 1 a) By adopting FMS machine utilization will be effectively increased upto
90%.Justify.
OR
b) Write a part programme for the given fig. using turning CANNED
CYCLE, use Tool no 1 for roughing operation & use tool no 2 for finishing
operation use surface cutting speed 120 r.p.m & maximum spindle speed
1500 r.p.m & use feed 0.12mm/rev for roughing & 0.1mm/rev for
finishing

Course : Diploma in Tool & Die Making - CP01
V SEMESTER & SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION - DECEMBER 2017
Subject : CNC Technology Total Marks : 50

PART B
1.0 ANSWER ANY EIGHT OF THE FOLLOWING 2*8=16
1. 1 Write the formula for finding cutting speed for turning
1. 2 What is dwell? Explain its necessity.
1. 3 Explain the meaning of following, a); b) /
1. 4 What is programme number? Briefly explain.
1. 5 What is the methods used for programming in the robot?
1. 7 Define Robot?
1. 8 List the different types of canned cycle used in CNC turning centers.
1. 9 Write difference M05 and M03?

2. 1 Explain with neat sketch Rough facing cycle.
2. 5 What are the support stations required in FMS?
2. 6 Usage of constant cutting speed in grooving cycle is not recommended, Why?
3.0 ANSWER ANY FOUR OF THE FOLLOWING 4*4=16

3. 1 Write a short note on speed function in CNC turning centre.
3. 2 Give the example for work centres used in FMS.
3. 4 Explain briefly about machine flexibility and mix flexibility.
3. 5 Explain the working principle of LASER.
3. 6 Write a part programme for the given fig. In facing and turning
Qeӈ REG.NO.:

V SEMESTER SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION - DEC 2017
PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN
1.2 G letter used for to specify ______
1.3 ________ preparatory code is used for skip function
1.5 AGV stands for____________________

2.1 The diametrical axis of CNC lathe is ______ ( )
a) +Z b) Y c) U d) X
2.3 In the block G04 X3 , X indicates for__________ ( )
a) Point b) Axis c) Time d) Feed
2.4 Unit for Feed is_____________ ( )
a) mm/rev b) m/min c) rpm d) None
2.5 ____process is used to convert carbide tool tips to coated carbide tips ( )
a) PVD b) CVD c) TNR d) CRC

A B
3.1 O a. FEED RATE
3.2 F b. SPINDLE FUNCTION
3.3 S c. TOOL ADDRESS CODE
3.4 T d. SEQUENCE NUMBER
3.5 N e. PROGRAM
f. 1970
Qeӛ REG.NO.:

PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN

1.1 AGV stands for____________________

2.2 Unit for Feed is_____________ ( )

A B
3.1 N a. TOOL ADDRESS CODE
3.2 T b. SPINDLE FUNCTION
3.3 S c. FEED RATE
3.4 F d. PROGRAM
3.5 O e. SEQUENCE NUMBER
f. 1970
QeӮ REG.NO.:

PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN

1.3 AGV stands for____________________

2.1 Unit for Feed is_____________ ( )

A B
3.1 O a. FEED RATE
3.2 F b. TOOL ADDRESS CODE
3.3 S c. SEQUENCE NUMBER
3.4 T d. SPINDLE FUNCTION
3.5 N e. PROGRAM
f. 1970
Qe฿ REG.NO.:

PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN
1.3 AGV stands for____________________

2.5 Unit for Feed is_____________ ( )

A B
3.1 O a. SEQUENCE NUMBER
3.2 F b. PROGRAM
3.3 S c. TOOL ADDRESS CODE
3.4 T d. SPINDLE FUNCTION
3.5 N e. 1970
f. FEED RATE
Qeᴓ REG.NO.:

PART-A MARKS: 15
TIME: 15MIN
1.2 AGV stands for____________________

2.4 Unit for Feed is_____________ ( )

A B
3.1 O a. PROGRAM
3.2 F b. SPINDLE FUNCTION
3.3 S c. 1970
3.4 T d. TOOL ADDRESS CODE
3.5 N e. FEED RATE
f. SEQUENCE NUMBER
Course : Diploma in Tool & Die Making - CP01
V SEMESTER SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION - DECEMBER 2017
Subject : CNC Technology Total Marks : 55

PART B
1. 1 Write the formula for finding cutting speed for turning
1. 2 What is dwell? Explain its necessity.
1. 3 Explain the meaning of following, a); b)/
1. 4 What is programme number? Briefly explain.
1. 5 What is the methods used for programming in the robot?
1. 7 Define Robot?
1. 8 List the different types of canned cycle used in CNC turning centers.
1. 9 Write difference M05 and M03?
1. 11 List the applications of digitising.
1. 12 Write the meaning of “T0204”?

2. 1 Explain with neat sketch Rough facing cycle.
2. 5 What are the support stations required in FMS?
2. 6 Usage of constant cutting speed in grooving cycle is not recommended, Why?

3. 1 Write a short note on speed function in CNC turning centre.
3. 2 Give the example for work centres used in FMS.
3. 4 Explain briefly about machine flexibility and mix flexibility.

4. 1 a) Explain the working principle of LASER.
OR
b) Write a part programme for the given fig. In facing and turning,

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NETTUR TECHNICAL TRAINING FOUNDATION

SUBJECT CODE CP01 05 05

Prepared By: Mr. R.Koti Approved by:

Verified by: Mr. S.Nagesh Mr. Roshan Peter

Tab Content Rev: 0 Released on: July 2018

1 Numerical machine tools - S.J Martin

2. The numerical controls of machine tool - Prof Dr.Ing wilhelm Simon

3. AM on Computers American Machinist

4. Computers in manufacturing George Schaffer

5. Computer Technology Eanle D Jones

7. Numerical controlled machines Koram Kuren

8. NC Machines and Cam Pressman Williams

Competition between manufacturing firms is increasingly dictated by quality, cost, variety

Numerical control of machine tools may be defined as a method of automation in which

Z The axis parallel to the main spindle

Open Loop Systems

Close Loop Systems

Elements of Machine tool

Fig 1.16 : Stepper Motor

Positional Feed Back Devices

expensive in comparison with other measuring devices mounted on screws or

Fig 1.17 : Positional Feed Back Devices

Rotary Encoders - A rotary encoder is a device mounted at the end of the

Fig 1.18 : Rotary Encoder

Velocity Feedback Device

Fig 1.19 : Display Unit

6.0 CNC part programming in FANUC control system – Lathe

H. Work rotation the greatest simplification to programming of turning centers is

Fig. 1 Axes System used for Turning Centers

Contact Point Z axis

Tool Nose Reference Point Contact Point Xaxis

Fig. 4 Actual reference point on the tool

6.2 Terms in programming

O Indicates the programme no and can be given from 0001 to 9999

; Indicates the End of Block

6.3 Tool, Speed, & Feed functions

01 120.040 15.20 0.8 0

02 121.410 18.65 0.8 0

N080 M06 T0515;

02 G01- linear interpolation-G01 X Z F

03 G02- Circular interpolation (clock wise)-G02 X Z I K F

04 G03- Circular interpolation (Counter clock wise)-G03 X Z I K F

05 G04- Dwell-G04 P1000

06 G20- Inch Input

09 G32-Thread cutting single pass- -G32 X Z F

10 G33- Thread cutting variable

18 .G76- Thread cutting cycle

20 G95/G99- Feed in mm/rev

22 G97- Constant RPM

02 M01 - Optional stop

03 M02 – Spindle on Program end request

04 M03 – Spindle on clock wise

05 M04 – Spindle on Counter clock wise

06 M05 – Spindle stop

07 M07 – Mist coolant on

08 M08 – Flood Coolant on

09 M09 – Coolant off

10 M30 – Program stop and rewind

6.5 Exercise on part programming – without canned cycle.

Facing (Raw size Ø40 X 64 mm Length)

Facing & Turning (Raw Size Ø44MM X 52MM Length)

Step Turning (Raw Size Ø22MM X 62MM Length)

6.6 Canned cycle