CHAPTER 5:

GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
AND
FOUNDATION DESIGN
 GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
 Soil Analysis
I. INTRODUCTION

This report presents the results of the soil investigation performed at the proposed
project site in Lawton, Manila.

The objective of the investigation was to explore the subsurface conditions at the
project site, perform laboratory testing and engineering evaluation to provide
discussion and recommendations concerning the general subsurface conditions at the
site, foundation support and design soil values for the proposed structure to be
constructed at the site.

II. SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION

The subsurface conditions at the site were explored by drilling two (2) boreholes to
30.0 meters deep each. The test borings were drilled with trailer-mounted, rotary
wash drilling equipment employing the wash boring method with Standard
Penetration Test. Borehole location is shown on Plate No. 1.

Disturbed soil samples were obtained from Standard Penetration Tests (SPT)
performed by driving a 2-inch O.D. and 1-3/8 inch I.D. split spoon sampler with a
140-lbs. hammer falling freely from a height of 30 inches every 1.0 meter intervals.
The number of blows required to force the sampler 6.0 inches into the soil was
counted and recorded for each consecutive 6-inches penetration. The number of
blows for the last 12.0 inches penetration was taken as the standard penetration value
denoted by N in the boring log. The logs of the borings are presented on Plate No. 3
and 4. The Unified Soil Classification System used in describing soils is shown on
Plate No. 2.

III. LABORATORY TESTING

Selected soil samples retrieved from the borings were tested for natural moisture
contents, Atterberg limits and grain size analysis. Some test results appear on the
geotechnical data. Other test results are presented on Plate Nos. 5 and 6.

IV. SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS.

The site is generally underlain by soils consisting of medium to very dense silty
sands, very soft to stiff silty clays and very loose to lose sandy silts with unit weight
of 18.11 KN/m3 (115.3 lb/ft3). A 2-meter tuff rock (adobe) was encountered at 2.50
 meters deep in borehole BH-1. At the time of the soil investigation, the groundwater
ranges from 1.20 to 1.40 meters below ground surface.

V. DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Foundation Support - The structure to be constructed can be supported by
shallow spread footings. The footings shall be embedded at least 2.00 meters
below existing ground surface and can be designed with an allowable soil bearing
capacity of 250 kpa (5222 psf) for dead plus live load which can be increased to
300 kpa (6267 psf) if total design loads include wind or seismic forces.
Anticipated settlement is 1.72 cms.
The estimated subgrade modulus is 33,915 KN/m3. All isolated spread
footings shall be provided with stiff footing tie beams to minimize differential
settlements.

Seismicity – The building shall be designed for seismic Source Type A, Soil
Profile type Sd and the closest distance to known seismic source is <10 kms in
accordance with the National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1, 7 th
Edition.
  Soil Bearing Capacity
The general competent formation at the site warrants the use of isolated footings with tie
beam resting on the Natural Grade Line to support the structural loads. Footings should rest a
minimum depth of 2.00 provided that the bearing capacity requirements are satisfied. A 2-meter
tuff rock (adobe) was encountered at 2.50 meters deep in borehole BH-1. At the time of the soil
investigation, the groundwater ranges from 1.20 to 1.40 meters below ground surface. A. The
footings shall be embedded at least 2.00 meters below existing ground surface and can be
designed with an allowable soil bearing capacity of 250 kpa (5222 psf) for dead plus live load
which can be increased to 300 kpa (6267 psf) if total design loads include wind or seismic forces.
Anticipated settlement is 1.72 cms. The estimated subgrade modulus is 33,915 KN/m3. All
isolated spread footings shall be provided with stiff footing tie beams to minimize differential
settlements. The footing should be embedded at a minimum depth of 2.0 meters from the natural
ground line. Provision of footing tie beam should be recommended with combined footing
foundation. Anticipated settlement is minimal or negligible.
Soil friction angle are given for the soil types at normally consolidated condition. These
values should be used only as guideline for geotechnical problems; however, specific condition
of each engineering problem often needs to be considered for an appropriate choice of
geotechnical parameters. Foundation in seismic zones is subjected to additional forces due to
seismic waves. If the structure is not able to withstand these forces. It may collapse leading to
serious catastrophes.
It is necessary that the subsoil is able to withstand these loads. For this, the superimposed
load should be lower than the safe bearing capacity of the soil. In the case of foundations in
seismic zones, additional loads are created due to the seismic vibrations. The design should take
into account the additional forces.
For the design of foundations, the soil properties are to be ascertained. For this, both
static and dynamic tests are to be conducted in the laboratory as well as in the field.
FOUNDATION DESIGN - USD
Design of Isolated Square Footing with Bending
 Sample Computation - Critical Member

Given:
PL 3516.948 f'c 35 Mpa ϒs 18.11 KN/m^3
PD 2065.509 fy 414 Mpa ϒc 23.6 KN/m^4
ML 10.572 Df 2 m qa 250 KPa
MD 15.537 c 0.65 m Assume h = 0.95 m

1.) Compute for Total Load 6.) Check Beam Shear, Solve for d.
d =h - cover - 1.5db
்ܲ ୀ௉ವ ା௉ಽ
d= 837.5 mm
PT = 5582.458 KN
7.) Compute for qumin & qumax.
‫்ܯ‬ ୀெ ವ ାெ ಽ
௉௨ ଺௘
qu ൌమ
ሺͳേ ሻ
MT = 26.109 KN-m ஻ ஻

qumax = 301.285456 Kpa

‫்ܯ‬ qumin = 298.25067 Kpa
݁ൌ
்ܲ
e = 0.004677 8.) Solve for qu1.
2.) ௤௨ ି௤௨೘ ೔೙
qu1 ൌೌ
೘ೣ ೌೣ
൅qumin
Solve for qe. ஻ି௫

qe ൌܽ‫ ݍ‬െ
ϒc(h) - ϒs(Df-h) ஻ି஼ x= 1.4375 m
xൌ - d
ଶ

qe = 208.5645 Kpa
qu1 = 299.057258
3.) Solve for Trial B.
9.) Solve for Vu.
೅ ௉ ଺௘
qe ൌ ሺͳേ ሻ
మ ஻ ஻ ଵ
‫ͳݍ ݑ‬൅ qumax)B
Vu ൌሺ
ଶ
B= 5.2 m Vu = 1560.89106
Check Beam Shear Capacity.
4.) Check qmin & qmax.
ΦVc ൌɌ ͲǤͳ͹ɉ ݂ᇱܾܿ௪ d
೅ ௉ ଺௘
qൌమ
ሺͳ േ ሻ ΦVc = 3284.977 > Vu SAFE!!
஻ ஻
qmax = 207.566 < 250 OKAY!!
qmin = 205.3377 < 250 OKAY!! 10.) Check Punching Shear, Solve for quave & d.
5.) Compute for Factored Load. d =h - cover - db
d= 850 mm
ܲ௨ୀଵǤଶ௉ವ ାଵǤ଺௉ಽ
ଵ
quave ൌሺ
‫ݍݑ‬௠ ௜௡ ൅ ‫ݍݑ‬௠ ௔௫ሻ
Pu = 8105.728 KN ଶ

quave = 299.768063 Kpa

‫ܯ‬௨ୀଵǤଶୀ
ெ ವ ାଵǤெ ಽ Compute Vu.
Mu = 35.5596 KN-m
Vu ൌ ‫ܤ‬ଶ െܿ൅ ݀ ଶ ሻ
‫ݒ‬FF‫ݍܽ ݁ ܽ ݁ݑ‬ሺ

‫ܯ‬௨ Vu = 7431.25029 KN
݁ൌ
ܲ௨
e = 0.004387 Compute Punching Shear Capacity.
ΦVc ൌɌ ͲǤ͵ ͵ ɉ ݂ᇱܾܿ௢d

ΦVc = 7467.57171 > Vu SAFE!!

 11.) Compute for Mu. 16.) Compute the Number of Dowels
௫మ
Mu1 ൌ ͳȀʹ ሺ‫ݑݍ‬Ͷ൅ ݉ܽ‫ ݔݑ ݑܽ݉ݍݑ‬ሻሺ ሻሺ ሻ ܾܲ ൌ
‫׎‬ ‫Ͳ ׎‬Ǥͺ ͷ݂ᇱܿ‫ܣ‬ଵ
஺భ
ଶ ∅𝑃𝑏
஻ି஼
x= 2.275 m ஺మ
xൌ
ଶ = 16340.19 KN
೘ೣ ೌೣି௤௨೘ ೔೙
௤௨ೌ
qu4 ൌ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ஺భ
஻ Check
஺మ
qu4 = 1.401872 Kpa
஺భ
Mu1 = 1892.682 KN-m = 8
஺మ
ଵ
Mu2 ൌሺ‫݊݅݉ݍ‬
݉݅݊
‫ݑ‬ ൅ ‫ ݔݑ ݑܽ݉ݍݑ‬ሻ(B)(x) ஺భ
> 2
ଶ
஺మ

Mu2 = 3744.939 KN-m Since greater than 2, use 2.0

Use Mu = 3744.939 KN-m 17.) Check

∅𝑃𝑏 if Dowels are required.

12.) Solve for Ru. If >Pu

∅𝑃𝑏
ெ௨
Ru ൌ
‫׎‬௕ௗమ = 16340.19 > 7525.153
Ru = 1.140852 Mpa 2.281704 0.076696
Dowel are not Required
13.) Solve for ρ.
଴Ǥ଼ହ௙ᇲ௖ ଶோ
18.) Compute Asmin.
ρൌ ͳെ ͳ െ
௙௬ ଴Ǥ଼ହ௙ᇲ௖
ߩ‫ܣ‬ଵ
‫ݏܣ‬௠ ௜௡ ൌ
ρ = 0.002811
As = 1428.744 mm2
Solve for ρmin.
Solve for quave & d. ଵǤସ 19.) Compute for Number of Dowels.
ρmin ൌ
௙௬ ஺௦
೘ ೔೙
Nൌ஺
ρmin = 0.003382 ್

N = 2.909866
Use ρ = 0.003382 say 3 pcs

14.) Compute for As.

A•ൌ ɏܾ݀
As = 14727.05

15.) Compute Number of Bars.

஺௦
Nൌ
஺௕
N= 29.994
say 30 pcs

Use 0.95 x 5.2 x 5.2 SQUARE FOOTING

Use 30 pcs Φ25mm BOTTOM BARS BOTH WAYS

TABLE OF SUMMARY

Base Depth Use

Designation No. of Mainbars Bar
mm mm at rest spacing of
(pcs) Diameter
F1 2000 500 6 25 mm 340 mm O.C.
F2 2100 500 6 25 mm 360 mm O.C.
F3 2500 500 9 25 mm 260 mm O.C.
F4 3000 500 12 25 mm 230 mm O.C.
F5 2200 500 7 25 mm 310 mm O.C.
F6 2200 500 7 25 mm 310 mm O.C.
F7 3000 500 14 25 mm 190 mm O.C.
F8 3000 600 13 25 mm 210 mm O.C.
F9 3200 600 14 25 mm 200 mm O.C.
F10 4200 800 20 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F11 3100 500 16 25 mm 170 mm O.C.
F12 4800 900 27 25 mm 150 mm O.C.
F13 3300 500 15 25 mm 190 mm O.C.
F14 5200 950 30 25 mm 150 mm O.C.
F15 4100 800 20 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F16 5300 950 31 25 mm 140 mm O.C.
F17 3600 600 18 25 mm 170 mm O.C.
F18 4600 800 22 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F19 2500 500 9 25 mm 260 mm O.C.
F20 5000 900 28 25 mm 150 mm O.C.
F21 2000 500 6 25 mm 340 mm O.C.
F22 5100 900 28 25 mm 150 mm O.C.
F23 2600 500 11 25 mm 210 mm O.C.
F24 4600 800 22 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F25 2100 500 6 25 mm 360 mm O.C.
F26 4800 900 27 25 mm 150 mm O.C.
F27 4300 800 21 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F28 5000 900 28 25 mm 150 mm O.C.
F29 3300 600 14 25 mm 210 mm O.C.
F30 4900 900 27 25 mm 150 mm O.C.
F31 3500 600 15 25 mm 210 mm O.C.
F32 4800 900 27 25 mm 150 mm O.C.
F33 2900 500 13 25 mm 200 mm O.C.
F34 5000 900 28 25 mm 150 mm O.C.
F35 3900 700 16 25 mm 220 mm O.C.
F36 3600 600 17 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F37 3800 600 18 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F38 3500 600 17 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F39 3700 600 17 25 mm 190 mm O.C.
F40 5200 950 30 25 mm 150 mm O.C.
F41 3900 700 16 25 mm 220 mm O.C.
F42 3700 700 15 25 mm 220 mm O.C.
F43 3800 700 16 25 mm 210 mm O.C.
FOUNDATION DESIGN - WSD
Design of Isolated Square Footing with Bending
Sample Computation - Critical Member

Given:
PD 1442.594 f'c 35 Mpa ϒs 18.11 KN/m^3
PL 2456.31 fy 414 Mpa ϒc 23.6 KN/m^4
MD 9.66033 Df 2 m qa 250 KPa
ML 16.44867 c 0.65 m Assume h = 0.8 m

1.) Compute for Total Load 6.) Check Beam Shear, Solve for d.
d =h - cover - 1.5db
்ܲ ୀ௉ವ ା௉ಽ
d= 687.5 mm
PT = 3898.904 KN
7.) Compute for qumin & qumax.
‫்ܯ‬ ୀெ ವ ାெ ಽ
௉௨ ଺௘
qu ൌమ
ͳേ ሻ
ሺ
MT = 26.109 KN-m ஻ ஻

qumax = 295.088039 Kpa

‫்ܯ‬ qumin = 289.747561 Kpa
݁ൌ
்ܲ
e = 0.006696 8.) Solve for qu1.
2.) ௤௨ ି௤௨೘ ೔೙
qu1 ൌೌ
೘ೣ ೌೣ
൅qumin
Solve for qe. ஻ି௫

qe ൌܽ‫ ݍ‬െ
ϒc(h) - ϒs(Df-h) ஻ି஼ x= 1.1875 m
xൌ - d
ଶ

qe = 209.388 Kpa
qu1 = 291.409967
3.) Solve for Trial B.
9.) Solve for Vu.
೅ ௉ ଺௘
qe ൌ ͳേ ሻ
ሺ
మ ஻ ஻ ଵ
Vu ൌ‫ͳݍ ݑ‬൅ qumax)B
ሺ
ଶ
B= 4.4 m Vu = 1290.29561
Check Beam Shear Capacity.
4.) Check qmin & qmax.
ΦVc ൌɌ ͲǤͳ͹ɉ ݂ᇱܾܿ௪ d
௉೅ ଺௘
qൌమ
ͳേ ሻ
ሺ ΦVc = 2281.758 > Vu SAFE!!
஻ ஻
qmax = 203.2287 < 250 OKAY!!
qmin = 199.5507 < 250 OKAY!! 10.) Check Punching Shear, Solve for quave & d.
5.) Compute for Factored Load. d =h - cover - db
d= 700 mm
ܲ௨ୀଵǤଶ௉ವ ାଵǤ଺௉ಽ
ଵ
quave ൌሺ
‫ݍݑ‬௠ ௜௡ ൅ ‫ݍݑ‬௠ ௔௫ሻ
Pu = 5661.209 KN ଶ

quave = 292.4178 Kpa

‫ܯ‬௨ୀଵǤଶୀ
ெ ವ ାଵǤ
ெ ಽ Compute Vu.
Mu = 37.91027 KN-m
Vu ൌ ‫ܤ‬ଶ െܿ൅ ݀
‫ݒ‬FF‫ݍܽ ݁ ܽ ݁ݑ‬ሺ ଶሻ

‫ܯ‬௨ Vu = 5128.27717 KN
݁ൌ
ܲ௨
e = 0.006696 Compute Punching Shear Capacity.
ΦVc ൌɌ ͲǤ͵ ͵ ɉ ݂ᇱܾܿ௢d

ΦVc = 5534.78844 > Vu SAFE!!

 11.) Compute for Mu. 16.) Compute the Number of Dowels
௫మ ஺భ
Mu1 ൌ ͳȀʹ ሺ
Ͷ‫ݍݑ‬
Ͷ൅‫ݔ‬
‫ݑ ܽ ݑݑ‬ሻ
݉‫ ݍ‬ሺ ሻሺ ሻ ‫Ͳ ׎‬Ǥͺ ͷ݂ᇱܿ‫ܣ‬ଵ
ܾܾܲ ൌ
ܾܲ௉‫׎‬
∅𝑃𝑏
x= ଶ 1.875 m ஺మ
஻ି஼
xൌ
ଶ = 16340.19 KN
௤௨೘ೣ ೌೣି௤௨೘ ೔೙
qu4 ൌೌ ሺ
‫ݔ‬ሻ ஺భ
஻ Check
஺మ
qu4 = 2.275772 Kpa
஺భ
Mu1 = 1149.962 KN-m = 6.769231
஺మ
ଵ ‫ʹݔ‬
Mu2 ൌሺ
‫ ݍ݉ ݅ ݊ ݑ‬൅‫ݑ‬ ‫ ݍ݉ ܽ ݑ‬ሻሺ ሻሺ ሻ
‫ݔ‬FF‫ݑ‬ ஺భ
> 2
ଶ ʹ ஺మ

Mu2 = 2261.669 KN-m Since greater than 2, use 2.0

Use Mu = 2261.669 KN-m 17.) Check

∅𝑃𝑏 if Dowels are required.

12.) Solve for Ru. If >Pu

∅𝑃𝑏
ெ௨
Ru ൌ
‫׎‬௕ௗమ = 16340.19 > 5661.209
Ru = 1.208338 Mpa 2.416676 0.081233
Dowel are not Required
13.) Solve for ρ.
18.) Compute Asmin.
଴Ǥ଼ହ௙ᇲ
௖ ଶோ
ρൌ ͳെ ͳ െ
௙௬ ଴Ǥ଼ହ௙ᇲ
௖
ߩ‫ܣ‬ଵ
‫ܣݏ‬௠ ௜௡ ൌ
ρ= 0.002981
As = 1428.744 mm2
Solve for ρmin.
Solve for quave & d. ଵǤସ 19.) Compute for Number of Dowels.
ρmin ൌ
௙௬ ஺௦
೘ ೔೙
Nൌ
ρmin = 0.003382 ஺ ್

N = 2.909866
Use ρ = 0.003382 say 3 pcs

14.) Compute for As.

A•ൌ ɏܾ݀
As = 10229.47

15.) Compute Number of Bars.

஺௦
Nൌ
஺௕
N = 20.83395
say 21 pcs

Use 0.8 x 4.4 x 4.4 SQUARE FOOTING

Use 21 pcs Φ25mm BOTTOM BARS BOTH WAYS

TABLE OF SUMMARY

Base Depth Use

Designation No. of Mainbars Bar
mm mm at rest spacing of
(pcs) Diameter
F1 1700 500 5 25 mm 350 mm O.C.
F2 1800 500 5 25 mm 370 mm O.C.
F3 2200 500 6 25 mm 380 mm O.C.
F4 2500 500 9 25 mm 260 mm O.C.
F5 1900 500 6 25 mm 320 mm O.C.
F6 2200 600 8 25 mm 260 mm O.C.
F7 2500 600 9 25 mm 260 mm O.C.
F8 2600 600 9 25 mm 280 mm O.C.
F9 2700 600 10 25 mm 250 mm O.C.
F10 3500 600 18 25 mm 170 mm O.C.
F11 2500 600 9 25 mm 260 mm O.C.
F12 4000 700 19 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F13 2900 500 11 25 mm 240 mm O.C.
F14 4200 800 20 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F15 3400 600 18 25 mm 160 mm O.C.
F16 3800 700 17 25 mm 200 mm O.C.
F17 2900 600 13 25 mm 200 mm O.C.
F18 3900 700 18 25 mm 190 mm O.C.
F19 2200 500 7 25 mm 310 mm O.C.
F20 4200 800 20 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F21 2400 500 7 25 mm 340 mm O.C.
F22 4300 800 21 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F23 2200 600 8 25 mm 260 mm O.C.
F24 3900 700 16 25 mm 220 mm O.C.
F25 3100 600 11 25 mm 260 mm O.C.
F26 4000 700 17 25 mm 210 mm O.C.
F27 3400 600 12 25 mm 260 mm O.C.
F28 4100 800 20 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F29 3500 700 15 25 mm 210 mm O.C.
F30 4100 800 20 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F31 2900 600 10 25 mm 270 mm O.C.
F32 4000 700 17 25 mm 210 mm O.C.
F33 2500 500 7 25 mm 360 mm O.C.
F34 4100 800 20 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F35 2900 500 8 25 mm 360 mm O.C.
F36 3000 600 11 25 mm 250 mm O.C.
F37 3700 700 15 25 mm 220 mm O.C.
F38 2600 700 11 25 mm 210 mm O.C.
F39 3200 500 10 25 mm 310 mm O.C.
F40 4400 800 21 25 mm 180 mm O.C.
F41 3300 600 12 25 mm 250 mm O.C.
F42 3100 600 11 25 mm 260 mm O.C.
F43 3200 600 11 25 mm 270 mm O.C.