DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

(CEN 308)

Anupam Chakrabarti

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
ROORKEE, INDIA
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 Details of Course: CEN 308
Credit: 5 (L: 4, T: 1, P: 2/2)
CWS: 15, PRS: 15, MTE: 20, ETE: 50)

Sl. No Contents Cont

act
Hour
1. Design loads on buildings, wind and earthquake loads 2

2. Design of Continuous R.C. Beams, moment redistribution 3

3. Analysis and Design of RC framed buildings: Framing systems, member proportioning , 6

loadings: vertical and lateral loads, approximate methods of lateral load analysis of
building frames and component design including provisions of ductile detailing
4. Design of solid slab and T-beams bridge, Standard specifications and general design 6
considerations
5. Design of overhead water tank, general design considerations for circular and Intze tank 6

6. Pre-stress Concrete, materials, pre-stressing systems, stress analysis and losses of pre- 6
stress, design of simple beams
7. Analysis and design of cold formed steel structural systems: Flexural and compression 8
member
8. Analysis and design of Steel concrete Composite structures 6

9. Analysis and design of steel towers 5

10. Analysis and design of steel truss bridge 8

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 BOOKS

1. Reinforced Concrete Design: Pillai and Menon (McGraw Hill)

2. Essentials of Bridge Engineering: D. J. Victor (Oxford and IBH)
3. Prestressed Concrete: N Krishna Raju (McGraw Hill)
4. Design of Steel structures: Punmia, Jain and Jain (Laxmi Publications)
5. Design of Steel Structures: Arya and Ajmani (Nem Chand & Bros)
6. Limit State Design of Steel Structures: S K Duggal (McGraw Hill)

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CODES
1. IS: 456 – 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete
2. IS: 800 – 2007 General Constructions in Steel
3. IS: 875 Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than earthquake)
for Buildings and Structures
Part 1: Dead Loads
Part 2: Imposed Loads
Part 3: Wind Loads (Revised on 2015)
Part 4: Snow Loads
Part 5: Special loads & load combinations
4. IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
(General Provisions & Buildings)
5. IS 13920: 2016 Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures subjected to Seismic Forces
6. IRC: 6 -2016 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section II Loads and Load Combinations
7. IRC: 112 Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges
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DISCUSSION ON IS CODES

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 IS 875 : 2015
Design Loads (other than Earthquake) for
Buildings and Structures
Part 3 Wind Loads

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Different Sections

1. Scope
2. References
3. Notations
4. Terminology
5. General
6. Wind Speed
• 6.2 Basic Wind speed: Figure 1 (for 10 m height above GL for terrain category
2 for a 50 year return period) for six different wind zones.

• 6.3 Design Wind Speed (vz)

• 6.3.1 Risk Co-efficient (k1 factor): From Table 1
• 6.3.2 Terrain, Height Factor (k2 factor): For four Categories, In Table 2
• 6.3.3 Topography Factor (k3 factor): varies with upwind slope, as in
Annex c
• 6.3.4 Importance factor for Cyclonic Region (k4 factor):

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CALCULATION OF WIND FORCES

Design Wind Speed in m/s (at any height z)

Vz=Vbk1k2k3k4 Section 6.3

Vb= Basic wind speed (m/s), for six wind zones of India as in Fig. 1 & Annex: A
k1= Probability factor or risk co-efficient (Table: 1)
k2= Terrain, height and structure size factor
(For Category 1-4, Obtained from Table: 2)
k3 = Topography factor (Annex: C)
k4 = Importance factor for the cyclonic region (Section: 6.3.4)

Design Wind Pressure in N/m2 (at any height z)

Section 7.2

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Wind forces on walls and roofs in N (at any height z)
F = (Cpe - Cpi)Apd Section 7.3.1

Cpe = External pressure co-efficient, section 7.3.3, Table 5 for clad buildings of

rectangular plan for different h/w and l/w; Table 6 for pitched roof for different h/w

Cpi = Internal pressure co-efficient = ± 0.2 as per section 7.3.2 for < 5% opening and no

large openings

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Pz = wind pressure at height z, in N/mm2

Vz = design wind speed at height z, m/s

The design wind pressure pd can be obtained as,

pd =Kd Ka Kc pz (Section 7.2)

where,

Kd = Wind directionality factor (Section 7.2.1),

Ka = area averaging factor (Section 7.2.2), and

Kc = combination factor (Section 7.3.3.13)

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 IS 1893 : 2016
Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures
Part 1 General Provisions and Buildings

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Different Sections

1. Scope
2. References
3. Terminology
4. Special terminology for Buildings
5. Symbols
6. General Principles and Design Criteria
6.3 Load Combinations
6.3.5 Increase in Net Pressure on soils in Design of Foundations as
per Table: 1
6.4 Design Acceleration Spectrum: For the purpose of determining
design seismic force, the country is classified into four seismic zones as
shown in Figure 1.

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Fig. 1 Seismic Zones of India
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 6.4.2 Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient Ah for a structure shall be determined by,

𝑍𝑍 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎
2 𝑔𝑔
𝐴𝐴ℎ =
𝑅𝑅
𝐼𝐼
where, Z = Seismic zone factor given in Table 3
I = Importance factor (given in parts 1-5), Table 8
R = Response spectrum factor (given in parts 1-5), Table 9
𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎
= Design acceleration coefficient for different soil types (I-III, hard to soft), Fig. 2A
𝑔𝑔

The effects of design earthquake loads applied on structures can be considered in two
ways, namely: (Sc. 6.4.3)
1. Equivalent Static Method
2. Dynamic Analysis Method (e.g., Response spectrum Method & two others)

• Equivalent Static Method may be used for analysis of regular structures with approximate natural
period Ta less than 0.4 s.
• 6.4.3.1 For structural analysis, the moment of inertia shall be taken as:
(a) In RC and masonry structures: 70 percent of Igross of columns and 35 percent of Igross of beams; and
(b) In steel structures: Igross of beams and columns

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Design Acceleration spectrum for use in Equivalent Static Method:

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6.4.6 Design acceleration spectral value for vertical motion

7. Buildings
7.1 Regular and Irregular configurations

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• Table 8 Importance factor

• Table 9 Response Reduction factor

• Table 10 Percentage of Imposed load to be considered in calculation of

seismic weight

• 7.2.7 Dual system

• 7.4 Seismic weight

• 7.4.1 Seismic weight of Floors: Seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load plus
appropriate amount of imposed load, as specified in 7.3

• 7.6 Equivalent Static Method

• 7.6.1 The design Base shear, VB = AhW,

where W is the total seismic weight of the building as per 7.4

• 7.6.2 Approximate fundamental translational natural period, Ta of

oscillation shall be estimated using different expressions

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Expressions for calculation
of approximate fundamental
periods

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Provisions for open storey and limit of Storey Drift

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 IS 13920: 2016
Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic Forces

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Discussion on IRC Codes

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 IRC 6 -2016
Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for
Road Bridges

SECTION: II
Loads and Load Combinations

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CONTENTS
• Introduction
• 201 Classification
• 202 Loads, Forces and Load effects
• 203 Dead load
• 204 Live Loads
• 205 Reduction in the longitudinal effect on Bridges accommodating more than two traffic
• 206 Foot over Bridges, Footway, kerb, railings, parapet and crash
• 207 Tramway Loading
• 208 Impact
• 209 Wind load
• 210 Horizontal Forces due to Water Currents
• 211 Longitudinal Forces
• 212 Centrifugal Forces
• 213 Buoyancy
• 214 Earth Pressure
• 215 Temperature
• 216 Deformation Effects (for Steel Bridges only)
• 217 Secondary Effects
• 218 Erection Effects and construction Loads
• 219 Seismic Force
• 220 Barge Impact on Bridges
• 221 Snow Load
• 222 Vehicle Collision Loads on Supports of Bridges, Flyover supports and Foot over Bridges
• 223 Indeterminate Structures and composite structures
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ANNEXURES
• Annexure A: Hypothetical Vehicles for Classification of vehicles and Bridges (revised)
• Annexure B: Combination of Loads for Limit State Design
• Annexure C: Wind Load Computation on Truss Bridge Superstructure
• Annexure D: Simplified Formula for Time Period
• Annexure E: Classification of Inland Waterways of India

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204 LIVE LOADS

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 CLASS 70R LOADING

WHEEL ARRANGEMENT FOR 70R (WHEELED VEHICLE)

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NOTES:
1) The nose to tail spacing between two successive vehicles shall not be less than 90 m for
tracked vehicle. For wheeled vehicle, spacing between successive vehicles shall not be
less than 30 m. It will be measured from the centre of the rear-most axle of the leading
vehicle to the centre of the first axle of the following vehicle.
2) For multi-lane bridges and culverts, each Class 70R loading shall be considered to occupy
two lanes and no other vehicle shall be allowed in these two lanes. The passing/crossing
vehicle can only be allowed on lanes other than these two lanes. Load combination is as
shown in Table 6 & 6A.
3) The maximum loads for the wheeled vehicle shall be 20 tonne for a single axle or 40 tonne
for a bogie of two axles spaced not more than 1.22 m centres.
4) Class 70R loading is applicable only for bridges having carriageway width of 5.3 m and
above (i.e. 1.2 x 2 + 2.9 = 5.3). The minimum clearance between the road face of the kerb
and the outer edge of the wheel or track, ‘C’, shall be 1.2 m.
5) The minimum clearance between the outer edge of wheel or track of passing or crossing
vehicles for multilane bridge shall be 1.2 m. Vehicles passing or crossing can be either
same class or different class, Tracked or Wheeled.
6) Axle load in tonnes, linear dimension in meters.
7) For tyre tread width deductions and other important notes, refer NOTES given in Annex A.

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CLASS A LOADING

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NOTES:

1) The nose to tail distance between successive trains shall not be less than 18.5 m.
2) For single lane bridges having carriageway width less than 5.3 m, one lane of Class A shall be
considered to occupy 2.3 m. Remaining width of carriageway shall be loaded with 500 Kg/m2, as shown
in Table 6.
3) For multi-lane bridges each Class A loading shall be considered to occupy single lane for design
purpose. Live load combinations as shown in Table 6 shall be followed.
4) The ground contact area of the wheels shall be as given in Table 2.
5) The minimum clearance, f, between outer edge of the wheel and the roadway face of the kerb and the
minimum clearance, g, between the outer edges of passing or crossing vehicles on multi-lane bridges
shall be as given in Table 3.
6) Axle loads in tonne. Linear dimensions in metre.

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COMBINATION OF LIVE LOADS

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208 IMPACT

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211 LONGITUDINAL FORCES
211.1 In all road bridges, provision shall be made for longitudinal forces arising from
any one or more of the following causes:
a) Tractive effort caused through acceleration of the driving wheels;
b) Braking effect resulting from the application of the brakes to braked
wheels; and
c) Frictional resistance offered to the movement of free bearings due to change
of temperature or any other cause.
Note : Braking effect is invariably greater than the tractive effort.
211.2 The braking effect on a simply supported span or a continuous unit of spans or on
any other type of bridge unit shall be assumed to have the following value:
a) In the case of a single lane or a two lane bridge : twenty percent of the first train
load plus ten percent of the load of the succeeding trains or part thereof, the train loads in
one lane only being considered for the purpose of this sub- clause. Where the entire first
train is not on the full span, the braking force shall be taken as equal to twenty percent of
the loads actually on the span or continuous unit of spans.
b) In the case of bridges having more than two-lanes: as in (a) above for the first two
lanes plus five per cent of the loads on the lanes in excess of two.
Note : The loads in this Clause shall not be increased on account of impact.

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211.3 The force due to braking effect shall be assumed to act along a line parallel to
the roadway and 1.2 m above it. While transferring the force to the bearings, the
change in the vertical reaction at the bearings should be taken into account.

211.4 The distribution of longitudinal horizontal forces among bridge supports is

effected by the horizontal deformation of bridges, flexing of the supports and rotation of
the foundations. For spans resting on stiff supports, the distribution may be assumed
as given below in Clause 211.5. For spans resting on flexible supports, distribution of
horizontal forces may be carried out according to procedure given below in Clause
211.6.

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211.5 Simply supported and continuous spans on unyielding supports
211.5.1 Simply supported spans on unyielding supports
211.5.1.1 For a simply supported span with fixed and free bearings (other than elastomeric type) on
stiff supports, horizontal forces at the bearing level in the longitudinal direction shall be greater of the
two values given below:
Fixed bearing Free bearing
i) Fh - µ(Rg+Rq) µ(Rq+ Rg)
or
ii) Fh/2 + µ(Rg+Rq) µ(Rg+ Rq)
where
Fh = Applied Horizontal force R
g = Reaction at the free end due to dead load R
q = Reaction at free end due to live load
µ = Coefficient of friction at the movable bearing which shallbe assumed to have the following values:
i) For steel roller bearings 0.03
ii) For concrete roller bearings 0.05
iii) For sliding bearings:
a) Steel on cast iron or steel on steel 0.4
b) Gray cast iron Gray cast iron (Mechanite) 0.3
c) Concrete over concrete with bitumen layer in between 0.5
d) Teflon on stainless steel 0.03 and 0.05 Whichever is governing.
Notes: a) For design of bearing, the corresponding forces may be taken as per relevant IRC Codes.
b) Unbalanced dead load shall be accounted for properly. The structure under the fixed bearing shall be designed to
withstand the full seismic and design braking/tractive force.
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211.5.1.2 In case of simply supported small spans upto 10 m resting on unyielding supports and where
no bearings are provided, horizontal force in the longitudinal direction at the bearing level shall be
= Fh/ 2 or µRg whichever is greater

211.5.1.3 For a simply supported span siting on identical elastomeric bearings at each end resting on
unyielding supports, Force at each end = Fℎ/2+ Vr ltc ,where Vr = Shear rating of the elastomeric
bearings ltc = Movement of deck above bearing, other than that due to applied force.

211.5.1.4 The substructure and foundation shall also be designed for 10 percent variation in
movement of the span of either side.

211.5.2 For continuous bridges with one fixed bearing or other free bearings on unyielding support
refer Table 14.

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 IRC 112 -2011
Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges

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DIFFERENT SECTIONS
Section 1 Contents
Section 2 Introduction
Section 3 Definitions and Notations
Section 4 General
Section 5 Basis of Design
Section 6 Material Properties and their Design Values
Section 7 Analysis
Section 8 Ultimate Limit State of Linear Elements for Bending and Axial Forces
Section 9 Ultimate Limit State of Two and Three Dimensional Elements for Out of Plane and in Plane
Loading Effects
Section 10 Ultimate Limit State of Shear, Punching Shear and Torsion
Section 11 Ultimate Limit State of Induced Deformation
Section 12 Serviceability Limit State
Section 13 Prestressing Systems
Section 14 Durability
Section 15 Detailing: General Requirements
Section 16 Detailing Requirements of Structural Members
Section 17 Ductile Detailing for Seismic Resistance
Section 18 Materials, Quality Control and Workmanship
Normative Annexures: A-1, A-2, A-3 and A-4
Informative Annexures: B-1 Concrete Shell Elements, B-2 Mechanisms of Deterioration of Concrete
Structures B-3 Effect of Live Loads on Deck Slabs .
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