LAWAL SODIQ OLAMILEKAN

03191100
Electrical/electronics engineering
Engineering in society
Assignment
1. Explain vividly why engineering professionals is different from other professional using
medical practitioners as case study?
Engineering professional is different from other professionals because of;
a) Type of service provided: Medical practitioners examine patients to diagnose their
conditions whereas an engineer evaluate problems, processes or products to
determine logical solutions. Doctors who works at hospitals may have to work
schedules outside of traditional hours while most engineers professionals work
traditional business hours and days, but overtime is sometimes required to meet
deadlines.
b) Training requirement: Medical practitioners must complete a more extensive
education than engineering professionals.
c) Salary or income: it is believed that it is much easier engineering professional to
manage big salary packages as compare to doctors. Also, it is a fact that though
engineers manage a salary after 4 years of study, doctor still requires nearly 8 years of
study to get perfection and big pay scales. Engineers can be found at many levels in
the organization. You can see some of them running companies as CEOs and you
may even see some engineers providing low paying technical support services.
Hence, there is no certainty on income levels. On the other hand, people in the
medical profession invariably earn a decent income. Hence, this all depends on
personal capabilities, though the probability is quite high for the engineers even some
surgeons with some great surgical experiences do earn very high packages.
d) Ease of finding a job: Job opportunity is something that students look out before they
enter into any professional course. Jobs in engineering sector are quite high but
because of so much competition in the engineering field, there is a shortage of job in
comparison to the candidate. You won’t come across many doctors or nurses who
says they were unemployed. The reason can be attributed to the fact that there is less
number of medical professional than the required amounts.
e) Challenges: there can be several challenges associated with the medicine job. Though
there are challenges in the other line also but medicine seems to be quite difficult.
Many medical student leave this field after the first three month of study. The
probable reasons can be an allergy to smell operation theatre; unable dissect the frog;
the sight of dead bodies haunts them and many more. However, in the engineering
field, you are mostly associated with office work and have your specific working hour
beyond which there is no such necessity for an engineer to stay there.
 f) Leisure time: While studying medical or even when you become a doctor, you tend to
lose your social life and time for fun activities. Medicine is a branch that demands a
lot. You cannot think of a picnic with your family is schedule for an operation. Also,
they may be posted for emergency duties about which a physician can never
complain. There is a lot of social responsibility also.

2. What are differences between scientific, technology and engineering?

a) Science is knowledge of the natural world put together, Engineering is creation based
on the scientific knowledge put together and Technology is the set of engineered
creations put together.
b) Sciences comes from observation of the world, Engineering comes from acquiring
and applying knowledge’ and Technology comes from repeated application and
approval of the engineered tools.
c) Science is about creating meaning of natural phenomenon, Engineering is about
creating new devices, tools and processes, and Technology is about creating a
collection of engineered and tested tools for the mankind.

3. Explain vividly early of development of technology and engineering.

Engineering is the creative application of science, mathematical method and empirical
evidence to the innovation, design, construction and maintenance of structure, machines,
materials, devices, systems, processes, and organization. The discipline of engineering
encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more
specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics, applied science and type of
application.
Engineering has existed since ancient times, when human devised inventions such as
wedge, levers, wheels and pulley.
The term engineering is derived from the word engineer, which itself date back to 1390
when an engine’er (literally one who operate an engine) referred to “a constructor of
military engines”.
Later, as design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings, matured as a
technical discipline, the term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish
between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those
involve in the discipline of military engineering.
The pyramids in Egypt, the Acropolis and the Parthenon in Greece, the Roman
aqueducts, Via Appia and the Colosseum, among many others, stand as a testament to the
ingenuity and skill of ancient civil and military engineers.
The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep. As one of the officials of the
pharaoh, Djoser. He probably design and supervised the construction of the pyramid of
Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630 – 2611 BC. The Antikythera
mechanism, the first known mechanical computer, and the mechanical inventions of
Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. Some of Archimedes’
inventions as well as the Antikythera mechanism required sophisticated knowledge of
differential gearing or epicyclic gearing, two key principles in machines theory that
helped design the gear trains of the Industrial Revolution, and are still widely used today
in diverse fields such as robotics and automotive engineering.
Ancient Chinese, Greek, Roman and Hungarian armies employed military machines
and inventions such as artillery which was developed by the Greeks around the 4th
century B.C., the trireme, the ballista and the catapult. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet
was developed.
The first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery. The development of this
device gave rise to the Industrial Revolution in the coming decades, allowing for the
beginnings of mass productions.
With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, the term became more
narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied to these ends.
Similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the
mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering.
The inventions of Thomas Newcomen and James Watt gave rise to modern mechanical
engineering. The development of specialized machines and machine tools during the
industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in its
birthplace Britain and abroad.
John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is often regarded as the
“father” of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design
of bridges, canals, harbours, and lighthouses. He was also a capable mechanical engineer
and an eminent physicist. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse (1755–59)
where he pioneered the use of ‘hydraulic lime (a form of mortar which will set under
water) and developed a technique involving dovetailed blocks of granite in the building
of the lighthouse. His lighthouse remained in use until 1877 and was dismantled and
partially rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Sheraton’s Tower. He is important
in the history, rediscovery of, and development of modern cement, because he identified
the compositional requirements needed to obtain “hydraulicity” in lime; work which led
ultimately to the invention of Portland cement.
The foundations of electrical engineering in the 1800s included the experiments of
Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the
electric telegraph in 1816 and the electric motor in 1872. The theoretical work of James
Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics.
The later inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further accelerated the
development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers
currently outnumber their colleagues of any other engineering specialty.
Chemical engineering developed in the late nineteenth century .Industrial scale
manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for
large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created, dedicated
to the development and large scale manufacturing of chemicals in new industrial plants.
The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.
Aeronautical engineering deals with aircraft design process design while aerospace
engineering is a more modern term that expands the reach of the discipline by including
spacecraft design. Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the start
 of the 20th century although the work of Sir George Cayley has recently been dated as
being from the last decade of the 18th century. Early knowledge of aeronautical
engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other
branches of engineering.
Only a decade after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, there was extensive
development of aeronautical engineering through development of military aircraft that
were used in World War I. Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental background
science continued by combining theoretical physics with experiments.
In 1990, with the rise of computer technology, the first search engine was built by
computer engineer Alan Emtage.

4. Enumerate ten impact of engineering technology

a) Health: Advances in medical technology is solely down to engineers, and without it
doctors would not be able to treat patients the way they do today; with fantastic
success rates.
b) Technology: Not only can we access the world with our fingertips, engineers have
also allowed us to build satellites and machines that helps us to understand the world
we live and shape our lives on a daily basis.
c) Communication: We can now get in touch with people at any time of the day in any
part of the world. This has greatly improved the way we do business and how we
talks to our friends, family and strangers on a daily basis.
d) Development: Steam engines, jet engines and airplane are all down to hard work from
engineers, and it has allowed businesses to work smarter and smarter than ever
before.
e) Space: Visiting space may have been a mere dream in the past but not anymore. The
International Space Station is the largest and most complex science undertaking ever.