B504 Basic mathematical principles

1 Brief description
Objective of the module:

Working through this module you learn the mathematical approach necessary for the programming
and for the calculation of missing contour points.

Description of the module:

In this module contour points will be calculated using the Pythagorean theorem and trigonometrical
functions (sine, cosine and tangent).

Content:

Types of angles

The Pythagorean theorem

Trigonometrical functions

Example calculations

828D/840Dsl SINUMERIK Operate

This document was produced for training purposes.

828D/840Dsl SINUMERIK Operate Page 1 Siemens assumes no responsibility for its contents.
B504
 B504

B504 Page 2 828D/840Dsl SINUMERIK Operate

 B504

Basic mathematical principles: Description

Basic mathematical
principles:
In this module contour points will be calculated START
using the Pythagorean theorem and trigonometri-
cal functions (sine, cosine and tangent).

Types of
angles

The Pythago-
rean theorem

Trigonometri-
cal functions

Example
calculations

Basic mathematical
principles:
END

Notes

828D/840Dsl SINUMERIK Operate Page 3 B504

 Section 2 Types of angles

Notes
2.1 Basic principles of coordinate evaluation

Almost all of the contours encountered during machining can be traced

back to a interface of straight lines and circular arcs.

For part programming the respective endpoint of the contour element must
be known.

In most cases these contour points can be taken directly from the drawing
provided dimensioning is NC-suitable. In some cases, however, the an
evaluation of coordinates may be necessary. For these calculations a ba-
sic knowledge of the types of angles, trigonometrical functions and the Py-
thagorean theorem is required.

2.2 Types of angles

In the case of oblique work piece contours angles with a definite relation-
ship to one another result between the contour sections. Depending on
their relative position a differentiation is made between complementary an-
gles, step angles and side angles.

Complementary angles Step angles

add up to 180° have always the same value

If a transition is at right angles to the radius centre point it is always a tan-

gential transition, and there is no corner shown on the technical drawing.
If a corner line is shown, it is not a tangential transition.

B504 Page 4 828D/840Dsl SINUMERIK Operate

The Pythagorean theorem Section 3
Notes
The right angled triangle has a special meaning in geometry, since the
sides of such a triangle exhibit a definite relationship to one another.

The various sides of the right angled triangle are named specifically:
The longest line opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse.
The two other lines, which form the right angle, are called cathetus.
The side opposite an angle is called the opposite side.
The bounding side of the angle is called the adjacent side.

In case of a right angled triangle the missing length of a side can be calcu-
lated if the length of the other two sides is known. For this the Pythagorean
theorem is used.

Pythagorean theorem:

In a right-angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse (the side

opposite the right angle), c, is equal to the sum of the squares
of the other two sides, b and a - that is: a² + b² = c².

c²= a² + b²

5x5=25

c
a 3x3=9
16+9=25

4x4=16
c = a2 b2

b = c2 a2

c2 b2
By suitable rearrangement of
the equations the respective a =
sides can be calculated.

828D/840Dsl SINUMERIK Operate Page 5 B504

 Section 4 Trigonometrical functions

Notes
The trigonometrical ratios describe the relationships between the angles
and the sides in a right angled triangle. With the aid of these trigonometri-
cal functions it is possible to calculate both angles and sides in a right an-
gled triangle. For this one side and an angle or two sides must be known.
The selection of the suitable trigonometrical function, i. e. the sine, cosine
or tangent, depends on which sides and angles are known and which side
or angle is to be found.

1. Adjacent side (AS)

2. Hypotenuse (H)

3. Opposite side (OS)

β
α Angle 2
β Angle

3
α

By the use of the various trigonometrical functions all sides and angles can
be calculated.

Sine function

OS OS
sin α H OS sin α * H
H sin

Cosine function

AS AS
cos H AS cos *H
H cos
Tangent function

OS OS
tan AS OS tan * AS
AS tan

B504 Page 6 828D/840Dsl SINUMERIK Operate

Example calculations Section 5
Notes
5.1 Task

P1 M1 P2 P3 P4 M2

X 25 35 40 30

Z -20 -20

Evaluate the missing coordinates of the points “P1” to “P4”, as well as

“M1” and “M2”

Enter the coordinate values in the table.

The values for the spaces shown with a dark background are dimen-
sions that can be taken directly from the drawing.

Note: All X values are diameter values

See the next page for the solution of this example.

828D/840Dsl SINUMERIK Operate Page 7 B504

 Section 5 Example calculations

Notes
5.2 Solution for the example calculation

P1 M1 P2 P3 P4 M2

X 25 35 27,929 37,071 40 30

Z -20 -20 -23,536 -28,107 -31,642 -31,642

For the solution method see the following page

B504 Page 8 828D/840Dsl SINUMERIK Operate

Example calculations Section 5
Notes
5.3 Solution method

Since the two sides are equal, all values can be found using the Pythago-
rean theorem.

xp2 5 5² / 2 3,5355
zp2 xp2 3,5355
zp4 zp2 * ( 1) 3,5355
xp3 zp4 3,5355

P2x 25 (2 * (5 xp2)) 25 (2 * (5 3,5355)) 27,929

P2z P1z zp2 20 zp2 20 5² / 2 20 3,5355 23,5355
P3x 40 2 * (5 3,5355) 37,071
a (P3x p2x) / 2 (37,071 27,929) / 2 4,571
zp3 a 4,571
P3z P1z zp 2 zp3 20 3,535 4,571 28,1065
P4z P3z zp2 28,1065 3,5355 31,642

828D/840Dsl SINUMERIK Operate Page 9 B504

B504 Page 10 828D/840Dsl SINUMERIK Operate