Measurement and geometry

9
Trigonometry
The word trigonometry comes from the Greek language:
trigonon, meaning triangle, and metron, meaning measure.
Trigonometry uses triangles to find unknown lengths and
angles that cannot be measured physically. It has wide
applications in engineering, surveying, navigation,
astronomy, electronics and construction.
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A ustralian Curriculum 10 þ10A

Shutterstock.com/AJE
n Chapter outline n Wordbank
Proficiency strands bearing The angle used to show the direction of one
9-01 Right-angled location from a given point
trigonometry U F PS R C complementary angles Two angles that add to 90°
9-02 Bearings U F PS R C
9-03 Pythagoras’ theorem and cosine rule A rule that relates the three sides and one of
trigonometry in 3D* F PS R C the angles of any triangle: a 2 ¼ b 2 þ c 2  2bc cos A
9-04 Trigonometric relations* U F R C exact ratio The sine, cosine and tangent of the special
9-05 The trigonometric angles 30°, 45° and 60°, which can be expressed as exact
functions* U F R C fractions or surds rather than decimal approximations
9-06 Trigonometric equations* U F R C included angle The angle between two known sides
9-07 The sine rule* U F PS R C
9-08 The sine rule for angles* U F PS R C sine rule A rule that relates the sides of any triangle to the
9-09 The cosine rule* U F PS R C sine of their opposite angles: a ¼ b ¼ c
9-10 The cosine rule for sin A sin B sin C
angles* U F PS R C
9-11 The area of a triangle* U F PS R C
9-12 Problems involving the
sine and cosine rules* F PS R C

*STAGE 5.3

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Trigonometry

n In this chapter you will:

• solve right-angled triangle problems including those involving direction and angles of elevation
and depression
• (STAGE 5.3) apply Pythagoras’ theorem and trigonometry to solving three-dimensional
problems in right-angled triangles
• (STAGE 5.3) use the unit circle to define trigonometric functions, and graph them with and
without the use of digital technologies
• (STAGE 5.3) solve simple trigonometric equations
• (STAGE 5.3) establish the sine, cosine and area rules for any triangle and solve related problems
• apply trigonometry to problems involving bearings
• (STAGE 5.3) understand and use the exact trigonometric ratios and relations such as
sin y
sin y ¼ cos (90°  y), tan y ¼ and cos A ¼ cos (180°  A)
cos y

SkillCheck
Worksheet

StartUp assignment 9
1 Round each angle to the nearest degree.
(Advanced) a 64°270 b 25°430 c 12°80 5000
MAT10MGWK10218
2 Evaluate each expression correct to four decimal places.
Worksheet a cos 32° b sin 50.9° c tan 8°450
Trigonometric d 200 tan 18° e 14 sin 87°400 f 13
calculations cos 18 270
3 Convert each angle to degrees and minutes, correct to the nearest minute.
MAT10MGWK10056
a 45.80 b 33.1750 c 5.3460
Worksheet
4 Find the size of angle A, correct to the nearest minute.
Investigating 3
trigonometry ratios a cos A ¼ b tan A ¼ 2.7 c sin A ¼ 0.4716
7
MAT10MGWK00027

Puzzle sheet

Trigonometry equations

MAT10MGPS00032 9-01 Right-angled trigonometry

Puzzle sheet
There are three trigonometric ratios that relate the lengths of two sides of a right-angled triangle:
Finding an unknown
angle
sine, cosine and tangent.
MAT10MGPS00033
Summary
Worksheet

Trigonometry review The trigonometric ratios

MAT10MGWK10057 opposite e
sin y ¼ te nus
Puzzle sheet
hypotenuse hypo opposite
adjacent
Solving triangles cos y ¼ θ
hypotenuse adjacent
MAT10MGPS00034
opposite
tan y ¼
adjacent

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Example 1
Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to one decimal place.
a b
12 cm
15.6 m

67.8°
35° 26′ k cm
wm

Solution
 0 w
a cos 35 26 ¼ w is adjacent and 15.6 is the hypotenuse, so use cos.
15:6
w ¼ 15:6 cos 35 260 On a calculator: 15.6 cos 35 ” 26 ” =
From the diagram, 12.7 m seems to be a reasonable
¼ 12:710 . . .
answer.
 12:7 m
12 is opposite and k is the hypotenuse, so use sin.
b sin 67:8 ¼ 12
12 k On a calculator: 12 ÷ sin 67.8 =
k¼ From the diagram, 13.0 cm seems to be a reasonable
sin 67:8
¼ 12:960 . . . answer.
 13:0 cm

Example 2
Find the value of y, correct to the nearest minute.

35 mm

θ
24 mm

Solution
tan y ¼ 35 35 is opposite and 24 mm is the adjacent side,
24
so use tan.
y ¼ 55:561 . . . On a calculator: SHIFT tan 35 [ [ 24 =
¼ 55 330 39:6400 On a calculator: press ” or DMS to convert
 55 340 to degrees, minutes, seconds.
From the diagram, 55°340 seems to be a
reasonable answer.

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Trigonometry

Video tutorial Angles of elevation and depression

Trigonometry

MAT10MGVT00010

horizontal
lin
eo
angle of θ
fs
ig depression
ht
ht
f sig
angle of e o
elevation lin
θ

Problems involving angles of elevation and depression usually require the tan ratio in their
solutions.

Video tutorial
Example 3
Angles of elevation and
depression
The angle of elevation from a yacht to the top of a cliff is 18°. If the yacht is 190 m from the
MAT10MGVT10023
base of the cliff, find correct to one decimal place the height of the cliff.

18°
190 m

Solution
Let the height be x metres.
x
tan 18 ¼ x
190
x ¼ 190 tan 18 18°
¼ 61:73474 . . . 190 m
 61:7 m

The height of the cliff is 61.7 m.

Video tutorial
Example 4
Angles of elevation and
depression
The angle of depression of a boat from the top of 8°
MAT10MGVT10023 a cliff is 8°. If the boat is 350 m from the base of
the cliff, calculate the height of the cliff, correct to
h
the nearest metre.

350 m

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Solution
By alternate angles, the angle of elevation of the 8°
top of the cliff from the boat is also 8°.
h
tan 8 ¼ h
350
h ¼ 350 tan 8
¼ 49:1892 . . . 8°
 49
350 m
The height of the cliff is 49 m.
Alternative method
The third angle in the triangle (adjacent to the angle of depression) ¼ 90°  8° ¼ 82°.
350
tan 82 ¼
h
350
h¼
tan 82
¼ 49:1892 . . .
 49

The height of the cliff is 49 m.

Exercise 9-01 Right-angled trigonometry

1 Calculate, correct to one decimal place, the value of each pronumeral. All measurements are in See Example 1
centimetres.
a b c
87 64.3°
15.8 q
42°
y m
55°42′
37.2

d e a f
18°35′ x
w 37° 8.54 23.7 42.8°
55

g h i
v 7.42

c 46.78
52°24′
23°
r
67.1°

19

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Trigonometry

See Example 2 2 Find the value of y, correct to the nearest minute.

a b 4.5 m c
8m 5m θ
6.7 m 56 mm 41 mm
θ
θ

d e f
θ

4.9 123
12
θ 28
θ 87
3.7
3 A 6-metre ladder rests against a wall. The foot of the ladder is 1.8 m from the base of the wall.
Find:
a the angle (to the nearest degree) that the ladder makes with the ground
b the distance (correct to one decimal place) that the ladder reaches up the wall.
4 A road rises 55 m for every 750 m travelled along it. To the nearest degree, at what angle is the
road rising?
5 A kite attached to a string is flying at a height of 75 m. If the string makes an angle of 49° with
the vertical, what is the length of the string, correct to the nearest metre?
6 A ramp rises at an angle of 12° to the ground. If the top of the ramp is 1.35 m above the
ground, calculate the length of the ramp, correct to two decimal places.
7 A section on a water slide has a vertical rise of 50 m and a horizontal run of 40 m.
a At what angle is the slide descending, correct to the nearest minute?
b What is the gradient of the section?
8 The training of a football team involves running up and down a sandhill 25 times. If the hill is
30 m high and inclined at an angle of 35° to the horizontal, how far does the team run during
training? Answer correct to the nearest 0.1 km.
9 A radio tower is supported by cables as shown. The cables make an
angle of 75° with the ground and are fixed 3 m from the base of the
tower. Calculate, correct to one decimal place:
a the length of each cable
b how far up the tower each cable is fastened.

75°
3m 3m

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10 Copy each diagram, mark the angle of depression y and find its size.
a b c

41°

62°

43°

11 Sang Koo stands 800 m from the base of a building. See Example 3
His angle of elevation to the top of the building is 9°.
Find the height of the building, correct to the nearest
metre. 9°
800 m
12 The angle of elevation of a weather balloon at a height
of 950 m is 40°. How far (to the nearest metre) is the
observer from being directly under the balloon?
950 m

40°

13 A raft is 284 m from the base of a cliff. The angle of 32° See Example 4
depression of the raft from the top of the cliff is 32°.
Find the height of the cliff, correct to the nearest metre.

284 m
14 From the top of a 200 m tower, the angle of depression
of a car is 48°. How far is the car from the foot of the
tower? Answer correct to the nearest metre.
200 m

15 In a concert hall, Bill is sitting 20 m from the stage by line of sight, 5 m above the level of the
stage. At what angle of depression is the stage? Answer correct to the nearest minute.
16 A tree that is 8.45 m tall casts a shadow that is 1.53 m long. Find the angle of elevation of the
Sun, correct to the nearest minute.
17 A glider is directly above one end of a runway at a height of 255 m. The angle of depression to
the other end of the runway is 28°. How long is the runway, correct to the nearest metre?
18 A building casts a shadow 53 m long. The angle of elevation of the Sun is 42°. How tall is the
building, correct to the nearest 0.1 metre?
19 A flagpole is mounted on top of a building. At a distance of 250 m from the base of the
building, the angles of elevation of the bottom and top of the flagpole are 38° and 40°
respectively. Calculate the height of the flagpole, correct to one decimal place.
20 A news helicopter hovers at a height of 500 m. The angles of depression of a fire moving in the
direction of the helicopter are first 10° and then 15°. How far (to the nearest metre) has the
fire moved between the two observations?

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Trigonometry

Worksheet

A page of bearings 9-02 Bearings

MAT10MGWK10058
Bearings are used in navigation. A bearing is an angle measurement used to describe precisely the
Worksheet
direction of one location from a given reference point.
Bearings match-up Three-figure bearings, also called true bearings, use angles from 000° to 360° to show the amount
MAT10MGWK10061 of turning measured clockwise from north 000°. Note that the angles are always written with three
digits.
Worksheet
The compass rose (below left) shows the three-figure bearings of eight points on the compass. A
NSW map bearings
bearing of due east is 090°, while a compass direction of southwest (SW) is 225°.
MAT10MGWK10060
N
Worksheet (000°) (000°)
N NNW NNE
16 points of the
compass NW NE (315°) NW NE (045°)
MAT10MGWK10059 (315°) (045°)
WNW ENE
Worksheet W E (270°) W E (090°)
(270°) (090°)
Elevations and bearings
WSW ESE
MAT10MGWK10062
SW SE (225°) SW SE (135°)
Quiz (225°) (135°) SSE
S SSW
Trigonometry (180°) S
MAT10MGQZ00010 (180°)
Compass bearings refer to sixteen points of a mariner’s compass (above right).

Example 5
Write the three-figure bearing of each point from O.
a N b N c N
T M
43°
38°
O 12° O O
X

Solution
a The bearing of X from O is 90° þ 12° ¼ 102°.
b The bearing of T from O is 360°  43° ¼ 317°.
c The bearing of M from O is 90°  38° ¼ 052° Must be written as a three-digit angle.

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Example 6
Sketch point B on a compass rose if B has a bearing of 160° from A.

Solution
Draw the compass rose on the point where the bearing is being N
measured from.
160° is between 90° and 180°, so B is in the southeast (SE)
160°
quadrant.
A
180°  160° ¼ 20°, so B is 20° from south (S).
20°
B

Example 7 Video tutorial

Bearings
A plane leaves a town and remains on a bearing of 122° for 260 km. MAT10MGVT10022

a How far south of the town is the plane, correct to one decimal place? Video tutorial
b What is the bearing of the town from the plane?
Trigonometry

MAT10MGVT00010
Solution
a Let d km ¼ distance south N
\SOP ¼ 180  122 ðangles on a straight lineÞ
¼ 58
cos 58 ¼ d W
122°
E
260 O
d ¼ 260 cos 58 58° 260 km
d
¼ 137:7790 . . . P
 137:8
S
The plane is 137.8 km south of the town.
b Draw a compass rose with its centre at P. North
\OPN ¼ 58° (alternate angles on parallel
lines)
Bearing of O from P ¼ 360  58 122°
¼ 302 O
58° North
Bearing of town from plane ¼ 302°

58°

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Trigonometry

Exercise 9-02 Bearings

See Example 5 1 Write the bearing of each point from O.
a N b N c N
F
M 46°
65°

33° O O O
P

d N e N f N

O O
25° O
H 40° W
30°
T

g N h N i N

E
X
42° O 25°
O 73° O
A

2 What is the bearing of each point from O? N

a N b E c S d W T F
e F f Q g T h B
i H j K
O 38° H
3 What is the compass direction shown by point B 60° 18°
in question 2? W E
45°
55°
4 a What is the compass direction halfway between
7°
northwest and west? Q
B
b What is the three-figure bearing of this compass
direction? K
S
See Example 6 5 Sketch P on a compass rose if P has a bearing of:
a 132° from T b 260° from M c 335° from X d 010° from K

See Example 7 6 A yacht leaves Sydney and sails 98 km on N

a bearing of 077°.
N
a How far north of Sydney is the yacht? Y

b What is the bearing of Sydney from the yacht? 98 km

77°
S

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7 Colin leaves Bourke and drives 204 km to Nyngan. N
The bearing of Nyngan from Bourke is 127°.
a Find the value of y. Bourke

b How far south of Bourke is Nyngan?

c What is the bearing of Bourke from Nyngan? 204 km

Nyngan

8 Jana cycles 10 km due west, then 7 km due north.

a How far (correct to one decimal place) is Jana from her starting point?
b What is her bearing from the starting point, correct to the nearest degree?
9 A triathlete cycles 20 km on a SSE bearing to the finish line.
a How far (to the nearest km) has the triathlete travelled in a southerly direction?
b What is the compass bearing of the starting point from the finish line?
10 A hiking group walks from Sandy Flats to Black Ridge (a distance of 20.9 km) in the direction
078°. They then turn and hike due south to Rivers End, then due west back to Sandy Flats.
How far have they hiked altogether (to the nearest 0.1 km)?
11 A triangular orienteering run starts at Alpha and passes through the checkpoints of Bravo and
Charlie before finishing at Alpha. Bravo is 8.5 km due east of Alpha, and Charlie is 10.5 km
due south of Bravo.
a Calculate, correct to three decimal places, the distance from Charlie to Alpha.
b Find the bearing of Alpha from Charlie, correct to the nearest degree.
12 A plane takes off from Darwin at 10:15 a.m. and flies on a bearing of 150° at 700 km/h.
a How far (to the nearest km) due south of Darwin is the plane at 1:45 p.m.?
b What is the bearing (correct to the nearest degree) of Darwin from the plane?
13 A fishing trawler sails 30 km from port on a bearing of 120° until it reaches a submerged reef.
How far (to the nearest km) is the port:
a north of the reef? b west of the reef?
14 Two racing pigeons are set free at the same time. The first bird flies on a course of 040° while
the second bird flies on a course of 130°.
a The first bird flies 200 km until it is due north of the second bird. Find their distance apart,
correct to two decimal places.
b How far has the second bird flown?

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3
Pythagoras’ theorem and
Puzzle sheet
9-03 trigonometry in 3D
Pythagorean two-step
problems

MAT10MGPS00031
Example 8
Puzzle sheet

Pythagorean triads A wooden box has the shape of a rectangular prism with
4 cm
MAT10MGPS00030 dimensions 18 cm 3 8 cm 3 4 cm.
Animated example a Find, correct to one decimal place, the length of the 8 cm
18 cm
2D and 3D applications longest pencil that can lie flat in the base of the box.
of trigonometry b Find, correct to one decimal place, the length of the longest diagonal of the box.
MAT10MGAE00010 c Find, correct to the nearest degree, the angle that the longest diagonal makes with the
base of the box.

Solution
Label the box as shown. HD is the length of the E F
longest pencil that can lie flat in the base of the C
B 4 cm
box, while ED is the longest diagonal of the box. H θ G
a Using the right-angled triangle DAH: A 18 cm 8 cm
D
HD2 ¼ DA2 þ AH 2 using Pythagoras’ theorem
¼ 182 þ 82
¼ 388
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
HD ¼ 388
¼ 19:6977 . . .
 19:7 cm
The longest pencil that can lie flat in the base From the diagram, 19.7 cm seems to
of the box is 19.7 cm. be a reasonable answer.
b Using the right-angled triangle EHD:
ED2 ¼ HD2 þ HE 2 using Pythagoras’ theorem
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
ED2 ¼ 388 þ 42
¼ 404
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ED ¼ 404
¼ 20:0997 . . .
 20:1 cm
The longest diagonal of the box is 20.1 cm. From the diagram, 20.1 cm seems
to be a reasonable answer.

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c In the right-angled triangle EHD, y is the Stage 5.3
angle that the longest diagonal makes with
the base of the box.
EH or use sin or cos as ED is also known
tan y ¼
HD
4
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
388
y ¼ 11:4789 . . . SHIFT tan 4 [ [ 388 =
 11
The longest diagonal makes an angle of 11°
with the base of the box.

Example 9
A 100 m high flagpole is observed from two different N
T
locations. From point A, due south of the flagpole the
angle of elevation of the top of the flagpole is 35°; from 100 m
point B, due east of the flagpole the angle of elevation is
22°. Find, correct to the nearest metre, the distance 22° E
C B
between A and B.

Solution 35°
There are three right-angled triangles in this diagram. A
To find AB, we must first find AC and CB using S
trigonometry.
In triangle ACT,
tan 35 ¼ 100
AC
100
AC ¼
tan 35
 142:8148 . . .
In triangle BCT,
100
tan 22 ¼
CB
100
CB ¼
tan 22
 247:5086 . . . Do not round yet.
In triangle ABC, Do not round yet.
AB2 ¼ AC 2 þ CB2
¼ ð142:8148 . . .Þ2 þ ð247:5086 . . .Þ2
¼ 81 656:6166 . . .
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
AB ¼ 81 656:6166 . . . From the diagram, 286 m seems
¼ 285:7562 . . . to be a reasonable answer.
 286 m

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3
Exercise 9-03 Pythagoras’ theorem and
trigonometry problems in 3D
See Example 8 1 For this rectangular prism, calculate: G F
a the length of AE in surd form
6 cm
b the length of AF correct to one decimal place D C
c the size of \FAE correct to the nearest degree. E
H
8 cm

A 12 cm B
2 Sketch a diagram of a cube of length 20 cm, then find:
a the exact length of the longest diagonal on any face
b the length of the longest diagonal of the cube, correct to two decimal places
c the angle that the longest diagonal makes with the base, correct to the nearest minute.
P
3 The diagram shows a square pyramid with base length 8 cm
and perpendicular height 20 cm. PX is the slant height of the
pyramid. Calculate:
a the length of PX, correct to two decimal places
D C
b the angle of inclination of PX, correct to the nearest degree

O X

A 8 cm B
4 A cone has a base diameter of 2.8 m and a slant height
of 2.5 m. Find the angle that the cone makes with the vertical
at the top of the cone.
5 A fruit juice container has the shape of a square prism with dimensions 8 cm by 3 cm by 3 cm.
a Find, correct to one decimal place, the length of the longest straw that fits inside the
container.
b Correct to the nearest degree, what angle does the longest straw make with the vertical?
6 From a point X, 37 m from the base of a tree, the angle of elevation is 55° while the angle of
elevation of the tree, from a point Y due east of the tree, is 25°. Find, correct to the nearest
metre:
a the height of the tree b the distance of the tree from point Y
See Example 9 7 A 15 m flagpole stands on level ground. From point P, due west of the flagpole the angle of
elevation of the top of the pole is 38°. From point Q, due north of the flagpole, the flagpole
has an angle of elevation of 25°. Find the distance of PQ, correct to one decimal place.

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8 From a point, A, at the base of a mountain, the mountain P Stage 5.3
peak, P, is due north and has an angle of elevation of
20°. From a point, B, 2 km due east of A on the same N
level, the mountain peak has a bearing of 320°. C N
a What is the size of \CBA?

°
b Calculate the height of the mountain PC correct

20
to the nearest metre.

A 2 km B E
320°

9 From the top of her 55 metre office building, Madison S

T
observes two cars parked at ground level. The angle of 48°
depression of the car due east of the building is 48° and 33°
the angle of depression of the car parked due south of 55 m
the building is 33°. Calculate, correct to the nearest
metre, how far:
E
a each car is from the building O
b the cars are apart.

S
10 Hassan observes a transmission tower at an T Animated example
elevation angle of 12° and bearing 038°. 2D and 3D applications
Fatima stands 375 m due east of Hassan of trigonometry
and observes the tower at a bearing of 308°. N W MAT10MGAE00010
a Find the sizes of the angles of 4FHW. 38° 12° N
b Find the height of the tower TW correct H
F E
to one decimal place. 375 m
308°
11 A plane flies 6 km due west of Keira Bay at a constant P
height of 800 m. Xander sees the plane from his house
N
1.6 km south of Keira Bay. Find, correct to the nearest
0.8 km
degree:
a the bearing of the plane from Xander 6 km KB
W
b the angle of elevation of the plane from Xander. Q
1.6 km

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3

NSW
9-04 Trigonometric relations
Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles
Complementary angles add up to 90° and the sine and cosine ratios are called complementary
ratios. That is why co-sine is named as the complement of sine.
In 4ABC, \C ¼ 90° so \A þ \B ¼ 90° due to the angle sum of a triangle. B
[ A and B are complementary angles and B ¼ 90°  A. c
a
a
Now sin A ¼ and cos A ¼ b
c c
A b C
b
But sin B ¼ and cos B ¼ a
c c
[ sin A ¼ cos B and cos A ¼ sin B
But B ¼ 90°  A
[ sin A ¼ cos (90°  A) and cos A ¼ sin (90°  A)

Summary

The sine of an angle is equal to the cosine of its complement: sin A ¼ cos (90°  A)
The cosine of an angle is equal to the sine of its complement: cos A ¼ sin (90°  A)

Example 10

a If sin 35° ¼ cos a, find a.

b If P þ Q ¼ 90° and sin Q ¼ 15, find:
17
i cos P ii cos Q

Solution
a sin 35 ¼ cos ð90  35 Þ sin A ¼ cos (90°  A)
¼ cos 55
[ a ¼ 55
b i Since P þ Q ¼ 90° P and Q are complementary angles.
cos P ¼ sin Q P
15
) cos P ¼
17
ii Since sin Q ¼ 15, draw a right-angled triangle 17 15
17
to find cos Q.

x2 ¼ 172  152 Q x
¼ 64 by Pythagoras’ theorem
pffiffiffiffiffi
x ¼ 64
¼8
) cos Q ¼ 8
17

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Exact trigonometric ratios of 30°, 45° and 60° Stage 5.3

The value of most trigonometric ratios can only be approximated in decimal form. However, the Worksheet
trigonometric ratios of the special angles 30°, 45° and 60° can be written in exact (surd) form. The exact ratios
These are called the exact ratios. MAT10MGWK10219
For the angle 45°, consider the isosceles right-angled triangle ABC with equal B
sides 1 unit and equal angles 45°.
45°
By Pythagoras’ theorem, 2 1
AB2 ¼ 12 þ 12
45°
¼2 A 1 C
pffiffiffi
AB ¼ 2 units
1 1 1
) sin 45 ¼ pffiffiffi , cos 45 ¼ pffiffiffi , tan 45 ¼ ¼ 1
2 2 1
For the angles 30° and 60°, consider the equilateral triangle ABC with equal sides 2 units long and
equal angles 60°, then draw an axis of symmetry AD bisecting angle A and side BC.
By Pythagoras’ theorem, C C
CD2 ¼ 22  12
¼3 30° 30° 30°
pffiffiffi
CD ¼ 3 units 2 2 2
pffiffiffi 3 3
1 3 1
) sin 30 ¼ , cos 30 ¼ , tan 30 ¼ pffiffiffi
2 2 3 60° 60° 60°
pffiffiffi
 3  1 
pffiffiffi A 1 D 1 B A 1 D
sin 60 ¼ , cos 60 ¼ , tan 60 ¼ 3
2 2

Summary

The exact trigonometric ratios

30° 45° 60°

pffiffiffi
1 3
sin p1ffiffiffi
2 2 2
pffiffiffi
3 1 1
cos pffiffiffi
2 2 2
pffiffiffi
tan p1ffiffiffi 1 3
3

Note that sin 30° ¼ cos 60°, sin 60° ¼ cos 30°, and sin 45° ¼ cos 45°, because 30° and 60° are
complementary angles and 45° is the complement of itself.

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Stage 5.3 Example 11

Find the exact value of each pronumeral.
a D b
2

θ
x 3

60°
F 12 E

Solution pffiffiffi
3
a tan 60 ¼ x
b cos y ¼
12 2
) x ¼ 12 tan 60 y ¼ 30
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
¼ 12 3 tan 60 ¼ 3

Exercise 9-04 Trigonometric relations

See Example 10 1 Find the value of each pronumeral.
a sin 47° ¼ cos X b cos 74° ¼ sin Y c sin 2.55° ¼ cos P
d cos 55.2° ¼ sin y e sin 38°170 ¼ cos M f cos 17°380 ¼ sin T
2 Simplify each expression.
 sinð90  yÞ
a cos 22°  sin 68° b sin 57  c
cos 33 cos y
5
3 If sin a ¼ and a þ b ¼ 90°, find cos b, cos a and sin b.
13
40
4 Given cos E ¼ , and E and F are complementary angles, find sin F, sin E and cos F.
41
5 If X þ Y ¼ 90°, find the exact values of cos Y, sin Y and sin 2
pffiffiffiX, given cos X ¼ 3.
5
6 Find the exact values of cos f, sin f and cos y if sin y ¼ and y ¼ 90°  f.
4
See Example 11 7 In each triangle, find the exact value of the pronumeral.
a k b c 3

24
k
16 45°
30° 60°
k

d e f
θ
6
2 3 3
2
θ

6 θ
1

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8 Find the width of this river in exact form. Stage 5.3

60°
35 m

Mental skills 9 Maths without calculators

Simplifying fractions and ratios

When simplifying a fraction or a ratio, look for a common factor to divide into both the
numerator and the denominator, preferably the highest common factor (HCF).
1 Study each example.
160
a Simplify :
400
160 ¼ 16
400 40 dividing numerator and denominator by 10
2
16 ¼ 2
405 5 dividing numerator and denominator by 8
Note: This fraction could be simplified in one step if you divided by 80, the HCF of
160 and 400.
b Simplify 135 : 90.
27 18
135 : 90 ¼ 135 : 90 ¼ 27 : 18 dividing both terms by 5
3 2
27 : 18 ¼ 3 : 2 dividing both terms by 9
c What fraction is 36 minutes of 1 hour?
36 ¼ 36 min ¼ 3
1 h 60 min 5
2 Now simplify each fraction or ratio.
a 10 b 16 c 30 d 8
15 20 42 16
e 20 f 6 g 20 h 12
80 36 24 30
i 20 : 36 j 25 : 45 k 18 : 40 l 28 : 35
5 18 12 10
m 27 : 21 n 16 : 12 o 3 p 3
6 25 50 21
3 Express each as a simplified fraction.
a 425 g of 1 kg b 8 months of 1 year c 64 cm of 1 m
d 750 mL of 3 L e 10 hours of 2 days f 80c of $10

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Stage 5.3
9-05 The trigonometric functions
Trigonometric ratios of any angle
The sine, cosine and tangent ratios can be extended to y
include angles that are over 90°, that is, obtuse and reflex 1
angles. The trigonometric ratios for angles of any size can be P (x, y)
best explained using a unit circle.
θ
A unit circle is a circle of radius 1 drawn on a number –1 O X 1 x
plane, with the origin as the centre of the circle. Starting
from the positive direction of the x-axis, angles can be
–1
measured around this circle in an anticlockwise direction.
Let P(x, y) be any point on the unit circle as shown and y the angle that PO makes with the
positive x-axis.
Let the vertical interval from P meet the x-axis at X to make the right-angled triangle OXP.
Since P has coordinates (x, y), OX ¼ x and XP ¼ y.
OX
In 4XOP; cos y ¼
OP
x
¼ OP ¼ 1 because it is the radius of the unit circle
1
[ cos y ¼ x The x-coordinate of point P on the unit circle
XP
Also; sin y ¼
OP
y
¼
1
[ sin y ¼ y The y-coordinate of the point P on a unit circle
and tan y ¼ XP
OX
y
) tan y ¼
x

Summary
If P(x, y) is any point on the unit circle, and y is the y
angle that PO makes with the positive x-axis, then: 1
P (x, y)
sin y ¼ y-coordinate of P
cos y ¼ x-coordinate of P θ
–1 O 1 x
y-coordinate of P
tan y ¼
x-coordinate of P
–1

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Now we can investigate the trigonometric ratios Stage 5.3
y
for all angles from y ¼ 0° to 360°, by looking at 2nd quadrant: 90° 1st quadrant:
P(x, y) on the unit circle in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and θ from 90° to 180° θ from 0° to 90°
4th quadrants.
0° or 360°
180° x

3rd quadrant: 4th quadrant:

θ from 180° to 270° 270° θ from 270° to 360°

The unit circle can also be used to define the trigonometric ratios for angles below 0° and above 360°.
Negative angles (below 0°) are measured in a clockwise y
direction on the unit circle. In this diagram, M represents
P
40° but it could also represent 360°  40° ¼ 320°.
40°
Angles above 360° are measured on the unit circle by O –40° x
going around the circle more than once. In the diagram,
P represents 40° but it could also represent 360° þ 40° ¼ 400°. M

The tangent ratio

The tangent ratio can be expressed in terms of the sine and cosine ratios.
Since sin y ¼ y and cos y ¼ x,
sin y y
¼
cos y x
y
But tan y ¼
x
sin y
) tan y ¼
cos y

Summary
sin y
tan y ¼
cos y

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3
Example 12
2 3
Given that sin a ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi and cos a ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi, find tan a.
13 13
Solution
sin a
tan a ¼
cos a
Technology 2 3
GeoGebra:
¼ pffiffiffiffiffi 4 pffiffiffiffiffi
13 13
Angles of any pffiffiffiffiffi
magnitude 2 13
¼ pffiffiffiffiffi 3
MAT10MGTC00010 13 3
2
Worksheet ¼
3
The sine and cosine
curves

MAT10MGWK10220
Trigonometric graphs
Worksheet

Unit circle investigation The sine curve

MAT10MGWK00042 sin y ¼ y-coordinate of P (the height of 4OXP), so note its value for y from 0° to 360°.
Technology worksheet h 0° 1st 90° 2nd quadrant 180° 3rd quadrant 270° 4th quadrant 360°

Excel worksheet quadrant 90° to 180° 180° to 270° 270° to 360°

Trigonometric graphs 0° to 90°
MAT10MGCT00016 sin h 0 from 0 to 1 1 from 1 to 0 0 from 0 to 1 1 from 1 to 0 0

Technology worksheet Note that the value of sin y always lies between 1 and 1.
y
Excel spreadsheet: The graph of y ¼ sin y for y from 0° to
Trigonometric graphs 360° is a ‘wave curve’ that repeats itself 1 y = sin θ
MAT10MGCT00046 after 360°.
0.5

90° 180° 270° 360° θ

–0.5

–1

The cosine curve

cos y ¼ x-coordinate of P (the length of the base of 4OXP), so note its value for y from 0° to 360°.
h 0° 1st quadrant 90° 2nd 180° 3rd 270° 4th quadrant 360°
0° to 90° quadrant quadrant 270° to 360°
90° to 180° 180° to
270°
cos h 1 from 1 to 0 0 from 0 to 1 from 1 to 0 from 0 to 1 1
1 0

Note that the value of cos y always lies between 1 and 1.

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The graph of y ¼ cos y for y from 0° to 360° is a ‘wave curve’ that repeats itself after 360°. Stage 5.3

1.0

y = cos θ
0.5

0 90° 180° 270° 360° θ

–0.5

–1.0

The tangent curve

y-coordinate of P sin y
tan y ¼ ¼ , so note its value for y from 0° to 360°.
x-coordinate of P cos y
h 0° 1st quadrant 90° 2nd quadrant 180°
0° to 90° 90° to 180°

tan h 0 þ 1 þ 0
¼0 ¼ positive ¼ undefined ¼ negative ¼0
1 þ 0  1

h 3rd quadrant 270° 4th quadrant 360°

180° to 270° 270° to 360°

tan h  1  0
¼ positive ¼ undefined ¼ negative ¼0
 0 þ 1

Note that the value of tan y has no value at 90° and 270°.
The graph of y ¼ tan y for y from 0° to 360° is a curve that repeats itself after 180°, with
asymptotes at y ¼ 90° and 270°.

y
y = tan θ

0
90° 180° 270° 360° θ
–1

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3 Trigonometric ratios of supplementary angles

For obtuse angles (between 90° and 180°, represented by y
the 2nd quadrant in the unit circle), we can use this diagram 180° − θ 1
where Q is a reflection of P across the y-axis. Q P (x, y)
QO makes an angle of 180°  y with the positive x-axis. θ θ
In the 2nd quadrant, Q has a negative x-coordinate and a –1 O 1 x
positive y-coordinate, so if the coordinates of P are (x, y),
then the coordinates of Q are (x, y). –1
 sine
) cos ð180  yÞ ¼ x
¼  cos y

) sin ð180  yÞ ¼ y
¼ sin y
y
) tan ð180  yÞ ¼
x
y
¼
x
¼  tan y

Summary
For obtuse angles (in the second quadrant), sine is positive while cosine and tangent are
negative.
The sine of an obtuse angle is equal to the sine of its supplement: sin (180°  A) ¼ sin A
The cosine of an obtuse angle is equal to the negative cosine of its supplement:
cos (180°  A) ¼ cos A
The tangent of an obtuse angle is equal to the negative tangent of its supplement:
tan (180°  A) ¼ tan A

Example 13
If y is acute, find y if:
a tan 140° ¼ tan y b sin 100° ¼ sin y c cos 120° ¼ cos y

Solution
a y ¼ 180  140 b y ¼ 180  100 c y ¼ 180  120
¼ 40 ¼ 80 ¼ 60
[ tan 140° ¼ tan 40° [ sin 100° ¼ sin 80° [ cos 120° ¼ cos 60°

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Stage 5.3
Example 14
Find the exact value of each expression.
a sin 120° b tan 135°

Solution
a sin 120 ¼ sin ð180  120 Þ b tan 135 ¼  tanð180  135 Þ
¼ sin 60 ¼  tan 45
pffiffiffi
3 ¼ 1
¼
2

Exercise 9-05 The trigonometric functions

1 a If sin A ¼ 60 and cos A ¼ 91 , find tan A b If sin Y ¼ 0.2 and cos Y ¼ 0.15, find tan Y See Example 12
109 109
c If sin X ¼ p2ffiffiffiffiffi and cos X ¼ p3ffiffiffiffiffi , find tan X d If cos P ¼ 40 and sin P ¼ 9 , find tan P
13 13 41 41
pffiffiffiffiffi
40
e If cos Q ¼ 3 and sin Q ¼ , find tan Q f If cos X ¼ 60 and tan X ¼ 11 , find sin X
7 7 61 60
pffiffiffi
24 24 2 5
g If tan X ¼ and sin X ¼ , find cos X h If tan X ¼ pffiffiffi and cos X ¼ , find sin X
7 25 5 3
2 State whether each acute or obtuse angle is positive (P) or negative (N).
a sin 95° b cos 46° c tan 153° d cos 171°
e sin 142° f tan 91° g tan 130° h cos 87°
3 Evaluate, correct to two decimal places, each trigonometric expression.
a cos 153° b tan 349° c sin 230° d tan 173°420
e cos 300.9° f sin 324.8° g sin 176°540 h cos 245°230
i tan (38°) j sin (61°) k tan 370° l cos 434°
4 a Copy and complete this table of values for y ¼ sin y, evaluating y correct to two decimal
places.

h 0° 30° 60° … 360°

y 0 0.5 0.87 … 0

b Graph y ¼ sin y, either by using graphing technology like GeoGebra or on paper using a
scale of 1 cm ¼ 30° on the y-axis and a scale of 4 cm ¼ 1 unit on the y-axis.
c Comment on the shape of the graph y ¼ sin y. What are the maximum and minimum
values of the graph and when do they occur?
d Does the graph have an axis of symmetry? If so, what is it?
e Does the graph have rotational symmetry? If so, what is the centre of symmetry?
f For what range of values of y is sin y:
i positive ii negative?

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3 5 a Copy and complete this table of values for y ¼ cos y, evaluating y correct to two decimal
places.

h 0° 30° 60° … 360°

y 1 0.87 0.5 … 1

b Graph y ¼ cos y, either by using graphing technology or on paper.

c Comment on the shape of the graph y ¼ cos y. What are the maximum and minimum
values of the graph and when do they occur?
d Does the graph have an axis of symmetry? If so, what is it?
e Does the graph have rotational symmetry? If so, what is the centre of symmetry?
f For what range of values of y is cos y:
i positive ii negative?
g Comment on the similarities and differences between the graphs of y ¼ sin x and y ¼ cos x.
See Example 13 6 If y is acute, find y if:
a cos 170° ¼ cos y b sin 110° ¼ sin y c tan 130° ¼ tan y
d tan 97° ¼ tan y e cos 115° ¼ cos y f sin 168° ¼ sin y
7 Express each expression in terms of sin A, cos A or tan A, where A is acute.
a cos 142° b sin 105° c cos 155° d tan 102°
e cos 172.7° f sin 115.5° g cos 139°350 h tan 170.8°
i sin 120°350 j tan 160°100 k sin 95.5° l tan 139.5°
See Example 14 8 Find the exact value of each expression.
a sin 150° b tan 135° c sin 135° d cos 120° e tan 150°
f sin 120° g cos 150° h tan 120° i sin 90° j cos 135°
9 a Copy and complete this table of values for y ¼ tan y, evaluating y correct to two decimal
places.

h 0° 30° 60° … 360°

y 0 0.58 1.73 … 0

b Graph y ¼ tan y, either by using graphing technology or on paper.

c Comment on the shape of the graph y ¼ tan y. When does the graph start to repeat itself?
d Does the graph have an axis of symmetry? If so, what is it?
e Does the graph have rotational symmetry? If so, what is the centre of symmetry?
f For what range of values of y is tan y:
i positive ii negative?

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Stage 5.3
9-06 Trigonometric equations
Worksheet

Trigonometric
Example 15 equations

MAT10MGWK10221
Solve each trigonometric equation, giving all possible acute and obtuse solutions correct to
the nearest degree.
a sin y ¼ 0.7538 b tan y ¼ 2.5

Solution
a sin y ¼ 0.7538
y ¼ 48:9206 . . . On a calculator: SHIFT sin 0.7538 =
 49
But y could be obtuse, because sin y is also
positive in the second quadrant.
y  180  49
¼ 131
[ y  49° or 131°. (Check: sin 49° ¼ sin 131° ¼ 0.7547…)
b tan y ¼ 2.5
y ¼ 68:1985 . . . On a calculator: SHIFT tan (–) 2.5 =
 68
But y is obtuse, because tan y is negative in
the second quadrant.
y  180  68 On a calculator: 180 + ANS =
¼ 112 (Check: tan 112° ¼ 2.4750…)

Example 16
Solve each trigonometric equation correct to the nearest minute, if x is obtuse.
a cos x ¼ 0.09 b sin x ¼ 0.64

Solution
a cos x ¼ 0.09
x ¼ 95:1636 . . . On a calculator: SHIFT cos (–) 0.09 =
¼ 95 90 48:9900
SHIFT cos automatically
 95 100 gives the obtuse angle when On a calculator: or DMS
you enter a negative value

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3 b sin x ¼ 0.64

x ¼ 39.7918… On a calculator: SHIFT sin 0.64 =
But x is obtuse, so:
x ¼ 180  39:7918 . . . On a calculator: 180 − ANS =
¼ 140:2081 . . . On a calculator: or DMS
¼ 140 120 29:4500
 140 120

Exercise 9-06 Trigonometric equations

See Example 15 1 Solve each trigonometric equation, giving all possible acute and obtuse solutions, correct to the
nearest degree.
a sin y ¼ 0.84 b tan y ¼  3 c cos y ¼ 0.342 d cos y ¼  7
4 11
3
e sin y ¼ 0.1164 f tan y ¼ 1 g tan y ¼ 5.8671 h sin y ¼
7
i cos y ¼ 0.4 j sin y ¼ 3:8 k cos y ¼ 21 1 tan y ¼  15
7 80 8
See Example 16 2 Solve each trigonometric equation correct to the nearest minute, if x is obtuse. Note: some
equations have no solution.
a sin A ¼ 4 b sin A ¼ 0.7438 c sin A ¼ 0.3514 d sin A ¼ 0.108
7
e sin A ¼ 5 f sin A ¼ 0.9 g cos x ¼ 0.6 h cos x ¼ 0.6
11
i tan x ¼ 0.3 j tan x ¼ 0.3 k sin x ¼ 0.8 l sin x ¼ 3
7
3 Solve each trigonometric equation correct to the nearest degree, if A is between 0° and 180°.
a cos x ¼ 8 b tan x ¼ 0.95 c sin x ¼ 7
11pffiffiffi 8
d 4 cos x ¼ 2 e 3 sin x ¼ 2 f 4 tan x ¼ 3
g tan x ¼ 1 h cos x ¼ 1 i sin x ¼ p1ffiffiffi
2 2

Investigation: Sides and opposite angles

1 Construct three triangles of different sizes.

2 Label the angles of each triangle A, B and C and the sides opposite them a, b and c respectively.
3 Measure the sides of each triangle correct to the nearest millimetre and the angles to the
nearest degree. Copy the table below and record your results in it.
Side Angle a Side Angle b Side Angle c
a A sin A b B sin B c C sin C
Triangle 1
Triangle 2
Triangle 3
a b c
4 Complete the table by calculating , and correct to two decimal places.
sin A sin B sin C
5 Compare the values of a , b and c for each triangle. What do you notice?
sin A sin B sin C

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Stage 5.3
9-07 The sine rule
The angles of a triangle are labelled with capital letters while the sides A
are labelled with lower case letters. By convention, we use a to label the
side opposite \A, b to label the side opposite \B, and so on. c b
There is a relationship between each angle in a triangle and its
B a C
opposite side. The longest side is always opposite the largest
angle, the next smallest side is opposite the next smallest angle
and so on. This relationship is called the sine rule.

Summary

For any triangle ABC: A

c
a b c
¼ ¼
sin A sin B sin C B b

The ratios of the sides in a triangle to the sine of a

their opposite angles are equal.
C

Proof:
C
In 4ABC, draw CX for the perpendicular height, h, of the
triangle. CX divides 4ABC into two right-angled triangles.
b a
In 4AXC, sin A ¼ h h
b
[ h ¼ b sin A
In 4BXC, sin B ¼ h A X B
a c
[ h ¼ a sin B
[ a sin B ¼ b sin A
a sin B b sin A Dividing both sides by sin B
¼
sin B sin B
b sin A
a¼
sin B
a b sin A Dividing both sides by sin A
¼
sin A sin B sin A
a b
¼
sin A sin B
b c
By drawing the perpendicular from A to BC, it can be shown that ¼
sin B sin C
) a ¼ b ¼ c
sin A sin B sin C
We have used trigonometry to solve problems that, until now, have involved only right-angled
triangles. The sine rule allows us to apply trigonometry to any triangle.
The sine rule can be used in problems involving two sides of a triangle and the two angles
opposite them.

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3 Example 17

Video tutorial
Find y, correct to one decimal place. Z
The sine rule
y 12
MAT10MGVT10024

50° 34°
X Y
Solution
a ¼ b
sin A sin B
y
¼ 12 From the diagram, an answer of 8.8 cm looks
sin 34 sin 50
reasonable.
12 sin 34
y¼
sin 50
¼ 8:7596 . . .
 8:8 cm

Exercise 9-07 The sine rule

1 Evaluate each expression, correct to one decimal place.
  
a 14:7 sin 64 b 34:5 sin 33:4 c 69 sin 107 330
sin 46 sin 115:7 sin 38 470
See Example 17 2 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to two decimal places.
a 12.3 b c
25°
36

73°
°2

123° c
9′

a
b
35° 6
106°27′
7.8

d e f f
37.6°

104.3°
38°43′
4.5
43°18′ e
9.7 20.8°
d
62.1°
21.3
g h i
67° 77.5°
w
k
p
43.1° 9.4 m
72° 35° 118°
8.4 cm
15 m

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3 X and Y are two light towers 50 m apart on one side of a park. X 50 m Y Stage 5.3
P is a light tower on the other side of the park. If \Y ¼ 59° 59°
and \P ¼ 33°, find PX to the nearest metre.
33°

P
4 A golfer drives a ball 275 m at an angle of 5° off 275 m
6

170° d
centre. The ball lands at an angle of 107° from
the hole. Calculate the distance of the ball from 5°
the hole, correct to the nearest metre.

5 A 6 m television antenna is mounted on a roof pitched at an

P
angle of 23°. It is supported by two wires, PQ and PR, inclined
at 55° to the horizontal.
6m
a Show that \PSR ¼ 113°.
S
b Calculate the length of the wire PR, correct to the nearest 55°
centimetre. 23°
R Q

6 To avoid a swamp, Jesinta runs 70 m on a bearing of 050° to V. N

She then turns and runs to W on a bearing of 120°. If W is directly
east of U: N 120°
V
a find \UVW 50°
b calculate UW, correct to one decimal place. U W
Swamp

7 Two planes leave the airport at the same time. One flies due N
1
south at 400 km/h and lands at a second airport after 12 hours.
130°
The other flies on a bearing of 130° and after 112 hours is at a 1st airport
bearing of 075° from the second airport. How far (to the N
nearest km) is the slower plane from the second airport?
slower
plane

2nd airport

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3 8 The angle of elevation of a tower from a point L is 62°. From T
a point K, 50 m further from the tower, the angle of elevation is 47°.
 tower
a Use the sine rule in 4KTL to show that TL ¼ 50 sin 47 
.
sin 15
b Let the height of the tower be h. In the right-angled 4LMT, show h
that TL ¼ h  .
sin 62 
c Hence show that h ¼ 50 sin 47 sin 62
sin 15
47° 62°
d Hence calculate the height of the tower, correct to one
K 50 m L M
decimal place.

9 From the top of a cliff, the angles of depression of two boats 33°
at sea that are 0.5 km apart are 55° and 33°. 55°

a Let the height of the cliff be h. Show that cliff h


h ¼ 0:5 sin 33 sin 55 .
sin 22 

b Hence calculate the height correct to the nearest metre. 0.5 km

9-08 The sine rule for angles

Example 18
Find angle Z, correct to the nearest degree. X

38.5 cm
28.6 cm

121°
Solution Y Z

Look for two sides and the angles opposite them.

28:6 38:5
¼
sin Z sin 121
sin Z sin 121
¼ Inverting both sides so that Z is in the numerator.
28:6 38:5
28:6 sin 121
sin Z ¼
38:5
¼ 0:636 . . .
Z ¼ 39:55 . . . On a calculator: SHIFT sin ANS =
 From the diagram, an answer of 40° looks
 40
reasonable.

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Stage 5.3
Example 19
Find y correct to the nearest minute if it is an obtuse angle. E
θ 100
25°
F
Solution 200
200 100
¼
sin y sin 25
sin y sin 25
¼
200 100
200 sin 25
sin y ¼
100
¼ 0:845 . . .
y ¼ 57.697…
But y is obtuse, so:
y ¼ 180  57:697 . . .
¼ 122:3027 . . .
¼ 122 180 9:7700
 122 180

The ambiguous case (when there are two possible

answers)
When we use the sine rule to find an angle, it is possible to find both an acute angle and an obtuse
angle as solutions. Likewise, there could be two possible triangles: one acute-angled, the other
obtuse-angled. However, the obtuse-angled triangle may not be possible. We need to check that
the sum of the angles in the triangle is not greater than 180°.

Example 20
Video tutorial

a In 4DEF, \D ¼ 42°, d ¼ 5 cm and f ¼ 7 cm. Find \F correct to the nearest degree. The sine rule

b In 4LMN, \M ¼ 130°, LN ¼ 15 cm and LM ¼ 7 cm. Find \N, correct to the nearest MAT10MGVT10024
degree.

Solution
a Draw a rough diagram. E
7 5
¼
sin F sin 42
sin F sin 42 7 5
¼
7 5
7 sin 42
sin F ¼ D
42°
F
5
¼ 0:93678 . . .
F ¼ 69:5181 . . . :
 70

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3 But F could be obtuse. E E

F ¼ 180  70
¼ 110
Checking the third angle of the 7 5 7
5
obtuse-angled triangle:
\E ¼ 180  42  110
42° 70° 42° 110°
¼ 28 D F D F
Triangle I Triangle II
[ The obtuse-angled solution is possible.
[ \F ¼ 70° or 110°

b Draw a rough diagram. L


sin N sin 130
¼ 15 cm
7 15 7 cm
7 sin 130 130°
sin N ¼
15 M
¼ 0:3574 . . . N
N ¼ 20:9459 . . . :
 21
But N could be obtuse.
N ¼ 180  21
¼ 159
Checking the third angle of the obtuse-angled triangle:
\L ¼ 180  42  159
¼ 21 Impossible
[ The obtuse-angled solution is not possible.
[ \N ¼ 21°

Exercise 9-08 The sine rule for angles

1 Find the acute angle X in each equation, correct to the nearest degree.
5:3 sin 123 39 sin 85 290 467 sin 63:8
a sin X ¼ b sin X ¼ c sin X ¼
9:7 64 518
See Example 18 2 Find a in each triangle if a is acute, correct to the nearest 0.1 degree.
a b c
α 38°12′
3.6 α
11
9 4.2
82
α
59°
71°
63

d 160 e f
25°37′ α 200 α

75 0.985
α
46.1° 40
66.6°
0.565
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 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
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3 Find the size of \A to the nearest minute if \A is obtuse. Stage 5.3
a b A c A See Example 19
29°8′ 0.124
53
37 5.2 17.3°
21°
0.256
8.3
A

d e 200.6 f 15°45′ A
99 22.7°
100.3 96
77 33° A 108
A
4 Find all possible angles for each triangle, correct to the nearest degree, after sketching a See Example 20
diagram.
a In 4PQR, \P ¼ 35°, p ¼ 8 cm, and q ¼ 10 cm. Find \Q.
b In 4UVW, \W ¼ 95°, w ¼ 16 m, and v ¼ 10 cm. Find \V.
c In 4XYZ, \Y ¼ 24°, y ¼ 3.4 km, and z ¼ 5.7 km. Find \Z.
d In 4DEF, \E ¼ 37°, e ¼ 107 mm, and d ¼ 121 mm. Find \D.
5 Find y in each triangle correct to the nearest degree, given that y is acute.
a b c 34
θ θ
5.4
6 12.7 20
117°
θ 42° 64°
8

9-09 The cosine rule

The cosine rule is a relationship between the three sides of a triangle and one of its angles. It is an
extension of Pythagoras’ triangle that can be applied to any triangle, not just right-angled ones.

Summary

For any triangle ABC: B

2 2 2
a ¼ b þ c  2bc cos A c

where a is the unknown side, A is the angle opposite a, and b and

A a
c are the other two sides.
b
C

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3 Proof:

In 4ABC, draw CX for the perpendicular height, h, of the triangle. C
CX divides 4ABC into two right-angled triangles.
Let AX ¼ x, [ XB ¼ c  x
In 4AXC, b 2 ¼ h 2 þ x 2 b a
2 2 2 h
[ h ¼ b x
In 4BXC, a 2 ¼ h 2 þ (c  x) 2

) h2 ¼ a2  ðc  xÞ2 A X B
x c−x
) b2  x2 ¼ a2  ðc  xÞ2 c
2 2 2 2 2
b  x ¼ a  ðc  2cx þ x Þ
b2  x2 ¼ a2  c2 þ 2cx  x2
b2 ¼ a2  c2 þ 2cx
) a2 ¼ b2 þ c2  2cx ðÞ Making a2 the subject

In 4AXC, cos A ¼ x
b
[ x ¼ b cos A
Substituting for x in (*):
a 2 ¼ b 2 þ c 2  2cb cos A
The cosine rule can be used in problems involving three sides of a triangle and one of the angles.

Video tutorial
Example 21
The cosine rule

MAT10MGVT10025 Find x correct to two decimal places. Z

2.1 cm x

x 50° Y
3.9 cm

Solution
a 2 ¼ b 2 þ c 2  2bc cos A
x2 ¼ 2:12 þ 3:92  232:133:9 cos 50 50° is the angle opposite x.
¼ 9:091 138 . . .
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x ¼ 9:091 138::: From the diagram, an answer of 3.02 cm
¼ 3:01515 . . . looks reasonable.
 3:02 cm

Exercise 9-09 The cosine rule

1 Solve each equation for x, correct to one decimal place.
a x 2 ¼ 8 2 þ 9 2  2 3 8 3 9 3 cos 38°
b x 2 ¼ 11.3 2 þ 9.7 2  2 3 11.3 3 9.7 3 cos 76.9
c x 2 ¼ 17 2 þ 20.1 2  2 3 17 3 20.1 3 cos 149°450

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2 Find, correct to two decimal places, the value of each pronumeral. Stage 5.3
a b 22 c See Example 21
a
145.1°
35
e
c
10 59
6
56°
123°17′
41

d e f
33.5 25.46
28.3°
14.3 b 77°22′
40.7
d 37.83
63°
16.7
3 In a game of lawn bowls, Jayden is aiming to hit the jack
8.4 m
(target ball) 8.4 m away. If he bowls 2°150 off-centre and
his bowl travels 7.9 m, how far is his bowl from the jack? 7.9 m
Answer correct to one decimal place.
2°15′

4 In a cricket match, the distance between the bowler

and the batter was 20 m. During one bowl, the d
18 m
batter hit the ball at an angle of 8° to the line of 20 m 8°
Bowler Batter
the pitch and the bowler ran and caught the ball
after it had travelled 18 m.

How far did the bowler run to catch the ball? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 1.1 m B 2.0 m C 3.3 m D 4.0 m
5 A yacht sails from X to Y on a bearing of 130° for 4.2 km. It then N N
turns and travels to Z on a bearing of 025° for 2.9 km.
Z
a Copy the diagram and mark the given information on it. X

b Explain why \XYZ ¼ 75°.

N
c Calculate the distance XZ, correct to one decimal place.
Y
6 Three towns are joined by straight roads. What distance Springfield
(correct to the nearest kilometre) is saved by going directly
from Springfield to Shellbyville instead of travelling via
Capital City?
135 km

113° Capital City

150 km
Shellbyville

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3 7 a What is the value of cos 90°?

b What does a 2 ¼ b 2 þ c 2  2bc cos A simplify to if A ¼ 90°?
c Hence what happens to the cosine rule when it is applied to a right-angled triangle?

9-10 The cosine rule for angles

If we rewrite the cosine rule so that cos A is the subject, then we will have a formula for finding an
unknown angle when the three sides of a triangle are known.
a 2 ¼ b 2 þ c 2  2bc cos A
a 2 þ 2bc cos A ¼ b 2 þ c 2 Adding 2bc cos A to both sides so that cos A appears on the LHS
2 2 2
2bc cos A ¼ b þ c  a
2 2 2
) cos A ¼ b þ c  a
2bc

Summary

For any triangle ABC: B

b2 þ c2  a2 c
cos A ¼
2bc
A a
where A is the unknown angle, a is the side opposite A, and b
and c are the other two sides. b
C

The cosine rule can be used to find an unknown angle if the lengths of the three sides are known.

Example 22
Find the size of the marked angle Y, correct to the nearest degree.

7 mm

Solution 8 mm
2 2 2
cos A ¼ b þ c  a
2bc
82 þ 72  92 9 mm is opposite angle Y
cos Y ¼
23837
32
¼
112
Y ¼ 73:398 . . . From the diagram, an answer of 73°
 73 looks reasonable.

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Stage 5.3
Example 23
Calculate, correct to the nearest minute, the size of the A
largest angle in this triangle.
14 cm 12 cm

C B
Solution 20 cm

The largest angle is opposite the longest side,

so it is \A.
b2 þ c2  a2
cos A ¼
2bc
142 þ 122  202
¼
2314312
60
¼ Cos is negative so the angle will be obtuse.
336
A ¼ 100:28656 . . . From the diagram, an answer of 100°170
 0 00 looks reasonable.
¼ 100 17 11:6
 100 170

Exercise 9-10 The cosine rule for angles

1 Solve each equation for X, correct to the nearest degree.
122 þ 142  152 5:72 þ 6:82  3:72
a cos X ¼ b cos X ¼
2312314 235:736:8
2 2 2 2 2 2
c cos X ¼ 5 þ 6  9 d cos X ¼ 9:2 þ 4:7  12:8
23536 239:234:7
2 Find the size of a in each triangle, correct to the nearest degree. See Example 22

a b 13 c 5.5
7 α
7
α 9 α 8.3
10 12.1
5

d 8.75 e 0.7 f 80
α 0.3
α α
0.8 120
10.5 4.2
100

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3 3 A soccer goal is 8 m wide. A player shoots for goal (along
the ground) when 20 m from one post and 15 m from
the other post. Within what angle (correct to the nearest
8m 15 m
0.1 degree) must the shot be made for the player to have
a chance of scoring a goal? 20 m

See Example 23 4 Two cars leave an intersection at the same time. Car A drives 69 km
down the dirt road at 60 km/h and car B drives down
the highway at 100 km/h. After 45 minutes they are Dirt
69 km apart. Find the angle between the two roads, road
correct to the nearest minute. Highway

Intersection
5 A triangle has sides of 21 m, 17 m and 10 m. Find the size of the largest angle, correct to the
nearest degree.

9-11 The area of a triangle

We already know that the formula for the area of a triangle is A ¼ 1 bh but there is also a
2
trigonometric formula if we know the lengths of two sides of the triangle and the size of the
included angle between them.

Summary

The area of a triangle A

1 c
A ¼ ab sin C b
2
where C is the included angle between sides a and b. C a B

Proof:
In 4ABC, draw AX for the perpendicular height, h, of the triangle. AX divides 4ABC into two
right-angled triangles.
A
Area ¼ 1 3 base 3 height
2 c
1 b h
A ¼ ah
2
In 4AXC, sin C ¼ h C X B
b a
[ h ¼ b sin C
) A ¼ 1 ab sin C
2

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for the A ustralian Curriculum 10 þ10A
Stage 5.3
Example 24
Find, correct to one decimal place, the area of this triangle. 83°
5.7 cm 9 cm

Solution
1 83° is the included angle between 5.7 cm and 9 cm.
A ¼ ab sin C
2
1
¼ 35:7393 sin 83
2
¼ 25:458 . . .
 25:5 cm2

Exercise 9-11 The area of a triangle

1 Find, correct to one decimal place, the area of each triangle. See Example 24

a b m c
3c 27 mm
23. 0°18′
10 47.2°
c m
29 m 40.4
33 mm

63°
32 m

d e f
14 mm
8′
19 mm °1
20
55°
0.5 m
37° 37.1 cm 35.4 cm
36°7′
0.3 m

70.3° 80.5°

2 Calculate, correct to one decimal place, the area of each shape. All measurements are in
metres.
a Equilateral triangle b Parallelogram c Kite
40 10 25
75°
12
100°

15

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 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry

Stage 5.3 d Quadrilateral e Regular hexagon f Regular pentagon inscribed

in a circle of radius 8
15
50°
8
7 24
6

3 The diagram shows the results of a radial survey of a block D

of land. All distances are in metres.
C
a Use the cosine rule to find the lengths of AB, BC, CD 33 22
65°
and AD and, hence, find the perimeter of the block of 75° 105°
55
land (to the nearest metre). 115°
A
b Use the area formula to find the area of each triangle 44
and, hence, calculate the area of the block of land (to
the nearest m 2). B

4 The results of a radial survey are shown in the diagram. X

All measurements are in metres. 030°
N
a Find the size of \XOY.
50
b Calculate, correct to two decimal places, the area
of 4XOY.
O
Z 30
260°
40

Y
160°

5 O is the centre of a circle of radius 20 cm. Calculate, correct to

one decimal place, the area of: P
Q
a sector OPQ b triangle OPQ 120°
20 cm
O
c the shaded
segment.

6 A triangular prism has base edges of 8 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm, P

15 cm
Q
and a height of 20 cm.
a Calculate the size \PRQ, correct to nearest degree. 8 cm θ 10 cm
2 20 cm R
b Find the area of 4PQR, correct to the nearest cm .
c Find the volume of the prism.
S T

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for the A ustralian Curriculum 10 þ10A
Stage 5.3
Just for the record Triangle area formulas
How many formulas are there for calculating the area, A, of a triangle?
Here are some different ones.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
• Given three sides a, b, c: A ¼ sðs  aÞðs  bÞðs  cÞ where s is the semi-perimeter
aþbþc
2
• Given two sides, a, b and the included angle, C: A ¼ 1 ab sin C
2
1 2 sin B sin C
• Given one side, a and three angles, A, B, C: A ¼ a
2 sin A
pffiffiffi
1 Use each formula to find the area of a triangle with sides 1, 3, 2 and angles 30°, 60°,
90°.
1 sin B sin C 1
2 Show how the result A ¼ a2 can be derived from A ¼ ab sin C using the
2 sin A 2
sine rule.
3 Find other formulas for the area of a triangle.

Worksheet
Problems involving the sine and Finding an unknown
9-12 cosine rules side

MAT10MGWK10222

Worksheet

Finding an unknown
Summary angle

MAT10MGWK10223
The sine rule is used for triangle problems involving two sides A
c
and two angles opposite them. Puzzle sheet

a b c b
B The sine and cosine
¼ ¼ rules
sin A sin B sin C a
MAT10MGPS00058
The cosine rule is used for triangle problems involving C
three sides and one angle.
b2 þ c2  a2 c
a2 ¼ b2 þ c2  2bc cos A and cos A ¼
2bc
a
A

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 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry

Stage 5.3
Example 25

a Find the value of k, correct to one decimal place.

8.4 km km

37°
12.9 km
b Find the value of y, correct to the nearest minute.
8
9
Solution θ 57°

a The problem involves three sides and one angle so use the cosine rule.
k 2 ¼ 8:42 þ 12:92  238:4312:93 cos 37
¼p63:889 ...
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
k ¼ 63:889 . . .
¼ 7:993 . . .
 8:0 m
b The problem involves two sides and the two angles opposite them, so use the sine rule.
sin y sin 57
¼
8 9
8 sin 57
sin y ¼
9
¼ 0:7454 . . .
y ¼ 48:2007 . . .
¼ 48 120 2:7700
 48 120

Exercise 9-12 Problems involving the sine

and cosine rules
See Example 25 1 Find, correct to one decimal place, the value of each pronumeral.
a b c 12.8 cm
93°
km 56°
27 mm
d mm
42° y cm
15.2 m 32°50′
47°
16 mm

d 7.1 m e f 8m
115.6° 94°

8.4 m
am 3.4 m
wm 26° hm

78°47′
2.6 m
386 9780170194662
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A ustralian Curriculum 10 þ10A
2 Find the value of y to the nearest degree. Use diagrams to note whether y is acute or obtuse. Stage 5.3
a b 12 cm c
19 mm 34°
θ

7m
θ 27 cm
15 mm θ
16°
8m
42°

d e 18.4 f
θ 40 mm
13.1
78 mm
θ
θ 64° 12.9 21.2
12.8 48 mm

T
3 The angles of elevation of a building measured from two
positions 80 m apart are 32° and 55°.
a Explain why \ATB ¼ 23°. h
b Find, correct to two decimal places, the length of BT.
c Hence find the height, h, of the building, correct to 32° 55°
A 80 m B D
the nearest metre.
4 a What is the value of sin 90°?
b Find, correct to one decimal place, the value of d using: 56°
d cm
i the sine rule ii the sine ratio for right-angled triangles.
c What do you notice about your results? Give reasons.

12.8 cm
5 Mikayla needs to run around a cross-country course as shown. 1.7 km
112°
What is the length of the course, correct to one decimal place?
2.4 km

Start

6 A plane flew on a bearing of 150° for 370 km. It then

changed direction and flew another 285 km on a bearing
of 235°. How far, correct to the nearest kilometre, is the
plane from its starting point?

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Trigonometry

Stage 5.3
Power plus

1 For this diagram, find the exact value of:

a the length of AB b the area of 4ADB
D

45°
2m

30°
A B C
2 Find y if y is between 0° and 180°, and:
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
a sin y ¼ cos y b sin y ¼ 3 cos y c 3 sin y ¼ cos y
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
d cos y ¼  3 sin y e sin y ¼  3 cos y f cos y ¼ sin y
g sin2 y ¼ 3 h tan2 y ¼ 1 i cos2 y ¼ 1
4 3 2

3 Show that:
sinð180  BÞ
a sin (180°  B) þ cos (90°  B) ¼ 2 sin B b ¼  tan B
cosð180  BÞ
ðsin yÞ2 þ sin y cos y
c sin (180°  B) cos (180°  B) tan (180°  B) d ¼ tan y
¼ sin 2 B ðcos yÞ2 þ sin y cos y

4 Express cos 45° þ sin 45° as a surd in simplest form.

5 The area of the parallelogram shown is 30 cm 2. Find two possible values for angle a,
correct to the nearest degree.
P S
10
α
Q 6 2 R

388 9780170194662
 Chapter 9 review

n Language of maths Puzzle sheet

Trigonometry
angle of depression angle of elevation bearing compass bearing crossword (Advanced)

complementary cosine rule degree (°) denominator MAT10MGPS10224

exact ratio included angle minute (0 ) obtuse

00
Pythagoras’ theorem right-angled second ( ) sine rule
slant height supplementary surd tangent (tan)
theta (y) three-figure bearing trigonometric ratio unit circle
1 Copy and complete: A bearing is an ___________ used to describe precisely the
___________ of one location from a given reference point.
2 The word minute has an alternative pronunciation and meaning. What is its alternative
meaning?
3 If two angles have a sum of 90°, what special name do we give them?
4 What is an exact ratio? Give an example of one.
5 Describe the shape of the sine curve.
6 What is the name given to the angle that is between two known sides?

n Topic overview
For each statement about the topic, give a rating from 0 to 5 using this scale.
Low High

0 1 2 3 4 5
• I can use Pythagoras’ theorem and trigonometric ratios to solve problems involving
right-angled triangles in 2D, including problems involving angles of elevation and depression,
and bearings
• I can calculate and graph the trigonometric ratios for angles between 0° and 360°
• I can calculate the exact trigonometric ratios and solve trigonometric equations
• I can use the sine and cosine rules to find unknown sides and angles in triangles
• I can use the trigonometric formula for the area of a triangle

9780170194662 389
 Chapter 9 review

Copy and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using
pictures, symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.

opposite
sin = Area
hypotenuse
cos = 1
A = 2– ab sin C (x, y)
tan =
1
θ
r

angle of Trigonometric functions

sin θ =
elevation/depression
bearings, 3D
TRIGONOMETRY cos θ =

cosine rule
a2 = Trigonometric relations
cos A =
30° 45° 60°
Trigonometric sin
equations cos
sine rule tan
a
=
sin A

390 9780170194662
 Chapter 9 revision

1 Find, correct to one decimal place, the value of each pronumeral. See Exercise 9-01

a b wm c
7.6 m 73°8′
9 cm 51.2°

35° d cm
km 15 m

2 Find the value of y, correct to the nearest minute. See Exercise 9-01

a b c
15 m θ
48 mm
8.4 cm 12.8 cm

θ
7
θ 26 mm

3 From the top of a 300 m cliff Renee observes a boat at a distance of 1.3 km from the base of See Exercise 9-01
the cliff. Find, correct to the nearest degree, the angle of depression of the boat.
4 What is the bearing of: N See Exercise 9-02

a Rocky from Mulga? b Mulga from Rocky?

Rocky

320° Mulga

5 Two planes leave an airport at the same time. The first travels on a bearing of 063° at 500 km/h. See Exercise 9-02
The second travels on a bearing of 153° at 400 km/h.
a How far apart are the planes after 2 hours, to the nearest km?
b Calculate, correct to the nearest degree, the bearing of the first plane from the second
plane.
6 A box in the shape of a square prism has a base of 10 cm by 10 cm and is 30 cm tall. Find to Stage 5.3
the nearest whole number: See Exercise 9-03
a the length of the longest diagonal of the box
b the angle that the longest diagonal makes with the base.

9780170194662 391
 Chapter 9 revision

Stage 5.3 7 Find the exact value of x in each triangle.

See Exercise 9-04 a b c
x
48
x
48 48
30° 60°
x 45°

See Exercise 9-05 8 Graph y ¼ cos y for y from 0° to 360°.

See Exercise 9-05 9 Find the acute angle a if:
a sin 123° ¼ sin a b tan 93° ¼ tan a c cos 110° ¼ cos a
See Exercise 9-06 10 Solve each trigonometric equation, giving all possible acute and obtuse solutions correct to the
nearest minute.
a cos x ¼  5 b tan x ¼ 11 c sin x ¼ 5
11 5 11
See Exercise 9-07 11 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to one decimal place.
a b c wm
v cm 63°
58°20′ 8.5 cm 49°
um 135.8° 23.6° 111 mm

42°7′
0.5 m

See Exercise 9-08 12 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to the nearest minute.
a b c 8.4
25.3° γ
β
10
9 153 67
58°33′
63° 7.5
α

See Exercise 9-09 13 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to one decimal place.
a b 55 mm c
7m 48°
115°18′
40.8°
77 mm 11.6 cm 9.4 cm
9m y mm
xm

z cm

392 9780170194662
 Chapter 9 revision

14 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to the nearest degree. Stage 5.3
a b B c See Exercise 9-10
85

7 0.5
67
9 73 0.8
A C

5 0.4

15 Find, correct to the nearest whole number, the area of each triangle. See Exercise 9-11

a b c
18 mm
9m 7m
25 cm
135.1°

47° 63°
47°21′
18 cm 45 mm

16 A parallelogram has sides of 12 cm and 6 cm and one interior angle of 65°350 . Find the length See Exercise 9-12
of the longer diagonal, correct to one decimal place.

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