Angles and Polygons H

SERIES

Angles and
Polygons

Curriculum Ready

www.mathletics.com
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First edition printed 2009 in Australia.
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ISBN 978-1-921861-28-4 

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 This booklet investigates the internal and external angle properties of polygons.

Investigate these basic mazes to discover an angle property they all have when their entrance and exit
points are on opposite sides to each other.
• Let every left-hand turn equal -90c
• Let every right-hand turn equal +90c
What is the sum of all the turns made from start to finish for both of these mazes?

What do you think the sum of all the turns would be if the exit was on the same side as the entrance?

Q Look at the diagram below made using 4 identical scalene triangles.

(i) Mark all the angles that are the same size as the ones shown with a square, triangle and circle.

(ii) Name as many different groupings of angles you can that will add together to equal 180c
(a straight angle).
For example: +CBD + +DBF + +ABF = 180c
C

B D

A E
F

Work through the book for more stuff on angles in polygons

Angles and Polygons H 13 1

Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 How does it work? Angles and Polygons

Angle sum of a triangle

Triangles have this great property where if all the angles are brought together, they form a straight line.

B B B

B
C A
A C A C A C
Straight line
Start with a triangle Cut each corner off. Rearrange the cut-off Corner pieces lying
and label the internal corners into a straight line. perfectly on a
angles A, B and C. straight line.

It works for any triangle. Try it out for yourself!

This demonstrates a special property of angles in triangles.

B
180c C A
A + B + C = 180c
Straight line Straight line

Straight lines form a 180c angle. The angles of a triangle form The sum of all the angles in a
a straight line. triangle = 180c

Use the fact that the sum of all the internal angles of a triangle equals 180c to solve these

(i) What is the size of +ACB in the triangle below?

B Angle sum of any triangle = 180c

60c
Angle sum of this triangle = +ABC + +ACB + +BAC
= 60c + +ACB + 90c
= 150c + +ACB
A C ` 150c + +ACB = 180c
+ACB = 30c
(ii) Measure +ACB to show it is 30c.

B Steps:
60c 1. Put protractor cross-hair at C.
2. Line up side AC and 0c.
3. Measure angle using inside scale.

30c
A C

2 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
How does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

Angle sum of a triangle

1 Use a protractor to measure each angle in these triangles to the nearest whole degree and show
that they add to 180c. K
a +XYZ = b +JKL =
X
+XZY = +JLK =

+YXZ = +KJL =

Z Y
Sum = Sum =
J L

Q
A B
c +ABC = d +PQR =

+ACB = +PRQ =

+BAC = +QPR =

Sum = P Sum =
C Q

2 Complete the calculations to find the value of the missing angle in each of these triangles:
a A b
E F
85c 42c

70c 105c
C B
G

Angle sum of TABC Angle sum of TEFG

= +ABC + +ACB + +BAC. = +EFG + +EGF + +FEG.
= 180c = 180c

` c + +BCA + c = 180c ` +FEG + c + c = 180c

` c + +BCA = 180c ` +FEG + c = 180c

` +BCA = c ` +FEG = c

Angles and Polygons H 13 3

Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 How does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons
* * A
E NG
GL L
N

E
Angle sum of a triangle

A
OF A TRI

S U M OF A
C
B
Name and calculate the size of the blank angle in these triangles: ...../...../20....

A
3 TR

M
SU IA
F N GL
a b c E * ANGLE
75c W
E V 22c Y
45c

60c
49c
U X Z
G

+ = + = + =

4 The unknown angle in each of these triangles is labelled with the letter x (also called a variable).
Calculate the size of each angle represented by the variable x.
a b c
35c x
88c x

26c
x
45c 66c 43c

x= x= x=

5 Calculate the size of the angle labelled with a letter for these triangles:
a b c
a 35c c
56.5c
95c 76.3c
25.5c
b

a= b= c=

d e f

72.5c 127.9c e 43.8c 47.6c

30.4c
53.1c f
d

d= e= f=

4 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
 How does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

Angle sum of a triangle

Some angle sum problems become simple equations to solve.

Calculate the value of the variable for each of these triangles

(i) Calculate the value of x in the diagram below:

40c + x + x = 180c Angle sum of a triangle = 180c

40c 40c + 2x = 180c Simplify by bringing like terms together

2x = 140c Subtract 40c from 180c

x = 70c Divide 140c by 2 to get the value of x

x x
(ii) Calculate the value of z in the diagram below:

5z 5z + 3z + z = 180c Angle sum of a triangle = 180c

3z 9z = 180c Simplify by bringing like terms together

z = 20c Divide 180c by 9 to get the value of z

z

The size of each angle can be found substituting z = 20c back into each
part.
5z = 5 # 20c = 100c , 3z = 3 # 20c = 60c , z = 20c

6 Calculate the size of the angle represented by the given variables in these triangles:

a 2u b c w
89c
36c 5v
71c 30c
44c w

u= v= w=

d e f
x 8z
3y
2z 2z
x x 2y

x= y= z=

Angles and Polygons H 13 5

Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 How does it work? Angles and Polygons

Angle sum of a quadrilateral

All quadrilaterals can be split into two triangles as a way of showing what their angle sum is.
B C
D
A
F E
Start with any quadrilateral Cut a straight Each triangle has an
diagonal to make two triangles internal angle sum of 180c
` Angle sum of a quadrilateral = 2 # angle sum of a triangle
= 2 # 180c
= 360c

We can also use the angle cut method like we did earlier for a triangle to show they form a revolution.

B C B C B C

C
A
B

D
A A A
D D D

Label the internal Cut each corner off. Rearrange the cut-off pieces All corners touching
angles A, B, C and D. so all their corners touch. form a revolution.

This demonstrates a special property of angles in quadrilaterals.

360c
C

A C
Revolution B A + B + + D = 360c
D

Angles at a point The angles of a The sum of all the

form a 360c angle. quadrilateral form a revolution. angles in a quadrilateral = 360c

Use the fact that the sum of all the internal angles of a quadrilateral equals 360c to solve

What is the size of +BCD in the quadrilateral below?

Angle sum of any quadrilateral = 360c
B
Angle sum of this quadrilateral = +ABC + +BCD + +ADC + +BAD
72.5c
C = 72.5c + +BCD + 108c + 90c
= 270.5c + +BCD
` 270.5c + +BCD = 360c
108c
A D +BCD = 89.5c

6 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
How does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

Angle sum of a quadrilateral

1 Use a protractor to measure each angle of these quadrilaterals to the nearest whole degree and
show that they add to 360c.
Y
a +WXY = b Q R +PQR =
X

+XYZ = +QRS =

+YZW = +RSP =

+XWZ = +QPS =

P S
W Z Sum = Sum =

2 Complete these calculations to find the value of the missing angle in each of these quadrilaterals
a A B b L
110c 113c
K 32c M
44c

80c 120c
D
N
C
+ABC + +BCD + +ADC + +BAD = 360c +KLM + +LMN + +KNM + +LKN = 360c

` c + +BCD + c + c = 360c ` +KLM +  c  +  c  +  c  = 360c

` c + +BCD = 360c ` +KLM +  c = 360c

` +BCD = c ` +KLM = c

3 Name and calculate the size of the blank angle in these quadrilaterals:
a b W
E F 24c
62c X
49c
242c
O
110c
D
105c
G Y

+ = + =

Angles and Polygons H 13 7

Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 How does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

G LE S U
AN
Angle sum of a quadrilateral

M
AL *

OF A Q
4 The unknown angle in each of these quadrilaterals is labelled with the variable q.
...../...../20....

ER
Calculate the size of the angle q. UA
DRILAT
a b c
115c q
q
41c

q
68c 77c 30c
49c
135c 45c

q= q= q=

5 Calculate the size of the angle labelled with a variable for these quadrilaterals:
a b c
r 73.5c
113.7c
t
49.8c
52.6c 110c 206.8c

112.5c 82.3c
85c
s

r= s= t=

6 Calculate the size of the angle represented by the given variables in these quadrilaterals:
Show all working.
a b c

134c 7z
38c 130c 3z
2x 5y

3z
7z
68c

2y

x= y= z=

8 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
How does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

Angle sum of a quadrilateral

7 Each of these quadrilaterals were divided into two triangles along the dotted line.
Find the matching pair of triangles that were formed after dividing each quadrilateral by comparing
the internal angles of the triangles with the angles split by each diagonal.
The sides of the triangles which are a diagonal of a quadrilateral are marked with a single hatch .

91c
116c
1 2 3 4

97c 78c

92c
6
5 110c
253c
7 58c

All triangles below are not drawn to scale and some have been rotated.

18c
130c C
70c
22c B 72c
A 40c 28c
70c

79c
50c
87c
55c 35c G 66c
E F
45c D
45c 35c
43c

72c 123c
47c
I 18c
30c J 27c
H 43c

45c
36c N
20c
82c 120c 45c
K L 45c
M 46c
62c 40c
89c

Quadrilateral: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Split into triangles: & & & & & & &

Angles and Polygons H 13 9

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 How does it work? Angles and Polygons

Angle sum of a polygon

Internal angles

All polygons can be split into triangles by drawing all the diagonals possible from one corner (vertex) only.

1 2

Pentagon Can be cut into Each triangle has an internal

(5 straight sides) three triangles angle sum of 180c

` Internal angle sum of a pentagon = 3 # angle sum of a triangle

= 3 # 180c
= 540c

1 5

2 4
3

Heptagon Can be cut into Each triangle has an internal

(7 straight sides) five triangles angle sum of 180c
` Internal angle sum of a heptagon = 5 # angle sum of a triangle
= 5 # 180c
= 900c

Once the angle sum is known, we can calculate the size of each equal angle in a regular polygon.

Calculate the size of each internal angle for a regular pentagon.

A regular pentagon has 5 equal sides and 5 equal internal angles.

Angle sum of a pentagon = 540c 3 # angle sum of a triangle

` The size of each angle = 540c' 5 angle sum divided by the number of internal angles
= 108c

10 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
How does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

Angle sum of a polygon

1 (i) Draw all the possible diagonals from the vertex marked with a dot for these polygons.
(ii) Write down the number of triangles each polygon is split into by the diagonals drawn.
a b c

Number of triangles = Number of triangles = Number of triangles =

2 (i) Draw all the possible diagonals from the vertex marked with a dot for these polygons.
(ii) Calculate the internal angle sum of each polygon
a b

Internal angle sum Internal angle sum

= # angle sum of a triangle = # angle sum of a triangle

= # = #

= =

c d

Internal angle sum Internal angle sum

= # angle sum of a triangle = # angle sum of a triangle

= # = #

= =

Angles and Polygons H 13 11

Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 How does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

L E SUM O
NG
Angle sum of a polygon

F
20...* A

A POL Y G O
3 (i) Calculate the angle sum for each of these regular polygons.
(ii) Calculate the size of each internal angle.

./
N
* .../..
a Hexagon b Heptagon

Internal angle sum = Internal angle sum =

Each internal angle = ' Each internal angle = '

= = to 1 d.p.

4 Calculate the internal angle sum of these polygons and then calculate the size of the missing angle.
a b
115c y 67c

x 130c 112c
218c
112c 85c 98c

Internal angle sum = 540c Internal angle sum =

` x = 540c - (115c + 130c + 85c + 112c)

`x= 98c `y=

c
3z 142c Internal angle sum =
135c
120c

132c 2z

140c `z=
156c

12 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
 Where does it work? Angles and Polygons

Internal angle rule for polygons

It can be difficult to draw polygons with a lot of sides and then count the triangles formed.

To make things easier, there is a simple rule you can use from now on for any polygon.

5 sides 3 triangles 6 sides 4 triangles 8 sides 6 triangles

The number of triangles equals two less than the number of sides.

Internal angle sum of a polygon = The number of triangles # 180c

= (the number of sides - 2) # 180c
= (n - 2) # 180c

` The internal angle sum of any polygon = (n - 2) # 180c (Where n = number of sides)

Use the internal angel rule for these

(i) Calculate the internal angle sum of a heptagon (-sided polygon).

A heptagon has 7 sides, so n = 7

` Internal angle sum of a heptagon = (7 - 2) # 180c Substitute n = 7 into the rule

= 5 # 180c
= 900c

To get the size of each internal angle for a regular polygon, just divide by the number of sides (n).

` Each internal angle for a regular polygon = [(n - 2) # 180c] ' n

(ii) Calculate the size of each internal angle for a regular hexagon (-sided polygon).

A hexagon has 6 sides, so n = 6

` Each internal angle for a regular hexagon = [(6 - 2) # 180c] ' 6 Substitute n = 6 into the rule

= 720c ' 6
= 120c

Angles and Polygons H 13 13

Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Where does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

A L AN G
RN
Internal angle rule for polygons

LE
E
* I NT
LE
RU

R ULE F
20....
1 Complete the internal angle sum calculations for these polygons:
./..
.../
....

NS
OR
a A hexagon (6-sided polygon) b A nonagon (9-sided polygon) POL YGO

n= n=

Angle sum = ( - ) # 180c Angle sum = ( - ) # 180c

= # 180c = # 180c

= =

2 Calculate the internal angle sum for these polygons:

a A decagon (10-sided polygon) b A dodecagon (12-sided polygon)

3 Complete the calculations for these regular polygons to find the size of each internal angle:
a A regular octagon (8-sided polygon) b A regular pentadecagon (15-sided polygon)

n= n=

Each angle =
[( - ) ]
# 180c ' Each angle =
[( - ) ]
# 180c '

[
= # 180c
] ' = [ # 180c
] '

= ' = '

= =

4 Calculate the size of each internal angle for these regular polygons (show all working):
a A regular icosagon (20-sided polygon) b A regular heptagon (11-sided polygon) to 1 d.p.

14 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics Passport © 3P Learning
Where does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

Internal angle rule for polygons

5 Calculate the internal angle sum for each of these polygons (show all working):
a b

n= n=

Internal angle sum = Internal angle sum =

c d

n= n=

Internal angle sum = Internal angle sum =

6 We can also calculate how many sides a polygon has from the internal angle sum using this rule:
Number of sides (n) = (Internal angle sum ' 180c) + 2
Calculate the number of sides a polygon has with each of these internal angle sums:

a An internal angle sum of 720c b An internal angle sum of 2520c

n = (
)
' 180c + 2 n = (
)
' 180c + 2

= sides = sides

c An internal angle sum of 1800c d An internal angle sum of 3600c

Angles and Polygons H 13 15

Mathletics Passport © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
 Where does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

Internal angle rule for polygons

7 Starting at the top, shade in the one correct path to the bottom to solve this question:
What is the name given to a maze-like structure from Greek mythology that has only one correct path?
Rules to solve the puzzle.
You can: • only step on polygons containing their correct internal angle sum.
• only move to polygons that share a side with the one you are currently on.
• start from any hexagon at the top and finish on any pentagon at the bottom.
Put the letter on each step taken into the matching numbered boxes at the bottom to reveal the answer.
Start anywhere along here

720c 620c 700c 720c 720c

9 =R 4 =N 7 =D 2 =G 4 =E
720c 720c 710c 710c 720c
8 =V 3 =B 4 =P 6 =W 5 =O
1080c 1260c 520c
720c 1800c
3 =D 5 =H 7 =Y
9 =H 1 =S
900c 900c
720c 2 =U
3 =D
1800c 9 =L
720c 180c
540c 900c
8 =C 9
1 =T 9 =S 7 180c
1440c =I
=N 910c 9
910c 4 =M 4 =C =R
1080c 7 =M 710c
2 =I 1980c 8 =E
690c
8 =T 1440c
1 =A
720c 2 =A 900c
1260c
5 =R 3 =T
6 =F
1260c
4 =Y 540c 700c
1 =L 1400c 1240c 5 =S
980c
4 =A 8 =R 1008c
1080c 180c 920c 7 =H
2 =W
1 =B 1 =T 900c 3 1080c
9 = L = T
3 =T
540c 540c 570c 540c 450c
6 =I 530c 4 =A 540c 2 =Z 520c 3 =J 520c 1 =D 540c
6 =M 7 =K 2 =Z 6 =P 5 =Y

Finish anywhere along here

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

16 H 13 Angles and Polygons

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 Where does it work? Angles and Polygons

External angle rule for polygons

When you extend a side outside the border of a polygon, you create an external angle.
External angles

We say extended sides are produced. The order of the vertices is important when using this word.
B B
AC is produced to D = CA is produced to D =
A D D A C
C
All the external angles of any convex polygon add up to 360c.
A A
B B
B C
A D 360c
E C E E
C

D D

All the external angles are supplementary (add to 180c) to their adjacent internal angle.
B
X
C A + W = B + X = C + Y = D + Z = 180c
W Y
A
Remember:
Z Supplementary
D
angles add to 180c

These properties can be used to find the size of unknown external or internal angles of polygons.

Calculate the value of the variables representing angles in the polygon ABCDE below

BA is produced to P, CB is produced to Q, DC is produced to R and AD is produced to S.

Q
B
+PAD + +ABQ + +BCR + +CDS = 360c Exterior angle sum =
110c 360c
y 80c + 110c + 120c + x = 360c
R x = 360c - 310c
120c
C x = 50c

A +ABQ + +ABC = 180c Supplementary angles

80c x
D S
P 110c + y = 180c
y = 70c

Angles and Polygons H 13 17

Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Where does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

External angle rule for polygons

1 Draw the given side extensions on these polygons:
a VY is produced to Z. b BA is produced to D. c KJ is produced to N.
K
B
W
X J L

V Y A C
I M

2 Complete these side extension descriptions:

a b c L
R G
A B
T M

S O
F C K
N

Q E D P
Q

is produced to is produced to is produced to

3 Calculate the size of the missing external angle in each of these polygons:
Show all working.
a b c z

125c
70c z 65c

135c
x 80c 75c
y

x= y= z=

18 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
 Where does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

External angle rule for polygons

Each external angle of a regular polygon is the same size.

To calculate the size of each external angle, just divide 360c by the number of angles/sides.
4 Calculate the size of each external angle for these regular polygons accurate to 1 decimal place
where required:
a Equilateral triangle b Square

Each external angle = Each external angle =

c Regular pentagon d Regular hexagon

Each external angle = Each external angle =

e Regular heptagon f Regular octagon

Each external angle = Each external angle =

5 Cross out the incorrect term at the end to make these statements true for regular polygons.

a As the number of sides increases, the size of each external angle increases / decreases.

b As the number of sides increases, the size of each internal angle increases / decreases.

Angles and Polygons H 13 19

Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Where does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

External angle rule for polygons

6 Calculate the size of the internal angles marked with variables in each of these polygons:
a b c
80c a f 55c

e
b 108c 115c c d 111c 100.5c

a= c= e=

b= d= f=

7 Calculate the size of the angles marked with variables in each of these polygons:
(show all working)

114c 128c k

j=
120c j l

k=

l=

35c
y 2x
60c

82c
60c
y
35c 2x x=

y=

20 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
 Where does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

External angle rule for polygons

Earn an awesome passport stamp with these last two challenging questions.
8 (i) Calculate the internal angle sum for this polygon using: angle sum = (n - 2) # 180c.
(ii) Calculate the size of the angles marked with variables. (Show all working).

Q
(i)
y C
B
110c
Angle sum =

D
A x
80c 130c (ii)
E
P x=

y=

9 Calculate the size of the variables in the polygon below. Show all your working.
E * AW
OM
* A W ES

ES
74c

O ME *
2a
52c
...../...../20....
A W E OM
E

S
a

3c a=
2b
b
55c

b=

c=

Angles and Polygons H 13 21

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 Where does it work? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

External angle rule for polygons

10 (i) A challenge was given to a class of students to find how many different regular polygons have
external angles ranging from 20c through to 30c.
What is the correct answer to this challenge? show all working.

(ii) Write down the number of sides each regular polygon has that fits this criteria along with their
external angle size. (round decimal angles to 1 decimal place)

(iii) A further challenge was given to calculate how many sides were needed to form a regular
polygon with external angles of exactly 50c.
After a few minutes, Tara put her hand up and said that there was no such polygon.
Was Tara correct? Explain your answer including calculations made.

T E RN A
EX L
GONS *

RU
LE
ANG

...../..
LE R

.../20
....
Y
OL

LE
U

FOR P

22 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
 What else can you do? Angles and Polygons

External angle of a triangle

There is a relationship between the internal angles and an external angle for any triangle:

C C
D
C
B A D B A D A B

Triangle with one side produced. Cut each corner off Rearrange the cut-off
Label angles A, B, C and D as shown. corners B and C to fit into angle D.

`D=B+C

Here is a more formal way to show this relationship.

Remember, all external angles are supplementary to their adjacent internal angle.

C
A + D = 180c
Opposite
B internal angles A D External angle

A + D = 180c Adjacent internal and external angles

` A = 180c - D 1

A + B + C = 180c Internal angle sum of a triangle = 180c

` A = 180c - ^ B + C h 2

` 180c - D = 180c - ^ B + C h Combining 1 and 2

` D = B+ C

The external angle of a triangle = the sum of the two opposite internal angles.

Use the external angle of a triangle rule to find the value of the variables in the diagram

In TABC below, the side AC has been produced to D.

B Using exterior angle of a triangle rule

x + 90c = 148c
x
` x = 148c - 90c

y 148c ` x = 58c
A C D
y + 148c = 180c Supplementary angle

` y = 32c

Angles and Polygons H 13 23

Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 What else can you do? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

External angle of a triangle

1 Complete the calculations to find the size of the external angles on each of these triangles:
a b c
120c 30c 25c
50c
b
c
45c a

a = + b = + c = +

= = =

2 Complete the calculations to find the size of the missing internal angles in each of these triangles:
a b c
x 80c 71c y

18c
42c 95c
z 44c

x = - y = - z = -

= = =

3 Use the external angle of a triangle rule to calculate the value of the variables shown below:
(show all working)
a b
65c
q
89c

35c r
p 48c 43c s

p = q = r = s =

24 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
What else can you do? Your Turn Angles and Polygons
*** E
*** X
**

TE
External angle of a triangle

**

RNAL ANG
E *****
4 Use the external angle of a triangle rule to calculate the value of the
variables shown below: (Show all working)
...../...../20.... E

GL

L
OF
a b A TR I A N
p
50c

j j q p p
k

j = k = p = q =

c d

l 5n 160c

3n

5m

l = m = n =

e f
100c
a 5a b

2a
4x

x = a = b =

Angles and Polygons H 13 25

Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 What else can you do? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

External angle of a triangle

5 Look at the diagram below made using 4 identical scalene triangles.
(i) Mark all the angles that are the same size as the ones shown with a
square, triangle and circle.
(ii) Name as many different groupings of angles as you can that will add
together to equal 180c (a straight angle), just like the first three shown:
C +CBD + +DBF + +ABF = 180c.

B D

A E
F

(iii) Earn yourself an awesome passport stamp by finding the value of x, y and z in the diagram below:

S O ME
C
x WE
OME * A

* AW E S O
3y
D
B 5x ./......./ 20..
ES......

....
ME
* AW
4x E
A
F 4z

x = y = z =

26 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
 What else can you do? Your Turn Angles and Polygons

Reflection time

Reflecting on the work covered within this booklet:

• What useful skills have you gained by learning about the internal and external angles of polygons?

• Write about one or two ways you think you could apply polygon angle calculations to a real life situation.

• If you discovered or learnt about any shortcuts to help with calculating polygon angles or some
other cool fact about angles in polygons, jot them down here:

Angles and Polygons H 13 27

Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Cheat Sheet Angles and Polygons

Here is what you need to remember from this topic on angles and polygons

Angle sum of a triangle

B B B

B
C A
A C A C A C
Straight line
Start with a triangle and label Cut each corner off. Rearrange the cut-off corners Corner pieces lying
the internal angles A, B and C. into a straight line. perfectly on a straight line.

Angle sum of quadrilateral

B C
` Angle sum of a quadrilateral
D
= 2 # angle sum of a triangle
A
= 2 # 180c
F E = 360c
Start with any Cut a straight diagonal Each triangle has an
quadrilateral to make two triangles internal angle sum of 180c

Internal angle sum of a polygon

5 sides 3 triangles 6 sides 4 triangles 8 sides 6 triangles

Internal angle sum of a polygon = The number of triangle # 180c
= (the number of sides - 2) # 180c
= (n - 2) # 180c
` The internal angle sum of a polygon = (n - 2) # 180c

External angle rule for polygons

A A
External angles B B
B C
A D 360c
E E E
C C
D D

External angle rule for triangle

C C
C D
B A D B A D A B `D=B+C

Triangle with one side Cut each corner off Rearrange the cut-off
produced. Label angles A, corners B and C to fit into angle D.
B, C and D as shown.

28 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
 Answers Angles and Polygons

Angle sum of a triangle Angle sum of a quadrilateral

1. a +XYZ = 50c b +JKL = 40c 2. b +KLM + 44c + 120c + 32c = 360c

+XZY = 50c +JLK = 60c +KLM + 196c = 360c
+YXZ = 80c +KJL = 80c +KLM = 164c
Sum = 180c Sum = 180c
b +ABC = 90c c +PQR = 32c 3. a +DEF = 83c b +OYX = 45c
+ACB = 35c +PRQ = 38c
+BAC = 55c +QPR = 110c
4. a q = 90c b q = 100c c q = 240c
Sum = 180c Sum = 180c

5. a r = 89c b s = 83.7c c t = 21.1c

2. a 70c + +BCA + 85c = 180c
145c + +BCA = 180c
+BCA = 35c 6. a x = 60c b y = 20c c z = 18c
b +FEG + 105c + 42c = 180c
+FEG + 147c = 180c 7. 1 D & N 2 C & I 3 E & K
+FEG = 33c
4 F & G 5 H & M 6 A & L
7 B & J
3. a +EGF = 60c b +UVW = 98c
c +YXZ = 41c
Angle sum of a polygon
1
4. a x = 47c b x = 71c c x = 119c 1. a (i) 2 b (i) 2

1 3 3
6
5. a a = 59.5c b b = 33.5c c c = 68.7c 5
4
4
d d = 54.4c e e = 21.7c f f = 88.6c
(ii) 4 (ii) 6

6. a u = 50c b v = 4c c w = 75c c (i) 1 2

3
d x = 60c e y = 18c f z = 15c 4
7 5
6
Angle sum of a quadrilateral (ii) 7
1. a +WXY = 110c b +PQR = 98c
+XYZ = 80c +QRS = 55c 2. a (i)
+YZW = 90c +RSP = 125c
1 2
+XWZ = 80c +QPS = 82c
Sum = 360c Sum = 360c 3

2. a 113c + +BCD + 80c + 110c = 360c (ii) Internal angle sum

303c + +BCD = 360c = 3 # angle sum of a triangle
+BCD = 57c = 3 # 180c
= 540c

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Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Answers Angles and Polygons

Angle sum of a polygon Internal angle rule for polygons

2. b (i) 1. a n = 6 Angle sum = (6 - 2) # 180c

= 4 # 180c
1 4 = 720c
2 3
b n =9 Angle sum = (9 - 2) # 180c
= 7 # 180c
= 1260c
(ii) Internal angle sum
= 4 # angle sum of a triangle
2. a 1440c b 1800c
= 4 # 180c
= 720c
3. a n = 8 Each angle =[(8 - 2) # 180c] ' 8
c (i)
= [6 # 180c] ' 8
= 1080c ' 8
= 135c
b n = 15 Each angle = [(15 - 2) # 180c] ' 15
= [13 # 180c] ' 15
(ii) Internal angle sum = 2340c ' 150
= 8 # angle sum of a triangle = 156c
= 8 # 180c
= 1440c
4. a 162c b 147.3c
d (i)

5. a n = 7 Internal angle sum = 900c

b n = 10 Internal angle sum = 1440c
c n = 11 Internal angle sum = 1620c
(ii) Internal angle sum
= 6 # angle sum of a triangle d n = 17 Internal angle sum = 2700c
= 6 # 180c
= 1080c 6. a n = (720c ' 180c) + 2
= 6 sides
3. a (i) 720c (ii) Each internal angle b n = (2520c ' 180c) + 2
= 720c ' 5 = 16 sides
= 144c
c 12 sides (dodecagon)
b (i) 900c (ii) Each internal angle
= 900c ' 7 d 22 sides (icosikaidigon)
= 128.6c to 1 d.p.
7. L A B Y R I N T H
4. a Internal angle sum = 540c x = 98c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

b Internal angle sum = 720c y = 135c

c Internal angle sum = 1080c z = 51c

30 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
 Answers Angles and Polygons

External angle rule for polygons External angle rule for polygons

1. a W 8. (i) Angle sum = 540c (ii) x = 100c

X y = 70c

Z
V Y
9. a = 53c b = 60c c = 22c
b B c

10.(i) There are seven regular polygons with external

angles ranging from 20c through to 30c.
A C
(ii) 12 sides external angle size = 30c
D 13 sides external angle size = 27.7c to 1 d.p.
14 sides external angle size = 25.7c to 1 d.p.
15 sides external angle size = 24c
2. a R b A B
G
16 sides external angle size = 22.5c
T 17 sides external angle size = 21.2c
S F C 18 sides external angle size = 20c
(iii) correct
Q E D

QS is produced to T DC is produced to G
External angle of a triangle
c
1. a a = 45c + 50c b b = 120c + 30c
M = 95c = 150c
O
K
c c = 90c + 25c
N
= 115c
P
Q
2. a x = 80c - 42c b y = 95c - 71c
MN is produced to Q
= 38c = 24c
c z = 44c - 18c
3. a x = 100c b y = 110c c z = 70c
= 26c

4. a 120c b 90c c 72c

3. a p = 132c b r = 30c
e 51.4c f 45c d 60c q = 91c s = 150c

5. a decreases b increases 4. a j = 65c b p = 60c

k = 115c q = 120c
6. a a = 100c b c = 65c c e = 79.5c c l = 45c d n = 20c
b = 72c d = 69c f = 125c m = 27c
e x = 12.5c f a = 22.5c
7. a j = 60c b x = 22c b = 67.5c
k = 52c y = 136c
l = 58c

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Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Answers Angles and Polygons

External angle of a triangle

C
5. (i)

B D

A E
F

(ii) There are MANY combinations. Here are a four:

+ABF + +BFA + +FAB = 180c
+ACE + +CEA + +CAE = 180c
+ABF + +FBD + +BDF = 180c
+BDC + +DFE + +DEF = 180c
C
(Iii)
6x

3y 5x 4x D
B
6x 4x 5x 6x

6x
5x 4x 5x 4x E
A
F 4z

x = 12c
y = 40c
z = 33c

32 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
Notes Angles and Polygons

Angles and Polygons H 13 33

Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Notes Angles and Polygons

34 H 13 Angles and Polygons

SERIES TOPIC Mathletics ©3P Learning Ltd
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