Plane Geometry Revision Notes
Angles and Parallel Lines
The sum of all the The sum of all the angles If two straight lines
adjacent angles on a at a point is 360. intersect, the vertically
straight line is 180. opposite angles are
equal.
b
a
c a
a b b
a + b = 180o a + b + c = 360o a=b
[adj. s on st. line] [s at a pt.] [vert. opp. s]
[] [] []
If AB//CD, then a = b . If AB//CD, then a = b . If AB//CD, then
a + b = 180.
A B A B
a a A B
b a
C D C D b
b C D
[corr. s, AB//CD] [alt. s, AB//CD] [int. s, AB//CD]
[ AB//CD] [ AB//CD] [ AB//CD]
The converse of the above 3 theorems can be used as a test for parallel lines.
[corr. s equal; alt. s equal; int. s, supp.][]
Angles of a Triangle and Convex Polygon
The sum of interior angles of a triangle The exterior angle of a triangle is
is 180. equal to the sum of interior opposite
angles.
a a
b c c1
b
a + b + c = 180o a + b = c1
[ sum of D] [D] [ext. of D] [D]
The sum of the interior angles of a The sum of exterior angles of a convex
convex polygon with n sides is polygon with n sides is 360.
(n - 2) 180.
[ sum of polygon] [] [ext. of polygon] []
[r-note-1.doc] p.1
Conditions for Congruent Triangles
[S.S.S.] [S.A.S] [A.S.A] [R.H.S]
If two Ds are congruent, their corresponding angles and sides are equal.
Conditions for Similar Triangles
a 7 5
5
b c
a 6
6 14 10
10
b c
12 12
[equiangular] [3 sides proportional]
[ratio of 2 sides, inc. ]
[] [][]
If two Ds are similar, their corresponding angles are equal, and their
corresponding sides are proportional.
Isosceles Triangle
If AB = AC , then b = c . If b = c , then AB = AC . If AB = AC, and BM =
A A MC
then AM ^ BC and d = e .
A
B c b c b d e
C B C
M
B[properties
[base s, isos. D] [sides. opp. equal s] of isos. D]C
[D] [] [D]
Equilateral Triangle
If AB = BC = CA, then a = b = c If a = b = c = 60 o , then AB = BC =
= 60 o . A CA . A
B C B C
[properties of equil. D] [D]
[r-note-1.doc] p.2
Parallelograms
If ABCD is a parallelogram , then
AB = DC , AD = BC . A = C , B = D . AO = OC , BO = OD .
A D A D A D
B C B C B C
[opp. sides of // gram] [opp. s of // gram] [diagonals of // gram]
[//] [//] [//]
The converse of each of the 3 theorems can be used as a test for parallelogram.
J a parallelogram is a quadrilateral with parallel opposite sides.
J a rectangle is a parallelogram with right interior angles.
J a rhombus() is a parallelogram with equal adjacent sides.
J a square is a rectangle with equal adjacent sides.
Mid-Point and Intercept Theorems
If AE = EB, AF = FC , If AE = EB and EF // BC , If AB // CD // EF and
then EF // BC and then AF = FC . AC = CE , then BD = DF .
1 A
EF = BC
2
A A B
E F
C D
E F
B C F
E
B C
[mid-point theorem] [intercept theorem] [intercept theorem]
[] [] []
Equal Ratio Theorem & Its Converse
A E AF If EF divides AB and AC such that
In DABC, if EF // BC then = .
E B FC A E AF
= then EF // BC .
A E B FC
A
E F 3 4
E F
6 8
B C
B C
[equal ratio theorem] [converse of equal ratio theorem]
[] []
[r-note-1.doc] p.3
Pythagoras Theorem & Its Converse
If C = 90, then c 2 = a 2 + b 2 . If c 2 = a 2 + b 2 , then C = 90.
c c
a a
b b
[Pythagoras theorem] [converse of Pythagoras theorem]
[] []
Perpendicular Bisector
If EF is the perpendicular bisector of If P is equidistant from two given
AB and P is any point on EF, then P is points A and B, then P lies on the
equidistant from A and B. perpendicular bisector of AB .
E E
P P
A B A B
F F
[^ bisector theorem] [converse of ^ bisector theorem]
[] []
Angle Bisector
If ON is the bisector of AOB and if P If P is equidistant from OA and OB,
is any point on ON, then P is then P is a point on the angle bisector
equidistant from OA and OB . of AOB .
A A
N N
P P
B O B
O
[ bisector theorem] [converse of bisector theorem]
[] []
Chords of a Circle
If ON ^ AB , then AN = If AN = NB , then ON ^ If AN = NB and PN ^AB
NB . AB . then O is on PN .
P
O O
A B A N B B
N A N
[^ from centre bisects [line joining centre to [^ bisector of chord passes
chord] mid-pt. of chord] through centre]
[] [^] [^]
[r-note-1.doc] p.4
If AB = CD , then OM = ON . If OM = ON , then AB = CD .
C C
M M
O O
D D
A B A B
N N
[equal chords, equidistant from centre] [chords equidistant from centre are equal]
[] []
Angles in a Circle
If P lies on the circumference of a circle, then If AOB is a diameter,
x = 2y . x=y. then x = 90.
P P Q P
y y x
x
O
A B
x O
A B A B
[ at centre twice at [s in the same segment] [ in semi-circle]
circumference] [] []
[]
Angles, Arcs and Chords
)
In the same circle (or equal circles), In the same circle (or equal circles),
equal angles equal chords equal
)
AB
CD
=
x
y
. arcs
A
C
C O
A C
y
D C
x O
A x D D
B
D A
B y
B
B
[s at centre are proportional to arcs] [equal angles , equal chords]
etc [equal angles , equal arcs] , etc
[]
Note : s at centre / circumference are NOT proportional to chords
[r-note-1.doc] p.5
Cyclic Quadrilateral
If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then
x + y = 180. x=y.
D D
A y y
A
C C
x x
B B
[opp. s, cyclic quad.] [ext. s, cyclic quad.]
[] []
Tests for Cyclic Quadrilateral
If x = y then A,B,C, If x + y = 180 then If x = y the A,B,C, D
D are concyclic . A,B,C, D are concyclic . are concyclic .
D D
D C y
A y A
y
x
C C
A B x x
B B
[equal s in the same [opp. s supp.] [ext. = int. opp. ]
segment] [] []
[
]
Tangent Properties
If AB is a tangent to the If AB and AC are If AB is tangent to the
circles with centre at O, tangents to the circle at circle at A and AB is a
at T, then AB^OT B and C respectively, chord, then x = y .
then
AB = AC ; a = b and
x=y. Q
O C y
O y
x x
A B b A B
P a A P
B
[tangent perp. to radius] [tangent properties] [ in alt. segment]
[] [] []
The converse of each of the 3 theorems can be used as a test for a tangent.
[r-note-1.doc] p.6
incertre , circumcentre , orthocentre and centroid in a triangle
Incertre Circumcentre
intersection of the angle bisector, and the intersection of the perpendicular bisector,
centre of the inscribed circle. and the centre of the circumscribed circle.
c c
a c
a c
a b
a b b b
Orthocentre Centroid
intersection of the altitude intersection of the median
a c
a c
b b
[r-note-1.doc] p.7
