Euclidean Geometry

Theorem 1.
D If AOB is a straight line,

then x + y = 180
(adj. s on st. line)
x y [ 直線上的鄰角]
A O B
Theorem 2, 3 (Converse of Theorem 1)
D If x + y = 180,

then AOB is a straight line

(adj. s supp.)
A x y B [直線上的鄰角逆定理]
O
或 [鄰角互補]
Corollary
w + x + y + z = 360
w (s at a pt.)
x [同頂角]
y z

Theorem 4.

A If two straight lines AOB, COD meet at O

D
x then x=y
y
O (vert. opp. s)
C [對頂角]
B
Theorem 5, 6, 7
If AB  CD
a then (1) a = b (corr.s, AB//CD)
A B
c [同位角,AB//CD]
(2) c = b (alt.s, AB//CD)
[內錯角,AB//CD]
C b d D (3) c + d = 180 (int.s, AB//CD)
[同側內角,AB//CD]

Theorem 8, 9, 10 (Converse of
Theorem 5, 6, 7) (1) If a=b
then AB//CD (corr.s equal)
[同位角相等]
A a B (2) If c=b
c then AB//CD (alt.s equal)
[內錯角相等]
b d (3) If c + d = 180
C D
then AB//CD (int.s supp.)
[同側內角互補]

1
Theorem 11.
A B If AB//CD and AB//EF
then CD//EF
C D (// to the same st. line)
[平行同一直線]
E F
Theorem 12, 13
In ABC
A (1) a + b + c = 180 ( sum of )
a [內角和]
(2) d = a + b (ext. of )
[的外角]
b c d
B C D

Theorem 14,15,16,17,18.
(Test for Congruent s) In ABC, PQR
(1) If AB = PQ, b = q, BC = QR
then ABC  PQR
A (S.A.S)
a
(2) If b = q, BC = QR, c = r
then ABC  PQR
b c
(A.S.A.)
B P C
(3) If a = p, b = q, BC =QR
p
then ABC  PQR
(A.A.S.)
q r
(4) If AB = PQ, BC = QR, CA = RP
Q R
then ABC PQR
P (S.S.S.)
A

(5) If B = Q = 90, AC = PR, BC = QR

then ABC  PQR
Q R (R.H.S.)
B C

Theorem 19, 20,21

(Tests for Similar Triangles) In ABC, PQR
(1) If a = p and b = q and c = r
A then ABC  PQR
a (A.A.A)
AB AC
(2) If a = p and 
PQ PR
P then ABC  PQR
B b
p (ratio of 2 sides, inc.)
[兩對邊成比例，夾角相等]
c AB AC BC
(3) If  
Q q C PQ PR QR
r then ABC  PQR
R (3 sides proportional)
[對應邊成比例]

2
Theorem 22, 23.
(1) The sum of the interior angles of a convex polygon with n sides is (n-2)x180
( sum of polygon) [多邊形內角和]
(2) If the sides of a convex polygon are produced in order, the sum of the exterior angles
so formed is 360

(sum of ext.s of polygon) [多邊形外角和]

Theorem 24
A
If ABC is isosceles such that AB = AC
then B = C
(base s, isos.)
[等腰的底角]

B C

Theorem 25 (Converse of Theorem 24)

A

If B = C
then AC = AB
(sides opp. equal s)
[等角的對邊]
B C

Theorem 26
A
If AB = BC = CA
then A = B = C = 60
(Property of equilateral )
[等邊性質]

B C

Theorem 27, 28,29, 30.

If ABDC is a parallelogram
A B then (1) AB = CD; AC = BD

a b
(opp. sides, //gram) [平行四邊形對邊]
O
(2) a = d, c = b
c d (opp. s, //gram) [平行四邊形對角]
C D
(3) AO = OD; CO = OB
(diagonals //gram) [平行四邊形對角線]

(4) area of ABC = area of DCB;

area of ADC = area of DAB
(diagonals bisect area of //gram)
[平行四邊形被對角線平分]

3
Theorem 31,32,33 34. In quadrilateral ABCD,
(Tests for Parallelograms) (1) if AB = DC and AD = BC
then ABCD is a parallelogram
A B (opp. sides equal) [對邊相等]
(2) if a = c and b = d
a O b
then ABCD is a parallelogram
d c
(opp.s equal) [對角相等]
(3) if AO = OC and BO = OD
D then ABCD is a parallelogram
C
(diagonals bisect each other)
[對角線互相平分]
(4) if AB = DC and AB // DC
then ABCD is a parallelogram
(opp. sides equal and //) [對邊平行且相等]
Theorem 35.
A B If ABDC is a square,
then (1) AD = BC
(2) AD  BC
O (3) AD bisects BAC and BDC;
BC bisects ABD and ACD
(4) possess all properties of a parallelogram
(property of square) [正方形性質]
C D
Theorem 36.
A B If ABCD is a rectangle,
then (1) AC = BD
(2) possess all properties of a parallelogram
O
(property of rectangle) [矩形性質]

D C
Theorem 37.
A If ABCD is a rhombus,
then (1) AC  BD
(2) AC bisects BAD, BCD;
BD bisects ABC, ADC
D B
(3) possess all properties of a parallelogram
(property of rhombus) [菱形性質]
C
Theorem 38. (Mid-point theorem)
A In ABC,
If D, E are mid-points of AB, AC respectively
then (1) DE // BC
D E (2) DE = BC/2
(Mid-pt. theorem) [中點定理]

B C
Theorem 39. (Equal intercept theorem)
A B If AB // CD // EF // GH and
AC = CE = EG
D
C then BD = DF = FH
(Equal intercept theorem) [等截距定理]
E F
or (Intercept theorem) [截線定理]
G H

4
Theorem 40. (Intercept theorem)
A In ABC,
If D is a mid-point of AB; DE // BC
E then AE = EC
D
(Intercept theorem)
[截線定理]
B C

Theorem 41. (Theorem of equal ratio)

A
D, E divide AB, AC
internally
D E

B C
A
D, E divide AB, AC If DE // BC
AD AE
B C externally
then 
DB EC

(Equal ratios theorem)

[等比定理]
D E
E
D
D, E divide AB, AC
A externally

B C
Theorem 42. (Converse of Theorem 42)

A
D, E divide AB, AC
internally AD AE
If 
D E DB EC
then DE // BC

B C
(Converse of equal ratios theorem)
A
[等比定理之逆定理]
D, E divide AB, AC
B C externally

D E
E
D
D, E divide AB, AC
A externally

B C

5
Theorem 43. (Pythagoras' theorem)
A In ABC
B = 90
then AB2  BC2  AC2
(Pythagoras' theorem)
[畢氏定理]
B C
Theorem 44. (Converse of theorem 43)
A
In ABC
AB2  BC2  AC2
then B = 90
(Converse of Pythagoras' theorem)
[畢氏定理之逆定理]
B C
Theorem 45.
(Perpendicular bisector theorem)
H If HK is the perpendicular bisector of AB
P in a point on HK
P then PA = PB
( bisector theorem)
[中垂線定理]
A B
K

Theorem 46. (Converse of Theorem 46)

H

P If HK is the perpendicular bisector of AB

PA = PB
then P is a point on HK
A B (Converse of  bisector theorem)
[中垂線定理之逆定理]
K
Theorem 47. (Angle bisector theorem)
A
If AD is the angle bisector of BAC
P is a point on AD
PE is the perpendicular distance of P from AB
PF is the perpendicular distance of P from AC
E F then PE = PF
B P ( bisector theorem)
C
[角平分線定理]
D
Theorem 48. (Converse of Theorem 47)
A
If AD is the angle bisector of BAC
PE is the perpendicular distance of P from AB
PF is the perpendicular distance of P from AC
PE = PF
E F then P is a point on AD
B P (Converse of  bisector theorem)
C
[角平分線定理之逆定理]
D

6
Theorem 49.
In ABC,
A
a+b>c
c b b+c>a
c+a>b
(triangular inequality)
[三角形不等式]
B a C

Theorem 50. In ABC,

A (1) If a > b , then A > B .
(greater side, greater opp. )
[長邊對應大角]
c b (2) If A > B, then a > b .
(greater , greater opp. side)
[大角對應長邊]
B a C

Theorem 51a. (Centroid theorem)

A In ABC,
AD, CE, BF are the medians
F
then (1) AD, CE and BF meet at a point, G.
E G (G is the centroid of the triangle)
(2) AG:GD = BG:GF = CG:GE = 2:1;
(Centroid theorem)
B D C [重心定理]
Theorem 51b. (Circum-centre theorem)
In ABC,
A DE, GF, KH are the perpendicular bisectors
G of the sides AB, AC and BC respectively
H
then DE, GF and KH meet at a point, O.
D (O is the circumcentre of the triangle)
O E (Circum-center theorem)
F
C [外接圓心定理]
K
B
Theorem 51c. (In-center theorem)
A In ABC,
AD, BF, CE are the angle bisectors of the
F angles of the triangle
O
E
then AD, BF, CE meet at a point, O.
D (O is the in-centre of the triangle)
C
(In-centre theorem)
[內切圓心定理]
B
Theorem 51d. (Ex-centre theorem)
A
C In ABC,
AD is the angle bisector of a interior angle,
BE and CF are the angle bisectors of the
B exterior angles of the other angles
E then AD, BE, CF meet at a point, O.
(O is the ex-centre of the triangle)
F D (Ex-centre theorem)
[旁切圓心定理]

7
Theorem 51e. (Orthocentre theorem)
A
In ABC,
F AD, BF, CE are the altitudes
E O then AD, BF, CE meet at a point, O.
(O is the orthocenter of a triangle)
(Orthocentre theorem) [垂心定理]
B D C
Theorem 52,53.
If AB CD then arcAB arcCD.
A D
(equal chords, equal arcs) [等弦,等弧]
O
Conversely
If arcAB arcCD then AB CD.
(equal arcs, equal chords) [等弧,等弦]
B C
Theorem 54,55 (corollary of
theorem 52, 53) Two equal circles.
If AB CD then arcAB arcCD.
(equal chords, equal arcs) [等弦,等弧]
A C Conversely
If arcAB arcCD then AB CD.
(equal arcs, equal chords) [等弧,等弦]
B D

Theorem 56, 57,58,59.

If arcAB arcCD (or AB CD) then m  n.

A D
(equal arcs, equal s) [等弧,等角]
O (or equal chords, equal s 等弦,等角)
m n Conversely
If m  n then arcAB arcCD (or AB CD).
(equal s, equal arcs) [等角,等弧]
B C (or equal s, equal chords 等角,等弦)

Corollary 60,61,62, 63.

A C
m O
B D
Two equal circles.
If arcAB arcCD (or AB CD) then m  n.
(equal arcs, equal s) [等弧,等角]
(or equal chords, equal s 等弦,等角)
n P Conversely
If m  n then arcAB arcCD (or AB CD).
(equal s, equal arcs) [等角,等弧]
(or equal s, equal chords 等角,等弦)

Theorem 64.

arcAB : arcBC  m : n
O
m n (arcs prop. to s at centre)
A
[弧與圓心角成比例]
C
B

8
Corollary 65.
Two equal circles.
arcAB : arcCD  m : n
A C P
m O n (arcs prop. to s at centre)
[弧與圓心角成比例]
B D
Theorem 66.

m
n arcAB : arcBC  m : n
O
(arcs prop. to s at circumference)
A
[弧與圓周角成比例]
C
B
Corollary 67. Two equal circles.
arcAB : arcCD  m : n
n
A m C (arcs prop. to s at circumference)
[弧與圓周角成比例]

B D
Theorem 68.
If ON AB
then AN  NB.
O (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
[圓心至弦之垂線平分該弦]

A N B

Theorem 69. (Converse of Theorem 68)

If AN  NB
then ON  AB.
(line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord perp.
O to chord)
[弦的中點與圓心聯線  該弦]

A N B

Theorem 70.
B M If AB  CD
A then OM  ON .
O (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
[等弦與圓心等距]

C N D

Theorem 71. (Converse of Theorem 70)

If OM  ON
B M then AB  CD.
A
(chords equidistant from centre are equal)
O [與圓心等距的弦等長]

C N D

9
Theorem 72.

P
AOB  2APB
O (  at centre twice  at circumference)
[圓心角兩倍於圓周角]

A B O P
P
A
O A
B
B

Theorem 73.
C
If AB is a diameter,
then ACB  90o
A B
O (  in semi-circle)
[半圓上的圓周角]

Theorem 74.
P
If AB is a chord,
Q then APB  AQB.
(s in the same segment)
[同弓形內的圓周角]

A B

Theorem 75.
S
If PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral,
R
then P  R  180o ( or S  Q  180o)
(opp.  s, cyclic quad.)
[圓內接四邊形對角]
P Q

Theorem 76.
S
If PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral,
R
then S  RQK
(ext.  s, cyclic quad.)
[圓內接四邊形外角]
P Q K

Theorem 77. (Converse of Theorem 74)

P
If APB  AQB
Q
then A, B, Q, P are concyclic.
(Converse of  s in the same segment)
[同弓形內的圓周角的逆定理]

A B
10
Theorem 78. (Converse of Theorem 75)
S If P  R  180o ( or S  Q  180o)
R then P, Q, R, S are concyclic.
(opp.  s supp)
[對角互補]
P Q
Theorem 79. (Converse of Theorem 76)
S If S  RQK
R then P, Q, R, S are concyclic.
(ext.  = int. opp.  )
[外角=內對角]
P Q K
Theorem 80.

If PQ is a tangent to the circle ,

O then PQ OT .
(tangent  radius)
[切線  半徑]

P T Q

Theorem 81. (Converse of Theorem 80)

If PQ OT ,
then PQ is a tangent to the circle.
(Converse of tangent  radius)
O [切線  半徑的逆定理]

P T Q

Theorem 82.
P If TP, TQ are two tangents to the circle,
then (1) TP=TQ
(2) TOP  TOQ
O (3) OTP  OTQ
T (tangent properties)
[切線性質]
Q

Theorem 83.
C
B If PAQ is a tangent to the circle at A,
then CAQ  CBA (or BAP  BCA)
(  in alt. segment)
[交錯弓形的圓周角]

P A Q

11
Theorem 84. (Converse of Theorem 83)
C
B If CAQ  CBA (or BAP  BCA),
then PAQ is a tangent to the circle at A.

(Converse of  in alt. segment)

[交錯弓形的圓周角的逆定理]
P A Q

12