1

S.K.H. Lam Woo Memorial Secondary School

Mathematics Department
Reference in Junior Forms Geometry

Reference Book: A New Geometry For Schools, Durell

Geometric Object Definition Diagram

Parallelogram A quadrilateral which has both pairs of
A B
opposite sides parallel, is called a
parallelogram.

D C

Rhombus A parallelogram which has two adjacent

A D
sides equal is called a rhombus.

B C

Rectangle A parallelogram in which one angle is a

A D
right angle is called a rectangle.

B C

Square A rectangle which has two adjacent

A D
sides equal is called a square.

B C

Trapezium A quadrilateral which has one, and only

A B
one, pair of sides parallel is called a
trapezium.

D C
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1. Theorems for Angles
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If AOB is a straight line, then Adj. ∠s on st. line
a + b = 180° .
a
b
A B
O

If a + b = 180° , then AOB is a Adj. ∠s supp.

straight line.
a
b
A B
O

a + b + c + d = 360° ∠s at a pt.

a
b
c
d

a=b vert. Opp. ∠s

a b

2. Theorems for Angles and Parallel Lines

Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If AB // CD, then
(1) a = b corr. ∠s, AB // CD a
A B
c d
(2) b = c alt. ∠s, AB // CD b
C D
(3) b + d = 180° int. ∠s, AB // CD

(1) If a = b, then AB // CD. corr. ∠s equal

a
A B
(2) If b = c, then AB // CD. alt. ∠s equal c d
b
C D
(3) If b + d = 180° , then AB // CD. int. ∠s supp
 3
3. Theorems for Triangles and Polygons
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° ∠ sum of ∆ A

C
B

x = ∠A + ∠ B ext. ∠ of ∆
A

B C

If ∠B = ∠C, then
A
AB = AC. sides opp. eq. ∠s

B C

If AB = AC and AD is the axis of A

symmetry, then
(1) ∠B = ∠C base ∠s, isos. ∆
B C
(2) ∠BAD = ∠CAD D
(3) BD = DC property of isos. ∆
(4) AD ⊥ BC
If ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle, property of eq. ∆ A
i.e. AB = BC = CA, then
∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
B C

If ∠ABC = 90°, then A

AB + BC = AC .
2 2 2
Pyth. Theorem

B C
If AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2 , then ∠ABC converse of Pyth.
= 90°. Theorem

If AB 2 + BC 2 ≠ AC 2 , then ∠ABC (no reference / Pyth.

≠ 90°. Theorem)
Sum of all interior angles = ∠ sum of polygon
(n − 2) × 180°

Sum of all exterior angles = 360° sum of ext. ∠s of

polygon
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4. Theorems for Congruent Triangles
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If AB = XY , BC = YZ , SSS A X
CA = ZX , then ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ .

B C Y Z

If AB = XY , AC = XZ , SAS A X
∠A = ∠X , then ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ .

B C Y Z
If ∠A = ∠X , ∠C = ∠Z , ASA A X
AC = XZ , then ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ .

B C Y Z
If ∠A = ∠X , ∠C = ∠Z , AAS A X
BC = YZ , then ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ .

B C Y Z
If AB = XY , AC = XZ , RHS
A X
∠C = ∠Z = 90° , then
∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ .

B C Y Z

If ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ , then

A X
 AB = XY

 BC = YZ
 CA = ZX corr. sides, ≅∆s

B C Y Z
and

∠A = ∠X
 corr. ∠s, ≅∆s
 ∠B = ∠Y .
∠C = ∠Z

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5. Theorems for Similar Triangles
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If ∠A = ∠X , ∠B = ∠Y , Equiangular
A X
∠C = ∠Z , then ∆ABC ~ ∆XYZ .

Y Z
B C

AB BC CA 3 sides prop.
If = = , then A X
XY YZ ZX
∆ABC ~ ∆XYZ .

Y Z
B C

AB AC Ratio of 2 sides, inc. ∠

If = and ∠A = ∠X , A X
XY XZ
then ∆ABC ~ ∆XYZ .

Y Z
B C

If ∆ABC ~ ∆XYZ , then

A X
AB BC CA
= = and
XY YZ ZX Corr. sides, ~∆s

∠A = ∠X Y Z

 ∠B = ∠Y . B C
∠C = ∠Z corr. ∠s, ~∆s

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6. Theorems for Parallelogram, Rectangle, Square and Rhombus
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If ABCD is a parallelogram, then
A B
(1) AB = DC and AD = BC opp. sides of // gram
(2) ∠DAB = ∠DCB and O
∠ABC = ∠ADC opp. ∠s of // gram
(3) AO = OC and BO = OD diag. of // gram
D C

If AB = DC and AD = BC , then opp. sides equal

A B
ABCD is a parallelogram.

D C

If ∠A = ∠C and ∠B = ∠D , then opp. ∠s equal

A B
ABCD is a parallelogram.

D C

If AB = DC and AB // DC, then 2 sides equal and //

A B
ABCD is a parallelogram.

D C

If AO = OC and BO = OD , then diag. bisect each other

A B
ABCD is a parallelogram.
O

D C

If ABCD is a rectangle, then

A D
(1) it has all the properties of a
parallelogram K
(2) ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = 90° property of rectangle
(3) KA = KB = KC = KD
B C
(4) BD = AC
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Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If ABCD is a rhombus, then
A D
(1) it has all the properties of a
parallelogram K
(2) AB = BC = CD = DA
(3) ∠AKD = 90°
B C
(4) ∠KAB = ∠KAD = ∠KCB property of rhombus
=∠KCD
(5) ∠KBA = ∠KBC = ∠KDA
=∠KDC
If ABCD is a square, then
A D
(1) it has all the properties of a
rectangle and rhombus K
(2) AB = BC = CD = DA property of square
(3) ∠AKD = 90°
B C
(4) ∠KAB = ∠KAD = L = 45°
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7. Other Theorems
Theorem Abbreviation Diagram
If AD = DB and AE = EC , then mid-pt. theorem A
1
DE = BC and DE // BC .
2
D E

B C

If AD = DB and DE // BC, then intercept theorem A

AE = EC .

D E

B C
If AD // BE // CF and AB = BC , intercept theorem
then DE = EF . A D

B E

C F

If AD // BE // CF , then equal ratios theorem

AB DE A D
= . B E
BC EF

C F

AD AE converse of equal ratios A

If = , then DE // BC
DB EC theorem

D E

B C

END