V Load Analysis Explanation

Behavior & Design
Curved Girder
Curved Steel Girder Bridges
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Curved Steel Girder Design
L1 L2 OUTSIDE
GIRDER
CROSS
d
FRAME
CL PIER
U T
C
CL AB LA
BU
T
RADIUS INSIDE
GIRDER
CURVED BRIDGE - PLAN VIEW

Crossframe Spacing
Centerline Radius Max. Diaphragm Spacing
R < 200’ 15’
200’< R < 500’ 17’
500’ < R < 1000’ 20’
R > 1000’ 25’

Design Forces (per specification)
Primary Bending Forces

Secondary Bending Forces
Lateral Flange Moments
Cross Frame Forces (Primary Members)
Unrestrained by
Cross Frame
Cross frame
Top Flange
Compression Compression
Tension Tension
Bottom Flange
Cross frame
Top Flange
Compression Compression
Tension Tension
Bottom Flange



What Has Changed over

the Years?
Analysis Methods
Yield Strengths
Frequency of highly curved
and/or skewed bridges
But there is still a key

aspect of curved
girder behavior that
an engineer must
understand
The V-Load Method
(Analysis)



Central Angle Limit

Bridge Centerline
Primary Force Sp
anX an
S p Y
Secondary Forces
Lateral Flange Moments
R
θ
When Subtended Angle ( θ ) is Less Than
Code Limit
Secondary Forces Neglected
Behavior and Analysis of

Curved and Skewed
Steel Girder Bridges
Domenic Coletti, PE
John Yadlosky, PE
World
World Steel
Steel Bridge
Bridge Symposium
Symposium 2005
2005
Orlando,
Orlando, FL
FL
Levels of Analysis
• Three Levels of Analysis

– Approximate Analysis
– 2D (“Grid”) Analysis
– 3D Analysis
Levels of Analysis
• Issues
– Level of modeling detail / accuracy
– Level of modeling effort
– Amount of output
– Live load modeling
Levels of Analysis
• Live Load Modeling

– Multiple live load cases (“live load generator”)
– Influence line approach
– Influence surface approach
BSDI, Ltd.
• Influence Surface Examples
Levels of Analysis

BSDI, Ltd.
• Influence Surface Examples
Levels of Analysis

Levels of Analysis –
Approximate Analysis
• Approximate Analysis Methods
– Line Girder + Factors
– V-Load Method: I -Girders
– M/R Method: Tub Girders
• Line Girder + Factors
– Any line girder analysis tool can be used
– Factors from FHWA “Curved Girder Workshop”
– Approximate! Good for preliminary design
FHWA Curved Girder Workshop

Manual, 1976
• V-Load Method
– For Curved I-Girders
– Developed by USS in 1960s FHWA Curved Girder Workshop Manual, 1976
– “V-Loads” are the shears in diaphragms

– Computer tools available
FHWA Curved Girder Workshop Manual, 1976

• M/R Method
– For Curved Tub Girders
– Developed by Tung and Fountain in 1970
– Analogous to V-Load
– Very cumbersome for multiple girder systems
Tung and Fountain, 1970

Levels of Analysis – 2D “Grid”
Analysis
• What is a 2D “Grid” Analysis?
– Girders modeled as line elements
– Diaphragms modeled as line elements
– Deck modeled in strips as line elements
Analysis
• Grid Analysis Computer Tools
– MDX
– DESCUS I & II
– General FEM programs
– Others?
Analysis
• Advantages of Grid Analysis
– Simple modeling
– Efficient (level of modeling effort)
– Some find it easier to understand
– Computer tools readily available
Analysis
• Disadvantages of Grid Analysis
– Diaphragm modeling
– Deck modeling
– Load Distribution
– In sum: Accuracy questions?
Analysis
• Grid Analysis is Not Recommended for…
– Severe curvature and/or skew
– Deep girders
– Long spans
– Variable depth girders
Levels of Analysis – 3D Analysis
• What is a 3D Analysis?
– Flanges: beam or plate elements
– Webs: plate elements
– Diaphragms, bracing: truss or plate elements
– Deck: solid or plate elements
• 3D Analysis Computer Tools

– BSDI 3D System (limited LRFD capabilities)
– General FEM programs
– Others?
• Advantages of 3D Analysis
– All pieces and parts modeled - rigorous
– Direct analysis results for all pieces and parts
– Greater refinement
– Greater accuracy (?)
• Disadvantages of 3D
Analysis
– Greater modeling effort
– More complicated model
– Results less “intuitive”
– In sum: Is the refinement
worth the effort?
• Limitations of 3D Analysis
– Virtually no limitations on type or complexity of
structures that can be modeled
– Limitations come down to time and money
Design Process
Lay out framing plan
Establish initial plate sizing philosophy
Run line Girder
Adjust plates for 3D Model
Run 3D Model
Resize plates
Rerun 3D Model
Design remaining girder elements
Construction
Detailing &
Construction Issues
• Horizontal, Vertical and Rotational

Camber
• Single I Girder Stability
• Erecting Curved Girders
• Shipping and Handling

• Heat - Curving
Say ‘‘No’
No’ to
Oversized Holes in
Main
(Geometry Controlling)
Load Carrying Members!
Girder 3 Girder 2 Girder 1
3/4" 3/8"
Maximum Horizontal Displacement
3/8" : (1 1/16" - 7/8") 3/16" : (1/2" Hole) x (4 Holes)

Girder 1
Maximum Vertical Displacement

3/8"
Girder 2
3/4"
Girder 3

Girder 3 Girder 2 Girder 1

See Detail 1 See Detail 2
See Detail 3
DWG. CT-010
See Detail 4
Maximum Displacement with Rotation

Girder 3 Girder 2
8'-9"
0.371" (Not to Scale) 0.191"
(See Note)
0.752 "
“Original” Location
of Girder
2.302 "
“Original” Location
of Bolt Holes
7/8" Dia. Bolt
Displaced & Rotated

Position
Left Outside Center Girder

Top Flange Top Flange
(Detail 1) (Detail 2)
Consider Warping
Stresses and Associated
Deflections During Lifting
and Handling.
Bearing Orientation
Before Expansion
r
Pie
Pier
Tangent
Tangent
Radial Line
d
En port Radial Line
p
Su
En pport
Su
d
After Expansion
DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT
Bearings Lineal in Movements
Horizontal Plane Arrested
A&C Tangential Radially
B Radial Tangentially
All Other Any
Suggested Support Arrangement for Curved Girder Spans

• Minimize Number of Total Fixed Points
• Adjust for Longer Structures
Bearing Design Tips
• Use multi-rotational bearings

• Pot/spherical bearings
• Round laminated neoprene pads
• Restrain as few bearings as possible

• Restraint costs more
• Minimizes bearings locking up
• Minimizes concern over lateral restraint forces
on Cut Curving &
Some Thoughts
Heat Curving
Cut Curving

Heat Curving

FHWA/NCHRP Documents
•FHWA-IF-99-004
Heat-Straightening Repairs of Damaged Steel Bridges
(A Technical Guide and Manual of Practice)
•NCHRP Report 271

Guidelines for Evaluation and Repair of Damaged Steel
Bridge Members
Review - Parts I & II:

Cross Frames are Primary Members
Lateral Flange Bending (Warping) / Wind
Analysis Methods
Holistic Approach – Consider
Construction During Design
Account for ROTATIONS and
Deflections – ‘No’ Oversized Holes
Closing

V Load Analysis Explanation

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Behavior & Design

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CURVED BRIDGE - PLAN VIEW

Centerline Radius Max. Diaphragm Spacing

R < 200’ 15’

200’< R < 500’ 17’

500’ < R < 1000’ 20’

R > 1000’ 25’

Design Forces (per specification)

Primary Bending Forces

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What Has Changed over

But there is still a key

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Central Angle Limit

Behavior and Analysis of

• Three Levels of Analysis

• Live Load Modeling

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FHWA Curved Girder Workshop

– “V-Loads” are the shears in diaphragms

FHWA Curved Girder Workshop Manual, 1976

Tung and Fountain, 1970

• 3D Analysis Computer Tools

• Horizontal, Vertical and Rotational

• Single I Girder Stability

• Erecting Curved Girders

• Shipping and Handling

Girder 3 Girder 2 Girder 1

Maximum Horizontal Displacement

3/8" : (1 1/16" - 7/8") 3/16" : (1/2" Hole) x (4 Holes)

Maximum Vertical Displacement

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Girder 3 Girder 2 Girder 1

Maximum Displacement with Rotation

7/8" Dia. Bolt

Displaced & Rotated

Left Outside Center Girder

Suggested Support Arrangement for Curved Girder Spans

• Use multi-rotational bearings

• Restrain as few bearings as possible

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•NCHRP Report 271

Review - Parts I & II:

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