“AZƏRBAYCAN HAVA YOLLARI” QSC

NATIONAL AVIATION ACADEMY

Individual Work № 4

Topic: First-order linear differential equations. Bernoulli’s equation.

Subject: Higher Mathematics Teacher: Elvin Əzizbəyov

Group: 1419i Student: Hidayət Köçərli

Date:20.12.2020 Signature: Köçərli

Baku 2020
Definition of Linear Equation of First Order
A differential equation of type

y′+a(x)y=f(x),

where a(x) and f(x) are continuous functions of x, is called a linear nonhomogeneous

differential equation of first order. We consider two methods of solving linear
differential equations of first order:
 Using an integrating factor;
 Method of variation of a constant.

Using an Integrating Factor

If a linear differential equation is written in the standard form:

y′+a(x)y=f(x),

the integrating factor is defined by the formula

u(x)=exp(∫ a( x)dx ).
Multiplying the left side of the equation by the integrating factor u(x) converts the left
side into the derivative of the product y(x)u(x).

u ( x ) f ( x ) dx+C
Y=∫ u( x )

where C is an arbitrary constant.

The Bernoulli equation states that,

where
 points 1 and 2 lie on a streamline,
 the fluid has constant density,
 the flow is steady, and
 there is no friction.
Although these restrictions sound severe, the Bernoulli equation is very useful, partly
because it is very simple to use and partly because it can give great insight into the
balance between pressure, velocity and elevation.

When streamlines are parallel the pressure is constant across them, except for hydrostatic
head differences (if the pressure was higher in the middle of the duct, for example, we
would expect the streamlines to diverge, and vice versa). If we ignore gravity, then the
pressures over the inlet and outlet areas are constant. Along a streamline on the
centerline, the Bernoulli equation and the one-dimensional continuity equation give,
respectively,

These two observations provide an intuitive guide for analyzing fluid flows, even when the
flow is not one-dimensional. For example, when fluid passes over a solid body, the
streamlines get closer together, the flow velocity increases, and the pressure decreases.
Airfoils are designed so that the flow over the top surface is faster than over the bottom
surface, and therefore the average pressure over the top surface is less than the average
pressure over the bottom surface, and a resultant force due to this pressure difference is
produced. This is the source of lift on an airfoil. Lift is defined as the force acting on an
airfoil due to its motion, in a direction normal to the direction of motion. Likewise, drag on
an airfoil is defined as the force acting on an airfoil due to its motion, along the direction of
motion.

An easy demonstration of the lift produced by an airstream requires a piece of notebook

paper and two books of about equal thickness.