GUIDE D’ÉTUDE DU CHAPITRE 6.5, 10.

7, ET
10.8
DBHS – A2TH

REAL NUMBERS (NO i ) EX:

5π 2π
(r , θ)
( 2 ,−2 √ 3 ) :r=4 ; tan θ=−√ 3 ,θ= + π=
GRAPHING POLAR POORDINATES 3 3
1. Find the angle r lies on.
2. Graph point r units away from the pole on the 2π
(4, )
line of angle θ . 3
EX: Graph (2 , π3 )=(−2, π3 ± π )=(2 , π3 ± 2 π ) CONVERTING POLAR/RECTANGULAR EQUATIONS
Use conversion formulas for polar ↔ rectangular
coordinates!

EX: Rectangular to Polar

x 2+ y 2−2 ax=0r 2=2a ¿r 2=2ar cos θ

r =2 a cos θ

EX: Polar to Rectangular

r 2=sin2 θr 2=2sin θ cos θr 4 =2 r sinθ r cos θ

2
( x 2 + y 2 ) =2 xy

GRAPHING POLAR EQUATIONS

CONVERSION FROM POLAR TO RECTANGULAR
1. Isolate r in an equation.
( r , θ )→( x , y ) 2. Make a table of values in terms of r and θ , pay
attention to range (usually 0 ≤ θ<2 π )
x=r cos θ y=r sin θ
3. Use values as polar coordinates and graph.

EX: (−3 , π6 )=¿ EX: r =2cos 2θ

CONVERSION FROM RECTANGULAR TO POLAR

( x , y )→( r , θ )
y y
tanθ= ∨arctan =θ r 2=x 2 + y 2
x x
r =f ¿ is symmetric with respect to the line
π
θ= r =f ¿ is symmetric with respect to the polar axis
2
SPECIAL POLAR GRAPHS
CIRCLE
r =a cos θr =a sin θ
a=¿ Diameter of circle
LEMNISCATE
r 2=a2 cos 2θr 2=a2 sin2 θ
a : length of “petal”
LIMAÇON
r =a ±b cos θr =a ±b sinθ
a< b : limaçon with inner loop
a=b : cardioid
b< a<2 b : dimpled limaçon
a ≥ 2 b : convex limaçon
ROSE
r =a sin nθr =a cos nθ
a : length of petal
n petals if n is odd
2 n petals if n is even
COMPLEX NUMBERS (YES i )
Note: cis θ=cos θ+i sinθ
GRAPHING IN THE COMPLEX PLANE
Standard form of complex number a+ bi can be
graphed on the complex plane as (a , b) on the real
plane. a is graphed on the real axis, while b is graphed
in the imaginary axis.
EX: Graph 4 +2 i
Absolute value of a complex number is
|a+ bi|=√ a2 +b 2
Polar form of a complex number is r ¿
r =¿ modulus, θ=¿ argument FINDING THE ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
To find the roots of a complex number, the DeMoivre’s
CONVERTING COMPLEX NUMBERS theorem is used. The number n represents how many
solutions exist in the range 0 ≤ θ<2 π .
STANDARD FORM TO POLAR FORM
a+ bi→r ¿ 1. Find the primary root by raising the complex
number in polar form to the nth power.
b 2. Find the spacer by dividing 2 π by n.
r =|a+bi|=√ a2 +b2 tanθ= Add the spacer to θ to find each root until n
a 3.
numbers of roots have been found.
7π
EX: −1+ir = √−12 +12= √2arctan (−1 )= 4
−π
3π 1
EX: Find all cube roots of 27 cis (raised to the
4 3
3π 3π
¿ √ 2 cis power)
4 4
3π
POLAR FORM TO STANDARD FORM
r ¿ → a+ bi
Primary root =
1
3
(27) cis
4
3( )
∗1
¿ 3 cis
π
4

r∗cos θ+r∗isin θ 2π 8π
Spacer = =
3 12
EX: 4 ¿¿ 4 cos 30 °+ 4 i sin 30° ¿ 2 √ 3+ 2i
Because we are looking for the 3rd root, there will be 3
MULTIPLYING COMPLEX NUMBERS solutions (Fundamental theorem of algebra)

To multiply two complex numbers, they must be in polar π

form. Then, multiply the moduli (r) and add the Root 1 (Primary): 3 cis
4
arguments (θ )
π 2π 11 π
Root 2: 3 cis + =3 cis
EX: ¿¿ ( 3∗−2 ) ¿¿−6 cis 69 ° 4 3 12
11 π 2 π 19 π
Root 3:3 cis + =3 cis
DIVIDING COMPLEX NUMBERS 12 3 12
To divide two complex numbers, they must be in polar (To find the fifth root of a complex number, there would
form. Then, divide the moduli (r) and subtract the be 5 solutions, and so on)
arguments (θ ) Represented
graphically:
EX:
( 16 cis π ) ¿ ( 16 ÷ 10 ) ¿¿ 8 cis π
¿¿ 5 2

DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM
¿¿
EX: ¿ ¿

EX: √ 16 cis 18° =4 cis 9°