2

ある
あまり(1)
ある
あまり
aru
amari (1)
to be, to exist (of inanimate things); to have
too much, very, a lot
Thing + は + place + に + ある
Amari always precedes the verb.
Person/Place + (に)は + thing + が + ある

3
いっぱい
いい いっぱい

ippai
いい
full, many, a lot
ii ippai + V
good いっぱい食べる・ippai taberu - to eat a lot

いっぱいある・ippai aru - there are a lot of

something
 5
6

いる (1) いる (2)
いる (1)
いる (2)
iru (1)
iru (2)
to exist (for animate, usually living, things)
-ing
Thing + は + place + に + いる
V.te-form + iru (いる)
Person/Place + (に)は + thing + が + いる

7 か (2)
か (1) か (2)

か (1) ka (2)
ka (1) or
Noun + ka + Noun + ka
question particle
Verb. plain + ka
Sentence + ka(か）.
Adj-i + ka

Adj-na.stem + ka
 10

9 から（3）
から(1) から（3）

から(1) kara(3)
kara(1) so
Verb + kara
from, since
I-adjective + kara
Noun + kara (から)
Na-adjective + da + kara

Noun + da + kara

11
12

から（２） が (1)
から（２）
が (1)
kara(2)
ga (1)
after having done s.t.; since
subject-marking particle
te-form of Verb + kara +　[main clause]
 14
13

くらい
が (2)
くらい
が (2)
Kurai
ga (2)
approximately, about
but, however
Number + Counter + kurai (くらい)
Sentence-1 + ga(が) + Sentence-2
Demonstrative Pronoun/Adjective + kurai (くらい）
Sentence-1 + ga(が)。
Interrogative Pronoun + kurai (くらい)

16

こそあど言葉
15

けれども こそあどことば
けれども
kosoado kotoba
keredomo ko-, so-, a- & do- demonstrative pronouns
although, though, but Kore・これ Kochira・こちら this/here is When the
clause + keredomo object is close to the speaker

V.plain/plain past + keredomo Sore・それ Sochira・そちら that/there When the

i-adj + keredomo
na-adj + copula. plain/plain past + keredomo
noun + copula. plain/plain past + keredomo
object is close to the person spoken to
Are・あれ Achira・あちら Over
there(that/location)When the object is far from the
both

Dore・どれ Dochira・どちら Which

 17

する 18

する だ
Suru だ

to do Da
Imperfective form - し、せ、さ be (copula)
Connective form - し Present: Da
Predicative form - する Present negative: ja nai

Attributive form - する Past: datta

Hypothetical form - すれ Past negative: ja nakatta

Imperative form - しろ、せよ

19 20

だけ だろう
だけ だろう

Dake Darō
only, just Probably
Noun + dake (だけ) * Verb/i-Adj.inf + だろう

Verb/i-Adj. inf + dake (だけ) 行く　だろう

行った　だろう
na-Adj. stem + na dake(だけ)
早い　だろう
早かった　だろう
* na-Adj.stem + (だった)だろう
静か　だろう
静かだった　だろう
* Noun + (だった)だろう
学生　だろう
学生だった　だろう
 21

ている
ている

te iru 22

be doing something, be in a state created てください

before
Case i) てください
Dictionary form Te-form Te-form + iru English
泳ぐ 泳いで 泳いでいる is swimming te kudasai
oyogu oyoide oyoide ru
食べる 食べて 食べている is eating Please do something
taberu tabete tabete iru
する して している is doing
* [te-from of a verb] ＋ kudasai.
suru shite shite iru Please do...
Case ii)
Dictionary form Te-form Te-form + iru English
ぬれる ぬれて ぬれている (got wet and) still wet now
nureru nurete nurete iru
壊れる 壊れて 壊れている (got broken and) it is
broken now
kowareru kowarete kowarete iru
 24

てもいい
23

てもいい
てはいけません/ては te mo ii
だめだ may; it is alright
(V / adj-i / adj-na , N + Copula).te mo ii
てはいけません/てはだめだ
Verb:
te wa ikemasen/te wa dame da 食べて　も　いい
tabete mo ii
may eat; it is alright to eat
you can't do adj-i:
冷たくて　も　いい
* te-form of a verb + は いけません/いけない tsumetakute mo ii
it is alright if s.t. is cold
* te-form of a verb + は だめだ adj-na:
静か　で　も　いい
= you can't do something, you should not do
shizuka de mo ii
something. it is alright if s.t. is quiet
Noun:
学生　で　も　いい
gakusei de mo ii
it is alright if s.o. is a student
 25

て形（動詞）
てけい（どうし）
te-kei
26
te-form - and, -ing
Class 1 verbs:
u/tsu/ru-verbs:
死ぬ　→　死んで
shinu → shinde で (2)
買う　→　買って 呼ぶ　→　呼んで
kau → katte yobu → yonde
待つ　→　待って 踏む　→　踏んで で (2)
matsu → matte fumu → funde
帰る　→　帰って
kaeru →　kaette
Class 2 verbs:
v.stem + te
de (2)
ku-verbs: 出る　→　出て
着く　→　着いて deru → dete by, with, using
tsuku → tsuite Irregular verbs:
Exception: 来る　→　来て Noun + de(で)
行く　→　行って kuru → kite
iku → itte する　 →　して
gu-verbs: suru → shite
泳ぐ　→　泳いで i-adjectives
oyogu → oyoide final i becomes kute and can
su-verbs: function as "and" connecting
殺す　→　殺して adjectives together or a
korosu → koroshite conjunction linking clauses
nu/bu/mu-verbs: together.

27 28

で(1) で(3)
で(1) で(3)

de(1) de (3)
at, in, on (place) and, because
location + de (で) 〜で〜
 30

29 です
で(4) です

desu
で(4)
to be (copula)
de (4)
Present: Desu
at, on Present negative: De(wa) arimasen / Ja arimasen
Time + de (で) Past: Deshita

Past negative: De(wa) arimasen deshita / Ja arimasen

deshita

32

どう
31
どう

dō
と (2)
How
と (2) 1 - state of something or someone:

to (2) 山田先生はどうですか。・Yamada-sensei wa dō
desu ka? - How is Professor Yamada?
and, with, as
2- to suggest something:
Noun + to(と) + Noun
お茶はどうですか。・Ocha wa dō desu ka? - How
about tea? / Would you like some tea? / How is the
tea?

3- この字をどう読みますか。・Kono ji o dō
yomimasu ka? - How do you read this character?
 33 34

どうして どこ
どうして どこ

dōshite doko
why where?
"どうして + Question" どこ・doko

35 36

な (1) なくて
な (1) なくて

na (1) nakute
don't do is not - and -, do not do
Append na to the plain nonpast affirmative form of a verb: Verb. inf. negative (without nai) + nakute
V.plain nonpast + na
i-Adj. stem + ku nakute
Class I - 行く・iku - to go
na-Adj. stem/Noun + de wa nakute/ja nakute
行く + な = 行くな - don't go!

iku + na = iku na - don't go!

Class II - 見る・miru - to look　

見る + な = 見るな - don't look

miru + na = miru na - don't look

Class III - する - to do

する + な = するな - don't do
suru + na = suru na - don't do
 37

な形容詞の活用
な-けいようし の かつよう

na-keiyoushi no katsuyou 38

に
na-adjectives conjugation
Plain Nonpast:
彼は静かだ。(Kare wa shizuka da. He is quiet.)
Plain Nonpast Negative
に
彼は静かではない。(Kare wa shizuka de wa nai. He is not
quiet.)
ni
彼は静かじゃない。(Kare wa shizuka ja nai.)
in; at; on; to
*じゃ/ja　is a contraction of では/de wa and is more colloquial
than では/de wa
Plain Past:
彼は静かだった。（Kare wa shizuka datta. He was quiet.）
Plain Past Negative:
彼は静かではなかった。(Kare wa shizuka de wa nakatta. He
was not quiet.)

40
39

に／へ
にする
に／へ
にする
ni／e
ni suru
to (place, etc)
decide on, make it
place + ni (に)
* Noun + ni suru (にする)
place + e (へ)
 41 42

ね の (1)
ね の (1)

ne no (1)
tag question (isn't it? right? eh?) possessive particle
the particle ne is added to the end of the sentence Object1 + の + Object2

43

の (2) 44

の (2) は
no (2) は

one wa
i-Adjective + i + の Topic maker, As for
na-Adjective + na + の [ A ] wa [ B ] desu.

Noun + の = [ A ] is [ B ].

Verb + の
 45
46

は何ですか へ
はなんですか へ
wa nan desu ka e
What is--- to, towards
* [demonstrative pronoun or something] + wa nan
location/direction + e(へ)
desu ka?

48

ましょう・（よ）う
47 ましょう・（よ）う

ましょうか mashō/(yo)u
let's ~~; probably; i plan to
ましょうか
Class Dictionary form formal volitional
mashō ka (masu stem + mashō) informal volitional
Shall I/we I iku iki mashō ikō

[ Verb.masu-stem + ましょうか ] I nomu nomi mashō nomō

II miru mi mashō miyō

II taberu tabe mashō tabeyō

III suru shi mashō shiyō

 49

ませんか・ないか
ませんか・ないか

masen ka, nai ka 50

Won't you.., Wouldn't you まだ

* Verb. polite negative + ka (～ませんか)?
Class Dictionary form formal negative まだ
(masu stem + masen) + ka English
I iku iki masen ka won't you go mada
II miru mi masen ka won't you see
III suru shi masen ka won't you do still, not yet
* Verb. plain negative + ka (か)?
Class Dictionary form informal negative + ka
English
I iku ikanai ka won't you go
II miru minai ka won't you see
III suru shinai ka won't you do

51 52

まで までに
まで までに

made made ni
until, up to, even before, by, within
 53

も 54

も
も (2)
mo も (2)

also, in addition, too mo

[Object1]は[property1/action1]です even, as many/much/long
[Object2]も[property1/action1]です

55 56

も〜も もう
も〜も もう

mo~mo Mō
both 1 and 2, neither 1 nor 2 already, anymore
 57

や 58

や
よ
ya よ

and yo
AやB you know
AやBや よ + yo is attached to the end of the sentence.

A や B や C など

59 60

わ を
わ を

wa o
weak emphatic particle used by female object-marking particle
speakers Noun + o(を) + verb
 61

下さい 62

ください
事
kudasai こと

please koto
Noun をください thing(s); stuff; that
Verb.te-form ください

63 64

人称代名詞 全然
にんしょうだいめいし ぜんぜん

ninshou daimeishi Zenzen

referential noun (personal pronouns) (not) at all; absolutely not
私・watashi - I/me
私・watakushi - I/me
僕・boku - I/me (masculine)
俺・ ore - I/me (masculine)
あたし・atashi - I/me (feminine)
貴方・anata - you
君・ kimi - you (informal for intimate members only)
お前・omae - you (informal for intimate members only)
彼・kare - he/him
彼女・kanojo - she/her
Plural
私達・watashitachi - we/us
私達・watakushitachi - we/us
僕達・bokutachi - we/us (masculine)
俺達・oretachi - we/us (masculine)
あたし達・atashitachi - we/us (feminine)
貴方達・anatatachi - You (plural)
君達・kimitachi - You (plural) (informal for intimate members only)
お前達・omaetachi - You (plural) (informal for intimate members only)
彼ら・karera - they/them (masculine)
彼女ら・kanojora - they/them (feminine)
 65 66

出来る 前に
できる まえに

Dekiru mae ni
can, be able to before, in front of
Person/Thing は noun ができる Verb.plain.nonpast 前に

Person/Thing は Verb.plain-nonpast ことが できる Noun の前に

67 68

助数詞 動詞の活用(過去形)
じょすうし どうしのかつよう（かこけい）

josuushi doushi no katsuyou (kakokei)

Counters Conjugation of verbs (plain past)
The number that precedes the counter is normally Conjugation of verbs to the plain past tense is similar to conjugation to the
te-form, with the only difference being that the last syllable becomes ta
from the "ichi", "ni", "san" counting system, rather than te.
however, there are some counters that require use of
Dictionary form Te-form Plain past tense Translation
the "hitotsu", "futatsu", "mittsu" counting system
Class 1 verbs
(minus the final "tsu"). 買う(kau) 買って(katte) 買った(katta) To buy
歩く(aruku) 歩いて(aruite) 歩いた(aruita) To walk
In addition, the pronunciation of many counters 泳ぐ(oyogu) 泳いで(oyoide) 泳いだ(oyoida)
To swim
changes (according to Japanese pronunciation rules) 話す(hanasu) 話して(hanashite) 話した(hanashita) To speak
待つ(matsu) 待って(matte) 待った(matta) To wait
when a number is prefixed to it. For example, "hiki", 死ぬ(shinu) 死んで(shinde) 死んだ(shinda) To die
the counter for small animals, becomes "ippiki" for 飛ぶ(tobu) 飛んで(tonde) 飛んだ(tonda) To fly
読む(yomu) 読んで(yonde) 読んだ(yonda) To read
one animal, "nihiki" for two animals, and "sanbiki" 帰る(kaeru) 帰って(kaette) 帰った(kaetta) To return(home)

for three animals. Class 2 verbs

食べる(taberu) 食べて(tabete) 食べた(tabeta) To eat
いる(iru) いて(ite) いた(ita) To exist
Class 3 verbs & irregular verbs
する(suru) して(shite) した(shita) To do
来る(kuru) 来て(kite) 来た(kita) To come
行く(iku) 行って(itte) 行った(itta) To go
 70

動詞の活用（辞書形）
69

動詞の活用（マス形） どうしのかつよう（じしょけい）
どうしのかつよう（マスけい）
doushi no katsuyou (jishokei)
doushi no katsuyou (masu form) Conjugation of verbs (plain nonpast)
Conjugation of verbs (masu form) Conjugation of the plain non-past form of a verb is as follows.

Type of verb non-past neg., non-past past neg.,past volitional

Conjugation of the masu form of a verb is as follows;
Class I 書く(kaku; to write) 書かない(kakanai) 書いた(kaita) 書
Type of verb non-past neg., non-past past かなかった(kakanakatta) 書こう(kakō)

neg.,past volitional
Class I 飲む(nomu; to drink) 飲まない(nomanai) 飲んだ(nonda) 飲
まなかった(nomanakatta) 飲もう(nomō)
Class I 書きます(kaki masu; to write) 書きません(kaki masen)
書きました(kaki mashita) 書きませんでした(kaki Class I 乗る(noru; to ride) 乗らない(noranai) 乗った(notta) 乗
らなかった(noranakatta) 乗ろう(norō)
masendeshita) 書きましょう(kaki mashō)
Class II 見る(miru; to see) 見ない(minai) 見た(mita) 見なかった
Class II 見ます(mi masu; to see) 見ません(mi masen) 見ました(mi (minakatta) 見よう(miyō)

mashita) 見ませんでした(mi masendeshita) 見ましょう(mi mashō)

Class II 寝る(neru; to sleep) 寝ない(nenai) 寝た(neta) 寝なかった
(nenakatta) 寝よう(neyō)
Irregular します(shi masu; to do) しません(shi masen) しました(shi
mashita) しませんでした(shi masendeshita) しましょう(shimashō) Class III(Irregular) する(suru; to do) しない(shinai) した(shita) し
なかった(shinakatta) しよう(shiyō)

Class III(Irregular) 来る(kuru; to come) 来ない(konai) 来た(kita)

72
71

嫌い
好き
きらい
すき
Kirai
suki
Unlikable
to like
Noun が嫌い
Noun + が好き(です)
Noun が大嫌い
Noun + がすきではありません
嫌いな Noun
好きな + Noun
大嫌いな Noun
 73

必要
74

ひつよう
指示代名詞（場所）
Hitsuyou しじだいめいし (ばしょ）

need/necessary shiji daimeishi (basho)

～が必要です/〜の必要がある Adverbs of location
- I need / is necessary

75

指示形容詞
76
しじけいようし

Shijikeiyōshi 掛かる
demonstrative adjectives かかる
demonstrative pronoun + noun
kakaru
この帽子・kono bōshi - this hat
take (time/money)
その犬・ sono inu - that dog

あの家・ano ie - that house (over there)

どの本・dono hon - Which book?

 78
77

来る(1)
時
くる(1)
とき
kuru (1)
Toki
to come
when; at the time
Imperfective form - こ (ko)
Part of Speech;Past;Nonpast;Plus toki
Continuative form - き (ki)
verb.plain;;;+ toki
Predicative form - くる (kuru)
i-adjective;;;+ toki
Attributive form - くる (kuru)
na-adjective;+ datta;+ na;+ toki
Hypothetical form - くれ (kure)
noun;+ datta;+ no;+ toki
Imperative form - こい (koi)

79
80

来る(2)
毎
くる(2)
まい
kuru (2)
Mai
come about, come to
every
See kuru (1)
 82

81 疑問詞
疑問文 ぎもんし

ぎもんぶん gimonshi
Interrogative words
gimonbun
誰 (dare) - who
interrogative sentences 何 (nani/nan) - what
何の (nan no) - what [kind of]
Declarative sentences can be changed to yes-no questions いつ (itsu) - when
merely by adding the interrogative particle "ka" to the end どこ (doko) - where
なぜ (naze) - why
of the sentence. Thus, the declarative sentence "He likes
いかが (ikaga) - how (polite)
beer" (彼はビールが好きです) becomes "Does he like どう (dou) - how
beer?" by adding "ka", as seen in example sentence #1. どうして (doushite) - how/why
どうやって (douyatte) - how/why
Wh-questions are formed by using an interrogative word, なんで (nande) - how/why
such as "nani" ("what"), in combination with "ka". どちら (dochira) - which/which one (of two alternatives)
Examples can be found below. どっち (docchi) - which/which one (of two alternatives)
どの (dono) - which (of more than two alternatives)
There is a commonly used question form that places the どれ (dore) - which one (of more than two alternatives)
interrogative word at the end of the sentence, as seen in どんな (donna) - what kind of
example sentence #7 below. いくら (ikura) - how much
いくつ (ikutsu) - how many
どのぐらい (donogurai) - how long/how much
どれくらい (dorekurai) - how long/how much
 83 84

等 自分
など じぶん

nado Jibun
to name just one/a few; etc.; and so on self, own
 85
86

要る
誰
いる (3)
だれ
iru (3)
Dare
need
who
[ Noun が いる ]

88
87

～くて, ～で
～が　形容詞+名詞 ～くて, ～で
～が　けいようし＋めいし -kute, -de
adjective conjunction
[noun] ga [adjective]＋[noun] *****-te form of i-adjective*****
(1) Drop the final い/i
one whose --- is [adjective] (2) Add くて/kute
EnglishDictionary 　form→　-te form
small 小さい　chiisai→　小さくて
* [noun] ga [i-adjective] ＋ [noun] chiisakute
old 古い　furui→　古くて

* [noun] ga [na-adjective. stem] na ＋ [noun] furukute

interesting 面白い　omoshiroi→　面白くて
omoshirokute
fun 楽しい　tanoshii→　楽しくて
tanoshikute
cheerful 明るい　akarui→　明るくて
akarukute
tasty 美味しい　oishii→　美味しくて
oishikute
cheap 安い　yasui→　安くて
yasukute
good いい　ii→　よくて
yokute (*exception!!)
*****-te form of na adjective*****
(1) Drop the final な/na to get the dictionary form
(2) Add で/de
EnglishDictionary form→　-te form
convenient 便利　benri→　便利で　benri de
well, fine 元気　genki→　元気で　genki de
beautiful きれい　kirei→　きれいで　kirei de
 89
90

～てよかった
～はどうですか
～てよかった
～はどうですか
te yokatta
wa doudesu ka
was good; glad
how is
V.te + yokatta
We form this construction by simply adding what we
i-adjective kute + yokatta
want to ask about as the subject before は.
na-adjective de + yokatta
[what we want to know about]+はどうですか。
noun de + yokatta

91 92

-出す v + ように
-だす v + ように

dasu v + you ni
to suddenly begin, to suddenly appear, ~out so that
V.masu-stem + dasu Phr1 + ように + Phr2
 94

〜方が〜より
〜ほうが〜より
93

~hō ga ~yori
~ばよかった more than
~ばよかった * Noun1 の方が Noun2 より X -- Noun1 is more X
than Noun2
--ba yokatta
* Verb1/i-Adj1 (plain) 方が Verb2/i-Adj2 (plain,
one should have done something nonpast) より X

* -ba conditional form of a verb + よかった -- Verb1-ing/having Verb1-ed is more X than Verb2-
ing

-- being i-Adj1 is more X than being i-Adj2

* na-Adj1 な 方が na-Adj2 な より X

-- being na-Adj1 is more X than being na-Adj2

96
95

あげる お～ください
お～ください
あげる
o~kudasai
ageru
Polite request expression
to give
o （お） + Verb masu stem + kudasai （くださ
Giver + は + receiver + に + object + を + あげる
い）
 Do you know whether(or not) he is coming to school today?
(i-adj) あのお店のラーメンは美味しいか（どうか）、わかりませ
ん。
97 Ano o-mise no rāmen wa oishii ka(dō ka), wakarimasen.
I don't know whether(or not) the ramen at that shop is good.

か、かどうか
(noun) この靴が彼のか（どうか）、覚えていません。
　　　 　Kono kutsu ga kare no ka(dō ka), oboeteimasen.
I don't remember whether(or not) these shoes are his.
(na-adj) このブランドは有名か（どうか）知っていますか？
か、かどうか Kono burando wa yūmei ka(dō ka), shitteimasu ka?
　　　　　　　Do you know whether(or not) this brand is famous?
Informal WH-Question + か + verb
ka, ka dō ka ■ Verb/i-adjective Sentenc
Question + か
どこにあるか
if, whether or not
Doko ni aru ka
分かる
Embedded questions
wakaru
"know where it is"
An embedded question is a question that is inside 誰が壊したか
another statement or question, such as 駅がどこか Dare ga kowashita ka
知っている
分からない・Eki ga doko ka wakaranai /"I don't shitte iru
know where the station is." There are two types of "know who broke it"
誰が一番強いか
embedded question, which are embedded wh-
Dare ga ichiban tsuyoi ka
questions and embedded yes/no questions. To make 決める
embedded questions, we take a question, put it in the kimeru
"decide who is the strongest"
informal form, put the particle 「～か」 after it, and どの店が安かったか
follow it with a verb. Dono mise ga yasukatta ka
覚えている
oboete iru
"remember which shop is cheap"
おいしいか（どうか） 100
Oishii ka (dō ka)

かしら
調べる
shiraberu
"I'll find out whether (or not) it's delicious."
劇が面白かったか（どうか）
Geki ga omoshirokatta ka (dō ka) かしら
聞く
kiku
"I'll ask whether (or not) the play was interesting." kashira
Yes or No Questions (nouns and na-adjective)
人気の店か（どうか）
Ninki no mise ka (dō ka)
I wonder
調べる V.plain/plain past + kashira
shiraberu
会う + かしら・au + kashira - I wonder if someone will meet.
"I'll find out whether (or not) it's a popular store."
犬だったか（どうか） 会った + かしら・atta + kashira - I wonder if someone met.
Inu datta (dō ka) i-adj /past + kashira
分からない 美味しい かしら・oishii kashira - I wonder if something is delicious
wakaranai
美味しかった かしら・oishikatta kashira - I wonder if something was
"I don't know if it was a dog (or not)."
delicious
日本で、有名か（どうか）
Nihon de yūmei ka (dō ka) na-adj /past + kashira
分からない 幸せ　かしら・ shiawase kashira - I wonder if someone/somthing is
wakaranai happy
"I don't know if it's famous in Japan (or not)." 幸せだった　かしら・ shiawase datta - I wonder if someone/something
その店は静かだったか（どうか） was happy
Sono mise wa shizuka datta ka (dō ka) noun /past + kashira
聞く
先生　かしら・sensei kashira - I wonder if someone is a teacher
kiku
"I'll ask whether (or not) that store was quiet." 先生だった　かしら・sensei datta kashira - I wonder if someone was a
teacher
 101

かもしれない 102

かもしれない
がる (1)
kamoshirenai がる (1)

might garu (1)

Verb. inf + かもしれない show signs of
I-adjective. inf + かもしれない Adj-i stem + garu (がる)

Na-adjective.stem + かもしれない Adj-na stem + garu (がる)

Noun + かもしれない

103 104

くれる (1) くれる (2)

くれる (1) くれる (2)

kureru (1) kureru (2)

to give to do something for someone else's sake
Noun + を + くれる Verb.te-form + くれる

105
ご/お～頂く
ご/お～いただく
go/o –itadaku
receive some benefit from someone's action
* go (ご) + stem of suru verb + itadaku (頂く)
連絡する(れんらくする；to contact)；連絡；ご
連絡 頂く
提案する(ていあんする; to propose)；提案；ご
提案 頂く
* o (お) + masu stem of verb + itadaku (頂く)
待つ(まつ;to wait)；待ち(ます)；お 待ち 頂く
飲む(のむ；to drink); 飲み(ます)；お 飲み 頂く
107
させる
させる
saseru
causative
The causative form has two meanings according to context:
＊ The "coercive causative," meaning, "make or force
someone or something to do something"
＊ The "permissive causative," meaning, "let someone or
something do something"
Sentence structure:
(1)__ は__に__を tado-shi(transitive verb)
__ wa __ ni __ o transitive verb
(2)__は__に/を jido-shi(intransitive verb)
__ wa __ ni/o intransitive verb
106
さ
さ
sa
nominalizer for adjectives
This suffix is commonly used with i-adjectives, but
can also sometimes be used with na-adjectives. To
use this suffix with an i-adjective, drop the final i and
append sa. For na-adjectives, just append sa to the
na-adjective. See the chart below.
Adjective English add -sa English
nagai long naga sa length
hiroi wide hiro sa width
tsuyoi strong tsuyo sa strength
benri convenient benri sa convenienc
This usage of the causative, we use with several specific verbs that express a
psychological change or an emotional response, such as 泣く (なく, "to cry"), 笑う (わ
らう, "to laugh"), 喜ぶ (よろこぶ, "to feel happy"), 悲しむ (かなしむ, "to feel sad"),
怒る (おこる, "to get mad"), 安心する (あんしんする, "to be relieved"), etc.
All verbs we use in the emotional responsive causative are intransitive, and the one
performing the action is always marked by o.　（最後の一文を追加しました。）
Examples:
1. 祖母の死は私たちを悲しませた。
Sobo no shi wa watashitachi o kanashiamaseta.
"My grandmother's death made us feel sad."
2. その映画のラストは、感動で人々を泣かせた。
Sono eiga no saigo wa, kando- de hitobito o nakaseta.
"The last part of that movie makes people cry with emotion
♥ FORMATION:
For class 1 verbs, drop the final -u, and add-aseru.
■ For class 2 verbs, drop the final -ru, and add-saseru.
■ The two class 3 verbs, suru and kuru, become saseru and kosaseru, respectively.
Class 1 Verb
Causative Form
行く - 行かせる - ikaseru - "make/let someone go"
話す - 話させる - hanasaseru - "make/let someone speak"
買う - 買わせる - kawaseru - "make/let someone buy"
Class 2 Verb
Causative Form
食べる - 食べさせる - tabesaseru - "make/let someone eat"
覚える - 覚えさせる - oboesaseru - "make/let someone learn"
変える - 変えさせる - kaesaseru - "make/let someone change"
Class 3 Verb
Causative Form
する- させる - saseru - "make/let someone do"
来る - 来させる - kosaseru - "make/let someone come"
*In verbs that end in -u, the -u changes to -w, which changes it into (わ) in the causative.
 108 109

し しか
し しか

shi shika
and, so, among others, etc., not only (nothing) but
V.plain + し・shi Noun + しか

i-Adj.inf + し・shi Number + counter + しか

na-Adj + だ/だったし・da shi/datta shi Noun + particle + しか

Noun + だ/だったし・da shi/datta shi Verb + しか

 110

しかも 111

しかも
じゃん
shikamo
じゃん
moreover; furthermore; besides; on top of
that; what's more; Jan
Sentence-1。しかも、Sentence-2。 sentence ending expression
i-Adjective + ku + しかも [sentence] + jan
Noun + de + しかも

Verb.masu- stem しかも / Verb.te-form しかも

 112 113

すぐ ずつ
すぐ ずつ

sugu zutsu
at once; soon; right away; immediately by; at a time

115
114

せい
ずに
せい
ずに
sei
zuni
because of; due to
without doing something
Noun + の + せい
Verb.negative. stem + ずに
Verb/i-adjective. inf + せい

116
そうだ (1)
そうだ (1)
sō da (1)
I've heard that
Verbs and -i adjectives
■ [ informal form of a verb ] ＋そうだ
■ [ informal form of -i adjective ] ＋～そうだ
散歩するそうだ - sanpo suru sō da
勉強しないそうだ - benkyō shinai sō da
面白かったそうだ - omoshirokatta sō da
寒くないそうだ - samukunai sō da
-na Adjectives and Nouns
人気だそうだ - ninki da sō da
上手だったそうだ - jōzu datta sō da
先生だそうだ - sensei da sō da
日本語の本ではないそうだ - nihon-go no hon de wa nai sō da
118
そうだ (2)
そうだ (2)
sō da (2)
look like, appear, seem, like
明日、宮崎さんは高尾山にハイキングに行くそうです。
Ashita, Miyazaki-san wa Takaosan ni haikingu ni iku sō desu.
Mr/Ms Miyazaki is going hiking at Mt. Takao tomorrow.
ピーターはスゲー美人と結婚したそうだよ。[卑俗! 使い方気をつけ
て]
Ōwen wa sugee bijin to kekkon shita sō da yo.
I've heard that Peter married a smokin' hot woman. [vulgar!　be careful of
how you use it]
(i-adj)
ディズニーシーは、とても楽しいそうです。
Dizunīshī wa, totemo tanoshii sō desu.
I heard that Disney Sea is really fun.
今年の JLPT は、難しかったそうです。
Kotoshi no JLPT wa, muzukashikatta sō desu.
Apparently the JLPT this year was tough.
(na-adj)
今回のプロジェクトは簡単だそうだ。
Konkai no purojekuto wa kantan da sō da.
This project looks easy to do.
妻がその友達に会ったのは、久しぶりだったそうだ。
Tsuma ga sono tomodachi ni atta no wa, hisashiburi datta sō da.
It was apparently a while since my wife had seen that friend.
(noun)
彼はどこかの会社の社長だそうだ。
Kare wa dokoka no kaisha no shachō da sōda.
It seems that he's the president of some company.
あのおばさんは、３０年前は有名な女優だったそうです。
Ano oba-san wa 30-nen mae wa yūmei na joyū datta sō desu.
I heard that old lady was a famous actress 30 years ago.
I-adjectives: Drop the Final i + so da
暑い - atsui →　暑 →　atsu - 暑そうだ - atsusō da
新しい - atarashii →　新 →　atarashi - 新しそうだ - atarashisō
da
* There are two i-adjectives that are exceptions and don't follow
the rule.
"good" - 良い - ii - 良さそうだ - yosa sō da
"doesn't exist" - ない - nai - なさそうだ - nasa sō da
Na-adjectives: Dictionary Form + so da
元気 - genki - 元気そうだ - genki sō da
楽 - raku - 楽そうだ - raku sō da
♥ EXAMPLES:
(Verb)
今夜のライブにはたくさんのお客が集まりそうだ。
Kon'ya no raibu niwa takusan no okyaku ga atsumari sō da.
It looks like a lot of people are going to come to tonight's concert.
(i-adj)
あの辺はよく車が通るのでうるさそうです。
Ano atari wa yoku kuruma ga tōru node urusasō desu.
Many cars pass through that area, so it seems like it'd be noisy.
(na-adj)
彼女のお父さんは真面目そうです。
Kanojo no o-tō-san wa majime sō desu.
My girlfriend's father looks like a serious person.
♥ NOTES:
 119
120

そこで
それが
そこで
それが
soko de
sore ga
therefore
well, despite what you might think
Sentence-1。そこで、Sentence-2。

122
121

それでも
それぞれ
それでも
それぞれ
sore demo
sorezore
but; nevertheless; in spite of that
each; respectively
Sentence-1。それでも、Sentence-2。
 123 124

それと それに
それと それに

sore to sore ni
and; also; in addition; as well in addition; moreover; furthermore
Noun-1 と Noun-2 と...それと、Noun-3 Clause-1 し、それに Clause-2。

Sentence-1。それと、Sentence-2。 Sentence-1。それに、Sentence-2。

125 126

それも ぞ
それも ぞ

sore mo zo
in addition i'm telling you; dammit
 127

たい
128
たい

tai ただ
want to do something ただ
Verb Class;Dictionary Form;Masu Stem;Tai Construction;English
tada
Class I;飲む・Nomu;飲み・nomi;飲みたい・nomitai;want to drink

Class II;食べる・taberu;食べ・tabe;・食べたい・tabetai;want to eat only; just; simply; that's all

Class III;する・suru;し・shi;したい・shitai;want to do ただ + ONE + counter
Plain; Negative; Past affirmative; Past negative
ただ + Noun + だけ
飲みたい; 飲みたくない; 飲みたかった；飲みたくなかった
ただ + Verb/i-Adj. inf + だけ
nomitai；nomitakunai; nomitakatta; nomitakunakatta

食べたい；食べたくない；食べたかった；食べたくなかった ただ + na-Adj. stem + な/だった + だけ

tabetai; tabetakunai; tabetakatta; tabetakunakatta

したい；したくない；したかった；したくなかった

shitai; shitakunai; shitakatta; shitakunakatta

Ashita hima dattara, shoppingu ni ikō!
129
If you happen to be free tomorrow, let's go shopping!

たら
2 雨が降ったら、車で迎えに行きます。
Ame ga futtara, kuruma de mukae ni ikimasu.
If it rains, I'll pick you up by car.

たら 3 寒かったら、暖房を付けてもいいですよ。
Samukattara danbō o tsukete mo ii desu yo.
tara If you're cold, you may turn on the heater.
4 私があなただったら、行かないです。
tara conditional (if, when, after) Watashi ga anata dattara, ikanai desu.
If I were you, I wouldn't go.
5 お金があったら日本へ行きます。
Okane ga attara Nihon e ikimasu.
If I had money, I would go to Japan.
6 眠たかったら、寝てもいいですよ。
Nemukattara, nete mo ii desu.
If you are tired, it's okay to sleep.
7 幸せだったら、私は何も言いません。
Shiawase dattara, watashi wa nanimo iimasen.
If he/she is happy, I won't (don't) say anything.
8 学生だったら入場料は無料です。
Gakusei dattara nyūjōryō wa muryō desu.
If you're a student, there is no entrance fee.
♥ NOTES:
1) The tense of the sentence is determined by the tense of the main
clause.
 131

たり
130 たり

tari
たらどうですか
and
たらどうですか Dictionary form Past plain form Add ri --tari

泳ぐ 泳いだ り 泳いだり
tara dō desu ka
飲む 飲んだ り 飲んだり
how about; why don't you
つける つけた り つけたり
* Tara conditional form of a verb + dō desu ka (どう
する した り したり
ですか)
来る 来た り 来たり

楽しい 楽しかった り 楽しかったり

きれい きれいだった り きれいだったり

動物 動物だった り 動物だったり

132 133

だい だけで
だい だけで

dai dake de
dai interrogative particle just by doing ~~
 134

だけでなく
135

だけでなく
っ放し
っぱなし
dake de naku
not only - but also ppanashi
Verb/i-Adj.inf + dake de naku continue, leave
na-Adj.stem + na dake de naku Verb.masu-stem っぱなし
Noun + dake de naku

137

つもり
つもり
136
tsumori
つまり plan to do something
1) V.inf + tsumori (copl).
つまり
買うつもりだ・買ったつもりだ
tsumari
2) adj-na.stem + tsumori (copl).
that is to say; namely; in other words; what
静かなつもりだ
I mean is
3) adj-i.inf.nonpast + tsumori (copl).

速いつもりだ。

4) n + no tsumori (copl).

天才のつもりだ。
 139

138 ても
てあげる ても

てあげる temo
even if; although
te ageru
Verbs and i-adjectives:
to do for
(te-form of the verb/adj) + も
Doer + は + receiver + に + V.te-form + あげる
Nouns and na-adjectives:

(noun or dictionary form of na-adj) + でも

140 141

てもらう で (5)
てもらう で (5)

te morau de (5)
to receive an action for, in, per, over
(Reciever) wa (Giver) ni verb.te-form + もらう measurement of time + de
 142 143

でしょう でも (1)
でしょう でも (1)

deshō demo (1)

Probably even
* Verb/i-Adj. inf + deshō Noun + demo(でも)

* na-Adj. stem/Noun + + deshō Interrogative-word + demo(でも)

144

でも(2) 145

でも(2)
で御座います
demo (2) でございます

or something de gozaimasu
Noun + でも be, (polite) copula
Noun + particle + でも
 146

と (1) 147

と (1)
と (3)
to (1)
と (3)
to conditional
to (3)
Conditional と.
quote-marker
(verb : i/na adjective : noun + copula) + と
Quotation　+ to + verb (like such verbs as iu,
This construction is used to create a conditional
kangaeru, omou)
sentence in the pattern sentence1 と sentence2. If the
condition in Phr1 is fulfilled, sentence2 will take
place. Sentence1 should be in the plain present tense.

149
148

という とか
という とか

to iu toka
called ~, that ~ such as X and Y, something like
とか・toka - 'and, or' with the nuance of 'among other things'
1) [noun A] という [noun B] = "B called A"
Construction:
2) [clause] という [noun*] = noun that ~
N + とか・toka N + とか・toka...
明日の会議は延期する という こと トヨタとか本田とか

that tomorrow's meeting will be postponed Toyota toka Honda toka

彼が引っ越す という 知らせ Toyota and Honda (among others)

V1.plain + toka (Vn.plain + toka) + V

the news that he is going to move
食べるとか飲むとかする
彼女に戻ってきて欲しい という 気持ち
Taberu toka nomu toka suru.
the feeling that he wants her to come back
To eat and drink (among other things)
 151
150

となる と思う
とおもう
となる
to omou
to naru
I think ~
to be; to become
Informal: [ Phrase (informal) + to omou ]
Noun となる
Formal: [ Phrase (informal) + to omoimasu ]

152 153

どうも どちらがいい
どうも どちらがいい

doumo dochira ga ii
I don't know why but; I tried but; for some which is better
reason
[ dochira (which) + ga (subject-marking particle) + ii
Dōmo is used as a regular adverb. It precedes the (good)] + [ desu ka (used to make the sentence
verb or adjective it modifies. polite) ]
 154

な (2) 155

な (2) ないで
na (2) ないで
for sure, for real
nai de
i-Adjective + i + な
without doing something
Na-adjective + da + な
negative form of verb + de (で)
Noun + da + な

Verb.plain な

156

ないといけない
157
ないといけない

nai to ikenai ながら (1)

must ながら (1)
plain negative + to ikenai
nagara (1)
飲む nomu - 飲まないといけない nomanai to
ikenai must drink something while

食べる taberu - 食べないといけない tabenai to [Verb-1] masu stem + ながら + [Verb-2]

ikenai - must eat something

する suru -しないといけない shinai to ikenai -

must do something
 158
159

なくてもいい なくなる
なくてもいい
なくなる
nakute mo ii
naku naru
don't have to
become no more
(V / adj-i).neg.te mo ii
(adj-na / N) + Copula.neg.te mo ii * Verb. negative stem + naku naru
Verb:
怒る(okoru); 怒ら(ない); 怒ら なくなる；don't get angry any
食べなくて　も　いい
more
tabenakute mo ii
it is alright to not eat 読む(yomu)；読ま(ない) ; 読ま なくなる；don't read any more
adj-i:
冷たくなくて　も　いい * i-Adjective.stem + ku + naku naru
tsumetakunakute mo ii
細い(hoshoi)；細 く なくなる；isn't slim any more
it is alright if s.t. is not cold
adj-na: 楽しい(tanoshii)；楽し く なくなる；isn't happy any more
静か　じゃなくて　も　いい
shizuka ja nakute mo ii * noun/na-adjective.stem + de wa/ja + naku naru
it is alright if s.t. is not quiet
子供(kodomo)；子供 では/じゃ なくなる；isn't a kid any more
Noun:
学生　じゃなくて　も　いい 簡単な(kantan na)；簡単 では/じゃ なくなる；isn't easy any
gakusei ja nakute mo ii more
it is alright if s.o. is a student
 161
160

なければならない なら (1)
なら (1)
なければならない
nara (1)
nakereba naranai
if (nara conditional)
have to, need to, must, should
i-Adjective. inf + nara
Verb. negative + nakereba naranai
na-Adjective. stem + nara
i-Adj. stem + ku nakereba naranai
Noun + nara
na-Adj.stem/Noun + de nakereba naranai
Verb. inf + nara
 163

なる
なる

162 naru

なら(2) to become
noun + に・ni + naru
i-adj -> く・ku + naru
なら(2) na-adj -> に・ni + naru
noun
noun Meaning Construction Meaning
nara(2) 病気(byōki) ill 病気になる(byōki ni naru)
to become ill
speaking of ~ 大人(otona) adult 大人になる(otona ni naru)
to become an adult
i-adjective
* Noun + なら i-adjective Meaning Construction Meaning
面白い(omoshiroi) interesting 面白くなる(omoshiroku naru)
to become interesting
楽しい(tanoshii) fun 楽しくなる(tanoshiku naru)
to become fun
na-adjective
na-adjective Meaning Construction Meaning
暇(hima) free(time) 暇になる(hima ni naru) to become free
幸せ(shiawase) happy 幸せになる(shiawase ni naru)
to become happy
 164 165

にくい にしては
にくい にしては

nikui ni shite wa
difficult/impossible to do considering that, for
Verb.masu-stem + にくい Standard にしては Comparison
 167

の (3)
の (3)
166
no (3)
の to do, doing, that clause
* Verb. plain + no(の)
の
走るの; to run
no 食べるの;to eat

sentence ending particle * i-Adjective. plain + no (の)

[non past casual form] + no 安いの; to be cheap

古いの；to be old

* na-Adjective. stem/Noun + na/datta + no(の)

簡単なの; to be easy

子供だったの；being a kid

169

のに
168

のだ のに
のだ noni
no da Although
the reason is i-Adjective.plain + noni(のに)

[Verb/Adj-i].plain + の　だ Verb.plain + noni(のに)

[Adj-na.stem/Noun] + (な/だった)　の　だ na-Adjective, stem + na + noni(のに)

Noun + na + noni(のに)
 170

はず 171

はず
は？
hazu は？

should be, ought to be wa?

[ Noun のはず ] inferred question
[ Adjective + はず ] Noun + wa ?

[ Verb + はず ]

172

ば 173

ば
ばかり
ba
ばかり
if (~ba conditional)
The conditional form of verbs is obtained by converting the final \"-u\" of bakari
the dictionary form into a \"-e\" and attaching \"ba\". This conjugation also
holds true for Group 1 and Group 2 verbs, as well as the irregular
verbs \"kuru\" and \"suru\".
about to, just did, just, only
行く (\"iku\") ->　行け (\"ike\") -> 行けば (\"ikeba\")
食べる (\"taberu\") -> 食べれ (\"tabere\") -> 食べれば (\"tabereba\")
V.plain.nonpast bakari
来る (\"kuru\") ->　来れ (\"kure\") -> 来れば (\"kureba\")
する (\"suru\") -> すれ (\"sure\") -> すれば (\"sureba\")
V.plain.past bakari
The conditional form of -i adjectives (including the \"-nai\" negative form
of adjectives and verbs) is obtained by dropping the final -i and
Vte-form bakari iru
adding \"kereba\".
安い (\"yasui\") -> 安 (\"yasu\") -> 安ければ (\"yasukereba\") n (prt) bakari
行かない (\"ikanai\") -> 行かな (\"ikana\") -> 行かなければ
(\"ikanakereba\") Quantifier bakari
The conditional form of -na adjectives and nouns is formed by suffixing
them with \"de areba\", the conditional form of the \"de aru\" copula.
親切 (\"shinsetsu\") -> 親切であれば (\"shinsetsu de areba\")
学生 (\"gakusei\") -> 学生であれば (\"gakusei de areba\")
 175

まま
174 まま

mama
ほしい(2)
as is, unchanged, remain
ほしい(2) Verb.informal.past + mama (まま)
置いたまま
hoshii (2) oita mama
leaving s.t. as is
V.informal.negative.nonpast + mama (まま)
to want someone to do something （ドアを）閉めないまま
(doa o) shimenai mama
te-form of Verb + hoshii leaving the door unclosed
adj-i + mama (まま)
- want someone to do something 寒いまま
samui mama
The party that the subject wants to do something is as cold as s.t. is
marked with the particle ni. adj-na.stem(な) + mama (まま)
綺麗なまま
kirei na mama
as clean/pretty as s.t. is
noun + no(の)　+ mama (まま)
昔のまま
mukashi no mama
leaving s.t. as it was
 177

みたいだ
176

まるで みたいだ
まるで mitai da
maru de looks like; similar to
quite, as if, practically Noun + みたい　に／な／だ

まるで ～ ようだ/みたいだ Verb/i-Adj.inf + みたい　に／な／だ

na-Adj.stem + (だった) みたい　に／な／だ

 178 179

もらう やすい
もらう やすい

morau yasui
to receive, get, receive easily
[ (Receiver) wa (Giver) ni (object) o morau ] Verb. masu stem + yasui(やすい)

180 181

やっと やっぱり
やっと やっぱり

yatto yappari
finally, at last, barely as expected
 183

よう　に／な
よう　に／な
182
you ni/na
やる like, resembling
To use the you ni/na construction with a noun, simply
やる place the particle no after the noun, followed by you ni/na.

Part of speech;Example;Plain present/past;Add you ni/na

yaru
verb;taberu;taberu/tabeta;you ni/na
send; give; do i-adj;oishii;oishii/oishikatta;you ni/na

na-adj;hima;hima na/hima datta;you ni/na

noun;Nihon;Nihon no/Nihon datta;you ni/na

We also have the construction "A wa B no you da" or "A

wa B no you desu" which simply means "A is
like/resembles B."

185

184
らしい
より らしい

rashii
より
seems like, looks like, I hear/heard, like
yori something/someone
than Formation

A + wa(は) + B + yori (より) + X V.informal + rashii

A is X'er than B i-adjective + rashii

na-adjective + rashii

noun + rashii
 186
187

られる
られる (1)
られる
られる (1)
rareru
rareru (1)
able to do something (potential)
passive voice
Verb. masu stem + rareru (られる)

Direct passive voice takes either the direct or indirect

object of the equivalent active sentence, and uses it as the
grammatical subject. The particle ni is normally used to
indicate the agent (the doer of the action), however, when
one wishes to place additional stress on the agent, ni yotte
may be used. kara may also be used to indicate the agent in
188
cases where a physical object has been given from the
agent.
先生に叱られた。 一番
Sensei ni shikarareta.
I was scolded by my teacher. いちばん
Indirect passive voice has no easy English equivalent. It is
similar in meaning to the colloquial form "to up and do ichiban
something to me". (See example below.) It is used to
indicate that an (often negative) influence has had some most, -est
effect on the (usually human) subject. Because this passive
is often used when the speaker is showing empathy for ichiban + adjective
something that happens to the subject that is outside of
his/her realm of control, this passive form is often called 一番可愛い・ichiban kawaii - cutest
"the troubled passive" ( 迷 惑 の 受 身 , "meiwaku no
一番頑固・ichiban ganko - most stubborn
ukemi"). Consider the following sentence as an example of
its usage and translation.
妻に逃げられた。
Tsuma ni nigerareta.
My wife up and left me.
 189
190

事がある 事が出来る
ことがある
ことができる
koto ga aru
koto ga dekiru
have done, sometimes occurs
can, able to
Verb.plain-past ことがある
Verb.plain-nonpast ことができる
Verb.plain-nonpast ことがある

191 192

事にする 事になる
ことにする ことになる

koto ni suru koto ni naru

decide to it has been decided that
V.plain.nonpast ことにする Verb.plain-nonpast ことになる
 194

可能形
193
かのうけい

初めて kanō-kei
はじめて Potential Form
Making the potential form (which means "can" or
hajimete "able to") of a verb depends on the verb class.
first time doing something 私は泳げません。
Watashi wa oyogemasen.
初めて Verb I can't swim.
漢字が書けますか。
初めての Noun Kanji ga kakemasu ka.
Can you write kanji (Chinese characters)?
初めてです。 明日パーティーに来られる？
Ashita pātī ni korareru?
Can you come to the party tomorrow?
僕は魚が食べられない。
Boku wa sakana ga taberarenai.
I can’t eat fish.

195 196

名詞修飾節 命令形
めいししゅうしょくせつ めいれいけい

meishi shūshokusetsu meireikei

Modifying Clause
[ (modifying sentence) + (noun) ]
imperative (strongest)
Class I Verb imperative conjugation - the final syllable/mora of a
verb in its dictionary form is changed from the u-column to its
corresponding e-column. e.g. u -> e / ku -> ke
飲む・nomu - to drink
飲む・飲め / nomu -> nome - Drink!
行く・行け / iku -> ike - Go!
Class II Verb imperative conjugation - ro is appended to the masu
stem
考える・ kangaeru - to think
考える -> 考えろ / kangaeru・kangaero - Think!
見る -> 見ろ / miru・miro - Look!
Class III Verb imperative conjugation - suru and kuru, Class III
verbs with the highest frequency, are conjugated as follows
する・suru - to do - ro is appended to the masu stem
する　-> しろ / suru -> shiro - do it
来る・kuru - to come - has a unique conjugation
来る・来い / kuru・koi - Come! *Please note that 来い is read
ko.i, and can be deducted by context.
 197

場合
ばあい
198
baai
in the case, if 始める
V.pln + baai

忘れる場合 - wasureru baai

はじめる

忘れた場合 - wasureta baai hajimeru

N + no/datta baai
begin to, start to
学生の/だった場合 - gakusei no/datta baai
Verb.masu-stem + 始める
adj-i ＋ baai

早い場合 - hayai baai

早かった場合 - hayakatta baai

adj-na ＋ na/datta baai

必要な/だった場合 - hitsuyō na/datta baai

199 200

度に 後で
たびに あとで

tabi ni ato de
every time; whenever after, later
Verb.plain-nonpast + たびに Vplain.past + 後で

Noun + のたびに Noun + の後で

 201

意志形 202

いしけい
振り
ishikei
ぶり
Volitional form
Class-1 verbs are converted from dictionary form to volitional buri
form by dropping the final "u" and adding "ou".
for the first time in...
遊ぶ (asobu) -> 遊ぼう (asobou)
The suffix buri is attached directly to the measurement of
Class-2 verbs are converted by dropping the final "ru" and adding
"you". time.

食べる (taberu) -> 食べよう (tabeyou) 一ヶ月ぶり・ikkagetsu-buri - First time in a month

Irregular verbs are converted as follows: 六ヶ月（ 半年）ぶり・rokukkagetsu-buri - First time in

six month (half an year)
する (suru) -> しよう (shiyou) or せよう (seyou)
一年ぶり・ichinen-buri - First time in a year
来る (kuru) -> 来よう (koyou)

The volitional form of the polite "masu" verb suffix is "mashou".

行きます (ikimasu) -> 行きましょう (ikimashou)

203

方 204

かた
方がいい
kata
ほうがいい
way of, manner, how to
[ Vmasu stem + kata ] hō ga ii
Class I Verb: 行く・iku - to go had better, should
行き方・ikikata - way of going/manner of going Verb.plain-past ほうがいい

Class II Verb: 食べる・taberu - to eat Verb.plain-nonpast ほうがいい

食べ方・tabekata - way of eating/manner of eating Verb.negative-nonpast ほうがいい

Class III Verb: する・suru - to do

し方・shikata - way of doing/manner of doing

 205
206

欲しい
欲望の表し方
ほしい (1)
よくぼうのあらわしかた
hoshii (1)
yokubou no arawashikata
to want something
expressing desire
Noun + ga hoshii (が 欲しい)

2. In expressions such as "sou da", "you da" and "rashii" which

208
cause a double "seems to" effect, when combined with "garu":

気
Kare wa ~~ wo hoshigatte iru you desu.
"He seems to seem to want something."
3. In direct quotes, where the "seems to" is misplaced:
"Maaku wa ~~ wo hoshigatte iru tte."
"Mark said 'I seem to want ~~.'"
き
4. In expressions of explanation. That means using the "n", "kara",
"node", etc. ki
5. When using past tense.
♥ EXAMPLES: feel like
1. 私はラーメンを食べたいです。 Verb plain form + ki
Watashi wa rāmen o tabetai desu.
I want to eat ramen. Noun + ge*
2. ピーターもラーメンを食べたがっています。 やる気・yaru ki - will (to do something)
Pītā mo rāmen o tabetagatte imasu.
Peter wants to eat ramen, too. やる気がない - no will (to do something)
3. 私はビールを飲みたいです。
やる気になる - become motivated, become willing
Watashi wa bīru o nomitai desu.
I want to drink beer. *There are certain set phrases describing one's physical
4. ピーターもビールを飲みたがっています。 feeling in which the Kanji character 気 is read ge not ki.
Pītā mo bīru o nomitagatte imasu. e.g. 吐き気・hakige / 寒気・samuge.
Peter wants to drink beer, too.
5. くだらない冗談をやめてほしい。
Kudaranai jōdan o yamete hoshii.
I want you to quit telling stupid jokes.
6. ピーターに歌たってほしいです。
 209

直す 210

なおす
程
naosu
ほど
to redo/correct something
V.masu stem + naosu hodo
Class I - やる・yaru ->やり・yari ->やり直す・ to the extent of/that, about
yarinaosu
Noun ほど
Class II - 考える・kangaeru ->考え・kangae ->考
Verb.plain-nonpast ほど
え直す・kangaenaosu

Class III - する・suru ->し・shi ->し直す・

shinaosu

212
211

過ぎる
行く
すぎる
いく
sugiru
iku
too much
go on -ing, continue on
Verb.masu-stem すぎる／すぎです
Verb.te-form　いく
Adjective-stem すぎる／すぎです
 213

間（に）
あいだ（に）
214
aida (ni)
during, while, between 頂く
Noun-phrase + no + aida (ni)
いただく
te-form of Verb + iru + aida (ni)
itadaku
i-Adj/na-Adj + aida (ni)
♥ INTRODUCTION: humble polite form of morau - to receive
Aida is a noun meaning both “the entire space between”, as in 行と行との
間 (“gyou to gyou to no aida”, “the space between the lines”) and “the [Reciever] wa [Giver] ni [object] o itadaku
entire time period”, as in 夏の間 (“natsu no aida”, “the whole of summer”).
[Reciever] wa [Giver] ni verb.te-form itadaku
When used together with ni (see に (1)), it corresponds to either of the
English phrases “at some point during” or “somewhere between”. Use of ni
usually implies that only part of the time or space is occupied. Please refer
to example sentences #4 and #5 for a concrete example.
Aida can also be used to refer to a relationship between two people, as in
examples #6 and #7.
Aida follows adjectives, verbs in present progressive (~te iru) form,
adjectives, and nouns or noun phrases with the particle no.

216
215

頃
頂けませんか
ごろ
いただけませんか
koro / goro
itadakemasen ka
around, about
could I get
Time ごろ
Noun をいただけませんか。
Verb.masu-stem ごろ
Verb.te-form いただけませんか。
Noun ごろ
 217

～くする
～くする
218
~ku suru
Adverbial form of adjective + suru ～くなる
① I-adjectives
Change i into ku, and attach suru. ～くなる
I-adjective
涼しい suzushii - 涼しくする suzushiku suru - To cool off
~ku naru
細い hosoi - 細くする hosoku suru - To make it thin
Adverbial form of adjective + naru
② Na-adjectives
Put ni before suru.
Na-adjective
きれい kirei - きれいにする kirei ni suru - To clean
幸せ shiawase - 幸せにする shiawase ni suru - To make one
happy
 219

～てある
220
～てある

te aru ～ておく
to exist in a state caused by someone or ～ておく
something’s actions
-te oku
Verb.te-form + aru
do in advance, do in preparation
“Aru” is a verb meaning “to have” or “to be”. When it follows the
~te form of another verb, it acts as an auxiliary, and functions
Verb.te-form + おく
similar to the English passive perfect form “to have been done”. It
indicates that the subject now exists in a state caused by
something/someone else’s prior actions. The reasons for its use are
also similar to the English passive: the causing agent is
unimportant or unknown.
 222

221 ～てみる
～てしまう ～てみる

--te miru
～てしまう
try to do something
~te shimau
V.te + miru
completely; thoroughly; unfortunately Class1: au-> atte + miru = attemiru (try to meet)
[ Verb.te-form + しまう ] Class2: taberu-> tabete + miru = tabetemiru (try to
eat)

Class3: suru -> shite + miru = shitemiru (try to do)

224
223

～ようにする
～に行く
～ようにする
～にいく
~yō ni suru
~ni iku
to make an effort to do [verb]
purpose for going somewhere
* [Verb; dictionary form]＋yō ni ＋ suru
[ Verb masu-stem ＋ ni ＋ iku / ikimasu ]
* [Verb; nai form]＋yō ni ＋ suru
 225
226

～ようになる -がいがある
～ようになる
-がいがある
~yō ni naru
-gai ga aru
It has come to be that~
Worth it to do ~
* [Verb; dictionary form]＋yō ni ＋ naru
Masu Stem + がいがある
* [Verb; nai form]＋yō ni ＋ naru

228

227
-っぽい
-だらけ -っぽい
-だらけ ppoi
darake -y, -ish
covered in; full of Adjective.stem + っぽい

Noun + だらけ Noun + っぽい

Verb.masu-stem + っぽい
 229

230

〜ば〜程
〜ばかりか
〜ば〜ほど
〜ばかりか
〜ba〜hodo
〜bakari ka
the〜, the〜
not only~ but also
Verb.ba-conditional same-verb-repeated ほど
Adjective ばかりか Adjective さえ
V.ba conditional + (same) V + hodo
Noun ばかりか Noun さえ
adj-i.ba conditional + (same) adj + hodo

adj-na + areba (ba conditional of verb aru) + aru + Verb.plain ばかりか Verb.plain さえ
hodo

232

いらっしゃる
231

いらっしゃる
あまり (2) irassharu
あまり (2) to come, to go, to be
amari (2) "Irassharu" conjugates in line with the other irregular
"-aru" honorific verbs: "i", rather than "ri", is used in
due to an excess of, because constructing the "-masu" form and its derivatives.

Noun + の + あまり Dictionary form: いらっしゃる

Verb.inf + あまり Simple past: いらっしゃった

Polite form: いらっしゃいます

Polite past: いらっしゃいました

 234

うちに
うちに
233

uchi ni
うえ（に） while, before, during
うえ（に） V.inf.nonpast + uchi ni

いるうちに・iru uchi ni - while s.o. is there

ue(ni)
読まないうちに・yomanai uchi ni - before s.o. reads

as well, in addition, besides, not only〜but 読んでいるうちに・yonde iru uchi ni - while s.o. is reading
also〜 i-adj.nonpast + uchi ni

Sentence + ue (ni) (上に) 若いうちに・wakai uchi ni - while s.o. is young

na-adj.nonpast + na + uchi ni

にぎやかなうちに・nigiyaka na uchi ni - which it is lively

noun + no + uchi ni

今日のうちに・kyō no uchi ni - before the end of the day

235

おかげで 236

おかげで
かい
okage de
かい
thanks to something, someone or an action
or state kai
i-Adjective, inf + おかげで Informal question particle
na-Adj. stetm/Noun + の/だった　おかげで

Verb.plain + おかげで
 238
237

がたい
かえって
がたい
かえって
gatai
kaette
hard to, can hardly, difficult to
on the contrary, rather, surprisingly
Verb.masu-stem + がたい

239

がち
240
がち

gachi ことだ
prone to, likely to ことだ
* Noun + がち
koto da
病気がち
"the important thing to do is..."
留守がち
~[verb]ことだ
* Verb.masu-stem + がち

休む→休み(ます) →　休みがち

遅れる→遅れ(ます) → 遅れがち
 241

さえ
さえ
242
sae
even; if 〜 only; if 〜just; as long as; the さすが
only thing 〜 need is
さすが
i) Noun + さえ
sasuga
ii) Noun + Prt. + さえ
as might be expected; after all; naturally
iii) te-form of Verb + さえ

iv) Verb. masu + さえする

v) i-Adj. stem + さえある

vi) na-Adj.stem / N + で + さえある

243

せめて
244
せめて

semete そうになる
at the very least そうになる
i) せめて Number + Counter（ぐらい）〜
sō ni naru
せめて三回ぐらい at least three times
almost; it appeared as if something was
ii) せめて N {ぐらい／（だけ）でも} going to happen
せめて話し合い{ぐらい／（だけ）でも} at least Verb.masu-stem + sō ni naru (そうになる)
a conversation

iii) せめて N Prt.

せめて母に at least to my mother

 246
245

その上 それどころか
それどころか
その上
sore dokoro ka
sono ue
on the contrary; far from that; as a matter
furthermore, in addition
of fact

248

247
ため
ただの ため
ただの tame
tada no therefore; in order to
usual; ordinary; common; plain * Noun + のため(に)

ただの + Noun * Verb/i-Adj, inf + ために

* na-Adj, stem + な/だった ために

 249

だからと言って
250

だからといって
だが
だが
dakara to itte
just because, however, that said, be that as daga
it may but, however, yet, nevertheless
Sentence A + だからといって +　Sentence B

251
252

ちなみに
っけ
ちなみに
っけ
chinami ni
kke
incidentally, by the way
particle indicating forgotten information
ちなみに + sentence.
 254

ては
253
ては

つつ te wa
つつ if; when; because
1) te form of V は
tsutsu
眠っては when/if one sleep; to sleep
-ing; while; although
2) te form of Adj(i/na) は
Verb.masu-stem + つつ
小さくては when/if s.t./s.o is small

3) N では

風邪では if s.o. is cold

256

であろう
であろう
255 de arou

である probably
[V, adj-i].inf + であろう

である 行く　であろう
行った　であろう
de aru 早い　であろう
早かった　であろう
be (formal, written Japanese copula)
Adj-na.stem + であろう
静か　であろう
静かだった　であろう
Noun + であろう
学生　であろう
学生だった　であろう
 258

257
ところが
とうとう ところが
とうとう tokoro ga
tōtō and then; however, but
in the end, never Verb.plain-past + ところが

Sentence-1。ところが、Sentence-2。

260
259

となると
ところで
となると
ところで
to naru to
tokoro de
if ~~ is true; where ~~ is concerned
even if
Noun + となると
Verb.plain-past + ところで
Clause + となると
 261

とは限らない 262

とはかぎらない と共に
to wa kagiranai とともに

not always; not necessarily totomoni

Informal clause + とは限らない／とも限らない as well as; with; at the same time
Usually, you use to wa kagiranai (とは限らない) or to mo
Noun + と共に
kagiranai (とも限らない) in the form, "clause + とは限らない"
or "clause + とも限らない" to mean that what is described in the Verb.plain-nonpast + と共に
preceding clause is not necessarily the case or not necessarily true.
Formation: Noun/Adj(na)stem + である + と共に
The clause preceding to wa kagiranai or to mo kagiranai should be
in the informal form. 限らない is the negative form of the verb 限 Adj(i)inf-nonpast + と共に
る, which means "to limit." So literally, it means, "not limited to
[what is described in the clause]."

263 264

と言うのに と言うより
というのに というより

to iu noni to iu yori
but; although; in spite of rather than; more〜than〜
 265

と言っても 266

といっても どうせ
to itte mo どうせ
although; I say that, but...
dōse
Word + と言っても
anyway, at any rate, might as well
Phrase + と言っても

Sentence-1 + と言っても + Sentence-2.

268
267

どころか どんなに〜ことか
どんなに〜ことか
どころか
donna ni ~~ koto ka
dokoro ka
how incredibly ~!
not only, far from, much less
どんなに + i-Adjective. inf. + ことか
i-Adj, inf nonpast + どころか
どんなに + na-Adjective.stem + な/だった　こと
na-Adj, stem/Noun + どころか
か
 269

ながら (2) 270

ながら (2) なさい

nagara (2) なさい
but, while, although
nasai
i-Adjective + i + ながら
command
na-Adjective ながら
Verb.masu-stem なさい
Noun ながら

Verb.masu-stem ながら

271

に違いない
272

にちがいない
べき
べき
ni chigainai
there is no mistaking that, certainly beki
Verb.inf + ni chigainai should, ought to, must
Adj-i.inf + ni chigainai Verb-plain.nonpast + べき
Noun/Adj-na. stem + (datta) ni chigainai
 273 274

もの ものなら
もの ものなら

mono mono nara

because, how, used to, should like if one can do something
Sentence + もの Verb. potential non-past form + mono nara

275 276

わけだ （１） わけだ （２）

わけだ （１） わけだ （２）

wake da (1) wake da (2)

the reason is that, for that reason In other words...
Verb.informal-form + わけだ Verb.informal-form + わけだ

i-Adjective. informal form + わけだ i-Adjective. informal form + わけだ

na-Adjective/Noun + な/だった + わけだ na-Adjective/Noun + な/だった + わけだ

 277 278

わけだ （３） わけだが

わけだ （３） わけだが

wake da (3) wake da ga

Explaining a situation As you know...
Verb.informal-form + わけだ Verb.informal-form + わけだが

i-Adjective. informal form + わけだ i-Adjective. informal form + わけだが

na-Adjective/Noun + な/だった + わけだ na-Adjective/Noun + な/だった + わけだが

280

279
一方で(は)〜他方で
一方 (は)〜
いっぽうで(は)〜たほうで(は)〜
いっぽう
ippō de (wa)〜tahou de (wa)〜
ippō
on the one hand〜, on the other hand〜
more and more
1) 一方、A。他方、B。 (On the one hand, there's
Verb.plain-nonpast + 一方
A. But on the other hand, there's B.)

2) A。一方、B。 (A. But on the other hand, there's

also B.)
 282
281

上で
上
うえで
じょう
ue de
jō
upon〜; after〜
about, as relates to, because of, -wise
Verb.plain-past 上で
Noun + 上
Noun の上で

283 284

以上 以外
いじょう いがい

ijō igai
since, now that, once, as long as outside of, other than, besides
Veb. inf + 以上 Noun 以外の

N である + 以上 Noun 以外に

 286
285

得る
従って
うる／える
したがって
eru/uru
shitagatte
possible; -able
therefore; accordingly; consequentl
Verb.masu-stem + 得る (うる／える)
Sentence-1。したがって Sentence-2。
Verb.masu-stem + 得ない (えない)

287

所
288
ところ

tokoro 次第
about to, in the midst of, just did, almost did
しだい
-Adjective ところ
shidai
na-Adjective + na + ところ
depending on; as soon as
Noun + no + ところ
Noun 次第
Verb.plain ところ
Verb.masu-stem 次第
♥ NOTES: This expression is usually written in hiragana
only.

"Tokoro" and "toki" differ in that the former represents a

state, while the latter represents a time.
 290
289

言うまでもなく
致します
いうまでもなく
いたします
iu made mo naku
itashimasu
needless to say; not to mention
to do (humble version)
Noun-phrase はいうまでもなく

291 292

訳がない 訳ではない
わけがない わけではない

wake ga nai wake de wa nai

there is no reason why doesn't mean that; not necessarily
i-Adjective + i + わけがない i-Adjective + i + わけではない

na-Adjective + na + わけがない na-Adjective + na + わけではない

Noun であるわけがない Noun + である + わけではない

Verb.plain- form わけがない Verb.plain-form + わけではない

 293
294

訳にはいかない
逆に
わけにはいかない
ぎゃくに
wake ni wa ikanai
gyaku ni
can't very well; have no choice but to
contrary to one's expectation, conversely
[ Verb.plain + わけにはいかない ]

295 296

通り（に） 際
とおり(に) さい

tōri (ni) sai

the same way as; (in) the way; as when; if; on the occasion of
i-Adjective + i + 通り(に) Noun の際

na-Adjective + na + 通り(に) Verb.plain-nonpast 際

Noun の通り(に) Verb.plain-past 際

Verb.plain 通り(に) Noun に際して

 298

297
～のに対して
風 ～のにたいして
ふう no ni taishite
fū while one of them is ---, the other is ---
manner; style * Noun + な/だった + のに対して、[main clause]

* Verb/i-adj.plain + のに対して、[main clause]

299 300

～切る ～甲斐がある
～きる ～かいがある

~kiru ~kai ga aru

to finish doing something completely Worth it to~
[ Verb masu-stem + kiru(きる) ] V + kai ga aru (V + かいがある)
 301 302

-まみれ あっての
-まみれ あっての

mamire atte no
covered in thanks to, without whom we could not exist
Noun + まみれ A + あっての + B

304

いかん
いかん
303
ikan
いかにも depending on, regardless of
Noun(の)いかんで
いかにも
Noun(の)いかんだ
ikanimo
Noun(の)いかんによる／Noun(の)いかんによっ
no matter how you slice it, indeed, quite ては／Noun(の)いかんによらず

Noun(の)いかんにかかわる／Noun(の)いかんに
かかわらず

Noun(の)いかんにとう／Noun(の)いかんにとわ
ず
 305
306

かたがた
かと思ったら
かたがた
かとおもったら
katagata
ka to omottara
at the same time, while you're at it
one thing happens right after another
Noun　かたがた

307
308

がてら が早いか
がてら
がはやいか
gatera
ga hayai ka
at the same time
as soon as, before I knew it
Noun + がてら
Verb.plain-nonpast + が早いか
Verb.masu-stem + がてら
 310

といえども
309

が最後 といえども
がさいご to iedomo
ga saigo even if, although, in spite of
if, when Noun/na-Adj.stem + といえども

V.plain-past + が最後 i-Adjective + といえども

Verb.plain + といえども

312
311

とかで としたことが
とかで としたことが

toka de to shita koto ga

or something (I), of all people...
[pronoun/person's name + to shita koto ga + (action
Clause for reason(verb. inf) + とかで + Result
that unlike the person)]
 314
313

とも に過ぎない
にすぎない
とも
ni suginai
tomo
nothing more than, merely, just, only
no matter 〜 may be; even if;
Counter + にすぎない
Verb.volitional-form + とも
Noun + にすぎない
i-Adjective, stem + く + とも
Verb.plain-nonpast + にすぎない

315 316

や否や 仮に
やいなや かりに

ya ina ya kari ni
as soon as, before I knew it tentative supposition, "supposing that..."
A や否や B We often use 仮に together with the conditional た
ら, as in 仮に～としたら, or in a sentence structure
such as 仮に～として.

仮に～とする means "to assume something." So 仮

に～としたら literally means "if one assumes that
~," and we can translate it as "supposing that—" or
"if—." 仮に～として literally means "one assumes
that—, and—," and we can translate it as "let's say
~."

In most cases, we can use both of them to mean the

same thing, but if there is any difference in the
nuance, 仮に～として sounds more like a tentative
assumption than 仮に～としたら.
 317 318

嫌いがある 途端（に）
きらいがある とたん (に)

kirai ga aru totan (ni)

to have the bad habit of the moment; as soon as; then
Verb.plain-nonpast + きらいがある Verb.plain-past 途端(に)

Noun + の+ きらいがある Verb.tara-conditional 途端(に)

319 320

限りだ ～きり
かぎりだ ～きり

kagiri da ~kiri
very "since"
i-adjective 限りだ [ Informal past verb + kiri （きり） ]
 321

～という点で 322

～というてんで ～に限る
~to iu ten de ～にかぎる

in that, in terms of ~ni kagiru

The aspect being focused on comes before to iu ten There's nothing like~
de (という点で). This aspect can be a full sentence
or a noun (certain type). [ (Item A) +　wa (は）　＋ (Item that goes best
with Item A) +　ni kagiru (に　限る) ]
[Aspect (sentence/noun)] + to iu ten de (という点
で) + Main clause

323

ご/お ～なさる
ご/お ～なさる 324

go/o～nasaru
いわゆる
honorific
いわゆる
go/o(ご/お) + Verb masu stem + nasaru (なさる)

来店する(raiten suru; to come to the shop)；ご来店 iwayuru

なさる
so-called, what we call
結婚する(kekkon suru; to get married)；ご結婚な
さる

引越しする (hikkoshi suru; to move)；お引越しな

さる
 325

お + masu stem of verb

+ 願います 326

お + masu stem of verb + ねがいます

お ～ になる
o + masu stem of verb + negaimasu
お ～ になる
please do something
* "お + masu stem of verb + 願います" : Please do something. o～ni naru
* "お + masu stem of verb + 願えますか": Can you please do
something? honorific
知らせる - 知らせ(ます) - お知らせ　願います - お知らせ
願えますか。 * お + Verb masu stem + になる
Please let me know.
Could you please let me know? 話す(hanasu; to speak); お話になる
読む - 読み（ます） - お読み　願います。 - お読み　願えま
すか。
食べる(taberu; to eat); お食べになる
Please read.
Could you please read?
待つ - 待ち（ます） - お待ち　願います。 - お待ち　願えま
すか。
Please wait.
Could you please wait?
 327

お～, ご～
328

お～　の+　[名詞]
お～, ご～
お～　の+　[めいし]
o--, go—
honorific prefix
o-- no + [noun]
* o(お)　+ noun：　お名前(o-namae, name), お土産(o-miyage, someone who does something(honorific)
souvenir), お寿司(o-sushi, sushi)
the polite prefix o(お) + verb. masu stem ＋ no(の) + noun
* o(お)　+ i-adjective: お忙しい(o-isogashii, busy); お美しい(o-
plain；　masu stem; o + masu stem + no + noun
utsukushii, beautiful)
立つ→立ち（ます）→お立ち の お客様; customers who are
* o(お)　+ na-adjective: おきれい(o-kirei, beautiful), お上手(o-
standing
jōzu, good at)
乗る→乗り(ます) →お乗り の お客様; passengers who are
* go(ご)　+ noun: ご住所(go-jūsho, address), ご両親(go-
getting on
ryōshin, parents), ご病気(go-byōki, sick)
読む→読み(ます) →お読み の 本; books which you are reading
* go(ご)　+ na-adjective: ご親切(go-shinsetsu, kind), ご丁寧(go-
teinei, polite) 使う→使い(ます)→お使い の ～; something which you are
using
(* i-adjectives are Japanese origin words, so they are not preceded
by go(ご).)
 330

がる(2) ; ～たがる
329 がる(2) ; ～たがる

かねない garu (2); --ta garu

a person other than the speaker wants to do
かねない something
kanenai * Masu stem of a verb + ta garu

見る(miru)⇒見(ます)(mi masu)⇒見 たい(mi tai)⇒見 た がる

might do something (mi ta garu)

[masu stem of a verb] + kanenai 食べる(taberu)⇒食べ(ます)(tabe masu)⇒食べ たい(tabe tai)⇒食

べ た がる(tabe ta garu)

行く(iku)⇒行き(ます)(iki masu)⇒行き たい(iki tai)⇒行き た

がる(iki ta garu)

* drop "i" sound from "tai" and add "garu

331
332

こそ
ご/お～いたす/する
こそ
ご/お～いたす/する
koso
go/o-- itasu/suru
the very --, It is -- that --. Particularly
honorific
* Noun + koso(こそ)
* ご/お + Verb masu stem + いたす/する
来年こそ；rainen koso; definitely next year

* Noun + particle + koso (こそ) 持つ(motsu; to have)；お持ちいたす/ お持ちする

家でこそ; ie de koso; particularly at home 待つ(matsu; to wait); お待ちいたす/　お待ちする

* te-form of verb + koso (こそ)
がんばってこそ；ganbatte koso; only if someone tries hard
* Clause + koso (こそ)
あなたが好きだからこそ；anata ga suki da kara koso; precisely
because I like you
案内する(annnai suru; to show the way); ご案内い
たす/　ご案内する
紹介する(shoukai suru; to introduce); ご紹介いた
す/ ご紹介する
 334

333 複合動詞
させて もらいたい(の ふくごうどうし

ですが/んですが)
させて もらいたい(のですが/んですが)
sasete moraitai(no desu ga/n desu
ga)
I would like you to let me do something
* Causative of verb (-- sasete) + morai tai
* Causative of verb (-- sasete) + morai tai no/n desu
fukugou doushi
compound verbs
Compound verbs are extremely common in Japanese. They are
formed by affixing a verb in plain form to the masu stem of
another verb. The final verb usually indicates the manner in which
the first is performed.
Take, for example, 飛び越える (tobikoeru), which means "to fly
over". The base verb, 飛ぶ (tobu), means "to fly", and the final
verb, 越える (koeru), means "to go over". The compound verb
gains its meaning in this manner. Another compound verb that
uses 越える (koeru) is 乗り越える (norikoeru), which means "to
climb over".

ga Other commonly used suffixes used to create compound verbs

include 出す (dasu), which means "to start quickly or
appear/disappear suddenly", and 込む (komu), which means "to
enter something".

335 336

そんな 頻度の副詞
そんな ひんどのふくし

sonna hindo no fukushi

no way, come on Adverbs of frequency
 337

かな
かな

kana
338
I wonder
V.inf + kana
行く + かな・iku + kana - I wonder if someone go.
数
行った + かな・itta + kana - I wonder if someone went.
i-adj. inf + kana
かず
寒い かな・samui kana - I wonder if something is cold
寒かった かな・samukatta kana - I wonder if something was
kazu
cold
na-adj. stem + (datta) kana
number
にぎやか　かな・nigiyaka kana - I wonder if
somewhere/somthing is lively
にぎやかだった　かな・nigiyaka datta kana - I wonder if
somewhere/something was lively
noun + (datta) kana
先生　かな・sensei kana- I wonder if someone is a teacher
先生だった　かな・sensei datta kana - I wonder if someone was
a teacher
9 kyū きゅう 九 900 kyūhyaku
きゅ うひゃく 九百
10 jū じゅ う 十 1000 sen
せん 千
11 jū-ichi じゅ ういち 十一 2000
ni-sen にせん 二千
12 jū-ni
じゅうに
十二 3000 san-zen さんぜん 三千 340

13 jū-san じゅ うさん 十三 4000

14
yon-sen
jū-yon
よんせ ん
じゅ うよん
四千
十四 5000
否定形
go-sen ごせん 五千
ひていけい
15 jū-go じゅうご 十 五 6000 roku-sen
ろくせん 六千
16 jū-roku じゅ うろく 十六 7000
hiteikei
nana-sen なな せん 七千
Negative form
17 jū-nana じゅ うなな 十七 8000
ha-ssen はっせ ん 八千
18 jū-hachi じゅ うはち 十八 9000
kyū-sen きゅう せん 九千
19 jū-kyuu じゅ うきゅう 十九 10,000
ichi-man い ちまん 一万
20 ni-jū に じゅう 二十 20,000
ni-man にま ん 二万
来る (kuru) -> 来ません (kimasen)
"Suru" becomes "shimasen".
する (suru) -> しない (shimasen)
i-adjective:
難しい (muzukashii) -> 難しく[は]ありません (muzukashiku
[wa] arimasen) 341
na-adjective:
簡単 (kantan) -> 簡単で[は]ありません／簡単じゃありません
(kantan de [wa] arimasen/kantan ja arimasen)
代わりに
♥ INTRODUCTION:
Construction of the negative form of Japanese verbs, equivalent to かわりに
the English "not ~~", varies depending on verb type and level of
politeness. kawari ni
The plain negative is formed by suffixing the auxiliary "nai" to the
imperfective form of the verb as outlined below. The polite
negative is formed by suffixing "masen" to the masu stem of the
instead of, but
verb.
Noun + の かわりに
The negative form of i-adjectives is created by negating the
adverbial form. Therefore, the plain form ends in "nai", and the
Verb.inf + かわりに
polite form in "arimasen". The negative form of na-adjectives is
created by negating the noun form. The plain negative form of na-
adjectives, therefore, ends in "de nai", and the polite negative form
i-Adj.inf + かわりに
in "de arimasen".
na-Adj.stem + な/だった + かわりに
When not used inside a relative clause, the topic-marking particle
"wa" may be added before the "nai" or "arimasen" in order to add
emphasis. Use of "wa" in this manner is extremely common for
na-adjectives, so much so that it has become the standard form. As
per Japanese pronunciation rules, the "de wa" is often contracted
to "ja" in informal Japanese.

342
敬称
けいしょう
Keishou
honorific pronouns & suffixes
Honorific titles are used when the speaker wishes to show
respect for the listener or a third party to whom he is
referring. In Japanese, honorific titles are used either as
suffixes (such as "san") or as pronouns, replacing the
person's name entirely. In this case, it is usually the
person's job title or the honorific word "sensei" that is
used.
The Japanese make frequent use of honorific titles. While
the majority are terms of respect, such as "sama", there are
others, such as "chan", that are used as terms of
endearment.
every [one of you]". Example: "houdoukankeisha-kakui" ( 報道関係者各
位, "each and every one of you newspeople")
"Kyō" ( 卿 ) is an honorific suffix attached to the names/titles of public
officials and nobles from the Heian to the Edo period. In modern-day
Japanese it is used to refer to those who are part of the nobility of foreign
countries. For example, those who have been knighted. In this sense, it
corresponds with the English "sir". Example: "Eruton Jon-kyou" ( エ ルト
ン・ジョン卿, Sir Elton John)
"Heika" (陛下) is an honorific suffix used to refer to a king, queen, emperor
or empress. In Japan, it is also used to refer to other members of the royal
family, such as the grand empress dowager and the empress dowager.
Example: Tennou-heika (天皇陛下, His Imperial Majesty, The Emperor)
"Denka" ( 殿 下 ) is an honorific suffix/pronoun used to refer to male
members of royalty of equal or lower status than the Crown Prince.
Example: "koutaishi-denka" ( 皇 太 子 殿 下 , His Imperial Highness, The
Crown Prince) Spouses of "denka"-ranking male members of a royal family
(whose position is indicated by the use of "hi" ( 妃 ) after the official
Imperial position of their husband) also receive the honorific "denka".
Example: "koutaishihi-denka" (皇太子妃殿下, Her Imperial Highness, The
Crown Princess)
"Kakka" (閣下) is an honorific suffix/pronoun used to refer to those of high
position, such as nobility, presidents/prime ministers, ambassadors and
high-ranking military officials. Example: "daitouryou-kakka" (大統領閣下,
Mr. President)
"Geika" ( 猊 下 ) is an honorific suffix/pronoun used to refer to religious
clerics (i.e. monks, priests, etc.) of the extremely high rank, such as the
Pope. Example: Darai Rama-geika ( ダ ラ イ ・ ラ マ 猊 下 , His Eminence,
The Dalai Lama)
"Daika" (台下) is an honorific suffix/pronoun used to refer to high-ranking
religious clerics who do not qualify as "geika", such as monks or priests.
Example: Tanaka-daika (田中台下, His Holiness, Monk Tanaka)
"Seika" (聖下) is an honorific suffix/pronoun used to refer to high-ranking
Christian ministers (not Catholic priests). Example: Jonson-seika ( ジョン
ソン聖下, His Holiness, Minister Johnson)
Rank: "taisa" ( 大 佐 , general), "kanshi sōkan" ( 警 視 総 監 ,
Superintendent General of the Metropolitan Police), "shōbō
sōkan" (消防総監, fire commissioner), "kisei" (棋聖, master of
the game go), "kudan" ( 九 段 , a ninth-dan ranked player of the
game "go")
343
Qualification: "bengoshi" ( 弁 護 士 , [defense] attorney),
"kenchikushi" ( 建 築 士 , architect), "untenshi" ( 運 転 士 ,
driver/train conductor), "hanji" (判事, judge)
The word "senshu" ( 選手 , athlete) is used as an honorific suffix
分
for professional athletes, except in the case of baseball pitchers,
whose names are suffixed with "toushu" ( 投 手 , pitcher). Sumo -ぶん
wrestlers of juuryou and makuuchi status are given the honorific
suffix "sekitori" ( 関 取 ). Yokozuna, the grand sumo champions, bun
take the honorific suffix/pronoun "yokozuna" (横綱).
♥ EXAMPLES: ~worth; an amount corresponding to
1 ゆきちゃんとまなぶくんは水野さんのお子様です。
Counter bun
Yuki-chan to Manabu-kun wa Mizuno-san no okosama desu.
Yuki and Manabu are Mr. Mizuno's children. Counter bun no noun
2　本多先生は、桜中学の吉岡校長と野球の松井選手の顔が
似てると言った。 Noun bun
Honda-sensen wa,Sakura chūgaku no Yoshioka-kōchō to yakyū no
Matzui-senshu no kao ga niteru to itta.
Mr. Honda said that Principal Yoshioka of Sakura junior high
school looks like Matsui who is a baseball player.

345
344

たまえ
じゃないか
たまえ
じゃないか
tamae
ja nai ka
please
right?
Verb.masu-stem + たまえ
 346
347

事なしに
擬音・擬態語
ことなしに
ぎおん・ぎたいご
koto nashi ni
gion/gitaigo
without doing
Onomatopoeia & Mimesis
Verb.plain-nonpast + ことなしに

348

とする(2) 349

とする(2)
とする(1)
to suru(2) とする(1)

feel〜; look〜 to suru(1)

sound symbolism + とする　 assume that; regard 〜 as; let
ほっとする (s.o. feels relieved)
 351
350

というのは・とは〜 ということは
ということは
ことだ
to iu koto wa
というのは・とは〜ことだ
that; the fact that
to iu no wa/to wa〜koto da Sentence.inf ということは　

mean; the mean of〜 is; what 〜means is 返事が来たということは the fact that there is a
reply

352

という風に
353

と同時に
というふうに
とどうじに
to iu fū ni
in such a way that; in such a fashion to to dōji ni
suggest at the same time; at the time
Sentence + to iu fū ni
 354 355

点（で） て初めて
てん（で） てはじめて

ten (de) te hajimete

point; respect; regard; aspect not until; only after; for the first time

356 357

確かに〜が それは
たしかに〜が それは

tashikani〜ga sore wa
indeed〜but; certainly〜but; i admit that〜 naturally; of course; for sure
 358 359

そこを そうかと言って
そこを そうかといって

soko o sō ka to itte
but; in spite of that that said; yeah but

360 361

てはいかがですか てはどうですか
てはいかがですか てはどうですか

te wa ikaga desu ka te wa dō desu ka

would you like to do somethin How about if
Verb(-te form) + wa ikaga desu ka Verb(-te form) + wa dō desu ka

Verb(-te form) + mite wa ikaga desu ka Verb(-te form) + mite wa dō desu ka

 "せっかく + verb. plain past + のに" is an expression to
be used to express the speaker's regret or disappointment
(i) when the speaker took the time or made an effort to do
something in vain, (ii) when any other person took the time
or made some effort in vain or (iii) when something which
seldom occurs took place but it could not be made use of.
"せっかく + verb. plain + のだから" is the speaker's wish
to make use of a rare occasion or a good opportunity.
♥ EXAMPLES:
362
せっかくおいしい料理を作ったのに、彼は帰ってこ
なかった。
せっかく Sekkaku oishii ryōri o tsukutta noni, kare wa kaette
konakatta.
せっかく Although I put effort into cooking delicious food, he didn't
come home.
sekkaku せっかく娘に会いに来てくれたのに、いなくて、す
いません。
with effort, take the trouble to do Sekkaku musume ni ai ni kite kureta noni, inakute
suimasen.
Although you came all this way to see her, I'm sorry to tell
you that she is out.
せっかく北海道に行くのだから、おいしいカニを食
べたい。
Sekkaku Hokkaido ni iku no da kara, oishii kani o tabetai.
Since I'm going all the way to Hokkaido, I want to eat
good crab.
 364

363 なんて
～ば ～た なんて

～ば ～た nante
--ba –ta things like / something like
* Verb. plain non-past + nante(なんて)
Counter factual conditional
寝坊する なんて; ねぼうする なんて
* [Verb/Adj, Conditional form] + [Verb, past]
遅れる なんて; おくれる なんて
走れば、間に合った；Hashireba, ma ni atta.；If
you had run, you could have made it. * Noun + nante(なんて)

来れば、会えた；Kureba, aeta.; If you had come, 雨 なんて；あめ なんて

you could have met (someone). 勉強 なんて; べんきょう なんて

安ければ、買った；Yasukereba, katta.; If it had * Adjective. adverbial + nante(なんて)

been cheaper, I would have bought it.
静かに なんて；しずかに なんて

早く なんて；はやく なんて
 365
366

をいいことに～する
たらいい
をいいことに～する
たらいい
o ii koto ni ~suru
tara ii
to take advantage of --- to do something
if someone does something, it would be
* Noun + をいいことに
alright.
* Verb/i-adjective. plain + の + をいいことに
* -tara form of a verb + いい
* na-adjective. stem + な + の + をいいことに

367
368

たいのだけど/だが
てからでは遅い
たいのだけど/だが
てからではおそい
tai no da kedo/da ga
te kara dewa osoi
I want to do something, and can you ask for
some help or is it OK? it is too late when something takes place
* Verb. masu stem of a verb + たい の(ん) だけど * te-form of verb + から では 遅い（おそい）
（ですけど）
　te-form of verb + から では 手遅れだ（ておく
* Verb. masu stem of a verb + たい の(ん) だが れだ）
（ですが）
　te-form of verb + から では 間に合わない（ま
(のだ or のです can be pronounced as んだ or んで にあわない）
す in a conversation.)
 370

369
～ておられる
～ておられる
って
-te orareru
って
Honorific
tte * te-form of verb + orareru (おられる)
speaking of 座る(suwaru, to sit down)；座って(suwatte)；座っ
* Noun + tte(って) て おられる

* Verb/i-adj. plain nonpast + tte(って)(= to iu no 飲む(nomu, to drink)；飲んで(nonde)；飲んで お

wa(というのは)) られる

見る(miru, to see)；見て(mite)；見て おられる

する(suru, to do); して(shite); して おられる

371 372

なんか ～ざるを得ない
なんか ～ざるをえない

nanka --zaru o enai

thing like/something like
* Noun + nanka (なんか)
* Noun + particle + nanka (なんか)
can't help doing,there is no option but to do
* Verb. negative (without nai) + zaru o enai (ざるを得な
い)
Plain nonpast; Negative; Negative(without nai) + ざるを
得ない;English

走る；走ら(ない); 走らざるを得ない; can't help

running

飲む; 飲ま(ない) ; 飲まざるを得ない; can't help

drinking

見る; 見ない；見 ざるを得ない; can't help seeing

する; しない; *せ ざるを得ない; can't help doing

(*Please note that in the case of the verb する, irregularly

せ comes before ざるを得ない.)
 373

に越したことはない
374
にこしたことはない

ni koshita koto wa nai

にも程がある
-- is best にもほどがある

* Verb. plain non-past + に越したことはない ni mo hodo ga aru

用心するに越したことはない；ようじんするに How could can [anyone] be as ~ as
こしたことはない；it's best to be careful
* Noun + ni mo hodo ga aru(にも程がある)
* i-Adjective. plain non-past + に越したことはな
い * Verb, non-past plain + ni mo hodo ga aru(にも程
がある)
安いに越したことはない；やすいにこしたこと
はない；cheap is best * i-Adjective, non-past plain + ni mo hodo ga aru(に
も程がある)
* Noun + に越したことはない

金持ちに越したことはない；かねもちにこした
ことはない；rich is best

376
375

ほどの～は ない
ております
ほどの～は ない
ております
hodo no --wa nai
te orimasu
is not so -- as [something]
is doing or keep in a state (humble) * [noun 1] hodo no [noun 2] wa nai
* te form of a verb + orimasu (～ております) * [noun 1] hodo no [noun 2] wa negative form of a
verb
 377

ようと思う 378

ようと思う
んだけど, のですが
yō to omou
んだけど, のですが
I think I will do something
n da kedo, no desu ga
* Volitional form + to omotte iru (と思っている)
---, but ---
Volitional form + to omō (と思う)
* --n da kedo, [main clause]
食べる；食べよう と 思っている/思う; I
think/am thinking that I'm going to eat --no desu ga, [main clause]

読む；読もう と 思っている/思う; I think/am

thinking that I'm going to read
 380
379

たりして ようだ
ようだ
たりして
yō da
tari shite
it seems that
Something might happen
* Verb/i-adj. plain + yō da.
Verb. inf. past + りして
* Noun/na-adj.stem + no + yō da.
 382

381 によると/によります
とても～ない と
とても～ない によると/によりますと

totemo –nai ni yoru to/ ni yorimasu to

not – possibly according to –
* totemo + verb. nagative potential form * --ni yorimasu to
+ --sō desu (～そうです)
とても 食べられない; totemo taberarenai; can not
+ --to iu koto desu (～ということです)
possibly eat
+ --to no koto desu (～とのことです)
とても 考えられない；totemo kangaerarenai; can + opinion/judgment etc
not possibly think * --ni yoru to + hearsay expressions/opinion or judgment

とても 会えない; totemo aenai; can not possibly + --sō da(～そうだ)

meet/see + --to iu koto da(～ということだ)

+ --to no koto da(～とのことだ)

+ opinion/judgment etc

383 384

につき ～ように言う
につき ～ようにいう

ni tsuki ~yō ni iu
per to tell (someone) to do
* [Number (A) + counter] + "ni tsuki" + [number (B) Informal verb ＋ ように ＋ verb (expressing a request or
+ counter] command, such as 言う・頼む・伝える・命じる)
勉強する (benkyō suru)
ように (yō ni)
言う (iu)
"to tell (someone) to study"
卵を買う (tamago o kau)
ように (yō ni)
頼む (tanomu)
"to ask (someone) to buy eggs"
明日来る (ashita kuru)
ように (yō ni)
伝える (tsutaeru)
"to tell (someone) to come tomorrow"
仕事をする (shigoto o suru)
 ように (yō ni)
命令する (meirei suru)
"to order(someone) to do his job"
 385
386

何とか
向き
なんとか
むき
nantoka
muki
Somehow
suitable for ~
何とか + verb = somehow do something

388

ものだ(1)
ものだ(1)
387
mono da (1)
向け used to
Formation:
むけ * Verb, plain past + mono da （～た ものだ＝used to do
something)
muke Dictionary
Plain past Plain past + mono da Translation
exclusively for 食べる 食べた 食べた ものだ used to eat
行く 行った 行った ものだ used to go
* i/na-adj, plain past + mono da (～た ものだ＝used to do
something)
Dictionary Plain past Plain past + mono da Translation
安い 安かった 安かった ものだ used to be cheap
きれいな きれいだった きれいだった ものだ
used to be beautiful
 389

ものだ(2)
ものだ(2) 390

mono da(2) ただし

norm
ただし
* Verb, plain non-past + mono da （～する ものだ＝one should
do something）
tadashi
あいさつする あいさつする ものだ one should
say hello however
あやまる あやまる ものだ one should apologize
[sentence A] + ただし + [sentence B]
*Verb, plain non-past negative + mono da （～しない ものだ＝
one should not do something）

泣かない 泣かない ものだ one should not cry

遅れない 遅れない ものだ one should not be late

391 392

自動詞・他動詞 身
じどうし・たどうし み

jidōshi tadōshi
Intransitive/Transitive Verb
が（は）＋＜something> を＋transitive verb
＜something> が＋intransitive verb
mi
Body
The basic meaning of 身 is of course "body," but it has another
meaning besides "physical body," which is "a person by oneself."
We also use 身 to indicate the main part of something. For
example, we call the meaty part of a fish you can eat 身 , as
opposed to the skin or bones that you can't eat.
Mi ni oboe ga aru (身に覚えがある) literally means "remember
something with one's body." But, in this case, we use 身 to
indicate "oneself," and this phrase means "a person remembers
doing something." Please note that we use this phrase in a
situation where a person has done something bad or is being
blamed or accused.
Mi kara deta sabi (身から出たさび ) literally means "rust from
one's body." In this case, we use sabi (さ び) in a figurative way to
indicate "bad karma" or "payment for one's bad actions or
behavior." So, we can use this phrase in a situation where someone
does something bad and as a result he or she gets in trouble, and
we could say 身 か ら 出 た さ び だ to mean that the person got
what he or she deserved.
 393

猫
ねこ

neko
394
cat
Out of idiomatic expressions that use the names of animals, many
expressions use the word 猫, meaning "cat." People believe this is
ため
the case because many people keep cats as pets, and they have
become a big part of our daily lives. ため
猫なで 声（ねこなでごえ） refers to a voice that people use
when they are trying to fawn on or suck up to someone, much like
the sound cats make when they are petted on the head. It is
tame
common for some women to make their voice higher and sweeter-
sounding when asking for something from someone else, and this for the benefit of
is what we refer to as 猫なで声.
We use 猫をかぶる（ねこをかぶる）to describe a person who
hides his or her real personality and behaves like a quiet and
docile person. かぶる is the same verb that we use in 「ぼうしを
か ぶ る 」 , meaning "to wear a hat," so it means "to wear
something on one's head." It is believed that this expression came
to be because on the outside, a cat looks like a gentle, obedient
creature, but on the inside, it is actually thought to be greedy and
tricky.
 396

395
たって
ても始まらない たって
てもはじまらない tatte
te mo hajimaranai even if
there is no point in doing something. * Verb informal past + って

[te form of a verb] + mo + hajimaranai * i adverbial adjective + たって

* na adjective stem/noun + だって

 398

397
過去形
かこけい
～どころじゃない
kakokei
～どころじゃない
past tense
~dokoro ja nai Verb + no datta ※

doing something (or being in a certain Noun + datta

state) is not possible at all because the I-adjective + datta
situation is too bad to allow it
Na-adjective + datta ※ In the case of a verb, you
should use the past form of no da, which is no datta.

※We often shorten this to n datta in conversation.

400

謙譲語
けんじょうご
399
kenjōgo
～ば、済む humble expressions
There are two types of humble verbs - Regular and Irregular

～ば、すむ ■　Irregular humble verbs

to exist (animate) - いる iru - おる oru - おります orimasu

~ba, sumu to go - 行く iku - 参る mairu - 参ります mairimasu

to come - 来る kuru
"if you [verb], everything will be fine" to say - 言う iu - 申す mōsu - 申します mōshimasu
to do - する suru - いたす itasu - いたします itashimasu
ba conditional + sumu (済む)
to eat - 食べる taberu - いただく itadaku - いただきます itadakimasu
to drink - 飲む nomu
to exist (inanimate) - ある aru - ござる gozaru - ございます* gozaimasu
to ask - きく kiku - 伺う ukagau - 伺います ukagaimasu
to visit - たずねる tazuneru
*The masu form of gozaru is irregular. It's not not gozarimasu but
gozaimasu.
 402
401

ので 2
2
ので
2
node
2
because
2

403 404

3 4
3 4

3 4
3 4
3 4
1 2

1 2
1 2

1 2
1 2
1 2

3 4

3 4
3 4

3 4
3 4
3 4
1 2

1 2
1 2

1 2
1 2
1 2

3 4

3 4
3 4

3 4
3 4
3 4