MEANING OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOG:

• As a Process : It is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.
• As a Product – it includes the product of this process such as programmed texts , TV programs, computer software, audio visual media, and entire
courses of instruction.
• As a Profession, it is composed of various job categories such as media technicians, media specialists, instructional developers.
• As a Discipline – It is an academic specialty within the larger discipline of education such as graduate degree programs, scholarly journals, and
books.

Technology Integration

It is the process of determining where and how technology fits into teaching and learning

Five Domains of Educational Technology

• 1. Design – the planning phase of educational technology. Designs interprets reality in the performance and negotiated expectations of the learner.
It describes natural or existing interrelationships that constitute a content area.
• 2. Development – instructional development is the process of producing learning materials from a detailed plan (design)
- Instructional development (also known as instructional product development) is the process of finalizing procedures and testing materials intended
to support instructional episodes.
• 3. Utilization – the actual use of knowledge and the skills and usually includes the practical application of information or procedures on a regular
basis. The purpose of utilization is to bring learners into contact with learning resources and instructional system components.
• 4. Evaluation – a dynamic process which allows people to obtain data about students learn specific content information under varying instructional
conditions.
• 5. Management – the linchpin which binds all the domains of educational technology

ACTIVITY No. 1

1. Elaborate the importance of integration on technology into teaching and learning and cite one example.
2. Give some examples of educational technology as a product and as a profession.
3. Explain briefly the different domains of educational technology in your own understanding.
 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
• ADDIE MODEL
– IS A SYSTEMATIC INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODEL CONSISTING OF FIVE PHASES:
– Analysis
– Design
– Development
– Implementation
– Evaluation

• The Five Phases of ADDIE are as follows:

1. Analysis – during the analysis, the designer identifies the learning problem, the goals and objectives, the audience’s needs, existing
knowledge, and any relevant characteristics. Analysis also considers the learning environment, any constraint, the delivery options, and
the timeline for the project.
2. Design – a systematic process of specifying learning objectives. Detailed story boards and prototypes are often made, and the look and
feel, graphic design, user interface and content is determine here.
3. Development – the actual creation (production) of the content and learning materials based on the design phase.
4. Implementation – during implementation, the plan is put into action and a procedure for training the learner and teacher is developed.
Materials are delivered or distributed to the student group. After delivery, the effectiveness of the training material is evaluated.
5. Evaluation – this phase consists of (1.) formative and (2.) summative evaluation. Formative Evaluation involves gathering information during
the early stages of the design process with the focus on finding out whether efforts are relating as planned, uncovering any obstacle, barriers
or unexpected opportunities that maybe have emerge, and identify mid-project adjustments and corrections which can help insure the
success of the project.

The ASSURE Model

the ASSURE model is an Instructional Systems Design (ISD) process that was modified to be used by teachers in the regular classroom. The ISD process is one
which teachers and trainers can use to design and develop the most appropriate learning environment. This was constructed by Robert Heinich, Michael
Molenda of Indiana University and James D. Russell of Perdue University.

• Analyze Learners
• State Objectives
• Select Media and Materials
• Utilize Media and Materials
• Require Learner Participation
• Evaluate and Revise

PRINCIPLES IN THE SELECTION AND UTILIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES

PRINCIPLES DESCRIPTION
Meaningfulness They should contain purposive activities. They must contribute to the growth and development of learners.

Purpose They must be focused on helping learners to motivate tem in the learning process.

Appropriateness They should be appropriate to the level intended in terms of:

1. Vocabulary level 3. methods of development
2. Difficulty of concepts 4. interest

Breadth They should encompass all round development of varying group of learners.

Usefulness/Utility they must be useful to a particular teacher as she works for a particular group of learners. Audio-visual aid must help the
teacher to deliver the subject matter in a better way as well as helping the learners to learn the subject matter.

Communication Effectiveness They must relay information clearly and effectively.

Authenticity They must present accurate up to date dependable information.

Responsiveness They must be responsive to the needs and demands of the society.
Interest They should catch the interest of the users, stimulate curiosity or satisfy the need to know and encourage creativity and
imagination response among users.

Cost Effectiveness The cost per student of media presentation diminishes as the number of students using it increases.

Presentation They must be presented at the right time and at the right way

PRINCIPLE DESCRIPTION

Portability (Handy) They must be handy for the teachers and students to handle it well.

Correctness Correct facts or information must be in the materials for a better learning process

Simplicity They must be simple but inspiring and for the learners and should not confuse them. They must be simple but show
creativity.

Assessment The purpose of evaluating the technology is needed for further revisions and improvements.

ACTIVITY No. 2
 1. How can you differentiate formative and summative evaluation?
2. Explain briefly the different phases of ADDIE Model.
3. Explain the following steps under ASSURE Model

a. Analyze Learners -

b. State Objectives -

c. Select Media and Materials -

d. Utilize Media and Materials -

e. Require Learner Participation -

f. Evaluate and Revise -

FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES

1. Human Factors
 Learner factors – refers to learner differences that can influence media choice.
 Individual differences
Research suggests that learners differ in:
• Their preference for learning: by observing (visual learners) or by listening (aural learners)
• Their perception of a given message: a factor of past experience, and often a cultural difference exists
• Their understanding of the conventions used by various media: language and technical drawings used
c. Attention span
factors that affect how long a learner can attend to one type of task
• Age and interest
• Learner’s motivation
 d. Number of learners
select media that are well suited to the group size you have or, if this is difficult, modify the group or structure to media you have
a. Physical disabilities of learners (poor vision, hearing, dyslexia, color blindness, etc.)
b. Teacher Factors – refers to those factors that affect the success of media implementation
2. Instructional Method
the method of instruction dictates or limits our choice of presentation media. Is self-regulated learning method or lecture/expository?
3. Practical Constraints
administration and economic constraints both limits the choice of methods and media
1. Objectives 3. Time
2. Availability 4. Resources

CONTRIBUTIONS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

• Increase student’s motivation, self-esteem, self-confidence and academic
• Supplies stimulating environments that encourage student involvement in the learning process
• Promotes higher-level thinking skills
• Offers students diversity, self-placed learning, and opportunities for individual growth and self expression
• Provides students with unique opportunities to apply skills and talents and to interact with others in non-threatening environments
• Changes teacher’s and student’s role into positive directions
• Inspires students and teachers by making learning exciting and interesting
• Fosters the development of leadership abilities and teamwork
• Supports new instructional approaches: cooperative learning, inquiry approach, problem-based learning, project-based learning and multiple
intelligences
• Provides unique opportunities for students to practice, demonstrate and critique communication skills
• Supplies information through multisensory delivery channels, allowing students with various learning styles to assimilate and apply knowledge
• Expends classroom “walls” and links students and teachers in national and international exchanges

ACTIVITY No. 3
1. What are the basic things about the learner that the teacher should consider and explain each.
2. Choose at least five contributions of educational technology into teaching and learning. Explain each.
3. As a teacher, how are you going to handle the learners especially those Persons With Disability(PWD)

GENERAL GUIDELINES IN USING EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES

• Purpose – ask yourself what you are trying to accomplish and why this instructional aid is important.
• Define objectives – clearly defined objectives are essential for planning the lesson and selecting and using instructional aids.
• Flexibility – the same instructional aids can satisfy many different purposes.
 • Diversity – use a variety of materials, media, and resources to develop and maintain interest of students.
• Development – instructional aids must be related to the age, maturity, ability and interest of students.
• Content – you must know the content of the instructional materials to determine how to use them and how to make the best use of them.
• Guide learners – focus students’ attention on specific things to attend while viewing listening or reading the materials.
• Evaluation results – check students’ reactions and consider your own reactions to the instructional aids.

SELECTION AND UTILIZATION/INTEGRATION OF CONVENTIONAL EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES

Selection

Types Utilization
Advantages Limitations

1. Text/Print (i.e.. Books, • Readily Available.
periodicals, modules Printed materials in a
range of topics and
formats.
• Flexible. Printed
materials may be used
in any lighted
environment. They are
portable.
• Economical. Text can be
used again and again by
many students.
• Reading level of
learners. Many students
are nonreaders or proof
readers.
• Memorization. Some
critics say textbooks
promote memorization
rather than higher level
thinking skills.
• Passive. Others contend
that text promotes
solitary learning rather
than cooperative group
processes.
• Direct student reading
with objectives and/ or
questions.
• Emphasize the use of
visual text-based
materials.
• Check the teacher’s
guide for additional
materials and activities.
• Supplement text with
other media.
2. Still Visuals • Realistic format. Visuals • Size. Some visuals are • Direct student reading
 Printed Visuals (i.e. provide a representation simply too small to use with objectives and/or
Pictures, graphics, of verbal information. with a large group and questions.
etc.) • Readily available and enlarging can be • Emphasize the use of
inexpensive. Visuals are expensive. visuals with text-based
readily available in • Two dimensional. Visuals materials.
books, magazines, lack the three – • Check the teacher’s
newspaper, catalogs, and dimensionality of the real guide for additional
calendars. object or scene. materials and activities.
• Lack of motion. Visuals • Supplement text with
are static and cannot show other media.
motion.
 Printed Visuals (i.e. • Multipurpose. Both • Commonplace. Instructors
chalkboard, bulletin students and teachers often neglect to give
board, etc.) can use display boards display boards the
for a variety of purposes. attention and respect they
deserve as instructional
devices.
• Not portable. Most
display boards are not
movable.
• Check the visibility of
the board from several
positions around the
room.
• Decide in advice how
you plan to use the
board.
 Displayed Visuals (contd.) • Colorful. Display boards • Print using upper-and
provide color and add lowercase, not all caps in
interest to classrooms or script.
hallways. • Face your audience; do
• Participation. Students not talk to the board
can benefit from with your back to the
designing and using class.
display boards.

SOME TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION APPROACHES

Cooperative Learning Approach
This is an approach where students work as a team in learning academic contents and skills to address important social and human relation goals and
objectives. Although schools certainly can teach cooperative work without technology resources, a growing body of evidence documents students’
appreciation of cooperative work as both more motivating and easier to accomplish when it uses technology.
Inquiry Approach
This is a systematic view of finding answers to daily inquiries; suggesting solutions to problem situations or simply finding expressions for one’s curiosity.
This is sometimes referred as Problem Solving Method with the following steps: Statement of the problem, formulating hypotheses, gathering of data,
checking hypotheses, formulating conclusions.
Problem-based learning (PBL)
T he goal of problem-based learning (PBL) is to develop higher-order thinking skills by providing students with authentic and complex and problem
cases. This approach to learning provides a more authentic context for learning engages students in authentic tasks.
Discovery learning
this approach emphasizes that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas and concepts based upon their prior knowledge
and experience.
Experiential Learning
According to Johnson and Johnson (1994) experiential learning is based upon three assumptions:
1. That you learn best when you are personally involved in the learning experiences.
2. That knowledge has to be discovered by yourself if it is to mean anything to you or make difference in your behavior.
3. That commitment to learning is highest when you are free to set your own learning goals and actively pursue them within a given framework.
Integrative Approach
this approach emphasizes an inter-disciplinary approach to teaching.
Constructivist Approach
This is an approach wherein students continuously revisit previously accumulated experiences and understanding and reconstruct or recreate new
concepts as they interact daily with the environment.

ACTIVITY No. 4

1. In your own idea, how can you explain the general guidelines in using educational technology?
2. Give at least five approaches of technology integration and discuss briefly in your own understanding.