Anish Pokharel roll-no: 41

1. You as a surveyor how would you ensure to minimize the errors in work during different stages of
surveying operation and also verify whether the works are within the limits. Explain in details taking
reference of any one particular type of surveying (studied so far) with the help of appropriate
examples, data, drawings etc.

Ans: Surveying is the task of doing measurements of a relative point either natural or manmade
features on the surface of earth or beneath it and representation of them graphically or numerically.
There are different types of surveying such as: i) Chain surveying ii) Compass surveying iii) Plane
Table surveying iv) Theodolite surveying etc based on the instruments used.

Me as a surveyor would like to ensure to complete my works in parts so that work could be made
easier and the errors would start minimising from the very beginning of the work. Talking about
survey operations on surveying work, its divided into following types:
a) Field work: The works done in the field during the whole operation is called field works, Under
this category falls Reconnaissance, Field observations and Field records.
b) Office works: The works done inside office after the necessary procedures in field are done is
called office works. Under this category falls works like Drafting and Drawing, Computing and
Designing.
c) Care and Adjustment of instruments: After completion of all the works the instruments used
should be kept safe and in proper condition for future uses too.

When the above steps are carried out errors may arise due to various factors like
i) Natural i.e. Temperature, Wind etc.
ii) Personal i.e. Limitation in eyesight, unclear data records etc.
iii) Instrumental i.e. difference in chain length, faulty compass etc.
All these errors can be cumulative, compensative or mistakes.

For Chain surveying to be conducted following points must be ensured:

1. Area to be surveyed is comparatively small.

2. Area is open.
3. Area is fairly level.
4. Details to be plotted are simple and less.

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To show these errors and ways to minimize them let’s take chain surveying as the method of
surveying and survey an arbitrary place.

 All Survey begins from the principle of surveying that states working form whole to part.
This ensures error to be distributed in parts which helps to show if error is occurring in a part
of surveying then something is wrong and helps to recheck it out but if work is done in whole
and if error is found then we should do the whole work again. Thus, it checks the error by
surveying a little portion first and then saves our time too.
 Following the principle it forms chain of connected triangles for area to be surveyed. Then
Reconnaissance is done. If the area of field is very large then there is curvature effect of the
earth and thus error may arise in the survey. Therefore using this kind of survey we must
ensure that the area of field must be small so this effect is neutralised. Now triangles are
formed with in the area of field and triangles formed are of three different types:
i) Well conditioned triangle: A triangle whose each angle is greater than 30 and less than 120
is called well-conditioned triangle. A well-conditioned triangle is necessary for minimizing
error during surveying.
Other triangles are ii) ideal triangle and iii) ill conditioned triangle. We don’t recommend use
of ill conditioned triangle because errors are maximized in this triangle.

Ideal triangle Well-conditioned triangle Ill conditioned triangle

 Then after a network of connected triangles few terms must be noted used in chain surveying.

A, B, C and D are main survey stations.

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AB, BC, CD, DA, AC are the main survey lines.

BD: Base line E, N: Tie stations DE, BN: Tie lines MN, PQ: Check lines
 Now when doing observations and recording of data we must look for the following points in
order to minimize the errors.
 The length of the tape should be checked before the measurements because if the tape
is too long or too short then errors will occur when calculation of area and other tasks
are done. Also we must always look for the least count of tape we are using. Our daily
life tapes has L.C of 0.002m.
If tape is too long or too short correction is done by formula:

Faulty length
true length= * total length of line being measured
true length

 If chain are being used in the field then we must check the instrument and properly
count the links before recording data into field book and do proper calculation while
calculating.
 Whenever recording a data using chain, the length to a point must be measured from
the nearest station possible. If the distance be taken from a farther station then there is
chances of error.
For e.g. when we did chain survey in the pharmacy block the corner towards the civil
block was measured from the nearest main station of the chain neither from the
farthest because
The tape would be small for measuring that long distance and the error would occur.
The tape when measuring long distance would make catenary and thus error would
occur.
And for such catenary/sag correction the formula is: Csag =NW2L3/24P2
N=no. of catenary
L=Length of tape
P= pull
W=weight between supports

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o Then when length to points are measured by drawing perpendicular and oblique
offsets. we use different techniques for perpendicular offsets like that of i) 3-4-5
method ii) By drawing arc from outside to chain line and iii) drawing perpendicular
bisector by joint the point to mid-point.

Also for drawing oblique offset we do:

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While performing these offset procedure we should take our field records like distance from
station, no. of links and distance of intermediate station from main station should take
precisely and with great care to avoid any type of errors.

 If presence of any obstacle on field I would run a parallel line or a perpendicular line
alongside the points and calculate or measure the distance between the two stations.

Obstacle in chaining

 After taking all the data’s and recording them we should do the office works like drawing,
plotting, calculation and designing work. And For doing the office work we can use
software’s like AutoCAD, STAAD Pro, ETABS to ensure zero mistakes as software are
programmed for better function and calculations.

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 And after all the works I would properly enclose all the instrument used during procedure so
that they could be kept safe for future purposes and keeping them safe ensures zero
instrumental error in future procedures too.

Therefore, following above procedures I would complete the surveying work as a surveyor and
minimize the error in during the procedure.

2. Which type of surveying (studied do far) would you recommend to be performed in order to
survey the locality you are currently staying in and why with clear justifications? Explain in detail
how you would perform it and which form of output (s) you will be generating from the surveying.
Incorporate all the necessary data sheets if required for surveying. Make use of drawing and
photographs of locality (taken from roof top) to make your content elaborative.

Ans: I am currently staying in Shantinagar, Kathmandu. The region is near the bank of Baghmati
River and is flat surface. There are no sudden rise and falls. Thus method of direct ranging and
compass surveying on combined form can be used for surveying procedure around my locality. By
this method we can prepare a cadastral map of my locality with indications of roads, buildings, river
etc.

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It is how I would carry out the process of surveying on my locality.

 First of all, I would mark main stations around the locality and mark them with pegs. Then, I
would complete the marking until I form a closed traverse. Thus it ensures the principle of
surveying which says work whole to part.

For recording of the bearings, the record book used is:

Line Fore Bearing Back Bearing Distance

 Marking the main stations, then I would measure the distance between the main stations. As
there are obstacle present in between two main stations, I would follow following steps to
calculate the distance.
 When measuring distance if a building obstructs the view of ranging rod, then I would
draw a perpendicular from the point up to a next point where there is no obstruction.
 Then draw a parallel line from there to the ground and reach at the next end of the
point crossing building.
 Now I would drop the perpendicular down and continue the measuring.

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The following record book is used for recording distances between stations:

Line Forward Distance Backward Distance Average \distance

 Now after the distance between the main stations are measured, I would make sub stations in
the traverse for detailing the points. The sub stations I chose were along the centre of roads as
it is free of deflections.

 Now after marking of the substations, I would detail out area with building and roads. After
detailing the distance were measure with the help of measuring tape and calculated.

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Detailing of building and blocks

 A cadastral map showing area of my locality.

Thus, it is how I would prepare my cadastral map of my locality.

The followings are the reason I chose compass survey to survey area of my locality:

 There are no much iron substances around the area to deflect the compass.
 The area to be surveyed is large so it is easier using compass surveying.
 There are lot of obstacle around so chaining is hard.

In plotting the map scale of 1:10000 was used. (1cm=10,000m) The area of my locality is supposed
to be 18,000-20,000 sq. ft.

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3. In the current pandemic condition due to COVID-19 where each local level government are
constructing or planning to construct the quarantine zone to avoid community spreading of virus. In
this context you as a civil engineer (surveyor) with limited access to modern surveying instruments is
given a task to prepare a plan and construct well manage quarantine zone in an open space nearby
your locality using temporary shelters like tents or usually locally available materials or prefabricated
materials. Prepare a detail work plan (from scratch to its completion) with necessary drawings. Make
appropriate/standard assumptions for capacity, dimensions of open area & temporary shelter,
necessary facilities etc. where required.

Ans: During the pandemic of Corona Virus, a quarantine zone is must for isolation of patients
suffering of the disease and for those also who shows symptoms. Being very contagious as it is
spread from air, contact with infected patients and droplets of patients they must be separated and
kept isolated for the safety of unaffected peoples. Thus, here are some criteria for building of a
quarantine zone:

1. It must be far from the area of human settlement.

2. It must have proper supply of pure drinking area, electricity and other daily needs.
3. The area must be covered so that germs and virus doesn’t travel to other places and infect
others.
4. There must be a proper disposal area for patients utilities like masks, gloves etc.

For the preparation of that quarantine facility, the area of tinkune is very likely because it is near
from the hospital, in middle of roads that are now days mostly empty due to lockdown and the area
has proper supply of utilities for daily needs of patients.

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The area of tinkune is around 21 ropanies. With such large area and accessible from all types of
needs tinkune can be a perfect place for quarantine zone.

Surveying, allocating spaces and placing of tents:

I would use measuring tapes and sticks or metal rods for ranging to measure the distance. As the
surface somewhat levelled, no significant rise and falls we can set out linear measurements with less
error.

 As 1 ropani = 508.74 square meters, we can use land of 2000 sq. meters for the preparation of the
patients isolation wards and fencing to control and secure perimeter can be done at 3000 sq, meter
area.
 We shall allocate a different passage way for patients and doctor, nurses’s entry. Then, guarding the
zone there are 4 security posts that keeps people away and a comfort zone for patients are created
ath the corner of zone.

Total quarantine zone area

 Within the 2000 sq. meter area we shall setup tents at a certain distance of 6 meter apart from
each other that minimizes contact between the patients and flow of infection. Each tent shall
be provided with a bed, a reading table and chair.
 The entry of the hallway of patients’ zone shall contain an industrial fan that blows out air
continuously and an exhaust at the end of hallway so air keeps flowing.

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 Inside of patient zone tents are setup and at corners are kept exhaust fans.

 Tents of area 100 sq. meters are used which contains a facility of bed and table
with an entrance and window.

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Description of constructions:

1. Outside of 3000 sq. m area there are kept 4 security guard post to keep the place off-limits to
public.

2. within 3000 sq. meter area:

 Within 3000 sq. m area two different entrances are kept.

 Each entrance leads to the sanitization area where self should sanitize before
entering the patients zone.
 There is a comfort zone kept at corner of the zone to ensure proper sanity and
reduce foul smell.

3. within 2000 sq. meter area:

 Tents are setup at a certain distance to keep patient at a minimum safe distance
from each other.
 It has 2 opening: 1) entrance for worker and patient 2) entrance toward toilet.
 Tents are non-absorptive and has a window for ventilation.
 At every corners are kept exhaust fan to control the air flow.

4. within 100 sq. meter area:

 Tents has a entrance of 10 m wide opening.

 Tents contains a patient bed and a reading table and chair.

Facilities:

1. For proper sanitation each day disinfectant is sprayed over the area.
2. The bed sheets, pillow cases are changed every day and sterilized after washing for next use.
3. A truck is always stand-by for transporting masks, gloves etc to proper dumping site.
4. For safeguarding personals working there personal protective gears are provided and they
must be sprayed disinfectant after entering and before leaving the quarantine zone.

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