The Philippine Women'S University

THE PHILIPPINE WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY 1
1.0 Introduction
Increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity worldwide has been observed and since
1975, worldwide obesity has nearly tripled (World Health Organization, 2018). Overweight and
obesity are abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health (World Health
Organization, 2018). Overweight occurs as a result of an imbalance between food consumed and
physical activity while obesity occurs from a complex issue related to lifestyle, environment and
genes (Mahan & Raymond, 2017). Both are preventable conditions that are identified as
contributing nutrition-related risk factors in chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases,
diabetes, etc. In the Philippines, the result of the 8th National Nutrition Survey and 2015 Updating
Survey shows that 3 out of 10 Filipino adults are either overweight or obese, with an increasing
trend from 16.6% to 31.1% in the period of 1993 to 2015 (FNRI-DOST, 2015: XVIII; FNRI-DOST,
2016).
With the increasing trend of overweight and obese among Filipinos, different kinds of beverages
like supplement drinks, coffee, tea, and juice, are out in the market, targeting people who want to
lose weight. Aside from teas, tisane1 or beverages derived from plants other than Camellia
sinensis (Brown, 2015:559), are becoming popular in the Philippine market due to its positive
benefits. In rural areas of the Philippines, tsaang gubat 2(Ehretia microphylla) is one of the plants
being consumed as tisane. The Department of Health has endorsed Ehretia microphylla as one of
the top 10 medicinal plants in the Philippines because it contains phytochemicals that contribute
to its medicinal properties and several health benefits (Veterans Regional Hospital, n.d.). It is
known to have similar phytochemicals with Camellia sinensis like phenols, flavonoids, glycosides,
terpenoids, tannins, and saponins that have antiobesity effects that can help in improvement of
nutritional status (Huang et al, 2018; Mousavi, et. al., 2013; de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara,&
Lemmens, 1999:179).
1
Also known as Herbal teas, but technically, these are not teas because they do not contain tea leaves,
rather, they are called “teas” because they are brewed in a similar fashion (Brown, 2015: 559)
2
BFAD registered drug and folkloric shrub used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic,
antimicrobial, antispasmodic usually to cure cough and diarrhea (Vitor, Cagampan, Lacuata, & Ples,
2018:984)
Phytochemicals present in Ehretia microphylla are alkaloids3, flavonoids4, saponins, phenols,

tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and cardenolides (de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara,&
Lemmens, 1999:179-180; Chandrappa, Govindappa, & Anil Kumar, 2012; Salas & Totaan, 2015).
1.1 Statement of the Problem
Ehretia microphylla is usually prepared and consumed as an herbal tea. It contains different
phytochemicals that are reported to have shown different biological activities: anticarcinogenic,
anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, anti-allergenic, angiogenesis inhibitor, antioxidant,
anticholesterolemic (Umali & Chua, 2017; Venkata Pavan Kumar et al, 2016; Salas & Totaan,
2015; Mageswari, Karpagam, & Reddy, 2016; Vitor et al, 2018). It also contains phytochemicals
similar to green tea, and unlike the current studies on the effect of green tea on body weight and
composition, little has been said about Ehretia microphylla decoction and its effect on body
weight and composition. Thus, in relation to that, this pilot study tries to address the problem on
the increasing trend of overweight and obese by answering the question: Does consumption of
Ehretia microphylla has an effect on the body composition, particularly on body fat?
1.2 Significance of the Study
Results of this pilot study could contribute to the existing knowledge on the health benefits of the
consumption of Ehretia microphylla, as well as, on the current understanding of its properties.
This could also create awareness on the existing sustainable indigenous medicinal plants like
Ehretia microphylla and may be useful for future product development in support of the usage of
indigenous materials. Specifically, this study might be significant to the following group of people:
Nutrition and Dietetics
3
Commonly contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, biosynthesized from the amino acid ornithine, and quinoid or
phenolic compounds, derived from C-prenylated, C-geranylated or C-farnesylated 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
The isomeric red pigments alkannin and shikonin are the best known representatives of such
hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara,& Lemmens, 1999:179).
4
Methanol extract of the leaves showed strong antihistamine release properties. Rosmarinic acid, a
phenylacrylic acid derivative, which is a known inhibitor of histamine release, has been isolated as an
active constituent. Astragalin, nicotoflorin (both flavonoid glycosides), and a-amyrin, ß-amyrin and
baurenol (triterpenoids) were also isolated (de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara,& Lemmens, 1999:179).
This pilot study could be useful for nutritionist and dietitian in addressing one of the common
nutrition related problems in the Philippines. Specifically, this would be useful in providing an
evidenced-based dietary advice wherein the consumption of Ehretia microphylla is integrated as
a cost-efficient recommendation for prevention and intervention against overweight and obesity.
Overweight and Obese
This may help overweight and obese people to know more about the benefits of consuming
Ehretia microphylla decoction in terms of weight management, since the phytochemicals present
in it could be used as a complementary agent in management of body weight and body fat. In
addition to that, this could also replace dietary sugar sweetened beverages with healthier
alternatives like Ehretia microphylla decoction.
Food and Agriculture Industry
Ehretia microphylla is an indigenous plant usually consumed as tisane due to its health benefits,
or commonly used as an ornamental plant, since it can be easily grown. With the growing interest
of the Filipinos to tisanes and teas and the emerging industry of milk teas (7 th National Nutrition
Survey), the food and agriculture industry may promote Ehretia microphylla as an important
indigenous medicinal plant, and in this way, create an opportunity for Filipinos to develop
products using this plant as a functional food or beverage, 5 specifically as an aid for weight
management, which later on create an extra income by growing and selling Ehretia microphylla.
Food Technology and Pharmaceutical Industry
This pilot study could provide additional information to pharmaceutical industry on creating food
or beverage supplements made from Ehretia microphylla other than tea, that can be readily
consumed but still have the same benefits of drinking the deconcoction. This could also give
ideas to food technology Industry on making a Ehretia microphylla decoction products wherein
the process of creation and preparation of the tea are improved.
Other Researchers
5
Foods that contain physiologically active compounds that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition
(Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012:449)
This pilot study may help other researchers in conducting further studies on the benefits of
Ehretia microphylla that may help in improvement of nutrition status and weight management.
1.3 Scope and Limitations
This pilot study is limited to participants composed of randomly selected Filipino overweight and
obese young adults aged 20-29 years old in Philippine Women’s University. Age inclusion of the
participants was based on the young adult range 20 to 29 years old of the 2015 Updating Survey
Result (FNRI-DOST, 2016) and the cross-sectional study of beverage consumption of Filipino
children and adolescents, wherein the adolescents were mainly consumers of coffee, tea, and
soft drinks (Golloso-Gubat et al, 2015).
It focuses only on the result of anthropometric measurements (body mass index, body fat
percentage), dietary assessment (calorie and fiber intake), and physical activity assessment (total
physical activity level) before and after the 6-week duration of the consumption of Ehretia
microphylla decoction, however, biochemical parameters were not included in this pilot study. For
the anthropometric measurements and parameters, results were limited only to the body weight,
body mass index, and the body fat percentage. Waist circumference, Waist-to-hip ratio, and
Skinfold measurement were not included as these methods would require involvement of the
participants and may have psychological impact on their part.
All participants were tea drinkers, however, due to time constraints, the researchers did not focus
on the green tea or herbal tea consumption of the participants, prior to joining the study.
Duration of the intervention was patterned on previous studies on the effects of green tea,
wherein the 6 to 8 weeks short duration of intervention already shows significant differences in
their anthropometric and biochemical parameters upon consumption of green tea (Huang et al,
2018; Mousavi, et. al., 2013).
This pilot study is also limited to the available tools and currently applicable methodologies due to
time and schedule constraints (limited to 6 weeks). limited number of participants due to conflict
of schedules, burden of preparing the tea was given to the participants since the research
students could not meet the participants personally and limited number of people who conducted
the experiment: anthropometric measurements, guided questionnaire, and interview.
This pilot study did not conduct a chemical analysis, so this study will not focus on identification of
chemical components found in Ehretia microphylla and the specific number of chemical
components present per tea sample.
However, the identification of chemical components was estimated using secondary materials
(literatures and researches that conducted chemical analysis). Presence of toxicity of each
phytochemical present in the plant were not specifically identified since there was no chemical
analysis done.
The following are the terms and its corresponding definition that were used and adapted in this
pilot study:
Overweight: a result of an imbalance between food consumed and physical activity wherein the
weight is 10%–20% above average (Mahan & Raymond, 2017:387; Roth, 2011:296)
Obesity: occurs from a complex issue related to lifestyle, environment and genes wherein there is
an excessive body fat and a weight that is 20% above average (Mahan & Raymond, 207:387;
Roth, 2011:550)
Body composition: the chemical or anatomical composition of the body and specifically defined as
the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person’s total body weight
(Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012:249; Insel, Ross, Mcmahon, & Bernstein, 2017:957)
Body weight: fat and lean tissue, including water (Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012: 249)
Body fat: adipose tissue, is composed of mixture mostly fat, some protein, and water (Rolfes,
Pinna, & Whitney, 2012: 241)
Body Mass Index (BMI): Quetelet index, an index of a person’s weight in relation to height and is
determined by dividing the weight in kilograms by the square of the height in meters. (Rolfes,
Pinna, & Whitney, 2012: 252)
1.4 Objectives
The main purpose of this pilot study was to identify the effects of Ehretia microphylla decoction on
the body fat of overweight and obese young adults aged 20 to 29 years old after 6 weeks of
consumption.
Specifically, this pilot study aimed at:
a. Determining whether there will be an effect on the BMI among overweight and
obese young adults consuming Ehretia microphylla decoction after 6 weeks.
b. Determining whether there will be an effect in body fat percentage among
overweight and obese young adults consuming Ehretia microphylla decoction
after 6 weeks.
1.5 Hypotheses
H0: There is no significant change in the body fat level among overweight and obese young
adults after 6 weeks of Ehretia microphylla decoction consumption.
Ha: There is a significant change in the body fat level among overweight and obese young adults
after 6 weeks of Ehretia microphylla decoction consumption.
H0: There is no significant change in the BMI among overweight and obese young adults after 6
weeks of Ehretia microphylla decoction consumption.
Ha: There is a significant change in the BMI among overweight and obese young adults after 6
weeks of Ehretia microphylla decoction consumption.
H0: There is no significant change in the body weight among overweight and obese young adults
Ha: There is a significant change in the body weight among overweight and obese young adults
2.0 Review of Related Literature
2.1 Origin and geographic distribution of Ehretia microphylla

Tsaang gubat (Ehretia microphylla Lam6.), also known as Philippine tea 7in English, is native to
Philippines, and specific regions in Asia and Australasia, which later on was introduced to
Andaman Is., Hawaii, Nicobar Is., Trinidad-Tobago (USDA, Agricultural Research Service,
National Plant Germplasm System, 2018; KEWscience: Plants of the World online, 2018):
In the said regions above, Ehretia microphylla is a shrub usually used as either an ornamental
plant bonsai or as a medicinal plant. It is much-branched small tree 1-10 m tall found from India
eastward to southern China, Taiwan, and Japan and further south throughout Malayo-polynesia
to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands (de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara, & Lemmens, 1999:179).
2.2 Physical properties and description of Ehretia microphylla
According to de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara,& Lemmens (1999:179-180), Ehretia microphylla is a

shrub or much-branched small tree 1-4(-10) m tall; young branches hispid, with buds or short
shoots producing clusters of leaves and inflorescences; leaves simple, alternate, obovate to
spatulate, 1-6(-10) cm x 0.5-2.5(-4) cm thick, gradually narrowing towards base, toothed or
crenate towards apex, with short rigid hairs, lateral veins about 5, arching; petiole 0.1-0.5(-1) cm
long stipulates absent. Ehretia microphylla can be easily grown and is propagated by cuttings,
preferably top shoots or young leafy shoots, roots develop slowly (1-2 months) and planting is at
1 m intervals with 2 m between rows (de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara & Lemmens, 1999:179-180).
6
Ehretia microphylla Lam. is synonymous to the following (de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara,& Lemmens,
1999:179; KEWscience: Plants of the World online, 2018):
Carmona heterophylla Cav.
Carmona microphylla (Lam.) G.Don
Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam.
Cordia coromandeliana Retz. ex A.DC.
Cordia retusa Vahl
Ehretia buxifolia Roxb.
Ehretia coromandeliana Retz. ex A.DC.
Ehretia dentata Courchet ex Gagnep.
Ehretia heterophylla Spreng.
Ehretia monopyrena Gottschling & Hilger
Lithothamnus buxioides Zipp. ex Span.
7
According to USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System (2018), common
names are Fukien-tea (English), Philippine-tea (English), karmona (Swedish), ji ji shu (transcribed
Chinese). Vernacular names are kinagan and serut lanang in Javanese, putputai in Bikol, alangit in Bisaya,
khoi cheen in Bangkok, chaa yeepun in central Thailand, chaa in Chian Mai Thailand, kim li[ee]n/c[uf]m
r[uj]n/b[uf]m r[uj]n in Vietnam (de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara,& Lemmens, 1999:178)
2.3 Chemical Composition of Ehretia microphylla
Plants consumed by humans are good source of natural dietary phenolic compounds or
polyphenols8. Specifically, for Ehretia microphylla, several studies have shown that it contains
different phytochemicals. Phytochemicals are non-nutrient compounds that impart tastes,
aromas, colors, and other characteristics found in plant-derived foods, and have biological activity
that may suppress the development of diseases or might have an adverse effects in the human
body when consumed in excess: act as antioxidants, mimic hormones, stimulate enzymes,
interfere with DNA replication, destroy bacteria, and bind physically to cell walls (Rolfes, Pinna, &
Whitney, 2012: 449). Phytochemicals that can be found in Ehretia microphylla are alkaloids,
flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and cardenolides (de
Padua, Bunyapraphatsara & Lemmens, 1999:179-180; Chandrappa, Govindappa, & Anil Kumar,
2012; Salas & Totaan, 2015).
Information regarding the toxicity of the Ehretia microphylla on humans is limited. An acute oral
toxicity test with different concentrations of extracts was done on six animals of both sexes and
results show that there was no mortality observed in all of the doses (Mageswari, Karpagam, &
Reddy, 2016).
2.4 Body composition
Body composition makes up the chemical or anatomical composition of the body and specifically
defined as the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person’s total
body weight (Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012:249; Insel, Ross, Mcmahon, & Bernstein,
2017:957).
Measures of Body composition
Body composition, particularly, body fat or adipose tissue could indicate the health status of an
individual and excess body fat has been linked to morbidity and mortality (Centers for Disease
Control, 2010; World Health Organization, 2018). There are different ways to measure body fat.
Body mass index is a commonly used measurement in representing an index of an individual’s

fatness and indirectly measures body fat by using the relationship of body weight and height
(Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012; Nuttall, 2015):
8
Polyphenols are organic compounds that include an unsaturated ring containing more than one OH
group as part of their chemical structures (Insel, Ross, Mcmahon, & Bernstein, 2017:970)
Table 1.0 The International Classification of adult underweight, overweight and obesity according
to BMI (World Health Organization, n.d.)
Classification BMI (kg/m2)
Principal cut-off points Additional cut-off points
Underweight <18.50 <18.50
Severe thinness <16.00 <16.00
Moderate thinness 16.00 - 16.99 16.00 - 16.99
Mild thinness 17.00 - 18.49 17.00 - 18.49
Normal range 18.50 - 24.99 18.50 - 22.99
23.00 - 24.99
Overweight ≥25.00 ≥25.00
Pre-obese 25.00 - 29.99 25.00 - 27.49
27.50 - 29.99
Obese ≥30.00 ≥30.00
Obese class I 30.00 - 34.99 30.00 - 32.49
32.50 - 34.99
Obese class II 35.00 - 39.99 35.00 - 37.49
37.50 - 39.99
Obese class III ≥40.00 ≥40.00
Although BMI shows height and body weight measures, it does not measure directly the body
body fat, thus, a muscular person may be classified as overweight by BMI standards and not be
overfat by body fat percentage standards (Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012; Nuttall, 2015).
Another method to determine body fat is skinfold measurement. It is used to estimate body fat by
gauging the thickness of the skin over the triceps, subscapular and in lower-body area and then
comparing measurements with standards (Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012:256).
Waist circumference on the other hand is an indicator of central obesity, or the excess fat around
the trunk of the body (Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012; Nuttall, 2015).
Bioelectric impedance is another measurement to assess body fat by using a low-intensity

electrical current. This method uses mathematical equation from the results from the resistance of
an individual to the electrical current and thus giving reasonable estimation of body fat
percentage (Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012:256).
2.5 Effects of Phytochemicals in Body composition
Phytochemicals, specifically polyphenols, present in food are found to be a good complementary

agent in management of obesity through decreasing fat absorption and fat synthesis (Meydani &
Hasan, 2010).
Tannins
Tannins, are polyphenols that may inhibit carcinogen activation and cancer promotion (Rolfes,
Pinna, & Whitney, 2012: 449, 450). Tannins in Ehretia microphylla have antioxidant properties by
cleaving ester linkages through hydrolysis, synonymous to breaking down of large aggregates
into smaller subunits, and ergo energy is used up and not excessively stored lowering
contributing mass in the body (Vitor, Cagampan, Lacuata, & Ples, 2018)
Flavonoids
Flavonoids, which includes flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, catechins, are yellow pigments in
foods that act as antioxidants, scavenge carcinogens, bind nitrates in the stomach preventing
conversion to nitrosamines, and inhibit cell proliferation (Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012: 449,
450). Flavonoids is associated with lower body fat and has preventive effects against obesity, by
inhibiting adipogenesis, suppressing the adipocyte differentiation, thus regulating the number and
size of adipocytes differentiated from fibroblastic pre-adipocytes in adipose tissue (Al Shukor,
Raes, Smagghe & Van Camp, 2016; Jennings, MacGregor, Spector, & Cassidy, 2017).
Astragalin, nicotoflorin (both flavonoid glycosides), and a-amyrin, ß-amyrin and baurenol
(triterpenoids) were also isolated and found to be present in Ehretia microphylla (de Padua,
Bunyapraphatsara,& Lemmens, 1999:179). Astragalin is reported to have several biological
activities, and aside from its cardioprotective, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiulcer activity, astragalin
has antiobesity activity and has shown inhibitory effect on diet induced obesity (Riaz et al, 2018).
Saponins
Saponins or glycosides, are phytochemicals that stimulate immune response and may interfere
with DNA replication, preventing cancer cells from multiplying. (Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012:
450). Several studies suggest that saponins can have beneficial effects against obesity through
inhibition of pancreatic lipase and modulation of adipogenesis and appetite (Marrelli et al, 2016;
Elekofehinti, 2015).
Phenols
Phenols or phenolic acids, are phytochemicals that may trigger enzyme production to make
carcinogens water soluble, facilitating excretion (Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012: 450).
Consumption of foods high in phenols helps in stimulating fatty acids oxidation and inhibiting
adipocyte differentiation and growth (Rodriguez-Perez, Segura-Carretero, & Del Mar Contreras,
2017). It is also associated with decrease in lipogenesis, increase in lipolysis (Hsu, & Yen, 2008).
Methanol extract
Methanol extract of the Ehretia microphylla leaves showed strong antihistamine release
properties. Rosmarinic acid, a phenylacrylic acid derivative, which is a known inhibitor of
histamine release, has been isolated as an active constituent in Ehretia microphylla (de Padua,
Bunyapraphatsara,& Lemmens, 1999:179). Aside from its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic
effect (Umali & Chua, 2017), studies show that rosmarinic acid can have beneficial effects against
obesity through suppression of adipogenesis and inhibition of basal lipolysis (Alias et al, 2017;
Rui et al, 2017).
Alkaloids
Ehretia microphylla contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, biosynthesized from the amino acid ornithine,
and quinoid or phenolic compounds, derived from C-prenylated, C-geranylated or C-farnesylated
4-hydroxybenzoic acid (de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara,& Lemmens, 1999:179). The isomeric red
pigments alkannin and shikonin are the best known representatives of such hydroxybenzoic acid
derivatives (de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara,& Lemmens, 1999:179).
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are found also in honey, milk, grains, and eggs, reportedly cause
liver cancer in rodent and primate animal models, because these compounds require metabolic
activation to generate pyrrolic metabolites that bind cellular protein and DNA leading to
genotoxicity and cancer (M Bode & Dong, 2014). However, this have not been associated so far
with tumors in humans (US Food & Drug Administration, n.d.).
2.4 Conceptual Framework
Figure 1.0 on the next page, shows how the variables are related to each other, and how each
variable could affect one another. Due to its phytochemical content, Ehretia microphylla decoction
(Independent Variable) could affect the dependent variables, body fat and body weight. Results
can be compared using the Standard References and Measurements such as BMI (height and
weight) and Body Fat % and may be interpreted as Overweight/Overfat, Obese and Normal
range. Variables that could also affect body composition such as Diet and Physical Activity, need
to be identified and measured.
Figure 1.0 Relationship of the variables in this study
3.0 Methodology
This pilot study employs an experimental type of design, wherein the effects of Ehretia
microphylla decoction on body composition is explored.
3.1 Research Design
This study is a single blind quasi-experimental research design wherein the selected participants
through purposive sampling were randomly allocated to the three concentration groups by
conducting a draw lots (concentration groups were written in the paper, for each participant, the
researcher will draw the paper):
● high concentration group (HC) group

● medium concentration (MC) group
● control (C) group.
The participants were not informed and were not aware about their designation of the sample
groups and the different concentrations of the samples to avoid such bias choices. Only the
researchers were knowledgeable about the random designation and different concentrations
assigned for each of the participants. Figure 2.0 shows the process employed in this pilot study.
Figure 2.0 The research process
Purposive sampling: Identification of Participants

Assessed for eligibility (n=20)
Randomized allocation (n=20)

C group: 0.25g plant + 250ml HC Group: 5g plant + 250ml MC Group: 2.5g plant + 250ml
water water water
Follow up 6 weeks
Withdraw from participating
Lost to follow up: Lost track of consumption n=1
n=1
Assessment after 6 weeks

Anthropometric measurements Dietary Assessments Physical Activity Assessment
Statistical Analysis
Analyzed (n=18)
HC group n=6, MC group n=6, C group n=6
Results
3.2 Study Population
18 Filipino students of Philippine Women’s University aged 20-29 years old, who are tea drinkers
were recruited in this study, with a 25 kg/m2 or more BMI; and a body fat percentage range of 34-
50% for female and 20-50% for male.
3.3 Sampling Method for the Study Population
Purposive sampling was used in identifying the participants. Identified participants were asked to
join through personal invitation, as well as online invitation, however, there were some limitations
met. The following criteria was used for selecting the participants:
Table 2.0 Inclusions and exclusions for selecting participants
Inclusions Exclusions
Ethnically Filipino Presence of or diagnosed with a disease, which

could possibly impair metabolism and affect the
Tea drinker
body weight and body composition
Age 20-29 years old
Overweight or Obese
Using supplements for weight loss
2
BMI: greater than or equal to 25 kg/m
Using multivitamins that may affect weight loss
Body fat percentage: 34-50% (female); 20-50%
Smokers
(male)
Age is also a non-modifiable factor that could affect the change or make difference in body
composition, so as much as possible, the researchers invited participants who are in same age
group. This is so that age could be ruled out as a factor in the change or difference of body
weight and body fat. Age range was based on the young adult range 20 to 29 years old of the
2015 Updating Survey Result (FNRI-DOST, 2016) and the cross-sectional study of beverage
consumption of Filipino children and adolescents, wherein the adolescents were mainly
consumers of coffee, tea, and soft drinks (Golloso-Gubat et al, 2015).
Body fat percentage included in the criteria was based on the TANITA Ratings of Body Fat (which
is based from the different research studies of Gallagher D et al. "Healthy percentage body fat
ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index." Am J Clin Nutr
2000;72:694-701 Sakamoto Y et al. "Comparison of the WHO BMI-classification and body
composition in ethnic group difference." 24th Japan Society for the Study of Obesity 2003
Miyama T et al. "New percentage body fat ranges for children " 59th The Japanese Society of
Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 2004) percentage levels for males and females age 20-39
years old (TANITA, n.d.):
Figure 3.0 TANITA Ratings of Body Fat percentage levels for males and females age 20-39 years
old
3.4 Plant sample
Ehretia microphylla samples were procured and verified by the Bureau of Plant Industry. The
plant where the samples were collected is 12 years of age, planted at Bureau of Plant Industry.
Collected plant samples were fresh and without any damages and discoloration. Upon
purchased, plant samples were inspected, washed, and then allowed to be dried in a cool dry
container. Once dried, samples were cut and crushed. Crushed samples were weighed using a
digital weighing scale with a 500-gram capacity and 0.01 accuracy. Weighed crushed samples
were then placed into pre-ordered empty tea bags (food-grade non-woven fabrics with a string).
See appendix 8.8.1 for the process flow of Ehretia microphylla sample preparation.
3.5 Instrumentation
These were the forms and tools that were used during the conduction of data gathering:
One day 24-Hour Food Recall - this was used in order to identify the total calorie and total fiber
intake per day (of the week) of the participants. This tool requires the individual to recall the food
and beverages consumed within 24 hours. In the duration of 6 weeks, only a one-day 24-hour
food recall per week was conducted instead of a 3-day repeated 24-hour food recall per week.
Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (WHO, n.d.) – this was used in identifying the physical
activity of the participants in order to rule out the physical activity level as a factor in decreasing
weight. For this, participants were asked to maintain their usual physical activity. GPAQ covers
the physical activity of the participant in a week.
Consent Form – this form was provided for ethical clearance, and to inform the participants about
the purpose of the research, their rights as participants of the study, and the possible outcomes,
potential benefits and risks during the intervention; they were also encouraged to ask questions
regarding the study
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis – this tool was used in measuring the body weight and body fat
percentage. Participants were measured before they have taken their meal, heavy objects were
removed from their body. Body weight and body fat percentage were measured twice and then
the average was taken from the measurements.
Wall-mounted Microtoise – this tool was used to measure the height. In measuring the
participant’s height, their shoes should be removed, their hands should be place on the both
sides of their body and lastly, they should lean on the wall while standing straight, head on
frankfort plane. Height was measured twice and then average was taken from the two
measurements.
3.6 Research Process
The group gathered all the literature that could support this study. Requests were sent to the
Bureau of Plant Industry for the plant samples. Using purposive sampling, participants were
identified.
Pre-intervention
Before the start of the intervention, participants were briefed about the purpose and the study and
the possible outcomes. Consent forms were provided and signed by both parties. After that, the
participants were measured at baseline (week 0): height, body weight and body fat percentage.
Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a TANITA: Microtoise with participants
removing their shoes prior to the measurement. Body weight and body fat percentage were
measured using a TANITA: InnerScan Dual RD-902/RD-903 to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1% on a
digital scale without shoes and any belongings on their body. BMI was calculated using body
weight in kilograms divided by squared height in meters (kg/m₂) and interpreted using World
Health Organization BMI Classification.
After the measurements, a personal interview was conducted for the collection of data on the
following:
● Dietary assessment (amount of calorie and amount of fiber) using 24 hour food recall -
the Philippine Food Composition table was used as a reference in calculating the total
calorie intake, as well as fiber intake (for branded foods, the nutrition facts was used as a
reference in calculating the total calorie intake and fiber intake):
Nutritional content of certain food = (FCT Value/100) * Grams of ingredient used per 1
serving
● Physical activity assessment using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire - To calculate

for the total physical activity (Pn=corresponds to the question number in the physical
activity questionnaire):
Total physical activity MET-minutes/week= [(P2 * P3 * 8) + (P5 * P6 * 4) + (P8 * P9 * 4) +

(P11 * P12 * 8) + (P14 * P15* 4)]
● Social and Family history - presence of disease, smoker or non-smoker
After that, participants were randomly assigned to the different group samples. There were three
group samples of Ehretia microphylla decoction. Group high concentration (HC) was the
concentrated experimental group and it contained 250 milliliter water and 5 grams plant sample.
Sample groups had the following number of participants:
Group High Concentration (HC): 3 Male, 3 Female
Group Medium Concentration (MC): 3 Male, 3 Female
Group Control Group (C): 3 Male, 3 Female
Amount of Ehretia microphylla decoction bags was patterned on previous studies on the effects of
green tea, wherein 2.5 grams of tea bags per 200 ml cups were used as experimental group and
consumption of 2.5 grams per 200 ml cups 4 times a day shows significant differences in
anthropometric and biochemical parameters upon consumption of green tea (Huang et al, 2018;
Mousavi, et. al., 2013). 0.25 grams of plant sample was used for the control group since all of the
participants are tea drinkers.
Group medium concentration (MC) was another experimental group and it contained 250 milliliter
water and 2.5 grams plant sample. These two plant sample group (HC and MC) are based on
common weight of tea bags that can be found in the market. Control group (C) contained 250
milliliter water and 0.25 grams plant sample. Tea bags were provided in a paper bag so that the
participants will not be able to discern that there are different concentration groups. Inside the
paper bag, a 250 ml tumbler was also provided for easy measurement, as well as the copy of the
instructions on how to prepare and consume the tea (See Appendix 8.10.2). Each participant was
verbally instructed on how to prepare and consume the tea samples. All the samples were taken
twice daily by the participants.
During the intervention
To monitor compliance, daily follow-up were conducted through text messages and online
messaging. A one-day 24-hour food recall and physical activity questionnaire were sent every
week via online questionnaire to each participant. Answers of the participants were verified
through interview via text messaging or online messaging. These were conducted to be able to
monitor the participant’s physical activity and food intake.
Post-intervention
After 6-weeks of intervention, participants were briefed about the end of the intervention. After
that, the participants were measured: body weight and body fat percentage.
Based from the collected data, total intake (calorie and fiber intake) and physical activity were
calculated. Values and mean were sent to the statistician for statistical analysis.
3.7 Statistical treatment
For the results, values were expressed as means (standard deviation). Since there were three
group samples being compared, comparison of the change of baseline values and after
intervention values, as well as the analyzation of the changes within the three groups were
conducted using the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, with a significance level of 0.05.
4.0 Results and Discussion
This pilot study covered the anthropometric measurements, 6-day calorie intake (one day calorie
intake per week), 6-day fiber intake (one day fiber intake per week), and physical activity level
data of Filipino young adults in Philippine Women’s University, aged 20-29 years old. Total
number of participants is 20, however, two participants (one male, one female) were excluded
from the analysis because they backed out in the middle of the intervention.
4.1 Subject Demographics
18 participants (n=18) completed the whole intervention. All of the participants were students at
Philippine Women’s University, Taft Avenue. Their compliance during the intervention was
voluntarily. However, assurance of strict compliance to the procedure on the preparation and
consumption of tea was not definite due to several limitations encountered during the
intervention.
Demographic characteristics are shown on the table 3.0 on the next page:
Table 3.0 Sample size for the Filipino young adults in Philippine Women’s University who
participated in the pilot study
n=18
HC (%) MC (%) C (%)
Gender Male 16 17 17
Female 17 17 16
Age 20 11 11 21
21 11 6 0
22 0 10 6
23 0 0 0
24 6 0 0
25 6 6 6
BMI Overweight 6 22 28
Obese 28 10 6
Body Fat Overfat 6 10 28
Obese 28 22 6
In this study the ratio of Male:Female participants is 1:1 ratio. Since Gender is a factor that could
influence the difference or change in body composition, as much as possible, the researchers
tried to get equal number of male and female participants. Male and female differ from each other
when it comes to body composition. Lean body mass (primarily muscle) increases more in males
than in females while fat assumes a larger percentage of female body composition as essential
body fat is deposited in the mammary glands and pelvic region in preparation for childbearing
(Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012: 254).
Results from the ANOVA Single Factor show that there is no significant difference in the age
among the groups (p=0.8). Since there is no significant difference, age could be disregarded as a
factor that could influence the change in weight and body fat among the participants.
4.2 Dietary Assessment
Energy intake (or calorie intake) and fiber intake are factors that could affect the change in body
composition. If more energy or calorie is taken in than is expended over time, a person gains
weight and vice versa (Mahan & Raymond, 2017; Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012; Romieu et al,
2017). Fiber intake could also affect change in body composition. Foods rich in fibers tend to be
low in fat and added sugars and can therefore prevent weight gain and promote weight loss by
delivering less energy per bite, since fibers have the ability to displace energy from other nutrients
by adding bulk and weight to the meals (Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012:147; Sarker & Rahman,
2017). Furthermore, as fibers absorb water from the digestive juices, they swell, creating feelings
of fullness, lowering food intake, and delaying hunger (Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2012:147).
As shown in table 4.0, although there were fluctuations in the mean amount of energy intake and
fiber intake of the participants, it was not significant enough to be the cause of change in body
weight, BMI and body fat.
Table 4.0 Mean amount of energy and fiber intake of participants in each sample group for 6
weeks
Criteria Sampl Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6
e
group
Calorie HC 2179.13 2049.27 2144.36 2152.75 2307.72 2243.54
intake (953.59) (638.81) (1049.81) (837.36) (1033.06 (690.61)
)
MC 1833.01 2262.60 2330.44 1836.27 2098.54 1853.22
(723.44) (764.51) (491.09) (435.50) (316.15) (643.89)
C 1935.55 1639.49 1723.01 1649.60 1223.00 1623.75
(688.29) (406.83) (335.95) (481.17) (274.56) (458.71)
Fiber HC 8.65 (5.0) 7.17 (3.5) 8.85 (2.3) 7.85 (3.3) 8.65 8.30 (1.2)
intake (3.4)
MC 7.50 (3.4) 9.92 (4.2) 8.67 (1.6) 6.66 (3.6) 13.28 7.99 (6.4)
(6.6)
C 7.33 8.36 (5.13) 6.99 (3.62) 8.99 (2.49) 5.57 6.62
(3.94) (2.86) (2.35)
Results from the ANOVA Single Factor show that the amount of energy and fiber intake of
participants did not show a significant difference among the groups, thus, energy and fiber intake
could be excluded from one of the factors that could affect the change in the body weight, BMI,
and body fat
Table 5.0 p-value: Calorie intake and Fiber Intake
Criteria F p-value F crit
Calorie intake 1.7 0.2 3.7
Fiber intake 1.4 0.3 3.7
4.3 Physical Activity Assessment
The amount of total physical activity of the participants did not show a significant difference
among the groups; thus, the physical activity could be disregarded as one of the factors that
could affect the change in the body weight, BMI, and body fat.
Table 6.0 Mean amount of total physical activity for 6 weeks among participants in sample group
HC, MC, and C
Criteria Sampl Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6

e
group
Physica HC 449.33 360.00 432.67 434.00 281.33 264.67
l activity (468.26) (544.91) (516.94 (702.04) (347.26) (351.62)
)
MC 196.00 114.00 138.67 154.67 128.67 171.33
(239.89) (86.68) (95.43) (99.19) (85.77) (144.65)
C 1313.33 1069.33 514.00 401.33 606.00 643.33
(1334.99) (1331.31) (594.61 (337.75) (518.49) (531.05)
)
As shown in table 6.0, although there were fluctuations in the total physical activity of the
participants, however, based from the result of ANOVA Single Factor, it was not significant
enough to be the cause of change in body weight, BMI and body fat.
Table 7.0 p-value: Physical Activity
Physical
activity 2.1 0.2 3.7
4.4 Anthropometric Parameters

Anthropometric measurements were taken before the start of intervention and after the
intervention. The values of the anthropometric measurements are presented as mean (standard
deviation) in Table 8.0. Under the Change column, the decrease in body weight, BMI, and body
fat are shown as positive values, negative values indicate an increase in body weight, BMI, and
body fat.
Table 8.0 Changes in anthropometric measurements after consumption of Ehretia microphylla

decoction for 6 weeks
Criteria Sample Initial measurement After Week 6 Change
group measurement
M F Total M F Total M F Total
Body HC 91.97 78.85 85.41 92.85 78.23 85.54 -0.98 0.38 -0.30
weight (5.99) (10.12 (10.59 (5.86) (7.76 (10.03 (0.48 (3.60) (2.66)
(kg) ) ) ) ) )
MC 83.43 68.33 75.88 66.27 73.49 3.53 3.04 3.28
(9.67) (6.13) (11.07 80.72 (6.03 (11.79 (4.02 (1.22) (2.98)
) (11.71) ) ) )
C 78.38 61.35 69.87 61.43 69.88 0.07 -0.12 -0.02
(6.72) (1.47) (9.81) 78.32 (2.74 (9.87) (0.92 (3.38) (2.48)
(6.68) ) )
BMI HC 33.27 32.83 33.05 33.60 32.60 33.10 -1.01 0.42 -0.30
(kg/m2 (2.31) (3.04) (2.71) (2.30) (2.07 (2.24) (0.54 (3.69) (2.73)
) ) )
MC 29.23 29.97 29.60 28.27 29.03 28.65 3.53 3.11 3.32
(3.38) (2.23) (2.89) (4.06) (2.16 (3.27) (4.06 (5.04) (2.97)
) )
C 27.67 26.48 27.08 27.63 26.50 27.07 0.16 -0.10 0.03
(1.80) (0.81) (1.52) (1.89) (1.13 (1.66) (0.97 (3.33) (2.46)
) )
Body HC 32.70 42.03 37.37 31.53 39.20 35.37 3.44 5.94 4.69
fat (%) (5.99) (10.12 (10.59 (1.47) (0.78 (4.01) (1.95 (9.91) (7.25)
) ) ) )
MC 27.50 43.80 35.65 26.37 38.47 32.42 4.74 11.99 8.36
(9.67) (6.13) (11.07 (7.41) (0.82 (8.02) (4.69 (5.04) (6.07)
) ) )
C 26.07 37.13 31.60 25.00 38.27 31.63 3.77 -3.08 0.35
(6.72) (1.47) (9.81) (1.87) (0.39 (6.77) (3.38 (1.20) (4.26)
) )
To compare the three groups (HC n=6, MC n=6, C n=6), an intergroup comparison by single
factor and two factor repeated measures of ANOVA were performed using the mean values of
each group. Only BMI showed a statistically significant value. Since there is a significant
difference in the BMl among the three groups after six weeks of taking Ehretia microphylla, a
series of post hoc tests (t-test and Bonferroni Post Hoc Test) were done to be able to determine
which group has statistically significant results.
Results showed a significant difference between HC and MC group since both p values are less
than the level of significance chosen (0.0155 and 0.0311).
For MC and C groups, results show that there is no significant difference and decrease in MC and
C group, since both p values are greater than 0.05 (0.179 and 0.358).
HC and C groups showed a significant difference since p values are less than 0.05 (0.0003 and
0.0007).
For the Body fat, table 8.0 shows a decrease in body fat of HC and MC groups. However,
statistics show otherwise. ANOVA two-factor with repeated measure was used. Results show a
statistically significant difference with male body fat and female body fat, however when it comes
to the groups, there is no significant difference among the three groups involved. For the
interaction of gender and group, result show that there is no interaction between the gender and
group factor.
Table 9.0 Mean (standard deviation) and p-value Comparison of Sample Groups
Mean and Standard Deviation P-value
HC MC C HC vs MC MC vs C HC vs C
BMI -0.30 3.32 (2.97) 0.03 (2.46) 0.0155 0.179 0.0003

(2.73)
0.0311
0.358 0.0007
Table 10.0 p-value: Gender and Gender & Group
Group 1.500681 0.262001 3.885294
Gender 35.21013 0.000068834 4.747225
Gender and group 0.845009 0.45359 3.885294
5.0 Summary and Conclusions

There are different modifiable and non-modifiable factors that could affect the body composition
of the participants in this pilot study. These factors were excluded as the cause of change in body
fat since these factors did not show a statistically significant difference: age, calorie and fiber
intake, physical activity.
BMI showed a significant decrease (p=0.00447). Among the groups, HC group showed
statistically significant reduction in BMI than MC and C group.
For the body fat, mean result shows a decrease in body fat percentage. This reduction in body fat
percentage is consistent with the result of previous study on Ehretia microphylla, which discusses
the role of tannins in lipid metabolism. Tannins in Ehretia microphylla have antioxidant properties
by cleaving ester linkages in lipids through hydrolysis, synonymous to breaking down of large
aggregates into smaller subunits, and ergo energy is used up and not excessively stored lowering
contributing mass in the body (Vitor, Cagampan, Lacuata, & Ples, 2018).
It can be seen that there is decrease in body fat after Ehretia microphylla decoction consumption
for 6 weeks. However, due to variances (high standard deviation in the values), small sample
size, and possibly the variable amounts of phytochemicals per tea, the body fat percentage of the
different groups are not significantly different at baseline (week 0).
In conclusion, it is accepted that there is a significant decrease in BMI, however, there was not a
significant decrease in body fat percentage among male and female young adults aged 20-29
years old.
In this study, consumption of Ehretia microphylla decoction has been shown to help in lowering
the BMI of an individual. However, results also show that consumption of Ehretia microphylla
decoction may have an effect on body fat reduction, though further research and investigation is
needed.
From these findings, consumption of Ehretia microphylla decoction may be considered as an aid
in management of body weight and body fat, as well as an aid in preventing overweight and
obesity risks.
6.0 Recommendation
Since there are limitations in the study, it would be valuable to conduct prospective, and specific
parameters for the inclusions and exclusions, and develop a process wherein assurance of
compliance is greater.
It is also recommended to have a continuation of the study with a larger time-frame, larger
number of populations in which a representative sample is classified by demographics,
anthropometric measurements, physical activity, as well as the use of other parameters and other
nutrition assessment tools. Chemical analysis of the plant, as well as the tea bags are
recommended, to be able to isolate the phytochemicals, and determine its specific effects on
body composition.
When it comes to the consumption of Ehretia microphylla decoction, 2.5 grams to 5 grams of
Ehretia microphylla in 250 ml cup twice a day is still recommended, to aid in weight management
since results show a significant change in BMI (an indirect reference for body fat and body
weight). Even though the results did not show a significant change in body weight and body fat
despite the decrease in the mean values, the said amount is still recommended as this could aid
in attaining a modest weight and body fat loss of 5 to 10% body weight. Studies have shown that
a modest weight loss of 5 to 10% of body weight has shown to improve cardiovascular disease
and diabetes type 2 risk (Lau & Teohl, 2013; Wing et al, 2011).
7.0 List of References
Books
Brown, A. (2015). Understanding Food: Principles and Preparation. (5 th ed.). US: Cengage
Learning.
de Padua, L.S, Bunyapraphatsara N., & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds). (1999). Plant Resources
of South-east Asia No. 12: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 1. Leiden: Backhuys
Publishers
Dunford, M. & Doyle A. (2015) Nutrition for Sport and Exercise. (3rd ed.). US: Wadsworth,
Cengage Learning
Insel, P., Ross, D., Mcmahon, K., & Bernstein, M. (2017). Nutrition. (6 th ed.). US: Jones and
Bartlett Learning.
Mahan, K. & Raymond, J. (2017). Krause's Food & The Nutrition Care Process. (14 th ed.).
Canada: Elsevier, Inc.
Meskin, M., Bidlack, W., Davies A. & Omaye, S. (2002). Phytochemicals in Nutrition and
Health. US: CRC Press LLC
Rolfes, S., Pinna, K. & Whitney, E. (2012). Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition. (9 th
ed.). US: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Roth, R. (2011). Nutrition & Diet Therapy. (10th ed.). US: Delmar, Cengage Learning
Williams, M. (2005). Nutrition for Health, Fitness, & Sport. (7 th ed.). US: Delmar, Cengage
Learning
Journals
Alias N., Leow, TC, Ali MSM, Tajudin, AA, Salleh, AB, Zaliha RN, Rahman, RA. (2017).
Anti-obesity potential of selected tropical plants via pancreatic lipase inhibition. Advances
in Obesity Weight Management & Control. 2017;6(4):122‒131.
DOI: 10.15406/aowmc.2017.06.00163.
Al Shukor, N., Raes, K., Smagghe, G., & Van Camp, J. (2016). Flavonoids : evidence for inhibitor
effects against obesity and their possible mechanisms of action. In J. Govil & M. Pathak
(Eds.), Flavonoids and antioxidants (Vol. 40, pp. 496–514). New Delhi, India: Studium Press
LLC.
Chandrappa, C. P., Govindappa, M., & Anil Kumar, N. V. (2012). Phytochemical screening
and antibacterial property of carmona retusa (Vahl.) masam. International Journal of
Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences, 1(2), 91–98.
Elekofehinti, O. (2015). Saponins: Anti-diabetic principles from medicinal plants-A review. 22

doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.02.001
Golloso-Gubat, M.J., Magtibay, E. V., Gironella, G.M., Tajan, M., & Constantino, M. A. (2015).
Beverage Consumption of Filipino Children and Adolescents (7th National Nutrition Survey):
Nutritional Concerns and Potential Policy Implications. Philippine Journal of Science,
144(1):31-41. ISSN 0031 - 7683
Hsu, C. L., & Yen, G. C. (2008). Phenolic compounds: Evidence for inhibitory effects against
obesity and their underlying molecular signaling mechanisms. Molecular Nutrition and Food
Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700393
Jennings, A., MacGregor, A., Spector, T., & Cassidy, A. (2017). Higher dietary flavonoid intakes
are associated with lower objectively measured body composition in women: evidence from
discordant monozygotic twins. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 105(3), 626-634.
Huang, L., Liu, C., Wang, L., Huang, C. & Hsu, C., (2018). Effects of green tea extract on
overweight and obese women with high levels of low density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C):
A randomised, double-blind, and cross-over placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC
Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 18(1). DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2355-x.
Lau, D. & Teoh, H.. (2013). Benefits of modest weight loss on the management of type 2 diabetes
mellitus. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 37(2), 128-134.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.03.023
Mageswari, S.U., Karpagam, S., & Reddy, G.A. (2016). Evaluation of wound healing activity of
the plant Carmona retusa ( Vahl ) Masam . , in mice. International Journal of Integrative
sciences, Innovation and Technology (IJIIT). IV (5)
Marelli, M., Filomena, C. Araniti, F & Statti, G. (2016). Effects of Saponins on Lipid
Metabolism: A Review of Potential Health Benefits in the Treatment of
Obesity. molecules, 21(1404), 1–20. https://doi:10.3390/molecules21101404
M Bode, Ann & Dong, Zigang. (2014). Toxic Phytochemicals and Their Potential Risks for Human
Cancer. Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.). 8 (1).
DOI:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0160.
Meydani, M., & Hasan, S. (2010). Dietary Polyphenols and Obesity. Nutrients, 2(7), 737–
751. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2070737
Mousavi, Ateke & Vafa, Mohammad Reza & Neyestani, Tirang R. & Khamseh,
Mohammadebrahim & Hoseini, Fatemeh. (2013). The effects of green tea consumption on
metabolic and anthropometric indices in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Journal of
research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical
Sciences. 18 (12). 1080-6.
Nuttall F. Q. (2015). Body Mass Index: Obesity, BMI, and Health: A Critical Review. Nutrition
today, 50(3), 117-128.
Ozcan, T., Akpinar-Bayizit, A., Yilmaz-Ersan, L., & Delikanli, B. (2014). Phenolics in Human
Health. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 5(5), 393–396.
https://doi.org/10.7763/IJCEA.2014.V5.416
Riaz, A., Rasul, A., Hussain, G., Zahoor, K., Jabeen, F., Subhani, Z., Younis, T., Ali, M., Sarfraz,
I., & Selamoglu, Z.. (2018). Astragalin: A Bioactive Phytochemical with Potential
Therapeutic Activities. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences. 2018 (32). 1-15. DOI
10.1155/2018/9794625.
Rodriguez-Perez, C., Segura-Carretero, A., & Del Mar Contreras, M. (2017). Phenolic
compounds as natural and multifunctional anti-obesity agents: a review. Critical Reviews in
Food Science and Nutrition. Nov 201-18. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1399859
Romieu, I., Dossus, L., Barquera, S., Blottiere, H., W., et al. (2017). Energy balance and obesity:
what are the main drivers?. Cancer Causes & Control. 28 (3). DOI:
10.1007/s10552-017-0869-z.
Rui, Y., Tong, L., Cheng, J., Wang, G., Qin, L. & Wan, Z.. (2017). Rosmarinic acid suppresses
adipogenesis, lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis
factor-α secretion in macrophages, and inflammatory mediators in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Food
& Nutrition Research. 61 (1). 1330096. DOI 10.1080/16546628.2017.1330096.
Salas, G. M., & Totaan, E. V. (2015). Selected Philippine Herbal plant extracts as
Angiogenesis inhibitors using Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM)
assay. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences Int. Res. J. Biological
Sci, 4(9), 28–32.
Sarker, M., & Rahman, M. (2017). Dietary fiber and obesity management-a review. Advances in
Obesity Weight Management & Control. 2017;7(3):295‒297.
DOI: 10.15406/aowmc.2017.07.00199
Umali, A., & Chua, A.. (2017). Ehretia Microphylla (Tsaang Gubat) versus Loratadine as
Treatment for Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Philippine Journal of
Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. 32 (2).
Vitor, R. II, Cagampan, D., Lacuata, K., & Ples, M.. (2018). Effect of Ehretia microphylla on
the blood cholesterol and weight of ICR mice (Mus musculus). National Journal of
Physiology, 8(7), 983–987. Retrieved September 08, 2018 from:
https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/28/28-1519115579.pdf?t=1537075773
Venkata Pavan Kumar G., Prameela Rani A, Pooja B., & Anil Kumar Y. II. (2016).
Phytochemical screening, spectroscopic characterisation and cardiotonic activity of
aqueous extract from arieal parts of Carmona Retusa (Vahl) Masam on isolated frogs
heart. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 6(12), 230–236.
https://doi.org/10.7439/ijpc.v6i12.3804
Wing, R. Lang, W., Wadden, T., Safford, M., Knowler, W., Bertoni, A., Hill, J., Brancati, F., Peters,
A. & Wagenknecht, L.. (2011). Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular
risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 34(7),
1481-1486. DOI: 10.2337/dc10-2415
Online materials
Centers for Disease Control. (2010). Centers for Disease Control Vital Signs: Adult Obesity.
Retrieved September 05, 2018 from:
https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/pdf/2010-08-vitalsigns.pdf
Food and Nutrition Research Institute-Department of Science and Technology (FNRI-DOST).

(2015). Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2013: 8th National Nutrition
Survey Overview. FNRI-DOST. Retrieved September 08, 2018 from:
http://enutrition.fnri.dost.gov.ph/assets/uploads/publications/Overview_8thNNS_050416.pdf
Food and Nutrition Research Institute-Department of Science and Technology (FNRI-DOST).

(2016). Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2015: Anthropometric Survey 2015 Updating
of the Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and Other Population Groups. FNRI-DOST.
http://enutrition.fnri.dost.gov.ph/site/uploads/2015_ANTHROPOMETRIC_SURVEY.pdf
KEWscience: Plants of the World online. (2018). Ehretia microphylla Lam.. KEWscience:
Plants of the World online. Retrieved September 08, 2018 from:
http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:116079-1
Veterans Regional Hospital. (n.d.). Health Guide: Traditional and Alternative Medicine.
Veterans Regional Hospital. Retrieved September 08, 2018 from:
https://vrh.doh.gov.ph/index.php/en/health-guide#traditional-alternative-medicine
TANITA. (n.d.). Understanding your measurements. TANITA.

Retrieved November 26, 2018 from:
https://tanita.eu/tanita-academy/understanding-your-measurements?
fbclid=IwAR1umVOHh4aavd-
SNJQognl8dVctMdGSAaViRFeh9GEoLl0vQ5cLRC4ttzQ#prettyPhoto
USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2018).

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy): Ehretia microphylla
Lam.. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Retrieved September 08, 2018
from:
https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=14898
US Food & Drug Administration. (n.d.) FDA Poisonous Plant Database. US Food & Drug
Administration. Retrieved December 11, 2018 from:
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/plantox/detail.cfm?id=6674
World Health Organization. (2018). Obesity and Overweight. World Health Organization.
http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. World Health
Organization: Surveillance and Population-Based Prevention.
https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/resources/GPAQ_Analysis_Guide.pdf
World Health Organization. (n.d.). BMI Classification. World Health Organization. Retrieved
September 08, 2018 from:
http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html
8.0 Appendices
8.1 Tsaang gubat plant: flowers, merous corolla, fruiting twig, fruit (KEWscience: Plants of the
World online, 2018)
8.2 Distribution of Ehretia microphylla Lam. (KEWscience: Plants of the World online, 2018)
8.3 Tsaang gubat: actual plant
8.4 Source of tsaang gubat that was used in this study: Bureau of Plant Industry (left image: front
gate of BPI; right image: tsaang gubat propagation area)
8.5 Sample groups
8.5.1 Sample Groups of tsaang gubat (from left to right: Sample A; Sample B; Sample C)
8.5.2 Tea Sample (HC, MC and C Groups)

8.6 Anthropometric measurements

8.6.1 TANITA: InnerScan Dual RD-902/RD-903
8.6.2 TANITA: Microtoise

8.7 Consent Form
Possible Effects of Tsaang Gubat Tea Consumption

Researchers: Jemima Gwynne Galeon, Jolina Lares and Racquel Muñoz
The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of tsaang gubat tea consumption on the body
composition of college students.
Your signature below indicates that you have decided to volunteer as a participant for this study.
I know that:
1. My participation in the study is entirely voluntary and I am free to withdraw from
participating at any time without having any disadvantage.
2. I have agreed to answer Dietary Assessment tools (24-hour food recall) and Physical
Activity Questionnaire for the purposes of the study, which will be stripped of personal
identifiers and coded by the research students prior to any analysis. I also consent to
participate in an interview (may it be personal or via phone/chat). I have had an
opportunity to ask any questions I may have about the research and my participation.
3. The results of the study may be published and available but my anonymity will remain
preserved.
4. I understand that my contribution will be confidential and that there will be no personal
identification in the data will be used in the study.
5. I understand that if I consent to participate, I will be asked to give my personal, contact
and health information that will be used in the study. I also agreed to receive a tsaang
gubat decoction tea for 6 -8 weeks.
6. The researchers will not be reliable in occurence of any type of allergy and health
complications.
I agree to take part in this study.
Signed: Date: .…………/……/………

Name (please print):
.......................................................................
8.8 24 hr food recall
Meal Food Cooking Serving Date Brand

method size/Amount
Breakfast
AM Snack
Lunch
PM Snack
Dinner
Midnight
snack
8.9 Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (WHO, n.d.)

8.10 Tea samples
8.10.1 Process flow of tea sample preparation
tsaang
sorting weighing
gubat
washing drying cutting
packaging
crushing weighing
(tea bags)
8.10.2 Tea preparation instruction (for participants) (on the next page)
8.11 Time frame allotted to the study:
Activity Date Wk Wk Wk Wk Wk Wk Wk Wk Wk Wk Wk Wk W
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 k
13
Primer 11/23/2018
Research 11/23/2018
proposal
Procurement of 11/23/2018
tsaang gubat
from BPI
Recruitment of 11/12/2018-
participants 11/29/2018
Procurement of 11/24/2018-
tea bags 11/25/2016
(container)
Preparation of 11/23/2018
tea
Anthropometric 11/29/2018
assessment
Dietary 11/29/2018
assessment
Physical activity 11/29/2018
assessment
Administration 11/29/2018
of tea
Wk 1: Tea 11/29/2018-
consumption of 12/05/2018
participants
Online Dietary 12/05/2018
assessment
Online Physical 12/05/2018
activity
assessment
Computation 12/05/2018
and monitoring
of dietary
assessment
results
and monitoring
of physical
activity
assessment
results
of tea
Wk 2: Tea 12/06/2018-
participants
assessment
activity
assessment
and monitoring
of dietary
assessment
results
and monitoring
of physical
activity
assessment
results
of tea
Wk 3: Tea 12/13/2018-
participants
assessment
activity
assessment
and monitoring
of dietary
assessment
results
and monitoring
of physical
activity
assessment
results
of tea
Wk 4: Tea 12/20/2018-
participants
assessment
activity
assessment
of tea
Wk 5: Tea 12/27/2018-
participants
assessment
activity
assessment
and monitoring
of dietary
assessment
results
and monitoring
of physical
activity
assessment
results
of tea
Wk 6: Tea 01/03/2019-
participants
assessment
activity
assessment
and monitoring
of dietary
assessment
results
and monitoring
of physical
activity
assessment
results
of tea
Wk 7: Tea 01/10/2019-
participants
assessment
activity
assessment
and monitoring
of dietary
assessment
results
and monitoring
of physical
activity
assessment
results
of tea
Wk 8: Tea 01/17/2019-
participants
Anthropometric 01/24/2019
assessment
Dietary 01/24/2019
assessment
Physical activity 01/24/2019
assessment
Calculation of 01/25/2019
Mean BMI -
02/08/2019
Mean Body fat -
percentage 02/08/2019
mean caloric -
intake 02/08/2019
physical activity -
02/08/2019
Statistical 01/25/2019
analysis -
02/08/2019
Paper writing 02/09/2019
-
02/14/2019
Finalization 02/14/2019
-
02/22/2019
Printing, 02/22/2019
binding -
02/28/2019
8.12 Anthropometric Measurements and Parameters

Subjec Sampl Gende Age Height Weight BMI BMI BF% %BF Date Date ended
t e r (cm) (kg) (pre) Interpretatio (pre) Interpretatio started
(pre) n (pre) n (pre)
1 A M 21 164.0 97.6 36.3 Obese 35.8 Obese 12/10/2018 01/21/2019

2 A M 20 165.0 83.7 30.7 Obese 31.1 Obese 12/15/2018 01/28/2019
3 A M 20 170.0 94.7 32.8 Obese 31.2 Obese 12/11/2018 01/22/2019
4 A F 25 154.9 77.4 32.3 Obese 44.2 Obese 12/10/2018 01/21/2019
5 A F 24 151.2 67.3 29.4 Overweight 37.2 Overfat 12/13/2018 01/24/2019
6 A F 21 158.1 91.9 36.8 Obese 44.7 Obese 12/18/2018 01/29/2019
7 B M 25 168.0 76.1 27.0 Overweight 22.9 Overfat 12/10/2018 01/21/2019
8 B M 20 169.0 97.1 34.0 Obese 37.2 Obese 12/10/2018 01/21/2019
9 B M 22 170.0 77.1 26.7 Overweight 22.4 Overfat 12/10/2018 01/21/2019
10 B F 20 152.0 68.0 29.5 Overweight 41.7 Obese 12/08/2018 01/19/2019
11 B F 22 149.0 61.0 27.5 Overweight 45.8 Obese 12/10/2018 01/21/2019
12 B F 21 152.0 76.0 32.9 Obese 43.9 Obese 12/10/2018 01/21/2019
13 C M 20 169.5 86.8 30.2 Obese 29.7 Obese 12/10/2018 01/21/2019
14 C M 25 163.5 70.4 26.3 Overweight 25.4 Overfat 12/13/2018 01/24/2019
15 C M 20 171.6 78.0 26.5 Overweight 23.1 Overfat 12/11/2018 01/22/2019
16 C F 20 152.1 59.8 25.8 Overweight 37.1 Overfat 12/07/2018 01/18/2019
Subject Sample Gender Age Height Weight (kg) BMI (post) BMI BF% %BF
(cm) (post) Interpretation (post) Interpretatio
(post) n (post)
1 A M 21 164.0 98.7 36.6969 Obese 33.6 Obese

2 A M 20 165.0 84.85 31.2 Obese 30.3 Obese
3 A M 20 170.0 95 32.9 Obese 30.7 Obese
4 A F 25 154.9 75.5 31.5 Obese 38.3 Overfat
5 A F 24 151.2 70.4 30.8 Obese 40.2 Obese
6 A F 21 158.1 88.8 35.5 Obese 39.1 Overfat
7 B M 25 168.0 69.1 24.5 Overweight 20.3 Overfat
8 B M 20 169.0 96.75 33.9 Obese 36.8 Obese
9 B M 22 170.0 76.3 26.401 Overweight 22 Overfat
10 B F 20 152.0 67.1 29 Overweight 39.6 Obese
11 B F 22 149.0 58.5 26.4 Overweight 38.1 Overfat
12 B F 21 152.0 73.2 31.7 Obese 37.7 Overfat
13 C M 20 169.5 87.1 30.3 Obese 27.6 Obese
14 C M 25 163.5 70.9 26.5 Overweight 24.1 Overfat
15 C M 20 171.6 76.95 26.1 Overweight 23.3 Overfat
16 C F 20 152.1 57.6 24.9 Overweight 38.1 Overfat
8.13 Financial expenses and breakdown

Item Quantity Cost
tsaang gubat 5 kg 1500
tea bags 1512 pcs 2665.5
paper bags 72 pcs 1440
tumblers 20 pcs 1795
Statistician (for statistical 1 working
analysis) day 1350
Total 8750.5
JEMIMA GWYNNE C. GALEON

113-D Anahaw Street, Veterans Village, Project 7, Quezon City 1105, Philippines
Telephone: (632)-508-3649 (Home) : +639086059463 (Mobile)
E-mail: jemima.gwynne@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE
To apply my knowledge and skills in the field of Nutrition and Dietetics, as

well as the ability to cooperate with people in order to support the
organization in the fulfillment of its goals.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Second Degree: Philippine Women’s University Manila

Bachelor of Science in Nutrition & Dietetics
2016-present
First degree: University of the Philippines Diliman

Bachelor of Arts in Linguistics-Plan C (Linguistics and East Asian Languages)
2007-2012
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

General Education Course in College of Liberal Arts
June 2006-April 2007
Quezon City Science High School

June 2002-March 2006
AFFILIATIONS
Philippine Association of Nutrition-Beta Chapter PWU
Auditor, 2018-2019
Member, 2016-2018
PERSONAL SKILLS & COMPETENCES
Mother tongue: Tagalog
Other languages: English (Proficient), Japanese (Upper-intermediate

level of Proficiency, JLPT Level 3 2009)
Computer Skills and competences: Proficient in using Excel (Advanced

level), Word, Powerpoint
Interests: Food, Languages, Culture, Music, Arts, Nature, Films, Photos
WORK EXPERIENCE
Senior Financial Language Analyst March 2015-Present

Ownership-Language Services
FactSet Philippines,Inc
Financial Language Analyst September 2013-March 2015

Ownership-Mutual Funds
Acquisition
FactSet Philippines,Inc
Japanese Translator June 2012-September 2012

Fujitsu Development Center
Fujitsu Philippines, Inc. /Weserv
Systems International, Inc.
REFERENCES
Available upon request
JOLINA MAE M. LARES

#339 Pag-asa Street Baranggay Anabu I-C, Imus City, Cavite
0995-987-2153
jemjmml29@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:
To hone my working skills and gain knowledge in different areas of food service
management. To use my skill to give satisfying customer service.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2015-2018 Philippine Women’s University
Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and
Dietetics
2011-2015 Unida Christian Colleges

High School Diploma
2005-2011 Anabu II Elementary School

Elementary Diploma
SKILLS
 A team worker whose able to adapt in work environment’s changing situations
 Has pleasing personality
 Fast worker
 Leadership
 Can work different tasks and manages to do it well
WORK EXPERIENCE
2017-2018 On the Job Trainee
Fitness First Gym, SM Mall of Asia Pasay
City
2018-2019 On the Job Trainee

Alba Restaurante Espanol, Tomas Morato
Quezon City
EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITY
2015-2018 Philippine Association of Nutrition Pan Beta
Chapter, Member
2018-2019 Philippine Association of Nutrition Pan Beta

Chapter, Member and Treasurer
2015-2018 Philippine Women’s University Varsity

Team
Women’s Volleyball Team Player
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age: 20
Birthdate: August 29, 1998
Birthplace: Bacoor, Cavite
Languages: Filipino, English
MUÑOZ, RACQUEL E.
Address: U14 Holy Family Condo, Corner Oro- A Street San Andres Bukid Manila
Mobile No: 09451233380
Email Address: racquelmunoz@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVES: To obtain the position in a reputable institution where in my skills and

professional experience can be utilized towards professional growth and development of
the company and myself.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics

Centro Escolar University – Manila (s.y. 2015-2017)
Philippine Women’s University – Manila (s.y 2017-present)
MEMBERSHIPS/AFFILIATIONS:
Philippine Association of Nutrition-Delta Chapter

 Public Relations Officers (2015-2016)
Philippine Association of Nutrition-Delta Chapter
 Member (2016-2017)
Community Outreach Movement Pro-Active Student Service
 Member (2015-2017)
Philippine Association of Nutrition-Beta Chapter
 Member (2017-present)
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Date of Birth: November 10, 1998
Place of Birth: Manila
Height: 5' 1”
Weight: 56 kg
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Catholic

The Philippine Women'S University

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Philippine Women'S University

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE PHILIPPINE WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY 1

Phytochemicals present in Ehretia microphylla are alkaloids3, flavonoids4, saponins, phenols,

1.1 Statement of the Problem

1.2 Significance of the Study

Nutrition and Dietetics

Overweight and Obese

Food and Agriculture Industry

Food Technology and Pharmaceutical Industry

1.3 Scope and Limitations

Specifically, this pilot study aimed at:

2.0 Review of Related Literature

2.1 Origin and geographic distribution of Ehretia microphylla

2.2 Physical properties and description of Ehretia microphylla

According to de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara,& Lemmens (1999:179-180), Ehretia microphylla is a

2.3 Chemical Composition of Ehretia microphylla

2.4 Body composition

Measures of Body composition

Body mass index is a commonly used measurement in representing an index of an individual’s

Classification BMI (kg/m2)

Principal cut-off points Additional cut-off points

Underweight <18.50 <18.50

Severe thinness <16.00 <16.00

Moderate thinness 16.00 - 16.99 16.00 - 16.99

Mild thinness 17.00 - 18.49 17.00 - 18.49

Normal range 18.50 - 24.99 18.50 - 22.99

Overweight ≥25.00 ≥25.00

Pre-obese 25.00 - 29.99 25.00 - 27.49

Obese ≥30.00 ≥30.00

Obese class I 30.00 - 34.99 30.00 - 32.49

Obese class II 35.00 - 39.99 35.00 - 37.49

Obese class III ≥40.00 ≥40.00

Bioelectric impedance is another measurement to assess body fat by using a low-intensity

2.5 Effects of Phytochemicals in Body composition

Phytochemicals, specifically polyphenols, present in food are found to be a good complementary

2.4 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.0 Relationship of the variables in this study

3.1 Research Design

● high concentration group (HC) group

Figure 2.0 The research process

Purposive sampling: Identification of Participants

Randomized allocation (n=20)

Assessment after 6 weeks

3.2 Study Population

3.3 Sampling Method for the Study Population

Table 2.0 Inclusions and exclusions for selecting participants

Ethnically Filipino Presence of or diagnosed with a disease, which

3.4 Plant sample

3.6 Research Process

● Physical activity assessment using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire - To calculate

Total physical activity MET-minutes/week= [(P2 * P3 * 8) + (P5 * P6 * 4) + (P8 * P9 * 4) +

● Social and Family history - presence of disease, smoker or non-smoker

Sample groups had the following number of participants:

Group High Concentration (HC): 3 Male, 3 Female

Group Medium Concentration (MC): 3 Male, 3 Female

Group Control Group (C): 3 Male, 3 Female

During the intervention

3.7 Statistical treatment

4.0 Results and Discussion

4.1 Subject Demographics

HC (%) MC (%) C (%)

Body Fat Overfat 6 10 28

4.2 Dietary Assessment

Table 5.0 p-value: Calorie intake and Fiber Intake