Book - From A To B

UNIT 1.
LUCK AND SUCCESS
We are all born with unlimited potentials, unique talents and abilities and we all
deserve the very best in life. However, most of us achieve far less than what we are
capable of because most of us think that we are not good enough to do certain
things, we are not intelligent enough to succeed in life.
When people succeed, it is because of hard work, but luck has a lot to do with it too.
Success without some luck is almost impossible. However, hard work can invite
good luck.
Nothing can replace hard work but working hard also means you’re preparing
yourself for opportunity. Opportunity very often depends on luck.
How many of the great inventions and discoveries happen by a lucky mistake or a
lucky chance?
Do you have the desire to succeed? If you want to succeed, you need to have a strong
desire to do so. Absolutely nothing is impossible and there are no limits to what you
can be, do or have.
Complete the following sentences.
1. We are all born __
_____ unlimited potentials, unique talents and abilities and we all deserve the
very best _______ life.
2. However, most of us achieve far less than what we are capable _______ .
3. When people succeed, it is because _______ hard work, but luck has a lot to do
_______ it too.
4. All the hard work and talent in the world can’t make up _______ bad luck.
5. Nothing can replace hard work but working hard also means you’re preparing
yourself _______ opportunity.
7. Opportunity very often depends _______ luck.
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
The discussion leader’s job is to …

● read the text twice, and prepare at least five general questions about it;
● make sure that everyone has a chance to speak and joins in the discussion;
● guide the discussion and keep it going.
Usually the best discussion questions come from your own thoughts, feelings as
you read.
MY QUESTIONS:
OTHER GENERAL IDEAS (Questions about the theme):
SUMMARIZER
The summarizer’s job is to …
● read the text and make notes about the ideas.

● find the key points that everyone must know to understand and remember
the text.
● retell the text in a short summary in your own words.
● talk about your summary to the group, using your writing to help you.
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
CONNECTOR
The connector’s job is to …
● make notes about at least two possible connections to your own experiences
or to the experiences of friends and family, or to real-life events.
● tell the group about the connections and ask for their comments or
questions.
● ask the group if they can think of any connections themselves.
These questions will help you think about connections while you are reading.
MY CONNECTIONS:
WORD MASTER
The word master’s job is to …
● read the text, and look for words or short phrases that are new or difficult to
understand, or that are important in the text;
● choose five words that you think are important for this text;
● explain the meanings of these five words in simple English to the group;
● tell the group why these words are important for understanding this text.
Your five words do not have to be new or unknown words. Look for words in the
story that really stand out in some way. These may be words that are:
● repeated often;
● used in an unusual way;
● important to the meaning of the story.
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
REASON FOR CHOOSING THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON
The passage person’s job is to …
● read the text, and find important, interesting, or difficult passages;

● make notes about at least two passages that are important for the text;
● read each passage to the group;
● ask the group one or two questions about each passage.
You might choose a passage to discuss because it is:
*important *informative *confusing *well-written
MY PASSAGE: 1
REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE PASSAGE
MY PASSAGE: 2

QUESTIONS ABOUT THE PASSAGE
Vocabulary:
unlimited a – SeuzRudavi, usazRvro
unlimited power – SeuzRudavi, usazRvro Zalaufleba
limited a – SezRuduli
limited views – viwro, SezRuduli Sexedulebebi
limit n – zRvari, sazRvari; mijna
limit v – SezRudva
age limit - asakobrivi zRvari
set a limit to smth. – raimesaTvis sazRvris daweseba, risame SezRudva
His greed knows no limits – mis sixarbes sazrvari ara aqvs
be the limit – autanelia, Znelad asatania
She is the limit! – igi autaneli adamiania!
That’s the limit! – es ukve metismetia!
go the limit – zomierebis farglebs gacdena
limitless a – SeuzRudavi, usazRvro
potential n – potenciali
unique a – unikaluri, erTaderTi; gansakuTrebuli
talent n – niWi, talanti
ability n – unari, risime keTebis SesaZlebloba; niWi
capable a – unaris mqone, SemZle
deserve v – damsaxureba
deserve punishment – sasjels imsaxurebs
deserve attention – yuradRebas imsaxurebs
intelligent a – Wkviani, gonieri
succeed v – warmatebis miRweva
imagination n – warmosaxvis unari, fantazia
imagine v – warmodgena, warmosaxva
possibility n - SesaZlebloba
good luck - bednieri, iRbliani SemTxveva; iRbali
Good luck! – warmatebas/iRbals gisurveb(T)!
bad luck – uiRbloba; marcxi, warumatebloba
try one’s luck – bedis cda, bedis mosinjva
make up for v - anazRaureba, kompensireba
make up for lost time – dakarguli drois anazRaureba
make up for smb.’s absence – vinmesTvis Semcvlelis povna
invite v – gamowveva, xelis Sewyoba, provocireba
invite interest – interesis gamowveva, aRZvra
invite disaster – ubedurebis gamowveva
opportunity n – xelsayreli SemTxveva, SesaZlebloba, Sansi
give an opportunity – SesaZleblobis, Sansis micema
take the opportunity (of) – SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba
lose an opportunity – SesaZleblobis xelidan gaSveba
equality of opportunity – SesaZleblobebis, Sansebis Tanasaworoba

equal opportunities - Tanabari SesaZleblobebi, Sansebi
replace v - Canacvleba
invention n – gamogoneba
invent v – gamogoneba, Seqmna; mofiqreba, SeTxzva
invent a new method – axali meTodis gamogoneba
invent an excuse – risame gamamrTlebeli mizezis mofiqreba, mogoneba
invent an explanation – risame axsnis mofiqreba, mogoneba
invent a story – ambis gamogoneba, SeTxzva
discovery n – aRmoCena
make a great discovery – SesaniSnavi aRmoCenis gakaTeba
discover v – aRmoCena, aRmoCenis gakeTeba
discover a new island – axali kunZulis aRmoCena
come about v – moxdoma, SemTxveva
through prep – meSveobiT, daxmarebiT; Sedegad, gamo
disprove v – uaryofa; risame mcdarobis damtkiceba
prediction n - winaswarmetyveleba
predict v - winaswarmetyveleba
predict the future – momavlis winaswarmetyveleba
fortune n – bedi, iRbali
seek one’s fortune – bedis Zieba
try one’s fortune – bedis cda
misfortune n – ubedureba; uiRbloba, marcxi, warumatebloba
patience n – moTmineba
have patience – moTminebis qona
lose patience – moTminebis dakargva
labour n – Sroma
labour of love – uangaro Sroma; sayvareli saqme

lost labour – amao Sroma, fuWi Zalisxmeva
labour v – Sroma, muSaoba
conquer v – dapyroba; damarcxeba; daZleva
conquer a country – qveynis dapyroba
conquer the enemy – mtris damarxceba/daZleva
conquer bad habits – cud CvevaTa daZleva
conquer difficulties – siZneleTa daZleva
miracle n – saswauli
by miracle – saswaulebrivad
work miracles – saswaulebis moxdena
breed v – gamowveva; badebs
breed wars – omebis gamowveva
develop v – gauCndes
desire n – Zlieri survili, wadili
desire for knowledge – swavlis wyurvili
satisfy smb.’s desires – visime survilebis dakmayofileba, Sesruleba
get one’s desire – ocnebis asruleba
desire v - Zlieri survili, wadili
desire peace - mSvidobis survili
starting point – sawyisi wertili
achievement n – warmateba, miRweva
be proud of one’s achievements - amayobs Tavisi miRwevebiT
achieve v – miRweva
achieve one’s purpose – miznis miRweva
keep in mind – mexsierebaSi SenarCuneba, xsovna
constantly adv – gamudmebiT, ganuwyvetliv
amount n – raodenoba, odenoba

heat n – sicxe; siTbo
event n – movlena; faqti
make up v – Sedgena
make up rules – wesebis SemoReba
improve v – gaumjobeseba, srulyofa
improvement n - gaumjobeseba, srulyofa
signs of improvement – gaumjobesebis, ukeTesobis niSnebi
potent a - Zlieri
triumph over smb., smth. – gamarjvebis mopoveba vinmeze, raimeze
triumph n – triumfi, didi warmateba an gamarjveba
grief n – dardi, mwuxareba
crucial n – gadamwyveti, ZiriTadi, sakvanZo
supreme a - udidesi
path n - biliki
step n – nabiji
take a step – nabijis gadadgma
take steps – zomebis miReba
find out v – garkveva, gageba
stick to smth. – raimes Sesabamisad moqmedeba
accomplish v – Sesruleba, miRweva
accomplish a task – amocanis Sesruleba
accomplish a promise – pirobis Sesruleba
accomplishment n – warmateba, miRweva
Exercise 1. Make sentences using these phrases.
unlimited power
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limited views
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age limit
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set a limit to smth.
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go the limit
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deserve punishment
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deserve attention
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good luck
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bad luck
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try one’s luck
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make up for lost time
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make up for smb.’s absence
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invite interest
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invite disaster
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give an opportunity
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lose an opportunity
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invent a new method
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invent an excuse
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invent a story
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make a great discovery
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predict the future
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seek one’s fortune
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try one’s fortune
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tempt fortune
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have patience
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lose patience
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conquer the enemy
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conquer difficulties
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desire for knowledge
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satisfy smb.’s desires
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get one’s desire
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be proud of one’s achievements
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achieve one’s purpose
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make up rules
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take a step
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take steps
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accomplish a promise
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Exercise 2. Translate these phrases into Georgian and use them to make
sentences.
define science
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acquire knowledge
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describe and explain natural phenomena
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support science
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economic benefits
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Exercise 3. Memorize these phrasal verbs and use them to make sentences.
● SUCCEED
Succeed in sth – warmatebis, sasurveli Sedegis miRweva
He SUCCEEDED IN business.
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● DEPEND
Depend on/upon sth/sb
1. damokidebuleba - It DEPENDS ON you.
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2. imedis qona – I DEPEND ON you but you always let me down.
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● AGREE
Agree to sth – daTanxmeba - Is he going to AGREE TO your suggestion?
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Agree with sb/sth - Tanxmoba, daTanxmeba - Do you AGREE WITH me?
___________________________________________________________________________
● DECIDE
Decide against sth/sb – vinmes an raimes sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebis miReba –
The committee DECIDED AGAINST me and appointed a much younger man.
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Decide for sb – gadawyvetilebis miReba vinmes sasargeblod – They DECIDED FOR an
unknown actor.
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Decide between sb/sth – arCevanis gakeTeba - I can't DECIDE BETWEEN these
two
attractive houses.
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Decide on/upon sth/sb – arCeva - She DECIDED ON the green dress.
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● DEAL
Deal with sth
1.xelis mokideba, movla, mixedva – The manager will DEAL WITH this question.
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2. exeba – This book DEALS WITH the problem of unemployment.
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Deal with sb
1. mopyroba, moqceva – She DEALT fairly WITH me.
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2. saqmis daWera, saqmis qona – He is an easy person to DEAL WITH.
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● BE IN
1. saxlSi an samsaxurSi yofna - They ARE never IN.
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2. damwifeba - The first apples should BE IN next week.
________________________________________________________________3.
xelisuflebaSi mosvla - The labor candidate IS IN.
________________________________________________________________4. modaSi
yofna - Long skirts will BE IN again next year.
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● BE OFF
1. wasvla – I AM OFF home; it's five o'clock.
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2. samuSaos dasruleba – I AM OFF at 6.00; let's meet then.
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● BE OUT
1. adgilze ar yofna - She IS OUT at the moment.
________________________________________________________________2. gaSla,
gafurCqna - The rose should BE OUT next week.
________________________________________________________________3. modidan
gasvla - Long skirts ARE OUT this year.
________________________________________________________________
4. gamoCena (mTvaris, mzis, varskvlavebis) - Look, the moon IS OUT, isn't it
beautiful.
________________________________________________________________5. cixidan
gaTavisufleba - When will he BE OUT?
________________________________________________________________6. wyobidan
gamosvla, muSaobis Sewyveta - The telephones ARE OUT.
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UNIT 2. CHANCES OF SUCCESS
Many people have a natural ability but they can’t succeed. You may have a natural
ability, but it is not enough. You can’t rely on your natural ability alone if you want
to succeed. If you want to succeed, you should work hard.
Self-confidence and knowledge are also two equally important factors for success.
You need to feel you can accomplish a task. But even if you have a great deal of self-
confidence, you can’t succeed without knowledge. With knowledge and self-
confidence you have a better chance of success.
Some believe that only people who earn a lot of money are successful. They believe
that money equals success, but they forget that there are many famous
humanitarians who are not rich.
When we think of history, there are few people that we remember simply because
they were rich. If history is the judge of success, then money surely isn’t
everything.
There are four easy steps that you need to follow in order to achieve success in your
life:
● Believe that you can achieve your goals and dreams!

● Set your specific goal!
● Develop strategies of accomplishing your goals!
● Take action!
Only action can bring you the results. Nothing can happen without acting. You are
the one who makes and builds your future.
Complete the following sentences
1. You can’t rely ________ your natural ability alone.
3. Self-confidence and knowledge are also two equally important factors

________ success.
4. You can’t succeed ________ knowledge.
5. With knowledge and self-confidence you have a better chance ________

success.
6. There are four easy steps that you need to follow ________ order to achieve
success in your life.
7. You should develop strategies _________ accomplishing your goals!.
8. Nothing can happen _______ acting.
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
you read.
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER

the text.
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
CONNECTOR
questions.
MY CONNECTIONS
WORD MASTER
● repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD

MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON


MY PASSAGE: 1
MY PASSAGE: 2
Vocabulary:
area n - sfero
rely on smb., smth. – visime, risime imedis qona
reliable a – sando
unreliable a – arasando, arasaimedo
unreliable witness – arasando mowme
toil n – mZime /daZabuli Sroma/ muSaoba
toil v - mZimed /daZabulad Sroma/ muSaoba
self-confidence n – Tavdajerebuloba
self-confident a - Tavdajerebuli
equally adv – Tanabrad, Tanasworad
equal a – Tanabari, Tanaswori
on equal terms – Tanabar pirobebSi
equal rights – Tanaswori uflebebi
equal v – gaigiveba; raimesTan gatoleba
factor n - faqtori
earn v – fulis SromiT mopoveba/gamomuSaveba
earn one’s living – Tavis rCena
income n – Semosavali
influential a – gavleniani, didi gavlenis an mniSvnelobis mqone
influence n - gavlena, zegavlena, zemoqmedeba
under the influence of smth. – risame gavleniT
have an influence over smb. – vinmeze zegavlenis qona
influence on smb.’s decision – zegavlena/zemoqmedeba visime gadawyvetilebaze
come under smb.’ influence – visime gavlenis qveS moqceva
influence v – gavlenis/zegavlenis/zemoqmedebis moxdena, zemoqmedeba
contribute to smth. – wvlilis Setana raimeSi
contribution n – wvlili
make a contribution to smth. – wvlilis Setana raimeSi
judge n – Semfasebeli
add v – mimateba, damateba
for the sake of smth. – raimesaTvis, raimes interesebidan gamomdinare
attitude to/towards smth. – damokidebuleba, pozicia raimes mimarT
innate a – Tandayolili, bunebrivi
grateful a - madlieri, madlobeli
probability n – albaToba, SesaZlebloba
lead v – wayvana; xelmZRvaneloba; cxovrebis ama Tu im wess misdevs;
midis; raimemde miyvana, risame gamowveva, Sedegad risame qona
lead by the hand – xelCakidebuli mihyavs
lead an army – armiis sardloba
lead a good life – patiosnad, wesierad cxovreba
lead a double life – ormagi cxovrebiT cxovreba
lead nowhere – uSedegoa, arafris momtania
lead to a poor result – umniSvnelo Sedegis motana
attain v – miRweva, mopoveba
attainable a – miRwevadi, misawvdomi
set a goal – miznis dasaxva
specific a – gansazRvruli, garkveuli
define v – gansazRvra, dadgena
define a term – terminis gansazRvra
define one’s position – sakuTari damokidebulebis, poziciis gansazRvra
define smb.’s duties – visime movaleobis gansazRvra
defined a – gansazRvruli
concentrate on smth. – raimeze koncentrireba
focus on smth. – yuradRebis raimeze koncentrireba

direction n – mimarTuleba, gezi
take action – moqmedebis dawyeba; zomebis miReba
result n – Sedegi
as a result – Sedegad
result v – daboloeba, dasruleba, Sedegad qona
destination n – daniSnulebis adgili
arrive at one’s destination – daniSnulebis adgilze Casvla
outcome n – Sedegi; bolo, dasasruli
preparation n - momzadeba
sail v – curva (iTqmis gemis da misT. Sesaxeb)
sail against the wind – qaris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT curva
sail close to the wind – did riskze wasvla
sail in the same boat – SeTanxmebulad moqmedeba; erT saqmes emsaxurebian
sail one’s own boat – damoukideblad moqmedeba
favorable a – xelsayreli; Sesaferisi
rely on smb., smth.
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on equal terms
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equal rights
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earn one’s living
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under the influence of smth.
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have an influence over smb.
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influence on smb.’s decision
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come under smb.’ influence
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strengthen one’s influence on smb.
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reduce one’s influence on smb.
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make a contribution to smth.
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for the sake of smth.
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lead by the hand

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lead an army
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lead a good life
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lead a double life
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lead nowhere
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lead to a poor result
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set a goal
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define a term
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define one’s position
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define smb.’s duties
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concentrate on smth.
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focus on smth.
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focus one’s thoughts on a matter
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sense of direction
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take action
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result in complete failure
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arrive at one’s destination
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sail against the wind
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sail in the same boat
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sail one’s own boat
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sentences.
new demands and challenges
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conflict and cooperation
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rival opinions
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different wants and opposing interests
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take place at every level of our life
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defend freedom
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have different meanings to different people

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● RELY
Rely on/upon sth/sb
1. damokidebulia – The charity RELIES ON public donations.
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2. ndoba – You can RELY ON me.
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● LET
Let down sb, Let sb down - imedgacrueba, daRalateba - This car won’t LET you
DOWN.
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● LIVE
Live by sth – Tavis rCena, Tavis gatana - He LIVES BY working in a café.
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Live on sth – sxvis xarjze an kmayofaze cxovreba - He LIVES ON charity.
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● BE ON
1. muSaoba, funqcionireba (manqanis Sesaxeb) - The computer IS ON.
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2. gadis - The show IS ON for the next three months.
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● GO
Go after sb – gayola, devna - The cat WENT AFTER the pigeon, but it flew away.
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Go against sth – ewinaaRmdegeba – It GOES AGAINST my principles.
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Go against sth/sb – winaaRmdeg wasvla – I really don’t want to GO AGAINST my
boss.
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Go away – wasvla – GO AWAY and leave me alone.
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Go back to sth
1. Zveli saqmianobis Tavidan dawyeba – She WENT BACK TO work when her
daughter was two.
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2. saubris an fiqris Tavidan dawyeba – He WENT BACK TO his first sentence.
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Go beyond sth – gadaWarbeba – The book’s success WENT BEYOND anything
we had expected.
___________________________________________________________________________
Go by sth
1. xelmZRvaneloba raimeTi - I GO BY the barometer.
________________________________________________________________
2. morCileba – We’d better GO BY the rules, I don’t want any trouble.
___________________________________________________________________________
Go down
1. dakleba – House prices WENT DOWN in July.
________________________________________________________________
2. daSveba (mag. saburavis) – That back tyre’s GONE DOWN.
________________________________________________________________
4. mzis Casvla - The sun WENT DOWN at seven o'clock.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. CaZirva – Many people drowned, when the TITANIC WENT DOWN.
________________________________________________________________
6. TviTmfrinavis Camovardna – The plane WENT DOWN just three miles from the
airport.
___________________________________________________________________________
7. dacema (miwaze) - The boxer WENT DOWN in the second round.
___________________________________________________________________________
Go in – Sesvla – I had a look in the window but I didn’t GO IN.
___________________________________________________________________________
Go into swh – Sesvla – Mike WENT INTO the kitchen.
___________________________________________________________________________
Go into sth
1. saqmianobis wamowyeba – You aren’t thinking of GOING INTO politics, are
you?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. monawileobis miReba (SejibrSi, arCevnebSi, gamocdebSi) – The US team GOES INTO
Thursday’s game.
___________________________________________________________________________
Go on
1. gagrZeleba – The music festival GOES ON until August 31.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. xdeba – What is GOING ON?
___________________________________________________________________________
Go out
1. gasvla – He WENT OUT for beer.
________________________________________________________________
2. modidan gasvla – Such jeans WENT OUT years ago.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Caqroba (Suqis) – During dinner the lights suddenly WENT OUT.

___________________________________________________________________________
4. cecxlis Caqroba - The candle WENT OUT.
___________________________________________________________________________
Go with sth
1. misadageba, moxdena - Does this tie GO WITH my shirt?
________________________________________________________________
2. Tanxleba – Are you aware of all the health problems that GO WITH smoking?
___________________________________________________________________________
● MOVE
Move ahead – winsvla (garkveuli pauzis Semdeg) – Scientists can MOVE AHEAD if
they get the approval of their colleagues.
___________________________________________________________________________
Move away – sacxovreblad sxvagan gadasvla – When Anna was nine the family
MOVED AWAY.
___________________________________________________________________________
Move in – gadasvla sacxovreblad - We've bought our new house, but we can't
move in till the end of the month.
___________________________________________________________________________
Move out – gasaxleba [xSirad + of] – We MOVED OUT about seven years ago.
___________________________________________________________________________
● ARGUE
Argue about/over sth – kamaTi raimes gamo/Sesaxeb - What are you two
ARGUING ABOUT ?
___________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 3. STORIES
IF MARY HAS A CELL PHONE
Mary says that all of her friends have a cell phone, but Mary’s mother
doesn't want to buy her one. Mary’s mother doesn't want Mary to play video
games either. What is more, the Internet scares her.
She says, “If Mary has a cell phone, how do we know whom she is talking to?
Video games are bad for her. The Internet is dangerous and uncontrolled. It’s
like having a gun in the house. We should just ban her from using the
computer, and I'm not buying her a cell phone until she is eighteen. This is
the only way we can be sure that May is safe."
Mary’s father disagrees with Mary’s father. Although he agrees that there
are some dangers to it, he likes the Internet, and finds it to be very useful. He
says, “The trouble is that we can’t stop Mary from using the Internet, as this
means to ban her from gaining some useful information. What is more, I like
video games. I think that, when played in moderation, they are fun.
Obviously, it is not good to play them without restraint or self-control.
Finally, I think Mary needs a cell phone. We can’t take these things away.”
THE MOBILE PHONE STORY
Several men were in a golf club. A mobile phone rings.
"Yes I can talk," says the man answering the call, "You're shopping are you?
That's nice." The listening men smile to each other.
"You want to order those new carpets? Okay… And they'll include the
curtains for an extra five thousand? Sure, why not?"
More smiles among the listeners.
"You want to book that week on Necker Island? The price is twenty-two
thousand? Sounds attractive! You want a fortnight? Okay, honey!"
Smiles turn to envy.
"And you want to pay the builder in advance? Seventy-five thousand if we

say “yes” today? Sounds fair! Sure, that's fine!"
The listeners exchange glances of amazement.
"Okay, sugar, see you later… Yes, love you too," says the man, ending the
call. He looks at the other men and says, "Whose phone is this anyhow?"
ONCE IN A BLUE MOON
We often use some phrases without knowing the meaning behind them. One
of these phrases is “once in a blue moon.”
People use this expression to describe something that they do not do very
often. For example, someone might say that he tries to avoid smoking
because smoking is dangerous, but smokes a cigarette “once in a blue
moon.”
While many people use this phrase, not everyone knows its meaning. The
first thing to know is that the moon itself is never actually blue. This is just
an expression. The phrase “blue moon” actually has to do with the shape of
the moon, not the color.
As the moon travels around the earth, it appears to change shape. We

associate certain names with certain shapes of the moon. For example, when
we can see a small part of the moon, it is called a crescent moon. A crescent
is a shape that looks like the tip of a fingernail. When we cannot see the
moon at all, it is called a new moon. When we can see the entire moon, it is
called a full moon. Usually, there is only one full moon every month.
Sometimes, however, there will be two full moons in one month. When this
happens, the second full moon is called a “blue moon.”
Over the next 20 years, there will only be 15 blue moons. As you can see, a
blue moon is a very rare event. This fact has led people to use the expression
“once in a blue moon” to describe other very rare events in their lives.
● THINK
Think ahead – winaswar ganWvreta – We can avoid many problems by
THINKING AHEAD.
___________________________________________________________________________
Think back – warsulis gaxseneba – THINK BACK to your first day at school.
___________________________________________________________________________
Think of sth – mofiqreba – I’ll have to THINK OF some way of showing them
how grateful I am.
___________________________________________________________________________
Think of sb – zrunva – I have a family to THINK OF.
___________________________________________________________________________
Think over sth, Think sth over – dafiqreba, awon-dawonva – THINK OVER this
problem and give me an answer next week.
___________________________________________________________________________
● GIVE
Give away sth, Give sth away
1. saidumlos gacema - She didn't GIVE anything AWAY about the party.
________________________________________________________________
Give sb away – gacema, dabezReba – His voice was quite calm but his trembling
hands GAVE him AWAY.
___________________________________________________________________________
Give back sth, Give sth back – dabruneba (valis, dakarguli nivTis da a.S.) - I GAVE the
money BACK that she'd lent to me.
___________________________________________________________________________
Give in
1. daTmobaze wasvla – The government didn’t GIVE IN to terrorists.
________________________________________________________________2. danebeba –
You will never guess the answer. Do you GIVE IN?
___________________________________________________________________________
Give up – danebeba – She GAVE herself UP to the police.
___________________________________________________________________________
Give up sth, Give sth up
1. Tavis danebeba - I GAVE UP smoking.
________________________________________________________________
2. daTmoba skamis, adgilis da a.S. - I GAVE UP my seat to a pregnant woman.
___________________________________________________________________________
● GET
Get ahead – winsvla (samsaxurSi da a.S.) – Work hard and you’ll GET AHEAD
___________________________________________________________________________
Get along
1. Tavis garTmeva samuSaosTvis, saqmeSi warmateba – John is GETTING ALONG really well
in his field
________________________________________________________________2. Segueba
[xSirad +with] – How does she GET ALONG with her mother-in-law?
___________________________________________________________________________
Get around sth
1. problemisTvis Tavis arideba - It'll be tricky, but we will find a way to GET AROUND the
regulations
________________________________________________________________2. gverdis
avla – We can’t GET AROUND the law
___________________________________________________________________________
Get away
1. gaqceva - The robbers GOT AWAY in a stolen car
________________________________________________________________2. Tavis
daRweva - He didn't come because he was at work and couldn't GET AWAY
___________________________________________________________________________
Get back – dabruneba – What time did you GET BACK last night?
___________________________________________________________________________
Get back sth, Get sth back – dabruneba - Don't lend him any money; you'll never GET it BACK
___________________________________________________________________________
Get sb back – samagieros gadaxda - He was rude and embarrassed me, but I'll GET him BACK
___________________________________________________________________________
Get back to sth – saqmis gagrZeleba (misi Sewyvetis Semdeg), saubris gagrZeleba (drois
garkveuli periodis Semdeg) – Anyway, I’d better GET TO work
___________________________________________________________________________
Get back together – urTierTobis aRdgena - We split up a few months ago but GOT BACK
TOGETHER last week
___________________________________________________________________________
Get behind – CamorCena – I don’t want her to have too much time off school or she’ll GET
BEHIND
___________________________________________________________________________
Get by
1. Tavis gatana - We'll GET BY somehow, don't worry
________________________________________________________________
2. iolad gasvla [xSirad +with] – We can just GET BY with four computers but we’d have
another
___________________________________________________________________________
Get down – Camosvla (transportidan) - The train pulled in and we GOT DOWN
___________________________________________________________________________
Get in
1. saxlSi, samsaxurSi, skolaSi da a.S. misvla - She didn't GET IN till well after twelve o'clock
________________________________________________________________
2. matareblis, TviTmfrinavis da sxva transportis Casvla daniSnulebis adgilze - Her plane GETS
IN at 2am our time
________________________________________________________________
3. Sesvla (SenobaSi da a.S.) – We wanted to see the new Spielberg film but we couldn’t GET
IN
___________________________________________________________________________
Get off – gamgzavreba - We need to GET OFF early to avoid the rush hour traffic
___________________________________________________________________________
Get off sth
1. Camosvla avtobusidan, matareblidan, manqanidan da a.S. - We GOT OFF the bus and
walked to my house
___________________________________________________________________________
2. samsaxuridan wasvla (Cveulebriv dRis bolos) - I like to GET OFF early on Fridays
___________________________________________________________________________
Get (sb) off – daZineba – What time did you finally GET OFF to sleep?
___________________________________________________________________________
Get on (sth) – avtobusSi, matarebelSi, TviTmfrinavSi da a.S. asvla - We GOT ON the train
and went up to London
___________________________________________________________________________
Get on
1. kargi urTierTobis qona, Sewyoba - We have always GOT ON well
________________________________________________________________
2. saqmisTvis (warmatebiT) Tavis garTmeva - How are you GETTING ON with your
Spanish lessons?
___________________________________________________________________________
Get out – transportidan Camosvla – As he GOT OUT of the car his wallet fell out of his
pocket
___________________________________________________________________________
Get out of sth – gadaCveva - If you GET OUT OF a routine, it can be hard to start again
___________________________________________________________________________
Get through, Get through sth – misvla - The message didn't GET THROUGH
___________________________________________________________________________
Get through sth – telefoniT dakavSireba - I tried calling her mobile phone, but I couldn't
GET THROUGH
___________________________________________________________________________
Get up – adgoma - I GET UP at seven o'clock on weekdays

___________________________________________________________________________
Get up sth, Get sth up
1. organizeba, momzadeba – They are GETTING UP a petition
________________________________________________________________
2.swavla – She is GETTING UP her French
___________________________________________________________________________
● AIM
Aim at sth – miswrafeba, swrafva – We’re AIMING AT perfection.
___________________________________________________________________________
Aim at sb – mxedvelobaSi yola – I’m not AIMING AT you.
___________________________________________________________________________
● BE UP
1. adgoma (loginidan) – She IS not UP yet.
________________________________________________________________
2. dasruleba (drois) – Time IS UP, please leave.
________________________________________________________________
● BE UP TO
1. exerxeba, Seefereba – He IS not UP TO the job.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. codna (saidumlos) - Don't worry, I AM UP TO all his little tricks.
___________________________________________________________________________
Be up to sb - vinmeze damokidebuleba – It IS UP TO you to solve this problem.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SPEAK
Speak for sb – gamoxatva (azris, Sexedulebis, grZnobis da a.S.) – I’m sure I SPEAK
FOR everyone here when I say that it is a pleasure to work with you.
___________________________________________________________________________
Speak out – azris gamoTqma sajarod - People lived in constant fear of the police
and no one dared to SPEAK OUT.
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2. Choose the best synonym for the following words.
KIND
A. nice B. wild C. best
SHINY
A. extra B. careful C. bright
GLAD
A. broken B. happy C. open
FAST
A. clear B. main C. quick
NOISY
A. first B. loud C. afraid
FINAL
A. last B. first C. heavy
MERRY
A. safe B. happy C. upset
SKINNY
A. small B. little C. thin
WERD
A. strange B. unhealthy C. typical
SIMILAR
A. correct B. different C. alike
DECIDE
A. choose B. steal C. think
TRY
A. fail B. attempt C. score
HURRY
A. rush B. drive C. sail
SKILL
A. wish B. work C. ability
COURAGEOUS
A. brave B. powerful C. cowardly
HONOUR
A. determination B. courage C. dignity
CHEAP
A. valuable B. inexpensive C. costly
SMART
A. dumb B. wide C. intelligent
REQUIRED
A. terrible B. necessary C. doubtful
SURE
A. likely B. certain C. doubtful
NERVOUS
A. angry B. crazy C. anxious
READY
A. late B. prepared C. afraid
SHOUT
A. say B. speak C. whisper
TOTAL
A. sum B. none C. addition
VALUE
A. good B. price C. worth
PLACE
A. location B. home C. water
WORKER
A. boss B. employeeC. helper
PERSON
A. woman B. man C. human
ROBBER
A. officer B. thief C. banker
HELP
A. assistant B. aid C. payment
FEAR
A. cry B. hide C. terror
HURT
A. take B. hold C. injure
PRODUCE
A. buy B. make C. sell
INCREASE
A. remove C. decrease C. grow
ANNOY
A. establish B. bother C. punish
CREATE
A. make B. hurt C. run
HOPE
A. dream B. frown C. love
GO
A. stay B. talk C. move
Exercise 3. Choose the word that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the
word in capital letters.
UP
A. down B. above C. outside
GIVE
A. share B. take C. lend
UNHAPPY
A. glad B. sad C. cool
NOTHING
A. everything B. something C. anybody
ANGER
A. happiness B. rage C. sorrow
QUIT
A. stop B. start C. end
TIGHT
A. free B. firm C. loose
LIVE
A. become B. die C. exist
ALIKE
A. different B. usual C. same
PRETTY
A. mean B .cute C. ugly
OLD
A. aged B. tired C. young
HIGHER
A. taller B. smaller C. lower
SICK
A. healthy B. ill C. sad
WEIRD
A. normal B. crazy C. strange
HORRIBLE
A. scary B. terrible C. excellent
OFTEN
A. regularly B. usually C. never
PART
A. whole B. slice C. piece
EXCITING
A. lively B. uncommon C. boring
DIFFICULT
A. simple B. challenging C. complex
DIFFICULTY
A. trouble B. enjoyment C. ease
RUDE
A. polite B. awful C. kind
SURE
A. definite B. uncertainC. positive
VISIT
A. leave B. travel C. welcome
SEVERAL
A. many B. none C. some
PLAYFUL
A. serious B. funny C. horrible
DELIGHT
A. please B. mix C. blame
ENORMOUS
A. tiny B. tall C. heavy
ARRIVE
A. enter B. depart C. welcome
CLOSED
A. fastened B. empty C. open
BEGIN
A. start B. finish C. avoid
TERRIBLE
A. wonderful B. horrible C. beautiful
SHORT
A. little B. brief C. long
FIX
A. break B. mend C. repair
GUEST
A. visitor B. traveler C. host
BUY
A. sell B. purchase C. give
ANNOY
A. calm B. irritate C. confuse
IMPORTANT
A. great B. weighty C. worthless
CATCH
A. drop B. take C. receive
TRUST
A. suppose B. expect C. doubt
AGREE
A. discuss B. differ C. defend
ACCOMPLISH
A. fight B. fail C. overcome
SHY
A. smart B. quiet C. outgoing
SOFT
A. unkind B. polite C. firm
AFRAID
A. scared B. fearless C. peaceful
PLEASURE
A. boredom B. comfort C. pain
SCHEDULED
A. assigned B. prepared C. unplanned
INJURE
A. heal B. harm C. dislike
PLAIN
A. funny B. simple C. basic
CONTAIN
A. exclude B. accept c. remove
PREVENT
A. avoid B. stop C. cause
COMMON
A. standard B. unusual C. scary
CONSIDER
A. think B. ignore C. finish
BRIEF
A. stable B. strong C. short
BLINDNESS
A. vision B. scent C. alertness
UNLIKE
A. different B. reverse C. similar
FAN
A. critic B. follower C. performer
AMBITIOUS
A. hopeful B. lazy C. aimless
CERTAIN
A. convinced B. unsure C. false
OPPONENT
A. enemy B. ally C. rival
DIFFERENT
A. identical B. unchanged C. opposite
CAPTIVITY
A. freedom B. permission C. slavery
SURVIVE
A. withstand B. expire C. recover
FULLY
A. partially B. completely C. totally
SOLUTION
A. doubt B. result C. dilemma
RESIDENT
A. visitor B. owner C. citizen
DOWNSTAIRS
A. below B. above C. atop
OBSERVE
A. inspect B. glance C. witness
LAST
A. early B. closing C. primary
RESIST
A. remain B. decline C. yield
REVEAL
A. develop B. showcaseC. cover
CAREFREE
A. easygoing B. worried C. relaxed
ARREST
A. capture B. release C. block
PERMIT
A. allow B. outlaw C. recognize
HOST
A. entertainer B. manager C. visitor
ENTIRE
A. unified B. perfect C. incomplete
POINTLESS
A. harmful B. useless C. worthwhile
NOBLE
A. gentle B. cruel C. dishonorable
ROUTINE
A. unusual B. typical C. general
HUMBLE
A. proud B. timid C. aggressive
ASSIST
A. support B. help C. prevent
THREAT
A. protection B. courage C. danger
SEVERE
A. kindly B. relaxed C. strict
CONCENTRATE
A. focus B. ignore C. examine
APPROPRIATE
A. improper B. suitable C. fitting
DEBATE
A. agree B. dispute C. ignore
HAVOC
A. peace B. chaos C. warfare
UNIT 4. TEXT: DIFFERENT ATTITUDES
Some people live for excitement. They die of boredom when life becomes too
predictable. Risk-takers love intense and complex sensations and experiences.
Risk-taking is the price risk-takers pay for certain kinds of activities that satisfy
their need for novelty, change and excitement.
Some people believe that success in life comes from taking risks. Others believe that
success is impossible without careful planning. Some people prefer to try new
things and take risks. Others like to do only what they already do well.
People who take risks are optimists. Risk-takers cannot imagine that something
may happen to them. Risk-takers may plan for potential problems, but the outcome
is out of their hands.
Those who aren’t risk-takers, like to do just those things that they know. They
believe that it is better do one thing and do it well, and not try anything new. They
don’t like to take a risk with new things. They like to focus their attention on one
subject and do it well.
Perhaps we must all take risks in our lives, but these must be calculated risks but we
must remember that even with a careful plan, changes occur. Where things go
against plan, we must be ready to change their direction.
1. Some people live _________ excitement.
2. Some people die ________ boredom when life becomes too predictable.
3. Others believe that success is impossible ________ careful planning.
4. Risk-takers cannot imagine that something may happen ________ them.
5. Risk-takers may plan ________ potential problems, but the outcome is

________ of their hands.
6. Those who aren’t risk-takers don’t like to take a risk ________ new things.
7. They like to focus their attention ________ one subject and do it well.
8. Where things go ________ plan, you must be ready to change their direction.
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
you read.
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER

the text.
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
CONNECTOR
questions.
MY CONNECTIONS:
WORD MASTER
● repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD

MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON

MY PASSAGE: 1
MY PASSAGE: 2
Vocabulary:
take a risk – gariskva, riskis gaweva
calculated risk – riski warmatebis zustad gaTvlili SansiT
be out of hands –kontrolidan gasuli; arakontrolirebadi
approach to smth. – midgoma raimesadmi
venture v – gabedva, gariskva
gain v – miReba, SeZena; mogeba, gamarjveba
gain experience – gamocdilebis SeZena

gain strength – Zalebis mokreba
gain information – informaciis mopoveba/miReba
gain a battle – brZolis mogeba
gain a victory – gamarjvebis mopoveba
gain smb.’s confidence – visime ndobis mopoveba
gain time – drois mogeba
challenge – rTuli amocana; gamowveva
meet the challenge – gamowvevis miReba
overcome v – daZleva, gadalaxva
overcome obstacles – dabrkolebebis daZleva/gadalaxva
thinker n – moazrovne
positive side – dadebiTi mxare
failure n – warumatebloba, marcxi
adventure n – Tavgadasavali
take a risk
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calculated risk
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be out of hands
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approach to smth.
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gain experience
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gain strength
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gain information
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gain a victory
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gain smb.’s confidence
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gain time
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meet the challenge
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overcome obstacles
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sentences.
be composed of two types of people
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involve groups
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individual accomplishment
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consider smb. a leader
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gifted, talented and ambitious individuals
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influence many sorts of behavior
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attempt to understand smth.
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study smb.’s characteristics
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find answers to some questions
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● MAKE
Make (it) up – Serigeba [xSirad + with] – We argue a lot but we always MAKE
UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
Make up your mind, Make your mind up – gadawyveta – He MADE UP his mind
to quit school.
___________________________________________________________________________
● PUT
Put away sth, Put sth away
1. Senaxva (Tavis adgilze dadeba) – The girl stopped writing and PUT AWAY her
notebook.
________________________________________________________________
2. fulis dazogva – They decided to PUT AWAY a little money to pay for their
wedding.
___________________________________________________________________________
Put back sth, Put sth back - Tavis adgilze dadeba, dabruneba - PUT the book BACK
where you found it.
___________________________________________________________________________
Put down sth, Put sth down – dadeba – He PUT DOWN the newspaper.
___________________________________________________________________________
Put down the phone, Put the phone down – yurmilis dakideba – “I can’t talk
now”, she said and PUT THE PHONE DOWN.
___________________________________________________________________________
Put off sth, Put sth off – gadadeba – They decided to PUT the wedding OFF until
her brother came home from abroad.
___________________________________________________________________________
Put on sth, Put sth on – Cacma – She PUT ON her coat and went outside.
___________________________________________________________________________
Put on weight/kilos – wonaSi momateba – She PUT ON weight.

___________________________________________________________________________
Put the blame/responsibility on sb/sth – dadanaSauleba, pasuxismgeblobis
dakisreba – The girl was going to PUT THE BLAME on him.
___________________________________________________________________________
Put a restriction/ban etc on sth – SezRudva, akrZalva – They can’t agree to PUT
A BAN ON tobacco advertising.
___________________________________________________________________________
Put out sth, Put sth out – Caqroba – Don’t forget to PUT the lights OUT before
you leave the building.
___________________________________________________________________________
Put sb through – telefoniT dakavSireba, SeerTeba – She was PUT THROUGH to the
manager’s personal assistant.
___________________________________________________________________________
Put together sth, Put sth together - Sekreba - It will be difficult to PUT a team
TOGETHER.
___________________________________________________________________________
Put up with sth/sb – Segueba, atana, gaZleba – I’m surprised that she’s PUT UP
WITH him.
___________________________________________________________________________
● INSIST
Insist on/upon sth – daJinebiT moTxovna – She INSISTED ON absolute
obedience.
___________________________________________________________________________
Insist on doing sth – daJinebiT moTxovna – She INSISTED ON seeing her lawyer.
___________________________________________________________________________
● INTERFERE
Interfere with sth – xelis SeSla – Don’t INTERFERE WITH my work.
___________________________________________________________________________
● WORK
Work against sb/sth – vinmes winaaRmdeg muSaoba, dazaraleba – The company

structure WORKS AGAINST women.
___________________________________________________________________________
Work at sth/doing sth – Zal-Rone ar daiSuro raimes misaRwevad – He always had a

terrible temper, and really had to WORK AT self-control.
___________________________________________________________________________
Work on sth
1. raimeze muSaoba – She was WORKING ON a new novel.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. muSaoba raimes ganviTarebis an gaumjobesebisTvis – Chris is a very strong player,

but he still needs to WORK ON his technique.
___________________________________________________________________________
Work out sth, Work sth out – mofiqreba – We know what we’re aiming at, but
we still have to WORK OUT how to put this theory into practice.
___________________________________________________________________________
● HAVE
Have sth against sb/sth – raime sawinaaRmdegos qona – I HAVE nothing AGAINST
her.
___________________________________________________________________________
Have on sth, Have sth on
1 .Cacma, daxurva - What did Jennie HAVE ON at the party?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. CarTva (eleqtro mowyobilobis, mag. televizoris, radios, uTos da a.S.) - I HAVE my

computer ON all the time.
___________________________________________________________________________
Have sth out – kbilis an romelime sxva organos amoReba (operaciis meSveobiT) – She is
in hospital to HAVE her appendix OUT.
___________________________________________________________________________
Have sb over – stumrad yola – We HAD some friends OVER last night.
___________________________________________________________________________
● HEAR
Hear about sth/sb – informaciis miReba, gageba – We were in London, when we

HEARD ABOUT the accident.
___________________________________________________________________________
Hear (sth) from sb
1. werilis miwera an darekva – Please, write soon. I’m looking forward to
HEARING FROM you.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. informaciis miReba – The police haven’t HEARD FROM anyone who might
have witnessed the crime.
___________________________________________________________________________
Have heard of sb/sth – gamigia – “Do you know him?” “NO, I’ve never HEARD
OF him”.
___________________________________________________________________________
● HELP
Help out (sb), Help (sb) out – materialurad an saqmiT daxmareba – If we were short
of money, I’m sure my parents would HELP us OUT.
___________________________________________________________________________
Help yourself to sth – mirTmeva – HELP YOURSELF TO whatever’s in the

fridge.
___________________________________________________________________________
Help sb to sth – gamaspinZleba – Can I HELP you TO some more dessert?
___________________________________________________________________________
Help sb up – adgomaSi daxmareba (waqceulis) – Peter put out his hand to HELP her
UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4. Choose the word that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the
word in capital letters.
EXCAVATE
A. hollow B. bury C. mask
ATHLETIC
A. frail B. muscular C. energetic
CRITICIZE
A. punish B. approve C. blame
EXHIBIT
A. conceal B. uncover C. display
MYTH
A. story B. invention C. truth
IMPRESSIVE
A. dull B. insignificant C. majestic
AVAILABLE
A. acceptable B. accessible C. absent
SUMMIT
A. bottom B. boundary C. peak
Exercise 5. Choose the word that best expresses a relationship similar to that
of the original pair.
DARK : LIGHT
LITTLE:
A. angry B. big C. cold
MOUTH : EAT
FEET :
A. talk B. walk C. hear
FIRE : HOT
ICE :
A. white B. tired C. cold
DIRT : BROWN
LEAVES :
A. black B. green C. purple
FLOWER : PLANT
DOG :
A. house B. animal C. road
TEACHER : SCHOOL
DOCTOR :
A. hospital B. house C. patient
BOOK : READ
TELEVISION :
A. watch B. talk C. sleep
AWFUL : BAD
FANTASTIC :
A. delicious B. good C. rainy
THIRSTY : DRINK
HUNGRY :
A. read B.hear C. eat
GOOD : BAD
HAPPY :
A. sad B. cry C. smile
KNIFE : METAL
PILLOW :
A. cloth B. wood C. glass
ANGER : FEELING
SISTER :
A. man B. parent C. sibling
UNIT 5. PROGRESS
Who can deny the importance of the past? People often make decisions based on
their knowledge of the past. But can we plan the future by the past? Is the past more
important than the present? Some people think that we can’t be locked into the
past. We should live in the “Now”!
People, attitudes and politics determine what happens, not the past. People can
change. People never continue to hate one another just because they used to hate
one another in the past.
People, the weather, and politics can change in any direction. Sometimes it’s
almost impossible to predict the direction of the change by studying the past.
Everything is changing. Nothing stays the same. There is no progress without

changes. Progress is a natural state. We can’t evolve without it. Who can deny the
necessity of progress?
1.People often make decisions based ________ their knowledge of the past.
2. Some people think that we can’t be locked ________ the past.
3. People, the weather, and politics can change ________ any direction.
4. Can we predict the direction ________ the change by studying the past?
5. There is no progress ________ changes.
6. We can’t evolve ___________ it.

7. Who can deny the necessity ___________ progress?
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
you read.
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER

the text.
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
CONNECTOR
questions.
MY CONNECTIONS:
WORD MASTER
● repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD

PASSAGE PERSON

MY PASSAGE: 1
MY PASSAGE: 2

Vocabulary:
look to smth. – raimeze zrunva
be based on smth. – raimeze damyareba, dafuZneba
base n – saZirkveli, safuZveli; sayrdeni, baza
locked into smth. – raimeSi Caketili
state n – mdgomareba
follow smth. – raimes misdevs, mihyveba
determine v – gansazRvra
determine smb.’s duties – visime movaleobebis gansazRvra
human rights – adamianis uflebebi
race discrimination – rasobrivi diskriminacia
vote v – xmis micema; kenWisyraSi monawileobis miReba
vote n – xma (kenWisyris dros micemuli)
female n – mdedrobiTi sqesis arseba
elect v – kenWisyriT arCeva
be elected president – prezidentad arCeva
percent n – procenti
election n – arCevnebi
evolve v – risame ganviTareba
force n – Zala, simZlavre; zemoqmedeba; Zaladoba, Zaldataneba
be a force – Zalas warmoadgens, gavlena aqvs
by force of habit – Cveulebis gamo; mizeziT
be in force – moqmedi, kanonieri Zalis mqone
put in force – ZalaSi Seyvana; qmediTobis miniWeba
come into force – ZalaSi Sesvla
remain in force – ZalaSi darCena; moqmedeba

have no force – kanonieri Zala ara aqvs, Zaladakargulia, baTilia
take smth. by force – risame ZaliT xelSi Cagdeba
achieve smth. by force – risame Zalis gamoyenebiT miRweva
believe in force – ZalmomreobiTi, iZulebiTi meTodebis momxrea
forces n – jarebi
armed forces – SeiaraRebuli Zalebi
deny v – yaryofa; uaris Tqma; gadaTqma, ukan waReba
deny a request – Txovnaze uaris Tqma
deny oneself – sakuTari TavisaTvis yvelaferze uaris Tqma
deny one’s signature – sakuTar xelmoweraze uaris Tqma
deny one’s words – sakuTar sityvebze uaris Tqma
denial n – uaryofa
make a denial – uaryofa
denial of facts – faqtebis uaryofa
denial of one’s fault – danaSaulis uaryofa
denial of one’s guilt – braleulobis uaryofa
look to smth.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
be based on smth.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
follow smth.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
determine smb.’s duties

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
human rights
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be elected president
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by force of habit
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be in force
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put in force
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come into force
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achieve smth. by force
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use force
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believe in force
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deny a request
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deny one’s signature
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
deny one’s words
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
deny one’s faith
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
make a denial
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
denial of facts
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
denial of one’s fault
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
denial of one’s guilt
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
sentences.
rapid changes
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
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change the daily life of people

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
economic and social relations
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
destroy the world
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
take smth. seriously
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
population, food, energy, resources, and the environment
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
distribution of wealth
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
the quality of life
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
long-standing traditions and relationships

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
improve the quality of people’s lives
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
in the name of free speech
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
defend the rights of individuals and groups
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
violate a law
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––
● DO
Do sth about sth – raimes gakeTeba (problemis gadasawyvetad) – I really don’t know
what to DO ABOUT my weight.
___________________________________________________________________________
Do away with sth – gauqmeba, Tavidan moSoreba - The United Kingdom DID
AWAY WITH the death penalty in 1965.
___________________________________________________________________________
Do up sth, Do sth up
1. mowesrigeba, garemonteba - They DID the room UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. recxva da dauToeba - Can you DO UP my shirt before tomorrow?
___________________________________________________________________________
Do without, Do without sb/sth – raimes gareSe iolad gasvla - There's no sugar, so
you'll have to DO WITHOUT.
___________________________________________________________________________
● STAND
Stand around/about/round – usaqmod dgoma - After the lecture, we STOOD

AROUND chatting.
___________________________________________________________________________
Stand aside – gverdze Caweva – STAND ASIDE, please.
___________________________________________________________________________
Stand by sb/sth – daxmarebis, mxardaWeris gagrZeleba, mxarSi amodgoma –
He promised to STAND BY her if she decided to have the baby.
___________________________________________________________________________
Stand for sth – aRniSvna – What does ‘UNHCR’ STAND FOR?
___________________________________________________________________________
Stand out - gamoirCeva – There are some interesting paintings in the
exhibition, but one artist’s work really STANDS OUT.
___________________________________________________________________________
Stand together – erTad dgoma – Politicians from all parties have promised to
STAND TOGETHER and protect our national security.
___________________________________________________________________________
● GROW
Grow up – gazrda - Jane is GROWING UP so fast, I think she's going to be a tall
woman.
___________________________________________________________________________
● COME
Come back – dabruneba - We'll COME BACK next year.
___________________________________________________________________________
Come across sth/sb – SemTxveviT Sexvedra - I CAME ACROSS this old
photograph in the drawer.
___________________________________________________________________________
Come along – wasvla, gayola – We are going to watch football, do you want to
COME ALONG?
___________________________________________________________________________
Come around/round - Sevla – COME AROUND and see us one evening.
___________________________________________________________________________
Come between sb – urTierTobis gafuWeba - Never COME BETWEEN husband and

wife.
___________________________________________________________________________
Come in
1. Sesvla - 'COME IN!' called the director when he heard the knock at his door.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Camosvla (TviTmfrinavis, matareblis, gemis, avtobusis) - The plane CAME IN at two.
________________________________________________________________
3. modaSi Semosvla - The new crop of tobacco will be COMING IN soon.
________________________________________________________________
Come out
1. gareT gasvla – Donald CAME OUT of his office.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. gamosvla (wignis, diskis, albomis, filmis) - When does Tom's new book COME
OUT?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. gamJRavneba - The secret CAME OUT.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. mzis, mTvaris, varskvlavebis amosvla – The sun CAME OUT.
________________________________________________________________
Come together – Sekreba, gaerTianeba - The family must COME TOGETHER for
the parents' silver wedding.
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4. Choose the word that best expresses a relationship similar to
that of the original pair.
JAZZ : MUSIC
PAINTING :
A. song B. art C. poem
PEN : WRITE
RULER :
A. measure B. eat C. hit
GENIUS : SMART
IDIOT :
A. crazy B. stupid C. cold
BEACH : SAND
FOREST :
A. trees B. math C. animals
LETTUCE : VEGETABLE
APPLES :
A. house B. garden C. fruit
TUB : BATHROOM
STOVE :
A. town B. car C. kitchen
NICE : MEAN
SHORT :
A. tall B. slim C. angry
MOTHER : WOMAN
FATHER :
A. sibling B. teacher C. man
HAMMER : HIT
GUN :
A. shoot B. feel C. hear
UNIT 6. STORIES
OLDEST SYMBOL OF LABOUR
The hammer may be the oldest tool we have record of. But the hammer is not
only the oldest human artifacts ever discovered, but it is the greatest one as
well. Its simplicity, power, and usefulness make the hammer so great.
The structure of the hammer is relatively simple. It is composed of two main

parts: a handle and a head. The handle is used to swing the hammer. The
head is used to hit other objects.
While the hammer is a very simple tool, it is still able to generate

tremendous power. This power results from two factors: the weight of the
head, and the speed at which the hammer is swung. Every hammer has a
large distribution of weight at the head. The weight of the head together
with the speed generated by the lever arm is what gives the hammer so much
power. The heavier the head and the faster it is swung, the more power a
hammer produces.
In addition to the hammer's great power, it also has an exceptionally wide

range of useful applications. The purpose of the hammer - to hit - is a
universal action that can accomplish many tasks. But a hammer has many
other uses as well. It can break apart hard objects. It can bend and shape
metal or steel. It can be used to make sculpture or pottery. It can even be
used as a weapon. The hammer truly is a great tool. It is a symbol of labor.
WHAT KEEPS A HOT AIR BALLOON FLYING?
Do you know what keeps a hot air balloon flying? The same principle that
keeps food frozen in the open chest freezers at the grocery store allows hot
air balloons to fly. It's a very basic principle: Hot air rises and cold air falls.
So while the super-cooled air in the grocery store freezer settles down
around the food, the hot air in a hot air balloon pushes up, keeping the
balloon floating above the ground.
A hot air balloon has three major parts: the basket, the burner, and the
envelope. The basket is
where passengers ride. The burner is positioned above the passenger's heads
and produces a huge flame to heat the air inside the envelope. When the air
inside the envelope is heated, the balloon rises.
The pilot can control the up-and-down movements of the hot air balloon by
regulating the heat in the envelope. To ascend, the pilot heats the air in the
envelope. When the pilot is ready to land, the air in the balloon is allowed to
cool and the balloon becomes heavier than air. This makes the balloon
descend.
Before the balloon is launched, the pilot knows which way the wind is
blowing. This means that
the pilot has a general idea about which way the balloon will go. But,
sometimes the pilot can actually control the direction that the balloon flies
while in flight.
THE BALOON STORY
A man in a hot air balloon is lost. He sees a man on the ground and reduces
height to speak to him.
"Excuse me, can you tell me where I am?"

"You're in a hot air balloon thirty feet above this field," comes the reply.
"You must work in Information Technology," says the balloonist.
"I do," says the man, "How did you know?"
"Well," says the balloonist, "Everything you told me is technically correct,
but it's no use to anyone."
"You must be in business," says the man.
"I am," says the balloonist, "How did you know?"
"Well," says the man, "You don't know where you are, you don't know
where you're going, but you expect me to be able to help. You're in the same
position you were before we met, but now it's my fault."
● CLOSE
Close down – daxurva, muSaobis Sewyveta(droebiT an samudamod) - The owner is
having to CLOSE the shop DOWN.
________________________________________________________________
● USE
Use up sth, Use sth up – mTlianad moxmareba, daxarjva – We USED UP all our
money in the first week.
___________________________________________________________________________
● NAME
Name sb/sth after sb/sth, Name sb/sth for sb/sth – saxelis darqmeva vinmes an
raimes sapativcemulod - Why have you not NAMED any of your sons AFTER
yourself?
___________________________________________________________________________
● ANSWER
Answer back - Sepasuxeba (uxeSad) - He is a rude child, he always ANSWERS his
mum BACK.
___________________________________________________________________________
Answer for sth/sb - pasuxisgeba – They will have to ANSWER FOR their crimes.
___________________________________________________________________________
● POINT
Point out sth/sb, Point sth/sb out – Cveneba – She POINTED OUT the house
where she was born.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CARE
Care for sb/sth
1. mowoneba - I don't CARE FOR fizzy drinks; I prefer water.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. movla - Jane spent years CARING FOR her sick aunt.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. zrunva - Mary CARES FOR her clothes, to make them last.
________________________________________________________________
● PUSH
Push ahead – saqmis gagrZeleba (problemebis miuxedavad) – I’d like you to PUSH
AHEAD and get the job done as soon as possible.
___________________________________________________________________________
Push back sth, Push sth back – ukan daxeva (iZuleba, rom ukan daixion) – Police
PUSHED the crowd BACK.
___________________________________________________________________________
Push on
1. mogzaurobis, mgzavrobis gagrZeleba – I decided to PUSH ON to get there before

dark.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. gagrZeleba (garkveuli saqmianobis) – The president decided to PUSH ON with his

re-election campaign.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CONCENTRATE
Concentrate on sth – yuradRebis mipyroba, koncentrireba - Be quiet, I'm trying to
CONCENTRATE On my work.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SNACK
Snack on/off sth – waxemseba - If you eat three meals a day, you're less likely
to SNACK ON cakes and biscuits.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SORT
Sort out sth, Sort sth out – gadarCeva, daxarisxeba – SORT OUT the books you
want and put them on the table.
___________________________________________________________________________
● LAUGH
Laugh at sb/sth
1. gacineba – He LAUGHED AT the joke.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. dacinva - They LAUGHED AT her when she said she believed in ghosts.
________________________________________________________________
● SETTLE
Settle in, Settle into sth – mowyoba, dabinaveba – How do you like your new
home? Have you SETTLED IN ok?
___________________________________________________________________________
Settle up – fulis gadaxda - I'll SETTLE UP and meet you outside the hotel.
___________________________________________________________________________
● PUZZLE
Puzzle out sth, Puzzle sth out – gamocnoba, mixvedra, amoxsna - I still can't
puzzle out what he meant.
___________________________________________________________________________
Puzzle over sth – sagonebelSi Cagdeba, Tavsatexis gaCena (raimes gasagebad) – Mark
PUZZLED OVER the words.
___________________________________________________________________________
● FISH
Fish for sth – informaciis mopovebis mcdeloba – He was FISHING FOR information
about whether my sister had a boyfriend.
___________________________________________________________________________
Fish for compliments – komplimentis miRebis mcdeloba - He's always FISHING
FOR
compliments.
___________________________________________________________________________
● BET
Bet on sth – danaZleveba - Are you going to BET ON the white horse?
___________________________________________________________________________
● STICK
Stick to sth – erTguleba (saqmianobis, gegmis, mosazrebis da a.S.) – He decided to
STICK TO the original plan despite the criticism.
___________________________________________________________________________
Stick to the rules – wesebis mkacrad dacva – They have to STICK TO THE RULES.
___________________________________________________________________________
REWARD : GOOD
PUNISHMENT :
A. wonderful B. bad C. funny
INTERESTING : FASCINATING
UNCOMMON :
A. boring B. late C. rare
SPEND : SAVE
GIVE :
A. watch B. receive C. say
NOW : LATER
EASY :
A. difficult B. fun C. simple
ACTOR : ACTRESS
WAITER :
A. restaurant B. waitress C. chef
RAGE : EMOTION
THANKSGIVING :
A. job B. clothing C. holiday
JAZZ : MUSIC
GEOMETRY :
A. math B. hobby C. shape
FREEZER : COLD
STOVE :
A. hot B. serve C. eat
MOTHER : FEMALE
FATHER :
A. angry B. male C. kind
SCENE : PLAY
CHAPTER :
A. book B. song C. drama
PRIEST : CHURCH
NURSE :
A. circus B. hospital C. apartment
RACE : COMPETITION
PARTY :
A. career B. celebration C. dance
OUT : IN
BELOW :
A. near B. before C. above
SAW : CUT
RULER :
A. earn B. take C. measure
CELLO : INSTRUMENT
MALE :
A. man B. gender C. job
BEFORE: AFTER
UNDER :
A. over B. sometimes C. around
SUMMER : HOT
WINTER :
A. tired B. delicious C. cold
BANANA : YELLOW
CARROT :
A. orange B. blue C. red
PORK : MEAT
FRENCH :
A. house B. language C. food
NURSE : HOSPITAL
WAITER :
A. hotel B. bank C. restaurant
PENCIL : WRITE
KNIFE :
A. cut B. move C. clean
GOOD : WONDERFUL
TASTY :
A. delicious B. bad C. nice
HUNGRY : EAT
TIRED :
A. sleep B. play C. run
BED : BEDROOM
TOILET :
A. truck B. television C. bathroom
UP : DOWN
LEFT :
A. right B. over C. before
WINDOW : GLASS
SHIRT :
A. cloth B. wood C. plastic
HAPPINESS : EMOTION
RING :
A. metal B. clothing C. jewelry
BIOLOGY : SCIENCE
ROCK :
A. food B. music C. plant
MONEY : BUY
SOAP :
A. eat B. wash C. shop
CONCRETE : HARD
ICE :
A. fun B. cold C. thin
SALAD : VEGETABLES
BOOK :
A. students B. computers C. pages
TENNIS : SPORT
PAINTING :
A. dance B. art C. sculpture
DEAD : ALIVE
DRY :
A. wet B. good C. sad
WHEEL : CAR
TOE :
A. shoe B. leg C. foot
GUITAR : INSTRUMENT
SOFA :
A. bed B. furniture C. home
EARLY : LATE
NEAR :
A. far B. fast C. often
CHESS : GAME
LIPSTICK :
A. dance B. makeup C. lip
WALL : ROOM
KNEE :
A. leg B. foot C. ball
OCTOBER : NOVEMBER
SPRING :
A. Tuesday B. summer C. dinner
TOOTHPASTE : TEETH
SHAMPOO:
A. hands B. ears C. hair
BRUSH : PAINT
PEN :
A. write B. steal C. have
GLOVES : HANDS
SOCKS :
A. eyes B. feet C. legs
FIRE : HOT
SNOW :
A. frozen B. yellow C. warm
FRANCE : COUNTRY
SPAIN :
A. nation B. language C. food
COFFEE : DRINK
VIOLIN :
A. music B. person C. instrument
RIGHT : LEFT
AFTER :
A. up B. above C. before
SHOES : FEET
HELMET :
A. arms B. head C. legs
BREAD : FOOD
RED :
A. color B. black C. television
POOR : MONEY
SAD :
A. tired B. feelings C. happiness
BRICK : WALL
PAGE :
A. book B. house C. shelf
DAY : WEEK
MONTH :
A. year B. November C. December
BROOM : CLEAN
STOVE :
A. write B. cook C. kitchen
EYES : SEE
FINGERS :
A. hear B. touch C. taste
BOW : ARROW
GUN :
A. weapon B. bullet C. item
CAREFREE : WORRIES
CERTAIN :
A. respect B. doubt C. money
UNIT 7. EXPERIENCE
The most important, and sometimes the hardest lessons we learn in life come from
our participation in different situations.
● Who will teach you how to get along with others?

● Who will teach you how to have self-respect?
● Who will teach you how to deal with problems?
● Who will teach you how to fall in love and get married?
● Who will teach you how to realistically judge your own abilities?
● Who will teach you how to understand who you are?
The answer is: “No one”! You can only learn these things by dealing with situations
every day. The best way to learn about life is by experiencing it yourself.
Experiencing your own triumphs and disasters is really the only way to learn how to
deal with life.
Of course, learning through the advice of others can help you in life. The advice of
people you trust can be very valuable. They can tell you about their own
experiences. Then you can consider your own wants and needs and decide what you
should do.
Pretty soon, you will have more experience of your own. Experience will enable you
to manage your thoughts and emotions. Your thoughts and feelings will determine
your choices.
1. The most important lessons we learn in life come ________ our participation
in situations.
2. Who will teach you how to get along ________ others?
3. Who will teach how to deal ________ problems,
4. Who will teach you how to fall ________ love and get married?
5. You can only learn these things ________ dealing with situations every day.
6. The advice of people you trust can be very valuable.
7. Pretty soon, you will have more experience ________ your own.
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
you read.
MY QUESTIONS:

SUMMARIZER

the text.
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
CONNECTOR
questions.
MY CONNECTIONS:
WORD MASTER
● repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD

MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON

MY PASSAGE: 1
MY PASSAGE: 2
Vocabulary:
experience n – cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba
know by/from experience – risame sakuTari gamocdilebiT codna
experience v – piradad gancda, gadatana; sakuTari gamocdilebiT swavla

experienced a – gamocdili, mcodne; kavalificiuri
participation n – raimeSi monawileoba; Tanamonawileoba
partcipate v – monawileobis miReba, monawileoba
participate in a discussion – msjelobaSi monawileoba
create v – Seqmna
create an army – armiis Seqmna
create difficulties – siZneleebis Seqmna
creation n - Seqmna
undergo v – risame gadatana
undergo a change – Secvla (Seicvala, gamoicvala)
get along with smb. – vinmesTan Segueba, Sewyoba, SeTviseba
self-respect n – sakuTari Tavis pativiscema
deal with – saqmis qona; brZola (raimesTan)
science deals with facts – mecniereba faqtebs eyrdnoba
deal with a difficulty – cdilobs siZnele daZlios, gadalaxos
disaster n – ubedureba, katastrofa; didi gasaWiri
trust v – ndoba, ndobiT mokideba
trust n – ndoba
valuable a – faseuli, Zvirfasi
a valuable experience – sasargeblo gamocdileba
advantage n – upiratesoba; xelsayreli mdgomareba; sargebloba
gain an advantage of/over smb. – vinmeze upiratesobis mopoveba
take advantage of the opportunity – SemTxveviT sargebloba
disadvantage – nakli; araxelsayreli mdgomareba
consider n – ganxilva, gansja; mofiqreba; miCneva; angariSis gaweva
consider a question – sakiTxis ganxilva

consider others – sxvebisaTvis angariSis gaweva
wants n – saWiroeba, moTxovnileba
needs n – moTxovnilebebi
meet the needs – moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba
respond v - pasuxis gacema
response n - pasuxi
course n – kursi, mimarTuleba
uncertainty n – gaurkvevloba, bundovaneba
manage v – marTva, gaZRola; damorCileba; Tavis garTmeva; moxerxeba
manage a company – kompaniis marTva
manage one’s own affairs – sakuTari saqmeebis gaZRola
manage everything in time – yvelafris droze mogvareba
realize v – mixvedra, gageba; gacnobiereba
expression n – risame gamoxatva, gadmocema
express v - gamoxatva, gadmocema
express one’s opinion – sakuTari azris, Sexedulebis gamoxatva/gadmocema
express oneself – sakuTari azris gamoTqma
apply v – xmareba, gamoyeneba
application n – gamoyeneba
application of theory in practice – Teoriis gamoyeneba praqtikaSi
know by experience
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
speak form experience

_________________________________________________
_________________________________
participation in a crime
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
participate in a discussion
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
create difficulties
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
undergo a change
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
get along with smb.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
deal with facts
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
deal with difficulties
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
a valuable piece of information
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
a valuable experience
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
take advantage of the opportunity

_________________________________________________
_________________________________
consider a question
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
consider others
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
meet the needs
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
manage a company
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
manage one’s own affairs
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
manage everything in time
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
express one’s opinion
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
express oneself
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
sentences.
have a different meaning
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
have effects on the environment
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
political systems, economic development and prosperity
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
become interdependent
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
costs and risks
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
develop economically
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
standards of living
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
create international free market
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
differences of views and interests
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
co-exist on this small planet
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
differences and clashes of interests
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
geographical distance
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
● KEEP
keep away (+ from) – morideba - KEEP AWAY from that area at night.
___________________________________________________________________________
Keep sb/sth from sth – xelis SeSla - The noise KEPT me FROM sleeping.
___________________________________________________________________________
Keep off sth, Keep sth off - Tavis Sors daWera, Tavis Sekaveba - KEEP OFF drugs
and cigarettes.
___________________________________________________________________________
Keep on – gagrZeleba - The rain KEPT ON all night.
___________________________________________________________________________
Keep out sb/sth, Keep sb/sth out – ar SeSveba, gareT datoveba - Barricades KEPT
OUT the people.
________________________________________________________________Keep out of
sth – garideba, gacla - Try to KEEP OUT OF the sun.
___________________________________________________________________________
Keep to sth - dacva (pirobis, SeTanxmebis da a.S.) - KEEP TO an agreement.
________________________________________________________________
Keep up – gagrZeleba - Let’s hope the sunny weather KEEPS UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
Keep up with sb/sth - daweva - Slow down! I can’t KEEP UP WITH you.
___________________________________________________________________________
● TAKE
Take after sb – hgavs – Mary’s really pretty. She TAKES AFTER her mother.
___________________________________________________________________________
Take sth apart - nawilebad daSla – He TOOK his gun APART.
___________________________________________________________________________
Take around/round sb, Take sb around/round – daaTvalierebina – She TOOK us
AROUND the house.
___________________________________________________________________________
Take away sth, Take sth away - waReba - He TOOK AWAY the key.
___________________________________________________________________________
Take away sb, Take sb away - wayvana – The police came in the middle of the
night and TOOK him AWAY.
___________________________________________________________________________
Take back sth, Take sth back - dabruneba (wignis da a.S. iq, saidanac wamoiReT) –
Can you TAKE my library books BACK for me?
________________________________________________________________
Take sb for sth – sxva adamianSi SeeSala, sxva rameSi aeria – The tourists TOOK me
FOR a New Yorker.
___________________________________________________________________________
Take off - afrena – The plane TOOK OFF.
___________________________________________________________________________
Take off sth, Take sth off
1. gaxda (tansacmlis) – She TOOK her clothes OFF and got into bed.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. samuSaodan gamosasvleli dRis aReba – I’m TAKING Friday OFF.
___________________________________________________________________________
● LEAVE
Leave for - gamgzavreba, wasvla - They LEFT FOR Paris.
___________________________________________________________________________
Leave out sb/sth, Leave sb/sth out - gamotoveba - She LEFT OUT the title in
the article.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SET
Set sth ahead – saaTis win gadaweva – Don’t forget to SET your clock AHEAD
tonight.
___________________________________________________________________________
Set off – wasvla – I wanted to SET OFF early.
___________________________________________________________________________
Set up sth, Set sth up
1. daarseba - They needed the money to SET UP a special school for gifted
children.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. organizeba – My secretary SET UP a meeting.
___________________________________________________________________________
● TEST
Test out sth, Test sth out – Semowmeba - Working in the new school gave him
a chance to TEST OUT some new ideas in education.
___________________________________________________________________________
Test sb out – gamocda – He was TESTING him OUT, leaving all that cash on the
table. He wanted to see if he was honest.
___________________________________________________________________________
● BE CUT OUT FOR
Be cut out for sth – Sesaferisi, saWiro Tvisebebis qona - She's not CUT OUT FOR
this kind of work.
___________________________________________________________________________
● BE FED UP
Be fed up of sth – mobezreba, raimes yelSi amosvla - I AM FED UP OF his
complaints.
___________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 8. DIFFERENT WAYS OF THINKING AND LIVING
Every generation of people is different in important ways. Different generations

need different ways of thinking and living.
When children are young they believe that their parents are always right. But when
they get older they realize there are other views. Parents are usually eager to pass
on their values to their children. But should children always believe what their
parents do? Sometimes young people have to take their own way to what they
believe in.
The principal difference between generations is in how they relate to others. Your
generation is more tolerant of other people’s choices and less concerned about
what others think. You think that people should have a lot of choices. Your parents’
generation is much more concerned about what people think of them.
Your parents didn’t have time to analyze their feelings or think about themselves.
They were too busy trying to get along. You have more time to think about
yourselves and your place in the universe.
Find your own way to what you believe in, but keep in mind that parents may limit
your freedom only in the name of safety. You have to realize that your parents’
advice can be very helpful because they have already had similar experiences. You
can use their advice to decide what you want to do with your problems.
1. Every generation of people is different ________ important ways.
2. Different generations need different ways ________ thinking and living.
3. Parents are usually eager to pass _________ their values ________ their
children.
4. Young people have to take their own way ________ what they believe
________ .
5. The principal difference ________ generations is in how they relate

________ others.
6. Your generation is more tolerant ________ other people’s choices.
7. Your generation is less concerned ________ what others think.
8. Your parents’ generation has stricter standards ________ what kinds of

behavior are acceptable.
9. Your parents were too busy trying to get ________ .
10. Your parents may limit your freedom only ________ the name ________
safety.
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
you read.
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER

the text.
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
CONNECTOR
questions.
MY CONNECTIONS:
WORD MASTER
● repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD

MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON


MY PASSAGE: 1
MY PASSAGE: 2
Vocabulary:
generation n – Taoba
future generations – momavali, momdevno Taobebi, STamomavloba
ways n – aspeqti, mxare, Tvalsazrisi; manera, Tavisebureba; wesi
ways of thinking and living – azrovnebisa da cxovrebis wesi
have one’s own way – sakuTar nebaze risame gakeTeba; Tavisis miRweva
lose one’s way – gzis abneva, dakargva
luxury n – fufuneba
live in luxury – fufunebaSi cxovreba
include v – Seicavs, moicavs; raimesgan Sedgeba
including prep – risame CaTvliT, raimesTan erTad
eager a – mowadinebuli, surviliT Sepyrobili
eager for knowledge – codnas mowyurebuli
pass v – gamocdis Cabareba; drois gatareba; midis, gadis, miqris (dro); gverdze Cavla;
risame gadalaxva; gadacema, miwodeba; gavla,
gaqroba; raimesTvis yuradRebis armiqceva/arad Cagdeba;
raimeze Tvalis daxuWva
pass a pleasant evening – saRamos sasiamovnod gatareba
pass smth. from hand to hand – risame xelidan xelSi gadacema
pass smth. on to smb. – vinmesaTvis raimes gadacema (memkvidreobiT)
expect v – lodini; molodini, imedis qona
expectation n – molodidni; imedi, varaudi
in expectation of smth. – risame molodinSi
according to expectation(s) – rogorc mosalodnelia
against expectation(s) – sruliad moulodnelad
answer expectation(s) – molodinis gamarTleba
similar a – msgavsi, erTnairi, analogiuri
similarity n – msgavseba
similar to smth. – raimes msgavsi, analogiuri

principal a – mTavari, ZiriTadi
relate to smb. – vinmesTan urTierTobis qona
relations n – urTierToba
establish relations – urTierTobis damyareba
tolerant a – tolerantuli, Semwynarebeli
concerned about - dainteresebuli
strict standards - mkacri standartebi
behave v – moqceva
behave well/badly – kargad/cudad moqceva
behavior n - qceva
accept v – miReba; daTanxmeba; gaziareba; pasuxisgeba
accept a present – saCuqris miReba
accept an offer – winadadebaze daTanxmeba
accept smb.’s views – visime Sexedulebebis gaziareba
acceptable a – misaRebi
unacceptable a – miuRebeli
unacceptable behavior – miuRebeli qceva
make a living – Tavis rCena
care v – wuxili, Relva
care n – dardi, sazrunavi; zrunva, mzrunveloba; sifrTxile
free from cares – uzrunveli
community n – sazogadoeba, xalxi
get along – arseboba, Tavis gatana
universe n - samyaro
in the name of smth. – raimesaTvis, risame gulisaTvis
helpful a – sasargeblo
future generations
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
ways of thinking and living
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
ways and means
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
lose one’s way
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
live in luxury
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
eager for knowledge
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
pass a pleasant evening
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
maintain friendly relations
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
establish relations
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
strict standards
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
accept a present
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
accept an offer
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
accept smb.’s views
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
unacceptable behavior
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
make a living
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
free from cares
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
sentences.
important world problems
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
inhabit this planet
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
land resources
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
knowledge and practice
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_______________
technological innovations
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_______________
mean different things in different times and places
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
enjoy what we see
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
the idea of progress
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
keep in step with the times
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
● CALL
Call around – Sevla, misvla - I CALLED AROUND but she wasn't in.
___________________________________________________________________________
Call back sth/sb, Call sth/sb back
1. gaxseneba - I cannot CALL his face BACK.
________________________________________________________________2. xelmeored
darekva - Would you ask her to CALL me BACK?
___________________________________________________________________________
Call for sth
1. moTxovna - They are CALLING FOR some new regulations.
________________________________________________________________
2. darekva (raimes gamosaZaxeblad da a.S.) – Please, CALL FOR a cab.
___________________________________________________________________________
Call in - Sevla, Serbena - I CALLED IN on Jenny on my way home.
________________________________________________________________
Call off sth, Call sth off - amokiTxva (siis) - The teacher began to CALL OFF the
names on his list.
________________________________________________________________
Call up sb/sth, Call sb/sth up
1. samxedro samsaxurSi gawveva - During the war he was CALLED UP.
________________________________________________________________2. telefoniT
darekva - I CALLED him UP to tell him the news.
________________________________________________________________
● GATHER
Gather in sth, Gather sth in – Segroveba (mosavlis) – The farmers were out in the
fields, GATHERING IN the harvest.
___________________________________________________________________________
● PAY
Pay back sb/sth, Pay sb/sth back, Pay sb back sth – nasesxebi fulis dabruneba – Did
I PAY you BACK that $5?
___________________________________________________________________________
Pay sb back – samagieros gadaxda – She PAID her son’s killer BACK for what he
did.
___________________________________________________________________________
Pay for sth – mizRva – Criminals should be PAID FOR their crimes.
___________________________________________________________________________
● INVEST
Invest in sth – fulis dabandeba - Many people think it is reasonable to INVEST
IN property.
___________________________________________________________________________
● OPPOSE
Be opposed to sth – winaaRmdegobis gaweva – Many Americans were OPPOSED
TO the war in Vietnam.
___________________________________________________________________________
● READ
Read back sth, Read sth back – gadakiTxva (Tqveni dawerilis) – When I READ
BACK my story, I was quite pleased with it.
___________________________________________________________________________
Read over sth, Read sth over – yuradRebiT wakiTxva (Secdomebis aRmosaCenad an
garkveuli detalebis Sesamowmeblad) – READ the contract OVER carefully before
you sign it.
___________________________________________________________________________
Read through sth, Read sth through – Tavidan bolomde wakiTxva (Secdomebis
aRmosaCenad an calkeuli detalebis Sesamowmeblad) – Always READ THROUGH what
you have written before you leave the exam room.
___________________________________________________________________________
● WATCH
Watch for sth – Tvalyuris devneba, TvalTvali – The police hid in the bushes,
WATCHING FOR smugglers trying to cross the border.
___________________________________________________________________________
Watch out – frTxilad yofna – “WATCH OUT!” whispered Daniel, as their teacher
appeared at the door.
___________________________________________________________________________
Watch over sb/sth
1. dacva – The two policemen took it in turns to WATCH OVER him.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Tvalyuris devneba – Today there was no boss to WATCH OVER him and he
could do what he liked.
___________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 9. STORIES
JACK AND MAX
Jack doesn’t like to ask people for help. But it is hard for him to perform daily
activities on his own. He is almost 13, yet he is no larger than a 5-year-old
boy. Jack has trouble keeping his balance and can’t walk very far. When he
uses a wheelchair, he can’t push it himself.
Fortunately, Jack has a wonderful service dog named Max. A service dog is a
dog that has been trained to assist someone who has a physical problem.
Max lets Jack lean on him when he walks. He also pulls his wheelchair and
turns lights on and off. When Jack drops something, Max picks it up. He even
pulls his socks off at night. Max also helps Jack with everyday tasks at
school. He carries his books from class to class in a special backpack.
Trying to make Jack less dependent on other people, Max helps him to lead a
fuller life and be more active. Because of Max, Jack doesn’t have to ask
people for help. Max brings him closer to other kids.
THE BLIND MAN AND THE ADVERTISING STORY
An old blind man was sitting on a busy street corner begging for money. On a
cardboard sign, next to an empty cup, he had written: 'Blind - Please help'.
No-one was giving him any money.
A young advertising writer walked past and saw the blind man with his sign
and empty cup, and also saw the many people passing by.
The advertising writer took a thick marker-pen from her pocket, and re-
wrote the sign, then went on her way. Immediately, people began putting
money into the cup.
After a while, when the cup was overflowing, the blind man asked a stranger
to tell him what the sign now said. "It says," said the stranger, "It's a
beautiful day. You can see it. I cannot."
THE BLIND MEN AND THE ROAD STORY
A blind was waiting at a busy road for someone to offer to guide him across,
when he felt a tap on his shoulder.
"Excuse me," said the tapper, "I'm blind - would you mind guiding me
across the road?" The first blind man took the arm of the second blind man,
and they both crossed the road.
The first blind man was the jazz pianist George Shearing. He is quoted as he
said after the event, "What could I do? I took him across and it was the
biggest thrill of my life."
THE MAN, THE BOY AND THE HOTEL STORY
A man and a young teenage boy checked in to a hotel. The two receptionists
noted the quiet manner of the guests, and the pale appearance of the boy.
Later the man and boy ate dinner in the hotel restaurant. The staff again
noticed that the two guests were very quiet, and that the boy seemed
disinterested in his food.
After eating, the boy went to his room and the man went to reception and
asked to see the manager. The man was taken into the manager's office.
The man explained that he was spending the night in the hotel with his
fourteen-year-old son, who was seriously ill. The boy had to undergo
therapy, which would cause him to lose his hair. The boy planned to shave
his head that night. The father said that he would shave his own head too, in
support of his son. He wanted the staff to be respectful when the two of them
would come to breakfast with their shaved heads. The manager assured the
father that he would inform all staff and that they would behave
appropriately.
The following morning the father and son entered the restaurant for
breakfast. There they saw the restaurant staff with shaved heads.
THE SHOES STORY
Many years ago two salesmen were sent by a British shoe manufacturer to
Africa to investigate and report back on market potential.
The first salesman reported back, "There is no potential here - nobody

wears shoes."
The second salesman reported back, "There is massive potential here -

nobody wears shoes."
● PUMP
Pump up sth, Pump sth up – gaberva – He PUMPED UP a tyre.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SMOOTH OUT
Smooth out sth, Smooth sth out – gasworeba – He SMOOTHED OUT the map
and began to plan their route.
_____________________________________________
______________________________
● ORDER
Order sb about/around – mbrZanebloba – You can’t just come in here and start
ORDERING people AROUND.
___________________________________________________________________________
● REFRAIN
Refrain from sth – Tavis Sekaveba – He REFRAINED FROM comment.
___________________________________________________________________________
● YIELD
Yield to sth/sb - daTanxmeba, daTmobaze wasvla – I don’t think that they will
YIELD TO the demands of the terrorists.
___________________________________________________________________________
● REST
Rest on/upon sth
1. damokidebulia – Success in business RESTS ON luck.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. efuZneba – The case against my client RESTS entirely ON uncertain
evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
● RUN
Run across sb/sth – SemTxveviT Sexvedra an povna, wawydoma - I RAN ACROSS my
former teacher this morning.
___________________________________________________________________________
Run after sb/sth – devna – RUN AFTER your father, he's forgotten his hat.
___________________________________________________________________________
Run away – gaqceva – When the police arrived they RAN AWAY.
___________________________________________________________________________
Run into sb – SemTxveviT Sexvedra – While I was in Paris I RAN INTO an old
school friend.
___________________________________________________________________________
Run into sth
1. problemebTan, sirTuleebTan Sejaxeba - I RAN INTO debt.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. dajaxeba – I RAN the car INTO a wall.
___________________________________________________________________________
Run out
1. gamoleva – “Is there any more cat food?” “No, we’ve RUN OUT”.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. vadis gasvla – My passport won’t RUN OUT for at least another year.
___________________________________________________________________________
Run out of sth – gamoleva – They never RAN OUT OF things to say to each
other.
___________________________________________________________________________
● RING
Ring up, Ring up sb, Ring sb up – darekva – Someone RANG UP while you were
out.
___________________________________________________________________________
● WAKE
Wake up – gaRviZeba – I WOKE UP at six o’clock this morning.
___________________________________________________________________________
● WARN
Warn against sth, Warn sb against sth – gafrTxileba – Her financial adviser
WARNED her AGAINST such a risky investment.
___________________________________________________________________________
● REPORT
Report to sb – oficialurad informireba, saqmis kursSi Cayeneba (ufrosobis) - Your job is
to attend all the meetings and REPORT TO the committee.
___________________________________________________________________________
Report back – patakis Cabareba, informaciis miwodeba – I was asked to listen to
their conversation and REPORT BACK later.
___________________________________________________________________________
● WAIT
Wait around/about – lodini – Sorry to keep you WAITING AROUND.
___________________________________________________________________________
Wait on – momsaxureba – The princess was accustomed to being WAITED ON.
___________________________________________________________________________
Wait on sb – momsaxureba (gansakuTrebiT restoranSi) – Tommy was WAITING ON a
group of noisy teenagers.
________________________________________________________________
● WRITE
Write back – sapasuxo werilis miwera – I WROTE BACK immediately, thanking
them for their kind invitation.
___________________________________________________________________________
Write down sth, Write sth down – Cawera – This is the address – do you want
to WRITE it DOWN?
___________________________________________________________________________
● ENGAGE
Be engaged in sth – monawileobis miReba – The two governments have agreed to
ENGAGE IN a dialogue to solve the problem.
___________________________________________________________________________
● HAND
Hand around/round sth, Hand sth around/round – Camorigeba, darigeba
(gansakuTrebiT saWmlis da sasmelis) – The servants were employed to HAND the
drinks ROUND.
___________________________________________________________________________
Hand down sth, Hand sth down – memkvidreobiT gadacema – She had some
jewellery, which had been HANDED DOWN from her grandmother.
___________________________________________________________________________
Hand in sth, Hand sth in – Cabareba (saSinao davalebis, dokumentebis, gancxadebis -
I HANDED my homework IN late as usual.
___________________________________________________________________________
Hand out sth, Hand sth out – darigeba, Camorigeba - The teacher HANDED OUT
the
worksheetto the class.
___________________________________________________________________________
● TRY
Try on sth, Try sth on – mozomva (tansacmlis, fexsacmlis da a.S.) – TRY these shoes
ON.
___________________________________________________________________________
Try out sth, Try sth out – Semowmeba – Doctors are TRYING OUT a new
vaccine.
___________________________________________________________________________
● HOLD
Hold off – dayovneba – Luckily, the rain HELD OFF and we had the party
outside as planned.
___________________________________________________________________________
Hold off (sth/doing sth) – gadadeba, gadavadeba – The board of directors decided
to HOLD OFF its decision until next week.
___________________________________________________________________________
Hold on
1. lodini – We HELD ON another five minutes but in the end we had to leave
without her.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. CaWideba – HOLD ON to that rail!
___________________________________________________________________________
● TALK
Talk sb around/round – dayolieba – Do you think you can TALK them ROUND
to lending us some money?
___________________________________________________________________________
Talk back – sityvis Sebruneba, Sepasuxeba – I’d never let my daughter TALK BACK
to me like that.
___________________________________________________________________________
● TRIUMPH
Triumph over sth/sb – gamarjveba – He TRIUMPHED OVER his main rivals.
___________________________________________________________________________
● MESS
Mess up (sth), Mess (sth) up – gafuWeba – He MESSED UP his career.
___________________________________________________________________________
Mess up sth, Mess sth up – dabinZureba – They MESSED UP the room.
___________________________________________________________________________
● DEDICATE TO
Dedicate sth to sb/sth
1. miZRvna – This book is DEDICATED TO my children.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. vinmes sapativcemlod saxelis miniWeba – This church is DEDICATED TO St.
Nicholas.
___________________________________________________________________________
● GUESS
Guess at sth – varaudis gamoTqma – The police can only GUESS AT the scale of
the problem.
___________________________________________________________________________
● ACCUSTOM
Accustom to sth – SeCveva - He quickly ACCUSTOMED himself TO his new
way of life.
___________________________________________________________________________
Type: Part to Whole
WALL :ROOM
A) lettuce : sandwich B) dog : cat C) wheel : car
Type: Function
MATCH : FIRE
A) bag : wallet B) key : car C) gas : machine
Type: Characteristic
CANDY : SWEET
A) water : cold B) time : fast C) fire : hot
Type: Degree
HUGE :BIG
A) nice : good B) tiny : small C) old : new
Type: Function
TEACHER:EDUCATE
A) doctor : heal B) farmer : talk C) engine : oil
Type: Lack
UGLY:BEAUTY
A) serious : humor B) old : age C) hot : heat
Type: Degree
HILARIOUS : FUNNY
A) right : wrong B) great : good C) nice : crazy
Type: Definition (Antonyms)
PLAY: WORK
A) laugh : cry B) run : walk C) see : hear
Type: Function
EYES : SEE
A) hands : cry B) ears : hear C) feet : talk
Type: Type/Kind
HAM : MEAT
A) air : water B) tennis : school C) juice : drink
Type: Function
MUSICIAN : MUSIC
A) shower : water B) chef : food C) machine : snow
Type: Other
WHALE : OCEAN
A) car : garage B) snake : ocean C) tiger : jungle
Type: Degree
TERRIFIED : SCARED
A) quiet : secret B) sweet : rich C) obsessed : interested
Type: Lack
SAD : HAPPINESS
A) weak : strengthB) fast : time C) pretty : beauty
Type: Function
CHAIR: SIT
A) cup : drink B) bottle : break C) book : read
Type: Degree
TINY : LITTLE
A) huge : big B) long : tall C) neat : messy
Type: Lack
POOR : MONEY
A) tired : energy B) hot : ice C) hungry : water
SAFE : DANGEROUS
A) silent : noisy B) wise : smart C) fast : quick
Type: Degree
GREAT : GOOD
A) fun : cool B) strange : weird C) hot : warm
Type: Degree
BEAUTIFUL :PRETTY
A) terrible : bad B) brave : valiant C) new : old
Type: Other
RING : FINGER
A) necklace : neck B) bracelet : diamond C) sock : hand
Type: Definition
CORRECT :RIGHT
A) crazy : smart B) strong : hard C) cheap : inexpensive
Type: Other
SHOE : FOOT
A) boot : hand B) glove : wrist C) hat : head
Type: Other
MEAT: ANIMALS
A) paper : trees B) diamonds : pearls C) wood : rocks
Type: Definition
ANGRY : MAD
A) nice : kind B) depressed : confused C) polite : rude
BROKEN :REPAIRED
A) foreign : strange B) selfish : generous C) unusual : weird
KNIFE : SHARP
A) crime : illegal B) child : rude C) war : peaceful
UNIT 10. GAMES
Playing games is both fun and useful, because games teach us the skills we need in
life. Playing games also teaches us how to deal with other people. We learn about
teamwork. Game playing teaches us how to follow rules to achieve something. We
find out that if we want to reach a goal, we need to know the rules.
Everyone likes to play games. Games are important at any age. Games help keep
your mind sharp, learn new things, and maintain social skills. Modern research has
shown that senior citizens can continue to grow brain cells by exercising their
mind.
There are different types of games. Some games can teach you a lot. Games that ask
questions, for example, will show you what you don’t know. It is always easier to
learn something when you realize you don’t know it. It is always interesting to
watch people. The types of games may change and get more complex as we grow
up, but our enjoyment never changes. Never stop playing!
1. Games teach us the skills we need _______ life.

2. Playing games also teaches us how to deal _______ other people.
3. We learn _______ teamwork.
4. We find _______ that if we want to reach a goal, we need to know the
rules.
5. Games are important _______ any age.
6. Senior citizens can continue to grow brain cells _______ exercising their
mind.
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
you read.
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER

the text.
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
CONNECTOR
questions.
MY CONNECTIONS:
WORD MASTER
● repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
PASSAGE PERSON

MY PASSAGE: 1
MY PASSAGE: 2

Vocabulary:
fun n – mxiaruleba, garToba
fun and games – mxiaruleba, garToba-TamaSobebi
have fun – erToba, mxiarulobs
be fond of fun – xumrobis, mxiarulebis, garTobis moyvarulia
for fun – gasarTobad, TavSesaqcevad
teamwork n – gunduri muSaoba
find v – povna; aRmoCena
find one’s way – gzis povna, gagneba
find means – saSualebis gamonaxva
find a treasure – ganZis povna
find an answer to the problem – problemis gadawyvetis gzis povna
rule n – wesi
step by step – nabij-nabij
devise v – gamogoneba, mofiqreba; SemuSaveba
devise a plan of attack – Setevis gegmis SemuSaveba
completely adv – mTlianad, sruliad, savsebiT
maintain v – SenarCuneba, gangrZoba
maintain peace – mSvidobis SenarCuneba/dacva
maintain silence – siCumis dacva/dumili
social a – sazogadoebrivi, socialuri

research n - gamokvlevebi
senior a - ufrosi
citizen n - moqalaqe
brain cells – tvinis ujredebi
exercise v – varjiSi, wvrTna
tactics n - taqtika
memorize v - damaxsovreba
keep v – sadme aCrebs, aqvs, inaxavs; saCqaro ar aris, moicdis; ama Tu im
mimarTulebiT moZraoba; raimes misdevs/mihyveba, risame
erTgulebas inarCunebs; Sesruleba, dacva; aRniSvna, zeimoba;
Senaxva; simSvidis SenarCuneba
keep smth. in one’s pocket – raime jibeSi udevs, jibiT daaqvs
keep one’s hands in one’s pocket – xelebi jibeSi uwyvia
keep the middle of the road – gzis SuaSi siaruli
keep one’s way – sakuTari gziT siaruli
keep to a promise – pirobis erTgulia, pirobas ar Ralatobs
keep the law – kanonis dacva
keep the peace – mSvidobis SenarCuneba/ardarRveva
keep one’s word [promise] – sakuTari sityvis Sesruleba
keep one’s promise – sakuTari dapirebis/pirobis Sesruleba
keep one’s oath – sakuTari ficis Sesruleba
keep one’s birthday – sakuTari dabadebis dRis aRniSvna/gadaxda
keep Christmas - Sobis dResasawaulis aRniSvna
keep a fast – marxvis Senaxva
function v – funqcionireba; muSaoba
function n - funqcia
observe v – dakvirveba, Tvalyuris devneba; SemCneva, danaxva

reaction n – reaqcia
interact v – vinmesTan kontaqtis/urTierTobis damyareba
complex a - rTuli
enjoyment n – siamovnebis grZnoba
in part – nawilobriv, garkveulwilad
habit n – Cveva, Cveuleba
form a habit – Cvevis SeZena
fall into bad habits – cudi Cvevebis SeZena
fall out of bad habits – cudi Cvevebis gadaCveva
do smth. by force of habit – Cvevis gamo risame keTeba
creativity n - SemoqmedebiToba
creative a - SemoqmedebiTi
originality n – originaluroba, TviTmyofadoba
characterize v – daxasiaTeba (axasiaTebs)
characteristic a – damaxasiaTebeli, Cveuli, tipiuri
fun and games
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
for fun
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
spoil the fun
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
find one’s way

_________________________________________________
_________________________________
find means
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
find an answer to the problem
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
maintain contact with smb.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
maintain peace
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
maintain silence
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
maintain prices
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
keep one’s way
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
keep the law
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
keep the peace
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
keep one’s word

_________________________________________________
_________________________________
keep one’s promise
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
form a habit
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
fall into bad habits
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
fall out of bad habits
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
do smth. by force of habit
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
sentences.
earn a living
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
goods and services
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
distribution of goods and services
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
economic activity
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
economic activity, profits and inflation
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
make choices
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
needs and wants
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
use natural resources
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
describe the facts of the economy
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
explain how the system works

_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
personal freedom
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
create great difficulties
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
system of control
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
cause instability
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
employers and employees
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
wages and pension
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________
● POLISH
Polish up sth, polish sth up
1. gaumjobeseba – I started going to evening classes to POLISH UP my English.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. gaprialeba – He POLISHED UP his shoes.
___________________________________________________________________________
Polish up your image – imijis gaumjobeseba – The government was trying to
POLISH UP its image.
___________________________________________________________________________
● KNOCK
Knock down sb, Knock sb down – dartymiT dagdeba/danarcxeba - He was
KNOCKED DOWN by much stronger.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CALM
Calm down
1. damSvideba – CALM DOWN, there's nothing to worry about.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. qaris Cadgoma - The wind seems to have CALMED DOWN at last.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CATCH
Catch at sth – CaWideba, CabRauWeba - She CAUGHT AT my sleeve as I was
leaving and said she needed to talk to me.
___________________________________________________________________________
Catch up – daweva – Richard is still in front, but the other drivers are
CATCHING UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
Catch up with sb/sth – daweva – I’ll CATCH UP WITH you.
___________________________________________________________________________
● LOOK
Look after sb – movla - The nurse is LOOKING AFTER the baby.
___________________________________________________________________________
Look for sb/sth – Zebna - What are you LOOKING FOR?
___________________________________________________________________________
Look forward to sth – mouTmenlad lodini - We are LOOKING FORWARD TO
seeing you again.
___________________________________________________________________________
Look into sth – gamoZieba - The police is LOOKING INTO his disappearance.
________________________________________________________________
Look out – frTxilad! – LOOK OUT! There is a dog.
___________________________________________________________________________
Look sth over – Semowmeba - I’ve LOOKED today’s post OVER and there is
nothing very urgent.
___________________________________________________________________________
Look through sth – gadaxedva, Tvalis gadavleba - He LOOKS THROUGH
newspapers before breakfast.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SEE
See off sb, See sb off – gacileba – My best friend came to the airport to SEE me
OFF.
________________________________________________________________
See over sth – Senobis daTvaliereba (imis gasagebad, Rirs Tu ara misi yidva) – Some
people are coming to SEE OVER our house tomorrow.
___________________________________________________________________________
See to sth/sb – mixedva, zrunva – Don’t worry, I’ll SEE TO it.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SHOW
Show sb around/round sth, Show sb around/round – daTvaliereba – In the
morning the Professor SHOWED us AROUND the university.
___________________________________________________________________________
Show sb in, Show sb into sth – SeZRola, gacileba – A secretary SHOWED Alison
INTO the room.
___________________________________________________________________________
Show out sb, Show sb out – gacileba (oTaxidan, Senobidan da a.S.) [+ of] – He asked
his secretary to SHOW me OUT of the office.
___________________________________________________________________________
Show sb over sth, Show sb over – daTvaliereba – She SHOWED me OVER the
castle.
___________________________________________________________________________
● FOCUS
Focus on/upon sth/sb, Focus sth on/upon – koncentrireba – At that time all her
energy was FOCUSED ON her career.
________________________________________________________________________________
● BACK
Back away
1. ukan daxeva - The crowd BACKED AWAY when the man pulled a knife.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. uaris Tqma - I could see she was BACKING AWAY from the idea.
___________________________________________________________________________
Back down - ukan waReba (sityvis), poziciis daTmoba – She refused to BACK DOWN
and was fired.
___________________________________________________________________________
● BREAK
Break down
1. CaSla, Sewyveta - Peace talks BROKE DOWN in the Middle East.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. wyobidan gamosvla, gafuWeba, muSaobis Sewyveta - My car's BROKEN DOWN, so I
came by a taxi.
___________________________________________________________________________
Break in – Separva (Zarcvis mizniT) - The burglars BROKE IN and stole the TV
and video.
___________________________________________________________________________
Break into sth – SeWra (Zalis gamoyenebiT, ZiriTadad Zarcvis mizniT) – Someone
BROKE INTO my car and stole my radio.
___________________________________________________________________________
Break off, Break off sth, Break sth off
1. motexva - She BROKE OFF a piece of the chocolate and ate it.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Sewyveta (urTierTobis, saubris, nacnobobis da a.S.) - Ted threatened to BREAK OFF
all communication with his children.
___________________________________________________________________________
Break up
1. damsxvreva – The plate BROKE UP when he dropped it on the floor.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. ardadegebze daketva (saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis) - Schools BREAK UP at the
end of June for the summer holidays
___________________________________________________________________________
3. urTierTobis gawyveta - They BROKE UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. daSla (stumrebis da a.S.) – The party BROKE UP late.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. xmis Sewyveta (telefoniT saubrisas cudi smenadobis gamo) - You're BREAKING UP;
I'll call you back in a minute.
________________________________________________________________
● PACK
Pack up, Pack up sth, Pack sth up – Calageba – I just need a few minutes to
PACK UP my equipment and then we can leave.
___________________________________________________________________________
● PASS
Pass around/round sth, Pass sth around/round – darigeba - The teacher
PASSED the tests AROUND.
___________________________________________________________________________
Pass to sb – gadacema – If you die without making a will, your property will
PASS TO your spouse and children.
___________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 11. STORIES
CLAUDE MONET
Claude Monet, a 19th-century French painter, was the most famous artist
associated with the movement known as Impressionism. Monet was born on
November 14, 1840, and even as a young man he was known for producing
small portraits in charcoal.
In 1858 Monet met the artist Eugène Boudin, who became his mentor and
introduced Monet to painting outdoors. In 1859, at the age of 19, Monet
moved to Paris to become a professional artist. Most artists of his time tried
to imitate nature realistically, but in his landscape painting Monet instead
sought to portray nature as it appeared to him. In particular, he was
interested in how light affects the ways that we perceive color.
Monet’s paintings were extremely influential to 20th-century modern

artists. Though he struggled financially throughout his life, when Monet
died in 1926, he was one of the most famous and influential painters in the
world.
PHILADELPHIA
Philadelphia is a city known for many things. It is where the Declaration of

Independence was signed in 1776, and it was also the first capital of the
United States. But one fact about Philadelphia is not so well-known: it is
home to nearly 3,000 murals painted on the sides of homes and buildings
around the city. In fact, it is said that Philadelphia has more murals than any
other city in the world, with the exception of Rome. How did it happen?
A New Jersey artist named Jane Golden started a program pairing troubled
youth with artists to paint murals on a few buildings around the city. From
this small project, something magical happened. The young people involved
helped to create magnificent pieces of art, but there were other, perhaps
more important benefits. The young people learned to get along with many
different kinds of people during the various steps required to paint and
design a mural. They learned to be responsible, because they needed to
follow a schedule to make sure the murals were completed.
If you take a walk around some of the poorest neighborhoods in

Philadelphia, you will find beautiful works of art on the sides and fronts of
buildings. Special buses take tourists to different parts of the city to see the
various murals, which range from huge portraits of historical heroes, to
cityscapes.
As a result of its success, the mural program created by Jane Golden has now
become the nation’s largest public art program and a model for other cities
throughout the country seeking to help troubled youth.
IT’S TOO GOOD TO BE TRUE
Once upon a time a famous art museum searched the world over for the best
paintings it could find. After a long search, the museum found a beautiful
Old Master painting – young people playing in a wood. The directors were
only too glad to pay millions for this painting because they were captivated
by its beauty and elegance. How delightfully the maidens' hair and mouths
were drawn, how perfectly the hands and arms of the youths, how lifelike
the bare feet on the forest floor. But the curator of the museum was the
happiest one of all, for he had now become guardian and protector of a
famous work by a famous painter. "Every time I look at that painting," he
would say, "I see new beauties and excellences. Just look at these leaves
here, the branches from this tree! My soul is delighted with the greatness of
it all."
Needless to say, this wonderful painting was the most popular exhibit at the
museum. Everyone enjoyed its beauty frankly and openly. Children loved to
see the happy figures playing with joy; the young people were impressed by
the freshness and beauty of the figures; those of mature years stood
astonished at the excellent technique; the old loved the feeling of cozy
intimacy produced by the scene of innocent pleasure.
"This painting is almost too good to be true," remarked one visitor as he

purchased a print of it. One day a horrible discovery was made: the painting
was not a genuine Old Master after all. It was a forgery. It had not been
painted by the famous artist whose name was on it, and in fact it had been
painted within the last ten years. The museum directors and the curator
were horrified. Immediately the painting was jerked from the walls of the
museum and taken to a basement storeroom.
"We regret such an unfortunate mistake," the curator told the museum's
patrons. "This painting is not art; it is a fake. This painting is a lie."
At first the public was saddened to lose sight of such a popular painting, and
a few mild protests were raised, but eventually concern for the painting was
pushed aside by other more pressing concerns and it was forgotten and life
continued.
Only the museum curator ever saw the painting now, hanging in the dim
light of the basement storeroom wall away from public view. All that was
heard of it was the curator's comment. "Every day I see new defects and
ugliness in this painting,” he used to say . "Just look how false the sun on the
leaves looks, how ugly the clouds there, and how awkward that boy's
position in the dance. How we were impressed by this obvious fake.” And
finally, shaking his head to show his regret, he concluded, "What we did was
foolish and shameful!”
● FIND
Find out sth, Find sth out – gageba, garkveva – I need to FIND OUT what exactly
went
wrong.
___________________________________________________________________________
● FIX
Fix up sth, Fix sth up
1. mowyoba, mogvareba (Sexvedris) – Can we FIX UP a time when we can meet?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. garemonteba - The garage man FIXED UP the old car and sold it at a profit.
___________________________________________________________________________
● PICK
Pick out sth/sb, Pick sb/sth out – SerCeva – PICK OUT the dress that you like
best.
___________________________________________________________________________
Pick up sb, Pick sb up - manqaniT an sxva satransporto saSualebiT wayvana – We
PICKED UP a man on our way to Manchester.
___________________________________________________________________________
Pick up the phone – yurmilis aReba – The phone rang and he PICKED it UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
Pick up – gaumjobeseba – The economy has started to PICK UP again.

___________________________________________________________________________
Pick up speed – siCqaris momateba – The car PICKED UP speed.
___________________________________________________________________________
The wind Picks up – qaris gaZliereba – That evening the wind PICKED UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
● FALL
Fall apart – nawilebad daSla – The box FELL APART when I picked it up.
___________________________________________________________________________
Fall down - dacema – I slipped on the ice and FELL DOWN.
___________________________________________________________________________
● PULL
Pull away – adgilidan daZvra (transportis) - The car PULLED AWAY at high speed.
___________________________________________________________________________
Pull in – gaCereba (manqanis) – We PULLED IN at the first garage.
___________________________________________________________________________
Pull over – svlis Seneleba an gaCereba gzis piras (manqanis) - The police PULLED the
car OVER.
________________________________________________________________
● STOP
Stop at nothing – araferze daixevs ukan, yvelafers ikadrebs – Drug addicts will STOP
AT NOTHING to get money.
___________________________________________________________________________
Stop in – Sevla – She often used to STOP IN at the coffee plantation.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SUIT
Be suited to sth – Sesaferisia (samuSaosTvis, miznisTvis, situaciisTvis da a.S.) – I don’t
think I’m really SUITED TO working in an office.
___________________________________________________________________________
● BRING BACK
Bring back sth/sb, Bring sth/sb back
1. dabruneba - He took the calculator home yesterday and hasn't BROUGHT it
BACK yet.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. gaxseneba - Visiting my old school BROUGHT BACK memories of when I was
a pupil there.
___________________________________________________________________________
Bring up sb, Bring sb up - aRzrda - My parents BROUGHT me UP strictly.
___________________________________________________________________________
● FIGHT
Fight back – Tavdacva, winaaRmdegobis gaweva - The army attacked the town and
the inhabitants FOUGHT BACK.
___________________________________________________________________________
● FORCE
Force sth on/upon sb – daZaleba – I wasn’t going to eat a dessert but Julia
FORCED it ON
me.
________________________________________________________________________________
● LONG FOR
Long for sth/sb – wadili – The couple LONGED FOR a child.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SEND
Send for sb – gamoZaxeba, mowveva – She SENT FOR the doctor.
___________________________________________________________________________
Send for sth – raimes mosatanad gagzavna – I’ll SEND FOR the rest of my
furniture.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SPREAD
Spread out sth, Spread sth out
1. gaSla – He SPREAD a towel OUT on the sand and sat down.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. gavrceleba – Shock waves SPREAD OUT from the epicenter of the earthquake.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SPY
Spy out sth – informaciis mopoveba (TvalTvalis Sedegad) – They were there to SPY OUT
some information.
___________________________________________________________________________
Spy on/upon sb/sth – TvalTvali, jaSuSoba - How much did you pay the man to
SPY ON him?
___________________________________________________________________________
● START
Start for sth – gaeSura – “I’ve got to go,” Laura said, STARTING FOR the door.
___________________________________________________________________________
Start over, Start sth over – isev Tavidan dawyeba - This is just full of errors - I'm
going to have to START OVER.
___________________________________________________________________________
● LOCK
Lock up, Lock up sth, Lock sth up – Caketva - Don’t forget to LOCK UP before
leaving home.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SHAKE
Shake on sth – xelis CamorTmeva (SeTanxmebis niSnad) – “It’s a deal,” I said and
we SHOOK ON it.
___________________________________________________________________________
● GAMBLE
Gamble away sth, Gamble sth away – fulis wageba azartul TamaSebSi – He
GAMBLED AWAY all his money.
________________________________________________________________
● NAG
Nag at sb – buzRuni, Saris modeba, jujRuni - My boss is always NAGGING AT me

about my arriving a few minutes late for work.
___________________________________________________________________________
● ABSTAIN
Abstain from sth – Tavis Sekaveba; garideba – They ABSTAIN FROM eating meat.
___________________________________________________________________________
● KICK
Kick out sb/sth, Kick sb/sth out –gagdeba - He was KICKED OUT for fighting.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CARRY
Carry on - gagrZeleba - CARRY ON quietly with your work.
___________________________________________________________________________
Carry out sth, Carry sth out– Sesruleba, ganxorcieleba – They are CARRYING OUT
test on some crops.
___________________________________________________________________________
Carry through sth, Carry sth through – warmatebiT dasruleba - They CARRIED
the reforms THROUGH.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CHANGE
Change up – Zravis maRal siCqareze gadarTva - When you are going fast enough,
you'll be able to CHANGE UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
● OBJECT
Object to sth/sb – winaaRmdeg yofna, sawinaaRmdegos qona – Most of the students

strongly OBJECT TO the new rules.
___________________________________________________________________________

Type: Definition
PUPPY : DOG
A) kitten : cat B) bear : cub C) fish : minnow
ROCK: HARD
A) water : wet B) table : wooden C) mom : nice
Type: Lack
SICK: HEALTH
A) sad : emotion B) tall : intelligence C) scared : courage
Type: Function
HAMMER: HIT
A) knife : cut B) table : eat C) wheel : race
Type: Function
SHIELD :PROTECT
A) computer : talk B) vehicle : transport C) song : sing
MOUNTAIN : HIGH
A) river : ugly B) valley : low C) forest : lonely
Type: Function
TEACHER:EDUCATE
A) senator : represent B) lawyer : instruct C) coach : condemn
GOLD : EXPENSIVE
A) jewelry : dull B) cotton : beautiful C) velvet : soft
Type: Definition
MOTHER: FEMALE
A) vegetable : green B) snake : dangerous C) rock : hard
Type: Other
HELICOPTER : SKY
A) canoe : street B) submarine : water C) truck : river
Type: Lack
UNKNOWN : FAME
A) rapid : speedB) ignorant : education C) refined : manners
NICE : UNKIND
A) hideous : pretty B) safe : solid C) loud : noisy
Type: Function
TELEVISION : WATCHED
A) record : baked B) newspaper : cooked C) novel : read
Type: Type/Kind
PIE : DESSERT
A) bacon : meat B) cola : tea C) ham : beef
Type: Lack
WEAK: STRENGTH
A) silly : comedy B) lost : direction C) brave : courage
Type: Type/Kind
HURRICANE : STORM
A) table : furniture B) snow : wind C) chair : sofa
SUIT : FORMAL
A) hat : attractive B) coat : warm C) tie : black
Type: Degree
WONDERFUL : GOOD
A) great : terrific B) sinful : evil C) terrifying : scary
UNIT 12. OUR PLANET
Many of our actions have enriched our lives, bringing us longer life spans, better
health, more material wealth and greater mobility. As we develop our technology,
we demand more from our planet. We must remember that the land is ecologically
fragile. If we don’t protect it, human life cannot continue.
Our planet gives us everything we need, but natural resources are not endless. We
are taking everything we want without giving anything back. As a result, many
natural resources are disappearing on our planet every day.
Many areas suffer from too much development. With growth comes pollution. We
should realize that we need to respect the Earth and try to preserve it. If we don’t,
what kind of future we will have? If we do not respect our environment now, it will
continue to get worse. We will not have the same quality of air and natural beauty
to admire.
We need a healthy environment in order to survive so we must protect it. We have to

solve our environmental problems. The window of opportunity for solving them is
still open.
1. As we develop our technology, we demand more _______ our planet.

2. We are taking everything we want _______ giving anything _______ .
3. As a result, many natural resources are disappearing _______ our planet
every day.
4. Pollution _______ factories and cars cause damage _______ the
environment.
5. Many areas suffer _______ too much development. With growth comes
pollution.
6. The window _______ opportunity for solving them is still open.
ROLE PLAYING
DISCUSSION LEADER
you read.
MY QUESTIONS:
SUMMARIZER

the text.
MY KEY POINTS:
MY SUMMARY
CONNECTOR
questions.
MY CONNECTIONS:
WORD MASTER
● repeated often;
MY WORD: 1. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 2. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 3. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD
MY WORD: 4. _______________________
MEANING OF THE WORD

PASSAGE PERSON

MY PASSAGE: 1
MY PASSAGE: 2

Vocabulary:
enrich v – gamdidreba (gaamdidrebs)
life span – sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
demand v – moTxovna
demand an apology – bodiSis moTxovna
demand payment – valis gadaxdis moTxovna
meet smb.’s demands – visime moTxovnebis dakmayofileba
supply and demand – miwodeba da moTxovna
impact n – gavlena, zemoqmedeba
intensive – Zleri, intensiuri
uninhabitable a – sacxovreblad gamousadegari/uvargisi
fragile a – myife; susti, nazi
protect v – dacva
protection n - dacva
natural resources – bunebrivi resursebi
endless a – usasrulo; uricxvi
finite a – SezRuduli; sasruli
pollution n – dabinZureba
cause damage to smth. – raimesaTvis zianis/zaralis miyeneba

be ignorant of smth. – risame arcodna
respect v - pativiscema
preserve v - SenarCuneba
demand an apology
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
demand an immediate answer
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
demand payment
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
meet smb.’s demands
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
cause damage to smth.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
be ignorant of one’s rights
_________________________________________________
_________________________________
sentences.
complex links among the natural systems of air, water and living things
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
resource limitations
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
environmental degradation
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
future economic growth
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
stimulate growth
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
employment opportunities
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
underdeveloped countries
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
growth and equality
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
inequality between the rich and the poor
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
peace and stability

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
create new wants
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
live on a finite planet
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
destroy the balance of nature
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
put something back into nature
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
● PLAN
Plan ahead – winaswar dagegmva - The wedding was PLANNED weeks AHEAD.
___________________________________________________________________________
Plan for sth – dagegmva – It was time to start PLANNING FOR the future.
___________________________________________________________________________
Plan on doing sth – ganzraxva – David had always saved money because he
PLANNED ON retiring early.
___________________________________________________________________________
● RELATE
Relate to sth/sb, Be related to sth/sb – kavSiris qona, dakavSireba – His illness is
RELATED TO his drinking.
___________________________________________________________________________
● REMIND
Remind sb of sth/sb
1. mimsgavseba, mimgvaneba – She REMINDS me OF myself when I was that age.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. gaxseneba, mogoneba – The song REMINDED her OF her youth.
___________________________________________________________________________
● WEAR
Wear out, Wear out sth, Wear sth out – gacveTa – I’ve already WORN OUT two
pairs of shoes this year.
___________________________________________________________________________
● WEIGH
Weigh up sth, Weigh sth up – awon-dawonva, guldasmiT ganxilva, Sefaseba – I have
to WEIGH UP the options before I make a decision.
___________________________________________________________________________
● END
End in sth – Sedegis qona (garkveuli SedegiT dasruleba) - It'll END IN tears.
___________________________________________________________________________
● HANG
Hang on – lodini - Could you HANG ON for a moment till she's free.
________________________________________________________________
Hang out – drois gatareba – It’s where all the students HANG OUT.
___________________________________________________________________________
Hang up – yurmilis dakideba - I lost my temper and HUNG UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
● TRUST
Trust in sb – ndoba – You know you can TRUST IN me.
___________________________________________________________________________
Trust in sth – rwmena – None of us know what the future will be like, but we
have to TRUST IN our own ability to deal with it.
___________________________________________________________________________
● THROW
Throw away sth, Throw sth away – gadagdeba – Do you want to keep these
catalogues, or shall I THROW them AWAY?
___________________________________________________________________________
● MISS
Miss out sth/sb, Miss sth/sb out
___________________________________________________________________________
1. gamorCena - Make sure you don't MISS anyone OUT when you call their
names.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. xelidan gaSveba (Sansis, siamovnebis da a.S.) - It'll be great; you'll be MISSING
OUT if you don't come.
___________________________________________________________________________
● TIDY
Tidy up, Tidy up sth, Tidy sth up – dalageba – You can watch TV when you’ve
TIDIED UP your room.
___________________________________________________________________________
● MIX
Mix in sth, Mix sth in – Sezaveba – When the rice is cooked, MIX IN all the
other ingredients.
___________________________________________________________________________
Mix up sth/sb, Mix sth/sb up – areva, SeSla - I always MIX those two sisters UP
because they look so like each other.
___________________________________________________________________________
● TURN
Turn back – ukan wasvla - The captain was advised to TURN BACK, due to very
bad weather conditions.
___________________________________________________________________________
Turn down sth/sb, Turn sth/sb down – uaris Tqma – He was offered a job but
he TURNED it DOWN.
________________________________________________________________
Turn in – dasaZineblad wasvla – I’ll TURN IN now, I have to get up early
tomorrow.
___________________________________________________________________________
Turn off sth, Turn sth off – gamorTva (Suqis, televizoris, radios, gazquris da a.S.),
daketva (wylis) – Don’t forget to TURN OFF light when you go to bed.
___________________________________________________________________________
Turn on sth, Turn sth on – CarTva (televizoris, radios, Suqis, gazquris da a.S.),
moSveba (wylis) – I TURNED ON the radio and listened to the six o’clock news.
___________________________________________________________________________
Turn out – aRmoCnda – Her granddaughter has TURNED OUT to be very
musical.
___________________________________________________________________________
Turn over, Turn over sb, Turn sb over – gadabruneba – He TURNED OVER in
bed and switched off the light.
___________________________________________________________________________
Turn to sb – mimarTva (rCevisTvis, daxmarebisTvis da a.S.) – She TURNED TO me
for help.
___________________________________________________________________________
Turn up – gamoCena, misvla – He TURNED UP only the next day.
___________________________________________________________________________
● FILL
Fill in sth, Fill sth in – Sevseba (dokumentis) - I FILLED IN the application form
and
posted it off.
___________________________________________________________________________
Fill up sth, Fill sth up – avseba – FILL that bucket UP with water.
________________________________________________________________
● PRINT
Print out sth, Print sth out – kompiuteridan amobeWdva – I PRINTED OUT all my
e-mail messages.
___________________________________________________________________________
● FOUNDED
Be Founded on/upon sth – dafuZneba – Every relationship has to be FOUNDED
ON some
degree of trust.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SUM
Sum up, Sum up sth, Sum sth up – Sejameba - At the end of the lecture, she
SUMMED UP the main points again.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SWEEP
Sweep up, Sweep up sth, Sweep sth up – dagva, moxveta – He SWEPT UP
rubbish.
___________________________________________________________________________
● BURN
Burn down, Burn down sth, Burn sth down – mTlianad dawva - They had to
rebuild the museum after the old one BURNED DOWN.
___________________________________________________________________________
● FEAR FOR
Fear for sb/sth – SiSi, SfoTva – Her parents FEAR FOR her safety.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SPEED
Speed up, Speed up sth, Speed sth up – aCqareba, daCqareba – This drug makes
your heart rate SPEED UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SHARE
Share out sth, Share sth out – gayofa, ganawileba – We’ve got three pizzas to
SHARE OUT between five people.
________________________________________________________________
● SHOP
Shop around – maRaziebSi siaruli saqonlis SesarCevad - Don't buy the first
television set, spend a little time SHOPPING AROUND for the best price.
___________________________________________________________________________
● RETURN
Return to sth
1. gagrZeleba (Sewyvetili saqmis) – He finally gave up trying to entertain the
children and RETURNED TO his newspaper.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. saubris gagrZeleba – We’ll RETURN TO this question.
___________________________________________________________________________
● RISE
Rise against sb/sth – win aRudga – The people ROSE AGAINST their rulers.
___________________________________________________________________________
● WRAP
Wrap sth/sb in sth – Sexveva, gaxveva – The baby had been left outside the
police station, WRAPPED IN a blanket.
___________________________________________________________________________
● EAT
Eat in – Sin Wama - We didn't feel like going to a restaurant, so we ATE IN.
___________________________________________________________________________
Eat out – saxlis gareT (mag. restoranSi da a.S.) Wama - We ATE OUT last night.
___________________________________________________________________________
Eat up sth, Eat sth up – Wama (bolomde) - If you don't EAT UP your greens, you
won't get any dessert.
___________________________________________________________________________
● HUSH
Hush up sth, Hush sth up – miCqmalva, miCumaTeba - The company tried to
HUSH UP the scandal, but it still got into the newspapers.
___________________________________________________________________________
● DELIGHT
Delight with sth/sb – aRfrTovaneba - The whole family is DELIGHTED WITH
the new house.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CHECK
Check back – gadamowmeba - I'll CHECK BACK tomorrow about that question.
___________________________________________________________________________
Check in – sastumroSi an aeroportSi registracia – He CHECKED IN at a hotel.
___________________________________________________________________________
Check out - sastumrodan wasvla, nomris gaTavisufleba – He CHECKED OUT.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CLEAN
Clean up, Clean up sth, Clean sth up – dalageba - This room needs CLEANING
UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CLEAR
Clear away, Clear away sth, Clear sth away – alageba - Please CLEAR your
papers AWAY so that I can serve dinner.
___________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 13. STORIES
DANGEROUS ANIMALS
When we are young, we learn that tigers and sharks are dangerous animals.
We are scared of them because they are big and powerful. As we get older,
however, we learn that sometimes the most dangerous animals are also the
smallest animals. In fact, the animal that kills the most people every year is
one that you have probably killed yourself many times: the mosquito.
While it may seem that all mosquitoes are biters, this is not actually the case.
Male mosquitoes eat plant nectar. On the other hand, female mosquitoes
feed on animal blood. They need this blood to live and produce eggs. When a
female mosquito bites a human being, it transmits a small amount of saliva
into the blood. This saliva may or may not contain a deadly disease.
Because a mosquito can bite many people in the course of its life, it can carry
diseases from one person to another very easily. Two of the most deadly
diseases carried by mosquitoes are malaria and yellow fever. More than 700
million people become sick from these diseases every year. At least 2 million
of these people will die from these diseases.
Many scientists are working on safer and better ways to kill mosquitoes, but
so far, there is no sure way to protect everyone in the world from their
deadly bites. Mosquito nets can be placed over beds to protect people against
being bitten. These nets help people stay safe at night, but they do not kill
any mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes have many natural enemies like bats, birds, and certain kinds of
fish. Bringing more of these bats, birds, and certain kinds of fish into places
where mosquitoes live might help to cut down the amount of mosquitoes in
that area. This is a natural solution, but it does not always work very well.
Mosquitoes can also be killed with poisons or sprays. Even though these
sprays kill mosquitoes, they may also harm other plants or animals.
Although mosquitoes may not seem as scary as larger, more powerful

animals, they are far more dangerous to human beings. But things are
changing. One day scientists will find a way to keep everyone safe from
mosquitoes and the diseases they carry.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Some people say that the best defense is a good offense; an octopus,
however, would disagree. In addition to being one of the strangest and most
beautiful creatures in nature, the octopus has some of the most inventive
and effective defense mechanisms.
While other animals have teeth, horns, or claws to help defend them from
predators, the octopus concentrates its energy on hiding from its attackers.
When it wants to get away, the octopus has an impressive arsenal of tricks at
its disposal.
One of the octopus’s defense mechanisms is its ability to change color, much
like a chameleon. Most animals get their skin color from chemicals in the
skin. These chemicals might contain yellow, orange, red, brown, or black
pigments, and the amount of each pigment present in the skin determines
an animal’s color. While most animals are always the same color, some
species of octopi can control the amount of each color pigment in their skin
cells, allowing them to change color. This ability allows them to blend in
with their environment.
Another defense mechanism possessed by some octopi is the ability to

perform self-amputation of one of their limbs and regrow it later. This
ability allows them to shed their tails when caught by a predator. There are
numerous and clever defense mechanisms that help octopi to survive in the
dangerous undersea world.
● RESULT
Result in sth – gamowveva – The accident RESULTED IN the death of three
children.
___________________________________________________________________________
● EXPECT
Expect sth of sb/sth – molodini - The whole family EXPECTS great things OF
him.
___________________________________________________________________________
● EVEN
Even out sth, Even sth out
1. gasworeba – They EVENED OUT the surface of the road.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. gaTanabreba – The new system is aimed at EVENING OUT the differences
between rich and poor colleges.
___________________________________________________________________________
● HEAD
Head for sth – garkveuli mimarTulebiT wasvla - The ships were HEADING FOR
Cuba.
___________________________________________________________________________
● DIVORCE
Divorce from sb – ganqorwineba – She has been DIVORCED FROM three
husbands.
___________________________________________________________________________
● DROP
Drop in – Sevla - I was in the area so I DROPPED IN at the office to see her.
___________________________________________________________________________
Drop in sth, Drop sth in - mitana, miwodeba – Jim can DROP your books IN at the
library if you like.
___________________________________________________________________________
Drop out
1. monawileobaze uaris Tqma (konkursSi da a.S.) - Two of the team have DROPPED
OUT, and I don't know where we'll find replacements.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Tavis danebeba (swavlisTvis, muSaobisTvis da a.S.) - She DROPPED OUT of college
and went straight into a good job.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CHEER
Cheer up, Cheer up sb, Cheer sb up – gamxiaruleba, gaxaliseba – Listening to
music always CHEERS me UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CHOP
Chop down sth, Chop sth down – xis moWra - They CHOPPED DOWN most of
the forest and now it looks like a desert.
________________________________________________________________
Chop up sth, Chop sth up – patara naWrebad daWra - I CHOPPED UP the
vegetables for the soup.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CONTENT
Content yourself with sth – dakmayofileba - There was no fresh meat in the
market today, so you'll have to CONTENT yourselves WITH something out of
a tin.
___________________________________________________________________________
● COOL
Cool down /off
1. gacieba, gagrileba – She waited until her coffee had COOLED DOWN.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. damSvideba – Just leave her to COOL OFF and then talk to her.
___________________________________________________________________________
● COUNT
Count on /upon sb/sth – imedis damyareba - You can always COUNT ON Jim,
he'll never fail you.
___________________________________________________________________________
Count with sb – pativiscema, angariSis gaweva - All men COUNT WITH you.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CROSS
Cross off sth/sb, Cross sth/sb off – waSla - I'll CROSS your name OFF the list.
___________________________________________________________________________
Cross out sth, Cross sth out - xazis gadasma (nawerSi Secdomaze) - She CROSSED
OUT her mistakes and wrote the correct answers above them.
___________________________________________________________________________
Cross over – quCis gadakveTa – Look both ways before you CROSS OVER.
___________________________________________________________________________
● CUT
Cut back, Cut back sth, Cut sth back – Semcireba - The firm CUT BACK
production.
________________________________________________________________
Cut down sth/sb, Cut sth/sb down
1. naklebi raodenobiT moxmareba - I'm trying to CUT DOWN the amount of coffee I
drink during the day.
________________________________________________________________
2. moWra - He CUT the tree DOWN.
___________________________________________________________________________
Cut down on sth – Semcireba - Doctors advised her to CUT DOWN ON the
amount of fats in her diet.
___________________________________________________________________________
Cut off, Cut off sth/sb, Cut sth/sb off – gaTiSva - The telephone's been CUT
OFF because we didn't pay the bill.
___________________________________________________________________________
Cut out sth, Cut sth out
1. gamoricxva – I CUT OUT salt from my diet.

___________________________________________________________________________
2. amoWra - I CUT some pictures OUT of the magazine.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SHAPE
Shape up
1. gaumjobeseba – If she doesn’t SHAPE UP, she will have to go.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. ganviTareba – I think the events are SHAPING UP quite well.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SHUT
Shut down, Shut down sth, Shut sth down
1. daxurva (biznesis, qarxnis, maRaziis da a.S.) – The factory was SHUT DOWN.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. gamorTva – Please, wait until your computer SHUTS DOWN.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SIDE
Side against sb – vinmes winaaRmdeg Sekvra – A number of my colleagues SIDED
AGAINST me at the last minute.
___________________________________________________________________________
Side with sb – mimxroba – He SIDED WITH the local population.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SINGLE
Single out sb/sth, Single sb/sth out – gamorCeva – Teachers shouldn’t SINGLE
OUT students.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SLIP
Slip out – wamocdena – “I’m sorry, I shouldn’t have said that – it just SLIPPED
OUT”.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SLOW
Slow down, Slow down sb/sth, Slow sb/sth down – svlis Seneleba – Police are
asking motorists to SLOW DOWN.
___________________________________________________________________________
● STEP
Step on it/the gas – gazze miWera, siCqaris momateba (manqanis marTvisas) – If you
don’t STEP ON it, we’ll miss the plane.
___________________________________________________________________________
● FOLD
Fold up sth, Fold sth up – dakecva – FOLD that chair UP and put it in here.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SWEETEN
Sweeten up sth, Sweeten sth up – datkboba, gulis mogeba – Try to SWEETEN him
UP.
___________________________________________________________________________
● SWITCH
Switch off, Switch off sth, Switch sth off – gamorTva – He SWITCHED OFF TV.
___________________________________________________________________________
Switch on, Switch on sth, Switch sth on – CarTva – My sister SWITCHED ON
the radio.
___________________________________________________________________________
● FAKE
Fake out sb, Fake sb out – TaRliToba, motyueba - You could try to FAKE OUT the
teacher by handing in your book as though you'd done the work.
___________________________________________________________________________
● FIGURE
Figure out sth/sb, Figure sth/sb out – gamoTvla - Father is trying to FIGURE
OUT his tax.
___________________________________________________________________________
Type: Function
MICROWAVE : HEAT
A) refrigerator : cool B) freezer : cook C) fireplace : destroy
Type: Other
BOOTS : FEET
A) socks : underwear B) shorts : pants C) mittens : hands
Type: Type/Kind
ZEBRA : ANIMAL
A) green : color B) shape : cube C) country : FRANCE
OBVIOUS : HIDDEN
A) silver : jewelry B) dress : gown C) idea : belief
Type: Lack
EVIL : MORALS
A) special : manners B) famous : friends C) blind : sight
ATHLETE: FIT
A) chef : fat B) dog : energetic C) priest : religious
Type: Lack
SKEPTICAL :BELIEF
A) unpopular : wealth B) homeless : shelter C) nervous : stress
COMEDY: FUNNY
A) tragedy : sad B) drama : romantic C) newspaper : expensive
Type: Type/Kind
ALMOND : NUT
A) hill : mountain B) helicopter : aircraft C) sport : football
Type: Part to Whole
VERSE : SONG
A) core : apple B) supermarket : office C) coat : jacket
Type: Definition
BROTHER: SIBLING
A) mother : daughter B) father : parent C) doctor : nurse
Type: Other
WIZARD : MAGICAL
A) king : royal B) teacher : ordinary C) chef : delicious
TRAIN : RAILROAD
A) wagon : wheel B) helicopter : cloud C) truck : highway
OPTIMISM :PESIMISSM
A) success : failure B) food : hunger C) maturity : youth
Type: Lack
LIAR: HONESTY
A) lawyer : mercy B) mother : children C) fool : wisdom
MISFORTUNE: LUCK
A) victory : defeat B) coffee : tea C) life : birth
POSITIVE: NEGATIVE
A) clean : filthy B) friendly : popular C) challenging : interesting
Type: Function
NEWSPAPER: INFORM
A) book : communicate B) game : entertain C) movie : persuade
Type: Other
WOOL : SHEEP
A) leather : cows B) paper : rocks C) wood : mountains
Type: Type/Kind
BUS : AUTOMOBILE
A) building : house B) tiger : animal C) bath : shower
Type: Part to Whole

ENGINE : CAR
A) lens : microscope B) day : night C) club : member
Type: Function
BUTCHER: MEAT
A) teacher : knowledge B) librarian : books C) baker : bread
CIGARETTE: UNHEALTHY
A) sin : immoral B) husband : rich C) nation : peaceful
Type: Other
HELMET : HEAD
A) mask : face B) belt : train C) ring : wrist
Type: Function
TONGUE: TASTE
A) boat : swim B) bag : buy C) nose : smell
HUNGRY : FULL
A) salty : deliciousB) polite : kind C) evil : good
EXPERT: SKILLED
A) athlete : thin B) student : intelligent C) fanatic : enthusiastic
Type: Function
COMMERCIAL : ADVERTISE
A) sport : teach B) comedy : entertain C) newspaper : inspire
Type: Part to Whole
SECOND : MINUTE
A) day : week B) centimeter : inch C) year : month
Type: Type/Kind
SEWING :CRAFT
A) salt : food B) fate : science C) gasoline : fuel
Type: Definition
ACCIDENT: UNINTENDED
A) idea : true B) villain : evil C) law : perfect
Type: Type/Kind
VOLLEYBALL : SPORT
A) rabbit : cat B) runner : athlete C) soccer : football
VOCABULARY
abuse rights – uflebebis borotad gamoyeneba
accept v – miReba; daTanxmeba; gaziareba; pasuxisgeba
accept a present – saCuqris miReba
accept an offer – winadadebaze daTanxmeba
accept smb.’s views – visime Sexedulebebis gaziareba

acceptable a – misaRebi
accomplish v – Sesruleba, miRweva
accomplish a task – amocanis Sesruleba
accomplish a promise – pirobis Sesruleba
accomplishment n – warmateba, miRweva
according to expectation(s) – rogorc mosalodnelia
achieve v – miRweva
achieve one’s purpose – miznis miRweva
achieve smth. by force – risame Zalis gamoyenebiT miRweva
achievement n – warmateba, miRweva
activity n – moRvaweoba, saqmianoba, moqmedeba
add v – mimateba, damateba
adjust v – mowesrigeba
admit v – aRiareba, daSveba
advanced a – progresuli, Tanamedrove, uaxlesi
advantage n – upiratesoba; xelsayreli mdgomareba; sargebloba
adventure n – Tavgadasavali
adversity n – Znelbedobis Jami
advertise v - reklamireba
afterwards adv – Semdeg, Semdgom
affair n – saqme
against expectation(s) – sruliad moulodnelad
age limit - asakobrivi zRvari
agreement n – SeTanxmeba, xelSekruleba
allow v – nebis darTva, nebis micema
alter v - Secvla
amazing a – saocari, gansacvifrebeli

amount n – raodenoba, odenoba
amuse v - garToba
answer expectation(s) – molodinis gamarTleba
apply v – xmareba, gamoyeneba
apply political pressure – politikuri zewolis gamoyeneba
application n – gamoyeneba
approach to smth. – midgoma raimesadmi
area n - sfero
argue v - kamaTi
argument n – dava, kamaTi
as a result – Sedegad
attain v – miRweva, mopoveba
attainable a – miRwevadi, misawvdomi
attitude to/towards smth. – damokidebuleba/pozicia raimes mimarT
avenue n – gza, saSualeba
avoid v – Tavidan acileba, Tavis arideba
bad luck – uiRbloba; marcxi, warumatebloba
behave v – moqceva
behave well/badly – kargad/cudad moqceva
behavior n - qceva
bet on smth. – risame sasrgeblod sanaZleos dadeba/fulis Camosvla
betray v - Ralati
betrayal n - Ralati
blame v – dabraleba, bralis dadeba
block n – mravalbiniani saxli, korpusi

bloom v - ayvaveba
brain cells – tvinis ujredebi
break v – darRveva (kanonis, wesis, sityvis, dapirebis)
breed v – gamowveva; badebs
breed wars – omebis gamowveva
by force of habit – Cveulebis gamo/mizeziT
by miracle – saswaulebrivad
calculated risk – riski warmatebis zustad gaTvlili SansiT
call for v - moTxovna
calmly adv – mSvidad
capable a – unaris mqone, SemZle
capacity n – unari
care v – wuxili, Relva
care n – dardi, sazrunavi; zrunva, mzrunveloba; sifrTxile
career n – kariera
carry out v – Sesruleba, sisruleSi moyvana
cause n - mizezi
cause damage to smth. – raimesaTvis zianis/zaralis miyeneba
caution n - sifrTxile
chain n - jaWvi
challenge n – rTuli amocana; gamowveva
challenging a – rTuli; visime Zalebisa da unaris gamomcdeli
characterize v – daxasiaTeba (axasiaTebs)
characteristic a – damaxasiaTebeli, Cveuli, tipiuri
charity n – mowyaleba, gulmowyaleoba
circumstances n – garemoebani, viTareba, pirobebi

citizen n - moqalaqe
clear a – sufTa
clearly adv - naTlad
come about v – moxdoma, SemTxveva
come into force – ZalaSi Sesvla
come under smb.’s influence – visime gavlenis qveS moqceva
command v – brZanebis/gankargulebis gacema
community n – sazogadoeba, xalxi
compensation n – anazRaureba, kompensacia
compete v – Sejibreba; konkurenciis gaweva/metoqeoba
competitor n – metoqe, konkurenti
complain v – Civili, ukmayofilebis gamoTqma
complaint n – Civili, wuwuni; saCivari
complete v – damTavreba, dasruleba
completely adv – mTlianad, sruliad, savsebiT
complex a - rTuli
concentrate on smth. – raimeze koncentrireba
concerned about smth. – raimeTi dainteresebuli
confidence n - ndoba
confuse v – dabneva, sagonebelSi Cagdeba
conquer v – dapyroba; damarcxeba; daZleva; damorCileba
conquer a country – qveynis dapyroba
conquer the enemy – mtris damarxceba/daZleva
conquer bad habits – cud CvevaTa daZleva
conquer difficulties – siZneleTa daZleva
consent n - Tanxmoba
consider v – ganxilva, gansja, awon-dawona

consider v – ganxilva, gansja; mofiqreba; miCneva; angariSis gaweva
consider others – sxvebisaTvis angariSis gaweva
consider a question – sakiTxis ganxilva
constant a – mudmivi, ganuwyveteli
constantly adv – gamudmebiT, ganuwyvetliv
contribute to smth. – wvlilis Setana raimeSi
contribution n – wvlili
count on smb. – vinmeze imedis damyareba, vinmes imediT yofna
courage n – gambedaoba, simamace
course n – kursi, mimarTuleba
create v – Seqmna
create an army – armiis Seqmna
create difficulties – siZneleebis Seqmna
deal with smb., smth. – vinmesTan saqmis qona; raimesTan brZola
deal with a difficulty – cdilobs siZnele daZlios/gadalaxos
deed n – saqcieli, moqmedeba; saqme
defeat n - damarcxeba
define v – gansazRvra, dadgena
define smb.’s duties – visime movaleobis gansazRvra
defined a – gansazRvruli
deform v - damaxinjeba
delay v – SeCereba, Seferxeba, dayovneba
demand v – moTxovna
demand an apology – bodiSis moTxovna
demand an immediate answer – dauyovnebeli pasuxis moTxovna

demand payment – valis gadaxdis moTxovna
demand smth. from smb. – vinmesgan raimes moTxovna
denial n – uaryofa
denial of facts – faqtebis uaryofa
denial of one’s fault – danaSaulis uaryofa
denial of one’s guilt – braleulobis uaryofa
deny v – yaryofa; uaris Tqma; gadaTqma, ukan waReba
deny a request – Txovnaze uaris Tqma
deny oneself – sakuTari TavisaTvis yvelaferze uaris Tqma
deny one’s words – sakuTar sityvebze uaris Tqma
deserve v - damsaxureba
deserve punishment – sasjels imsaxurebs
deserve attention – yuradRebas imsaxurebs
desire v - Zlieri survili, wadili
desire n – Zlieri survili, wadili
desire for knowledge – swavlis wyurvili
desire peace - mSvidobis survili
develop v – ganviTareba; Seqmna
devise v – gamogoneba, mofiqreba; SemuSaveba
differ v - gansxvaveba
difficulty v – siZnele, sirTule
direction n – mimarTuleba, gezi
disadvantage n – nakli; araxelsayreli mdgomareba
disagree v – raime sakiTxze sxva azris qona; kamaTi
disaster n – ubedureba, katastrofa; didi gasaWiri
discover v – aRmoCena, aRmoCenis gakeTeba
discovery n – aRmoCena
disease n - daavadeba
do harm to smb., smth. – vinmesTvis/raimesTvis zianis miyeneba
do well – warmatebis miRweva
eager a – mowadinebuli, surviliT Sepyrobili
eager for knowledge – codnas mowyurebuli
earn v – fulis SromiT mopoveba/gamomuSaveba
earn one’s living – Tavis rCena
effort n – Zalisxmeva
elect v – kenWisyriT arCeva
election n – arCevnebi
endless a – usasrulo; uricxvi
enjoyment n – siamovnebis grZnoba
environment n – garemo
equal v – gaigiveba; raimesTan gatoleba
equal a – Tanabari, Tanaswori
equal rights – Tanaswori uflebebi
equally adv – Tanabrad, Tanasworad
err v – Secdoma, Secdomis daSveba
error n – Secdoma
event n – movlena; faqti
examine v – Semowmeba, Seswavla, gamocda
except prep – visime an risame gamoklebiT, garda
exception n – gamonaklisi
excuse v – gamarTleba
exercise v – varjiSi, wvrTna

existence n – arseboba
expect v – lodini; molodini, imedis qona
expectation n – molodidni; imedi, varaudi
experience v – piradad gancda/gadatana; sakuTari gamocdilebiT swavla
experience n – cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba
experienced a – gamocdili, mcodne; kvalificiuri
express v – gamoxatva, gadmocema
expression n – risame gamoxatva, gadmocema
extreme a – ukiduresi
extremely adv – uaRresad
factor n – faqtori
fail v – warumatebloba, marcxi, xelis mocarva
failure n – xelmocaruli adamiani; warumatebloba, marcxi
faith n – rwmena
fall into bad habits – cudi Cvevebis SeZena
fall out of bad habits – cudi Cvevebis gadaCveva
false a – mcdari
fault n – nakli; brali, danaSauli; Secdoma
fear n – SiSi
feed v – kveba, Wmeva
female n – mdedrobiTi sqesis arseba
find v – povna; aRmoCena
find one’s way – gzis povna, gagneba
find means – saSualebis gamonaxva
find a treasure – ganZis povna

find an answer to the problem – problemis gadawyvetis gzis povna
finite a – SezRuduli; sasruli
focus on smth. – yuradRebis raimeze koncentrireba
follow smth. – raimes misdevs, mihyveba
force v – iZuleba, Zalis dataneba
force n – Zala, simZlavre; zemoqmedeba; Zaladoba, Zaldataneba
forces n – jarebi
forced a – iZulebiTi, ZaldatanebiTi
for fun – gasarTobad, TavSesaqcevad
form a habit – Cvevis SeZena
fortune n – simdidre, bedi, iRbali
for the sake of smth. – raimesaTvis, raimes interesebidan gamomdinare
fragile a – myife; susti, nazi
free from cares – uzrunveli
fun n – mxiaruleba, garToba
fun and games – mxiaruleba, garToba-TamaSobebi
function v – funqcionireba; muSaoba
function n – funqcia
gain n – mogeba
gain v – miReba, SeZena; mogeba, gamarjveba
gain a battle – brZolis mogeba
gain an advantage of/over smb. – vinmeze upiratesobis mopoveba
gain a victory – gamarjvebis mopoveba
gain experience – gamocdilebis SeZena
gain information – informaciis mopoveba/miReba

gain smb.’s confidence – visime ndobis mopoveba
gain strength – Zalebis mokreba
gain time – drois mogeba
generation n – Taoba
get along v – arseboba, Tavis gatana
get along with smb. – vinmesTan Segueba, Sewyoba, SeTviseba
get one’s desire – ocnebis asruleba
give an opportunity – SesaZleblobis/Sansis micema
give away v – raimeze uaris Tqma, xelis aReba
glory n – dideba
good luck - bednieri/iRbliani SemTxveva; iRbali
goods n – saqoneli, produqti
habit n – Cveva, Cveuleba
have fun – erToba, mxiarulobs
have an influence over smb. – vinmeze zegavlenis qona
have no force – kanonieri Zala ara aqvs, Zaladakargulia, baTilia
have one’s own way – sakuTar nebaze risame gakeTeba; Tavisis miRweva
have patience – moTminebis qona
helpful a – sasargeblo
honesty n – patiosneba
human rights – adamianis uflebebi
ignorance n – umecreba, ucodinroba
ignorant of smth. – risame arcodna
imagination n – warmosaxvis unari, fantazia
imagine v – warmodgena, warmosaxva

imagination n – warmosaxvis unari; fantazia
immediate a – dauyovnebeli, saswrafo
immediately adv – dauyovnebliv, maSinve
impact n – gavlena, zemoqmedeba
impatient a – mouTmeneli, mouTmenloba rom axasiaTebs
impression n – STabeWdileba
improve v – gaumjobeseba, srulyofa
improvement n - gaumjobeseba, srulyofa
include v – Seicavs, moicavs; raimesgan Sedgeba
including prep – risame CaTvliT, raimesTan erTad
influence v – gavlenis/zegavlenis/zemoqmedebis moxdena, zemoqmedeba
influence n - gavlena, zegavlena, zemoqmedeba
insult v – Seuracxyofa, Seuracxyofis miyeneba
invent v – gamogoneba, Seqmna; mofiqreba, SeTxzva
invent a story – ambis gamogoneba/SeTxzva
invent an excuse – risame gamamrTlebeli mizezis mofiqreba/mogoneba
invention n – gamogoneba
invite v – gamowveva, xelis Sewyoba, provocireba
invite interest – interesis gamowveva/aRZvra
judge v – gansja, msjeloba
judge n – Semfasebeli
keep v – sadme aCerebs, aqvs, inaxavs; saCqaro ar aris, moicdis; ama Tu im
mimarTulebiT moZraoba; raimes misdevs/mihyveba, risame
erTgulebas inarCunebs; Sesruleba, dacva; aRniSvna, zeimoba;

Senaxva; simSvidis SenarCuneba
keep smth. in one’s pocket – raime jibeSu udevs, jibiT daaqvs
keep one’s hands in one’s pocket – xelebi jibeSi uwyvia
keep in mind – mexsierebaSi SenarCuneba, xsovna
keep the middle of the road – gzis SuaSi siaruli
keep one’s way – sakuTari gziT siaruli
keep the law – kanonis dacva
keep the peace – mSvidobis SenarCuneba/ardarRveva
keep one’s word – sakuTari sityvis Sesruleba
keep one’s promise – sakuTari dapirebis/pirobis Sesruleba
keep one’s oath – sakuTari ficis Sesruleba
keep a fast – marxvis Senaxva
know by/from experience – risame sakuTari gamocdilebiT codna
lead v – wayvana; xelmZRvaneloba; cxovrebis ama Tu im wess misdevs;
midis; raimemde miyvana, risame gamowveva, Sedegad risame qona
lead by the hand – xelCakidebuli mihyavs
lead an army – armiis sardloba
lead a good life – patiosnad/wesierad cxovreba
liberty n - Tavisufleba
life span – sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
limit v – SezRudva
limit n – zRvari, sazRvari; mijna
limited a – SezRuduli
limitless a – SeuzRudavi; usazRvro
link n - rgoli
local a – adgilobrivi
look for v – Zebna
lose an opportunity – SesaZleblobis xelidan gaSveba
lose one’s way – gzis abneva/dakargva
lose patience – moTminebis dakargva
loss n - danakargi
luxury n – fufuneba
make a denial – uaryofa
make a great discovery – SesaniSnavi aRmoCenis gakaTeba
make a living – Tavis rCena
make up v – Sedgena
make up rules – wesebis SemoReba
make up for smth. – raimes anazRaureba, kompensireba
make up for lost time – dakarguli drois anazRaureba
means n - saSualeba
maintain v – SenarCuneba, gangrZoba
maintain peace – mSvidobis SenarCuneba/dacva
maintain prices – fasebis garkveul doneze SenarCuneba
manage v – marTva, gaZRola; damorCileba; Tavis garTmeva; moxerxeba
manage a company – kompaniis marTva
manage everything in time – yvelafris droze mogvareba
manage one’s own affairs – sakuTari saqmeebis gaZRola
meet smb.’s demands – visime moTxovnebis dakmayofileba
meet the needs – moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba
memorize v - damaxsovreba
natural resources – bunebrivi resursebi

needs n – moTxovnilebebi
notice v – SemCneva, SeniSvna
obstacle n - dabrkoleba
obtain v – miReba, mopoveba, SeZena
offence n – wyena, Seuracxyofa
offer n – SeTavazeba, winadadeba
opportunity n – xelsayreli SemTxveva; SesaZlebloba, Sansi
option n - arCevani
ordinary a – Cveulebrivi
outcome n – Sedegi; bolo, dasasruli
overcome v – daZleva, gadalaxva
partcipate v – monawileobis miReba, monawileoba
participation n – raimeSi monawileoba; Tanamonawileoba
participant n – monawile
pass v – gamocdis Cabareba; drois gatareba; midis, gadis, miqris (dro);
gverdze Cavla; risame gadalaxva; gadacema, miwodeba; gavla,
gaqroba; raimesTvis yuradRebis armiqceva/arad Cagdeba; raimeze
Tvalis daxuWva
pass a barrier – dabrkolebis gadalaxva
pass smth. on to smb. – vinmesaTvis raimes gadacema (memkvidreobiT)
patience n – moTmineba
patient a – momTmeni, moTmineba rom axasiaTebs
permission n - nebarTva
policy n – politika
pollution n – dabinZureba
positive side – dadebiTi mxare
possess v – floba, qona
possessive a – mesakuTreuli
possibility n - SesaZlebloba
potential n – potenciali
powerful a – Zleri, mZlavri
predict v - winaswarmetyveleba
predict the future – momavlis winaswarmetyveleba
prediction n - winaswarmetyveleba
preparation n - momzadeba
preserve v - SenarCuneba
pretend v – Tavis mokatuneba
prevent v – xelis SeSla
principal a – mTavari, ZiriTadi
protect v – dacva
protection n - dacva
quality n – Tviseba
reaction n – reaqcia
realize v – mixvedra, gageba; gacnobiereba
reason n - mizezi
recent a – bolodroindeli
reduce v – Semcireba
refusal n – uari
regret v - sinanuli
regret n - sinanluli
relations n – urTierToba
reliable a – sando
rely on smb., smth. – visime, risime imedis qona
request n – moTxovna
require v - moTxovna
research n - gamokvlevebi
resist v – winaaRmdegobis gaweva, SebrZoleba
resistance n – winaaRmdegoba, brZola, SebrZoleba
respect v - pativiscema
respond v - pasuxis gacema
response n - pasuxi
result n – Sedegi
result v – daboloeba, dasruleba, Sedegad qona
rule n – wesi
safe a – safrTxisagan daculi; usafrTxo
safety n – usafrTxeba
sail v – curva (iTqmis gemis da misT. Sesaxeb)
sail against the wind – qaris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT curva
sail close to the wind – did riskze wasvla
sail in the same boat – SeTanxmebulad moqmedeba; erT saqmes emsaxurebian
sail one’s own boat – damoukideblad moqmedeba
science deals with facts – mecniereba faqtebs eyrdnoba
seek v – Zebna
seek one’s fortune – bedis Zieba
self-confidence n – Tavdajerebuloba
self-confident a – Tavdajerebuli
self-centered a – sakuTar Tavze/sakuTar Sexedulebebze koncentrirebuli
self-respect n – sakuTari Tavis pativiscema
senior a – ufrosi
sensible a - gonivruli
separate v – gayra, daSoreba
set a goal – miznis dasaxva
set free – ganTavisufleba
sign n – niSani
sign v – xelis mowera
similar a – msgavsi, erTnairi, analogiuri
similar to smth. – raimes msgavsi, analogiuri
similarity n – msgavseba
social a – sazogadoebrivi, socialuri
society n – sazogadoeba
solution n – gadaWra (problemis, sakiTxis)
solve v – gadawyveta, gadaWra (problemis, sakiTxis)
spoil v - gafuWeba
stage n – etapi
state n – mdgomareba
step n – nabiji
step by step – nabij-nabij
stick to smth. – raimes Sesabamisad moqmedeba
succeed v – warmatebis miRweva
supply and demand – miwodeba da moTxovna
support v – mxaris daWera
survive v – gadarCena
T
take aback v – gaoceba
take action – moqmedebis dawyeba; zomebis miReba
take a risk – gariskva, riskis gaweva
take a step – nabijis gadadgma
take steps – zomebis miReba
take smth. by force – risame ZaliT xelSi Cagdeba
take up time – drois dakaveba
talent n – niWi, talanti
teamwork n – gunduri muSaoba
threat n - muqara
through prep – meSveobiT, daxmarebiT; Sedegad, gamo
tolerance n – Semwynarebloba, tolerantoba
tolerant a – tolerantuli, Semwynarebeli
trick n - xriki
triumph n – triumfi, didi warmateba an gamarjveba
triumph over smb. – gamarjvebis mopoveba vinmeze, visime damarcxeba
try v - gamocda
try one’s fortune – bedis cda
try one’s luck – bedis cda, bedis mosinjva
trust v – ndoba, ndobiT mokideba
trust n – ndoba
unacceptable a – miuRebeli
uncertainty n – gaurkvevloba, bundovaneba
under the influence of smth. – risame gavleniT

undergo v – risame gadatana
undergo a change – Secvla (Seicvala, gamoicvala)
uninhabitable a – sacxovreblad gamousadegari/uvargisi
unique a – unikaluri, erTaderTi; gansakuTrebuli
universe n - samyaro
unless cj – Tu ar, vidre ar
unlimited a – SeuzRudavi, usazRvro
update v – ganaxleba
upset v – risame normaluri msvlelobis darRveva
use force – Zalis gamoyeneba, ZalisaTvis mimarTva
useless a – gamousadegari, usargeblo
valuable a – faseuli, Zvirfasi
variant a - cvalebadi
venture v – gabedva, gariskva
victory n – gamarjveba
vote v – xmis micema; kenWisyraSi monawileobis miReba
vote n – xma (kenWisyris dros micemuli)
wants n – saWiroeba, moTxovnileba
ways and means – gzebi da saSualebebi
ways of thinking and living – azrovnebisa da cxovrebis wesi
wealth n – qoneba, simdidre
within prep - ganmavlobaSi
THE LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS

A
● ABSTAIN
Abstain from sth – Tavis Sekaveba; garideba
● ACCUSTOM
Accustom to sth – SeCveva
● AGREE
Agree to sth – daTanxmeba
Agree with sb/sth - Tanxmoba, daTanxmeba
● AIM
Aim at sth – miswrafeba, swrafva
Aim at sb – mxedvelobaSi yola
● ANSWER
Answer back - Sepasuxeba (uxeSad)
Answer for sth/sb - pasuxisgeba
● ARGUE
Argue about/over sth – kamaTi raimes gamo/Sesaxeb
B
● BACK
Back away - 1. ukan daxeva 2. uaris Tqma
Back down - ukan waReba (sityvis), poziciis daTmoba
● BE
Be cut out for sth – Sesaferisi, saWiro Tvisebebis qona
Be fed up of sth – mobezreba, raimes yelSi amosvla
BE IN - 1. saxlSi an samsaxurSi yofna 2. damwifeba 3. xelisuflebaSi mosvla 4. modaSi
yofna
BE OFF - 1. wasvla 2. samuSaos dasruleba
BE AWAY - sxvagan yofna (dasasveneblad da a.S.)
BE ON -1. muSaoba, funqcionireba (manqanis Sesaxeb) 2. gadis
BE OUT - 1. adgilze ar yofna 2. gaSla, gafurCqna 3. modidan gasvla 4. gamoCena
(mTvaris, mzis, varskvlavebis) 5. cixidan gaTavisufleba 6. wyobidan
gamosvla, muSaobis Sewyveta
BE UP - 1. adgoma (loginidan) 2. dasruleba (drois)
BE UP TO - 1. exerxeba, Seefereba 2. codna (saidumlos)
Be up to sb - vinmeze damokidebuleba
● BET
Bet on sth – danaZleveba
● BREAK
Break down - 1. CaSla, Sewyveta 2. wyobidan gamosvla, gafuWeba, muSaobis Sewyveta
Break in – Separva (Zarcvis mizniT)
Break into sth – SeWra (Zalis gamoyenebiT, ZiriTadad Zarcvis mizniT)
Break off, Break off sth, Break sth off - 1. motexva 2. Sewyveta (urTierTobis,
saubris,
nacnobobis da a.S.)
Break up - 1. damsxvreva 2. ardadegebze daketva (saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis)
3. urTierTobis gawyveta 4. daSla (stumrebis da a.S.)
5. xmis Sewyveta (telefoniT saubrisas cudi smenadobis gamo)
● BRING
Bring back sth/sb, Bring sth/sb back - 1. dabruneba 2. gaxseneba
Bring up sb, Bring sb up - aRzrda
● BURN
Burn down, Burn down sth, Burn sth down – mTlianad dawva
C
● CALL
Call around – Sevla, misvla
Call back sth/sb, Call sth/sb back - 1. gaxseneba 2. xelmeored darekva
Call for sth - 1. moTxovna 2. darekva (raimes gamosaZaxeblad da a.S.)
Call in - Sevla, Serbena
Call off sth, Call sth off - amokiTxva (siis)
Call up sb/sth, Call sb/sth up - 1. samxedro samsaxurSi gawveva 2. telefoniT darekva
● CALM
Calm down - 1. damSvideba 2. qaris Cadgoma
● CHANGE
Change up – Zravis maRal siCqareze gadarTva
● CARE
Care for sb/sth - 1. mowoneba 2. movla 3. zrunva
● CARRY
Carry on - gagrZeleba
Carry out sth, Carry sth out– Sesruleba, ganxorcieleba
Carry through sth, Carry sth through – warmatebiT dasruleba
● CATCH
Catch at sth – CaWideba, CabRauWeba
Catch up – daweva
Catch up with sb/sth – daweva
● CHEER
Cheer up, Cheer up sb, Cheer sb up – gamxiaruleba, gaxaliseba
● CHECK
Check back – gadamowmeba
Check in – sastumroSi an aeroportSi registracia
Check out - sastumrodan wasvla, nomris gaTavisufleba
● CHOP
Chop down sth, Chop sth down – xis moWra
Chop up sth, Chop sth up – patara naWrebad daWra
● CLEAN
Clean up, Clean up sth, Clean sth up – dalageba
● CLEAR
Clear away, Clear away sth, Clear sth away – alageba
● CLOSE
Close down – daxurva, muSaobis Sewyveta(droebiT an samudamod)
● COME
Come back – dabruneba
Come across sth/sb – SemTxveviT Sexvedra
Come along – wasvla, gayola
Come around/round - Sevla
Come between sb – urTierTobis gafuWeba
Come in - 1. Sesvla 2. Camosvla (TviTmfrinavis, matareblis, gemis, avtobusis)
3. modaSi Semosvla
Come out - 1. gareT gasvla 2. gamosvla (wignis, diskis, albomis, filmis) 3.
gamJRavneba 4. mzis, mTvaris, varskvlavebis amosvla
Come together – Sekreba, gaerTianeba
● CONCENTRATE
Concentrate on sth – yuradRebis mipyroba, koncentrireba
● CONTENT
Content yourself with sth – dakmayofileba
● COOL
Cool down /off - 1. gacieba, gagrileba 2. damSvideba
● CROSS
Cross off sth/sb, Cross sth/sb off – waSla
Cross out sth, Cross sth out - xazis gadasma (nawerSi Secdomaze
Cross over – quCis gadakveTa
● COUNT
Count on /upon sb/sth – imedis damyareba
Count with sb – pativiscema, angariSis gaweva
● CUT
Cut back, Cut back sth, Cut sth back – Semcireba
Cut down sth/sb, Cut sth/sb down - 1. naklebi raodenobiT moxmareba 2. moWra
Cut down on sth – Semcireba
Cut off, Cut off sth/sb, Cut sth/sb off – gaTiSva
Cut out sth, Cut sth out - 1. gamoricxva 2. amoWra
D
● DEAL
Deal with sth - 1.xelis mokideba, movla, mixedva 2. exeba
Deal with sb - 1. mopyroba, moqceva 2. saqmis daWera, saqmis qona
● DECIDE
Decide against sth/sb – vinmes an raimes sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebis miReba
Decide for sb – gadawyvetilebis miReba vinmes sasargeblod
Decide between sb/sth – arCevanis gakeTeba
Decide on/upon sth/sb – arCeva
● DEDICATE TO
Dedicate sth to sb/sth - 1. miZRvna 2. vinmes sapativcemlod saxelis miniWeba
● DELIGHT
Delight with sth/sb – aRfrTovaneba
● DEPEND
Depend on/upon sth/sb -1. damokidebuleba 2. imedis qona
● DIVORCE
Divorce from sb – ganqorwineba
● DO
Do sth about sth – raimes gakeTeba (problemis gadasawyvetad)
Do away with sth – gauqmeba, Tavidan moSoreba
Do up sth, Do sth up - 1. mowesrigeba, garemonteba 2. recxva da dauToeba
Do without, Do without sb/sth – raimes gareSe iolad gasvla
● DROP
Drop in – Sevla
Drop in sth, Drop sth in - mitana, miwodeba
Drop out - 1. monawileobaze uaris Tqma (konkursSi da a.S.) 2. Tavis danebeba
(swavlisTvis, muSaobisTvis da a.S.)
E
● EAT
Eat in – Sin Wama
Eat out – saxlis gareT (mag. restoranSi da a.S.) Wama
Eat up sth, Eat sth up – Wama (bolomde)
● END
End in sth – Sedegis qona (garkveuli SedegiT dasruleba)
● ENGAGE
Be engaged in sth – monawileobis miReba
● EVEN
Even out sth, Even sth out - 1. gasworeba 2. gaTanabreba
● EXPECT
Expect sth of sb/sth – molodini
F
● FAKE
Fake out sb, Fake sb out
● FALL
Fall apart – nawilebad daSla
Fall down - dacema
● FEAR
Fear for sb/sth – SiSi, SfoTva
● FIGHT
Fight back – Tavdacva, winaaRmdegobis gaweva
● FIGURE
Figure out sth/sb, Figure sth/sb out – gamoTvla
● FILL
Fill in sth, Fill sth in – Sevseba (dokumentis)
Fill up sth, Fill sth up – avseba
● FIND
Find out sth, Find sth out – gageba, garkveva
● FISH
Fish for sth – informaciis mopovebis mcdeloba
Fish for compliments – komplimentis miRebis mcdeloba
● FIX
Fix up sth, Fix sth up - 1. mowyoba, mogvareba (Sexvedris, paemanis) 2. garemonteba
● FOCUS
Focus on/upon sth/sb, Focus sth on/upon – koncentrireba
● FOLD
Fold up sth, Fold sth up – dakecva
● FORCE
Force sth on/upon sb – daZaleba
● FOUNDED
Be Founded on/upon sth – dafuZneba
G
● GAMBLE
Gamble away sth, Gamble sth away – fulis wageba azartul TamaSebSi
● GATHER
Gather in sth, Gather sth in – Segroveba (mosavlis)
● GET
Get ahead – winsvla (samsaxurSi da a.S.)
Get along - 1. Tavis garTmeva samuSaosTvis, saqmeSi warmateba 2. Segueba [xSirad
+ with]
Get around sth - 1. problemisTvis Tavis arideba 2. gverdis avla
Get away - 1. gaqceva 2. Tavis daRweva
Get back sth, Get sth back – dabruneba
Get sb back – samagieros gadaxda
Get back to sth – saqmis gagrZeleba (misi Sewyvetis Semdeg), saubris gagrZeleba
(drois garkveuli periodis Semdeg)
Get back together – urTierTobis aRdgena
Get behind – CamorCena
Get by [xSirad + with] - 1. Tavis gatana 2. iolad gasvla
Get down – Camosvla (transportidan)
Get in - 1. saxlSi, samsaxurSi, skolaSi da a.S. misvla 2. matareblis, TviTmfrinavis
da sxva transportis Casvla daniSnulebis adgilze 3. Sesvla (SenobaSi) Get off –
gamgzavreba
Get off sth - 1. Camosvla avtobusidan, matareblidan, manqanidan da a.S. 2. samsaxuridan
wasvla (Cveulebriv dRis bolos)
Get (sb) off – daZineba
Get on (sth) – avtobusSi, matarebelSi, TviTmfrinavSi da a.S. asvla

Get on - 1. kargi urTierTobis qona, Sewyoba 2. saqmisTvis (warmatebiT) Tavis
garTmeva
Get out – transportidan Camosvla
Get out of sth – gadaCveva
Get through, Get through sth – misvla
Get through sth – telefoniT dakavSireba
Get up – adgoma
Get up sth, Get sth up - 1. organizeba, momzadeba 2.swavla
● GIVE
Give away sth, Give sth away - saidumlos gacema
Give sb away – gacema, dabezReba
Give back sth, Give sth back – dabruneba (valis, dakarguli nivTis da a.S.)
Give in - 1. daTmobaze wasvla 2. danebeba
Give up – danebeba
Give up sth, Give sth up - 1. Tavis danebeba 2. daTmoba skamis, adgilis da a.S.
● GO
Go after sb – gayola, devna
Go against sth – ewinaaRmdegeba
Go against sth/sb – winaaRmdeg wasvla
Go away – wasvla
Go back to sth - 1. Zveli saqmianobis Tavidan dawyeba 2. saubris an fiqris Tavidan
dawyeba
Go beyond sth – gadaWarbeba
Go by sth - 1. xelmZRvaneloba raimeTi 2. morCileba
Go down - 1. dakleba 2. daSveba (mag. saburavis) 3. mzis Casvla 4. CaZirva
5. TviTmfrinavis Camovardna 6. dacema (miwaze)
Go in – Sesvla
Go into swh – Sesvla
Go into sth - 1. saqmianobis wamowyeba 2. monawileobis miReba (SejibrSi, arCevnebSi,
gamocdebSi)
Go on - 1. gagrZeleba 2. xdeba
Go out - 1. gasvla 2. modidan gasvla 3. Caqroba (Suqis) 4. cecxlis Caqroba
Go with sth - 1. misadageba, moxdena 2. Tanxleba
● GROW
Grow up – gazrda
● GUESS
Guess at sth – varaudis gamoTqma
H
● HAND
Hand around/round sth, Hand sth around/round – Camorigeba, darigeba
(gansakuTrebiT
saWmlis da sasmelis)
Hand down sth, Hand sth down – memkvidreobiT gadacema
Hand in sth, Hand sth in – Cabareba (saSinao davalebis, dokumentebis, gancxadebis)
Hand out sth, Hand sth out – darigeba, Camorigeba
● HANG
Hang on – lodini
Hang out – drois gatareba
Hang up – yurmilis dakideba
● HAVE
Have sth against sb/sth – raime sawinaaRmdegos qona
Have on sth, Have sth on - 1. Cacma, daxurva 2. CarTva (eleqtro mowyobilobis, mag.
televizoris, radios, uTos da a.S.)
Have sth out – kbilis an romelime sxva organos amoReba (operaciis meSveobiT)
Have sb over – stumrad yola
● HEAD
Head for sth – garkveuli mimarTulebiT wasvla
● HEAR
Hear about sth/sb – informaciis miReba, gageba
Hear (sth) from sb - 1. werilis miwera an darekva 2. informaciis miReba
Have heard of sb/sth – gamigia
● HELP
Help out (sb), Help (sb) out – materialurad an saqmiT daxmareba
Help yourself to sth – mirTmeva
Help sb to sth – gamaspinZleba
Help sb up – adgomaSi daxmareba (waqceulis)
● HOLD
Hold off – dayovneba
Hold off (sth/doing sth) – gadadeba, gadavadeba
Hold on - 1. lodini 2. CaWideba
● HUSH
Hush up sth, Hush sth up – miCqmalva, miCumaTeba
I
● INSIST
Insist on/upon sth – daJinebiT moTxovna
Insist on doing sth – daJinebiT moTxovna
● INTERFERE
Interfere with sth – xelis SeSla
● INVEST
Invest in sth – fulis dabandeba
K
● KEEP
keep away (+ from) – morideba
Keep sb/sth from sth – xelis SeSla
Keep off sth, Keep sth off - Tavis Sors daWera, Tavis Sekaveba
Keep on – gagrZeleba
Keep out sb/sth, Keep sb/sth out – ar SeSveba, gareT datoveba
Keep out of sth – garideba, gacla
Keep to sth - dacva (pirobis, SeTanxmebis da a.S.)
Keep up – gagrZeleba
Keep up with sb/sth - daweva
● KICK
Kick out sb/sth, Kick sb/sth out –gagdeba
● KNOCK
Knock down sb, Knock sb down – dartymiT dagdeba/danarcxeba
L
● LAUGH
Laugh at sb/sth - 1. gacineba 2. dacinva
● LEAVE
Leave for - gamgzavreba, wasvla
Leave out sb/sth, Leave sb/sth out - gamotoveba
● LET
Let down sb, Let sb down - imedgacrueba, daRalateba
● LIVE
Live by sth – Tavis rCena, Tavis gatana
Live on sth – sxvis xarjze an kmayofaze cxovreba
● LOCK
Lock up, Lock up sth, Lock sth up – Caketva
● LONG FOR
Long for sth/sb – wadili
● LOOK
Look after sb – movla
Look for sb/sth – Zebna
Look forward to sth – mouTmenlad lodini
Look into sth – gamoZieba
Look sth over – Semowmeba
Look through sth – gadaxedva, Tvalis gadavleba
M
● MAKE
Make (it) up – Serigeba [xSirad + with]
Make up your mind, Make your mind up – gadawyveta
● MESS
Mess up (sth), Mess (sth) up – gafuWeba
Mess up sth, Mess sth up – dabinZureba
● MISS
Miss out sth/sb, Miss sth/sb out - 1. gamorCena 2. xelidan gaSveba (Sansis,
siamovnebis da a.S.)
● MIX
Mix in sth, Mix sth in – Sezaveba
Mix up sth/sb, Mix sth/sb up – areva, SeSla
● MOVE
Move ahead – winsvla (garkveuli pauzis Semdeg)
Move away – sacxovreblad sxvagan gadasvla
Move in – gadasvla sacxovreblad
Move out [xSirad + of] – gasaxleba
N
● NAG
Nag at sb – buzRuni, Saris modeba, jujRuni
● NAME
Name sb/sth after sb/sth, Name sb/sth for sb/sth – saxelis darqmeva vinmes an
raimes
sapativcemulod
● OBJECT
Object to sth/sb – winaaRmdeg yofna, sawinaaRmdegos qona
● OPPOSE
Be opposed to sth – winaaRmdegobis gaweva
● ORDER
Order sb about/around – mbrZanebloba
P
● PAY
Pay back sb/sth, Pay sb/sth back, Pay sb back sth – nasesxebi fulis dabruneba
Pay sb back – samagieros gadaxda
Pay for sth – mizRva
● PLAN
Plan ahead – winaswar dagegmva
Plan for sth – dagegmva
Plan on doing sth – ganzraxva
● POINT
Point out sth/sb, Point sth/sb out – Cveneba
● POLISH
Polish up sth, polish sth up - 1. gaumjobeseba 2. gaprialeba
Polish up your image – imijis gaumjobeseba
● PUSH
Push ahead – saqmis gagrZeleba (problemebis miuxedavad)
Push back sth, Push sth back – ukan daxeva (iZuleba, rom ukan daixion)
Push on - 1. mogzaurobis, mgzavrobis gagrZeleba 2. gagrZeleba (garkveuli
saqmianobis)
● PUT
Put away sth, Put sth away - 1. Senaxva (Tavis adgilze dadeba) 2. fulis dazogva
Put back sth, Put sth back - Tavis adgilze dadeba, dabruneba
Put down sth, Put sth down – dadeba
Put down the phone, Put the phone down – yurmilis dakideba
Put off sth, Put sth off – gadadeba
Put on sth, Put sth on – Cacma
Put on weight/kilos – wonaSi momateba
Put the blame/responsibility on sb/sth – dadanaSauleba, pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba
Put a restriction/ban etc on sth – SezRudva, akrZalva
Put out sth, Put sth out – Caqroba
Put sb through – telefoniT dakavSireba, SeerTeba
Put together sth, Put sth together - Sekreba
Put up with sth/sb – Segueba, atana, gaZleba
● PACK
Pack up, Pack up sth, Pack sth up – Calageba
● PASS
Pass around/round sth, Pass sth around/round – darigeba
Pass to sb – gadacema
● PICK
Pick out sth/sb, Pick sb/sth out – SerCeva
Pick up sb, Pick sb up - manqaniT an sxva satransporto saSualebiT wayvana
Pick up the phone – yurmilis aReba
Pick up – gaumjobeseba
Pick up speed – siCqaris momateba
The wind Picks up – qaris gaZliereba
● PRINT
Print out sth, Print sth out – kompiuteridan amobeWdva
● PULL
Pull away – adgilidan daZvra (transportis)
Pull in – gaCereba (manqanis)
Pull over – svlis Seneleba an gaCereba gzis piras (manqanis)
● PUMP
Pump up sth, Pump sth up – gaberva
● PUZZLE
Puzzle out sth, Puzzle sth out
Puzzle over sth – sagonebelSi Cagdeba, Tavsatexis gaCena (raimes gasagebad)
● READ
Read back sth, Read sth back – gadakiTxva (Tqveni dawerilis)
Read over sth, Read sth over – yuradRebiT wakiTxva (Secdomebis aRmosaCenad an
garkveuli detalebis Sesamowmeblad)
Read through sth, Read sth through – Tavidan bolomde wakiTxva (Secdomebis
aRmosaCenad an calkeuli detalebis
Sesamowmeblad)
● REFRAIN
Refrain from sth – Tavis Sekaveba
● RELATE
Relate to sth/sb, Be related to sth/sb – kavSiris qona, dakavSireba
● RELY
Rely on/upon sth/sb - 1. damokidebulia 2. ndoba
● REMIND
Remind sb of sth/sb - 1. mimsgavseba, mimgvaneba 2. gaxseneba, mogoneba
● REPORT
Report to sb – oficialurad informireba, saqmis kursSi Cayeneba (ufrosobis)
Report back – patakis Cabareba, informaciis miwodeba
● REST
Rest on/upon sth - 1. damokidebulia 2. efuZneba
● RESULT
Result in sth – gamowveva
● RETURN
Return to sth - 1. gagrZeleba (Sewyvetili saqmis) 2. saubris gagrZeleba
● RING
Ring up, Ring up sb, Ring sb up – darekva
● RISE
Rise against sb/sth – win aRudga
● RUN
Run across sb/sth – SemTxveviT Sexvedra an povna, wawydoma
Run after sb/sth – devna
Run away – gaqceva
Run into sb – SemTxveviT Sexvedra
Run into sth - 1. problemebTan, sirTuleebTan Sejaxeba 2. dajaxeba
Run out - 1. gamoleva 2. vadis gasvla
Run out of sth – gamoleva
S
● SEE
See off sb, See sb off – gacileba
See over sth – Senobis daTvaliereba (imis gasagebad, Rirs Tu ara misi yidva)
See to sth/sb – mixedva, zrunva
● SEND
Send for sb – gamoZaxeba, mowveva
Send for sth – raimes mosatanad gagzavna
● SET
Set sth ahead – saaTis win gadaweva
Set off – wasvla
Set up sth, Set sth up – 1. daarseba 2. organizeba
● SETTLE
Settle in, Settle into sth – mowyoba, dabinaveba
Settle up – fulis gadaxda
● SHAKE
Shake on sth – xelis CamorTmeva (SeTanxmebis niSnad)
● SHAPE
Shape up - 1. gaumjobeseba 2. ganviTareba
● SHARE
Share out sth, Share sth out – gayofa, ganawileba
● SHOP
Shop around – maRaziebSi siaruli saqonlis SesarCevad
● SHOW
Show sb around/round sth, Show sb around/round – daTvaliereba
Show sb in, Show sb into sth – SeZRola, gacileba
Show out sb, Show sb out – gacileba (oTaxidan, Senobidan da a.S.) [+ of]
Show sb over sth, Show sb over – daTvaliereba
● SHUT
Shut down, Shut down sth, Shut sth down - 1. daxurva (biznesis, qarxnis, maRaziis
da
a.S.) 2. gamorTva
● SIDE
Side against sb – vinmes winaaRmdeg Sekvra
Side with sb – mimxroba
● SINGLE
Single out sb/sth, Single sb/sth out – gamorCeva
● SLIP
Slip out – wamocdena
● SLOW
Slow down, Slow down sb/sth, Slow sb/sth down – svlis Seneleba
● SMOOTH OUT
Smooth out sth, Smooth sth out – gasworeba
● SNACK
Snack on/off sth – waxemseba
● SORT
Sort out sth, Sort sth out – gadarCeva, daxarisxeba
● SPEAK
Speak for sb – gamoxatva (azris, Sexedulebis, grZnobis da a.S.)
Speak out – azris gamoTqma sajarod
● SPEED
Speed up, Speed up sth, Speed sth up – aCqareba, daCqareba
● SPREAD
Spread out sth, Spread sth out - 1. gaSla 2. gavrceleba
● SPY
Spy out sth – informaciis mopoveba (TvalTvalis Sedegad)
Spy on/upon sb/sth – TvalTvali, jaSuSoba
● STAND
Stand around/about/round – usaqmod dgoma
Stand by sb/sth – daxmarebis, mxardaWeris gagrZeleba, mxarSi amodgoma
Stand for sth – aRniSvna
Stand out - gamoirCeva
Stand together – erTad dgoma
● START
Start for sth – gaeSura
Start over, Start sth over – isev Tavidan dawyeba
● STEP
Step on it/the gas – gazze miWera, siCqaris momateba (manqanis marTvisas)
● STICK
Stick to sth – erTguleba (saqmianobis, gegmis, mosazrebis da a.S.)
Stick to the rules – wesebis mkacrad dacva
● STOP
Stop at nothing – araferze daixevs ukan, yvelafers ikadrebs
Stop in – Sevla
● SUCCEED
Succeed in sth – warmatebis, sasurveli Sedegis miRweva
● SUIT
Be suited to sth – Sesaferisia (samuSaosTvis, miznisTvis, situaciisTvis da a.S.)
● SUM
Sum up, Sum up sth, Sum sth up – Sejameba
● SWEEP
Sweep up, Sweep up sth, Sweep sth up – dagva, moxveta
● SWEETEN
Sweeten up sth, Sweeten sth up – datkboba, gulis mogeba
● SWITCH
Switch off, Switch off sth, Switch sth off – gamorTva
Switch on, Switch on sth, Switch sth on – CarTva
T
● TAKE
Take after sb – hgavs
Take sth apart - nawilebad daSla
Take around/round sb, Take sb around/round – daaTvalierebina
Take away sth, Take sth away - waReba
Take away sb, Take sb away - wayvana
Take back sth, Take sth back - dabruneba (wignis da a.S. iq, saidanac wamoiReT)
Take sb for sth – sxva adamianSi SeeSala, sxva rameSi aeria
Take off - afrena
Take off sth, Take sth off - 1. gaxda (tansacmlis) 2. samuSaodan gamosasvleli dRis
aReba
● TALK
Talk sb around/round – dayolieba
Talk back – sityvis Sebruneba, Sepasuxeba
● TEST
Test out sth, Test sth out – Semowmeba
Test sb out – gamocda
● THINK
Think ahead – winaswar ganWvreta
Think back – warsulis gaxseneba
Think of sth – mofiqreba
Think of sb – zrunva
Think over sth, Think sth over – dafiqreba, awon-dawonva
● THROW
Throw away sth, Throw sth away – gadagdeba
● TIDY
Tidy up, Tidy up sth, Tidy sth up – dalageba
● TRIUMPH
Triumph over sth/sb – gamarjveba
● TRUST
Trust in sb – ndoba
Trust in sth – rwmena
● TRY
Try on sth, Try sth on – mozomva (tansacmlis, fexsacmlis da a.S.)
Try out sth, Try sth out – Semowmeba
● TURN
Turn back – ukan wasvla
Turn down sth/sb, Turn sth/sb down – uaris Tqma
Turn in – dasaZineblad wasvla
Turn off sth, Turn sth off – gamorTva (Suqis, televizoris, radios, gazquris da a.S.),
daketva (wylis)
Turn on sth, Turn sth on – CarTva (televizoris, radios, Suqis, gazquris da a.S.),
moSveba (wylis)
Turn out – aRmoCnda
Turn over, Turn over sb, Turn sb over – gadabruneba
Turn to sb – mimarTva (rCevisTvis, daxmarebisTvis da a.S.)
Turn up – gamoCena, misvla
U
● USE
Use up sth, Use sth up – mTlianad moxmareba, daxarjva
W
● WAIT
Wait around/about – lodini
Wait on sb – momsaxureba (gansakuTrebiT restoranSi)
● WARN
Warn against sth, Warn sb against sth – gafrTxileba
● WEAR
Wear out, Wear out sth, Wear sth out – gacveTa
● WEIGH
Weigh up sth, Weigh sth up – awon-dawonva, guldasmiT ganxilva, Sefaseba
● WATCH
Watch for sth – Tvalyuris devneba, TvalTvali
Watch over sb/sth - 1. dacva 2. Tvalyuris devneba
● WORK
Work against sb/sth – vinmes winaaRmdeg muSaoba, dazaraleba
Work at sth/doing sth – Zal-Rone ar daiSuro raimes misaRwevad
Work on sth - 1. raimeze muSaoba 2. muSaoba raimes ganviTarebis an
gaumjobesebisTvis
Work out sth, Work sth out – mofiqreba
● WRAP
Wrap sth/sb in sth – Sexveva, gaxveva
Y
● YIELD
Yield to sth/sb - daTanxmeba, daTmobaze wasvla
CONTENTS
UNIT 1. LUCK AND SUCCESS

3
UNIT 2. CHANCES OF SUCCESS 18
UNIT 3. STORIES 33
UNIT 4. TEXT: DIFFERENT ATTITUDES 47
UNIT 5. PROGRESS 61
UNIT 6. STORIES 74
UNIT 7. EXPERIENCE
84
UNIT 8. DIFFERENT WAYS OF THINKING AND LIVING

97
UNIT 9. STORIES 109
UNIT 10. GAMES 118
UNIT 11. STORIES 133
UNIT 12. OUR PLANET 142
UNIT 13. STORIES 156
VOCABULARY 165
THE LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS 185

Book - From A To B

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UNIT 1.

LUCK AND SUCCESS

Complete the following sentences.

1. We are all born __

7. Opportunity very often depends _______ luck.

The discussion leader’s job is to …

OTHER GENERAL IDEAS (Questions about the theme):

The summarizer’s job is to …

● read the text and make notes about the ideas.

The connector’s job is to …

The word master’s job is to …

REASON FOR CHOOSING THE WORD

MEANING OF THE WORD

REASON FOR CHOOSING THE WORD

MEANING OF THE WORD

REASON FOR CHOOSING THE WORD

MEANING OF THE WORD

REASON FOR CHOOSING THE WORD

The passage person’s job is to …

● read the text, and find important, interesting, or difficult passages;

*important *informative *confusing *well-written

REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE PASSAGE

REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE PASSAGE

unlimited a – SeuzRudavi, usazRvro

unlimited power – SeuzRudavi, usazRvro Zalaufleba

limited views – viwro, SezRuduli Sexedulebebi

limit n – zRvari, sazRvari; mijna

age limit - asakobrivi zRvari

set a limit to smth. – raimesaTvis sazRvris daweseba, risame SezRudva

His greed knows no limits – mis sixarbes sazrvari ara aqvs

be the limit – autanelia, Znelad asatania

She is the limit! – igi autaneli adamiania!

That’s the limit! – es ukve metismetia!

go the limit – zomierebis farglebs gacdena

limitless a – SeuzRudavi, usazRvro

talent n – niWi, talanti

ability n – unari, risime keTebis SesaZlebloba; niWi

capable a – unaris mqone, SemZle

deserve punishment – sasjels imsaxurebs

deserve attention – yuradRebas imsaxurebs

intelligent a – Wkviani, gonieri

succeed v – warmatebis miRweva

imagination n – warmosaxvis unari, fantazia

imagine v – warmodgena, warmosaxva

good luck - bednieri, iRbliani SemTxveva; iRbali

Good luck! – warmatebas/iRbals gisurveb(T)!

bad luck – uiRbloba; marcxi, warumatebloba

try one’s luck – bedis cda, bedis mosinjva

make up for v - anazRaureba, kompensireba

make up for lost time – dakarguli drois anazRaureba

make up for smb.’s absence – vinmesTvis Semcvlelis povna

invite v – gamowveva, xelis Sewyoba, provocireba

invite interest – interesis gamowveva, aRZvra

invite disaster – ubedurebis gamowveva

opportunity n – xelsayreli SemTxveva, SesaZlebloba, Sansi

give an opportunity – SesaZleblobis, Sansis micema

take the opportunity (of) – SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba

lose an opportunity – SesaZleblobis xelidan gaSveba

equality of opportunity – SesaZleblobebis, Sansebis Tanasaworoba

invent v – gamogoneba, Seqmna; mofiqreba, SeTxzva

invent a new method – axali meTodis gamogoneba

invent an excuse – risame gamamrTlebeli mizezis mofiqreba, mogoneba

important informative confusing well-written