Gaikwad, K. K., Lee, J. Y., & Lee, Y. S.

(2016) [ ],have studied thermal,

structural, mechanical and functional characterization of active antioxidant food
packaging films by incorporation of apple pomace (AP) with 1, 5, 10, and 30 % (w/w)
into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. He found that, the tensile properties of PVA/AP
films decreased as well as thermal stability increased significantly by PVA/AP
interactions at different proportions of AP content. The thickness of the films increased
simultaneously by adding the filler in PVA matrix. PVA-AP films lower transparency
value compared to control film. The protein –polyphenol interactions between PVA&AP
attributed to improve the antioxidant activity and the effectiveness for delaying its lipid
oxidation is soy bean oil at 600C

Gulati, Kapil, et al. (2019) [ ], developed the biodegradable films from polyvinyl
alcohol (PVA) reinforced with different loadings of (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0 wt
%) of Buddha Coconut (Sterculia alata) Leaf Fiber and investigated the influence of SA
fiber with various concentrations in the mechanical, thermal, optical, water intake and
biodegradation properties of PVA/SA composite films. They reported that, the good
compatibility between PVA matrix with SA fiber influenced on enhanced thermal
stability and tensile strength of PVA/SA films. PVA/SA (12.5 %wt) composite film
showed the lowest water uptake percentage (56.0 ± 1.9) and maximum Ultimate Tensile
Strength (38.1± 1.1) MPa. PVA/SA films was showed maximum degradation of its
weight in soil about (41.2 ± 1.1) % at 2.5 % of SA fiber and improved light absorbance
of the PVA/SA films against UV light.

Wu, Hejun, et al. (2020) [ ] have studied the Egg shell powder as biological
reinforcement filler with concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%, w/w polymer basis)in
PVA based biocomposites film. The study found out that, the strong hydrogen bonding
between PVA and ESP which led to decreased transparency improved thermal stability of
composite films . They also reported that, optimal ESP content in the composite films
was found to be 30 wt% in terms of their mechanical and water vapor barrier properties,
showing a tensile strength of 38.78 MPa, elongation at break of 165.9%, and water vapor

permeability of 1.229 × 10–12 g cm/cm2 s Pa, respectively. These values of PVA/ESP

composite films indicate that they can be used in packaging applications.

Lothfy, F. A., Haron, M. F., & Rafaie, H. A. (2018), have investigated the
mechanical and biodegradability properties of jack fruit seed powder reinforced PVA
based bio plastics. The proportions of PVA and jack fruit seed power was 100/0,
70/30,30/70,0/100 respectively. They indicated that, the mechanical properties of the
biodegradable plastic from PVA/jackfruit seed starch were improved with increasing
the portion of PVA in the blend. Furthermore, the degradability properties were
increased and show a significant change in the characteristics peaks as increasing the
portion of jackfruit seed in the powder blend

He, Li, et al.(2019), have reported the effect of the ratio of pomegranate peel
extract (PPE) to sodium dehydroacetate (SD) (1:0, 1:0.5, 1:1, 0.5:1, 0:1) in
electro spun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film. They predicted that the, addition of
PPE and SD to PVA film can improve its elongation at break, but has no
significant effect on its light transmission or water vapor permeability and
also the interaction between PPE, SD, and PVA is complex. The addition of
PPE to the film specimens resulted in obvious antioxidant activity.

Suki, F. M. M., Ismail, H., & Hamid, Z. A. A. (2013), have studied the effect of
incorporation of Soya bean Flour (SBF) in PVA matrix, decreased the tensile strength
and elongation at break of PVA/SBF films due to weak formation of hydrogen bonding
between PVA and SBF, while the tensile modulus increased due to the stiffening effect of
SBF itself in the PVA matrix. Natural weathering test revealed that the presence of SBF
has improved the biodegradability of the blend films by tensile properties reduction of the
films before and after degradation test.
 Rathinavel, S., & Saravanakumar, S. S. (2020), have developed the bio based
composite films using orange peel powder (5, 10, 15 and 20wt %) reinforced with
polyvinyl alcohol. The composite films exhibited higher tensile strength and modulus of
elasticity at 10wt% of OPP in PVA Matrix. The fine interaction and smooth dispersion of
orange peel powder (OPP) in PVA matrix attributed to improve the thermal stability of
PVA/OPP up to 3500C.

Loganathan, L., & Saravanakumar, S. S. (2021) have studied the mechanical ,

thermal properties of biocomposites films for packaging applications using nano
groundnut shell (GNS) powder as reinforcement filler (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25wt %) with
PVA matrix. The researchers reported that degradation temperature of the films was
improved from 287°C (Controlled PVA) to 337°C (25% GNS/PVA Film). The tensile
strength of the bio-films was increased and elongation at break of the bio-films was
decreased while increasing the GNS content.