Crime Scene Test

Members:
1) Sunita Susamakulwong (Praenuen) #1201
2) Pariyaphon Pinijsakkul (Ja) #1201
3) Nawapornprom Chusing (View) #1201
4) Nattamon Achavameteekul (Jean) #1204

Directions: As an individual up to your large groups, answer the following question.

Question: For your crime scene at MUIDS, what analyses (tests) would you like to run on
the evidence found at the scene?
Format: In a document, have your period and full last names at the top. In the body, create
a table with 4 columns. In the first column, put a number. In the second column, list the
name of the test that you want to run. In the third column, tell me about the test such as how
the test works and what equipment it uses. In the fourth column, tell me why you want to run
that test. Fill out all four columns for each test. Each test gets their own row.
Special Notes: It needs to be a single cohesive document. If I see different writing styles,
differences in English, etc. then I know that you copy/pasted, didn’t collaborate, etc. and you
will lose points.
Due: Friday, January 22, 4 pm.

# Test Mechanisms and Equipment needed Reasons

1 Latent Print Examination Mechanisms This can be useful to

● Pre Analysis investigate the crime
○ Prepare equipment scene by finding the
○ Capture the latent print fingerprint in particular
● Analysis objects ex. cups, glass
○ Latent print obtained from the bottles of medicine,
field or laboratory by the and many others. Also,
examination unit it helps ensure the
○ Latent print enters the offender's action on
examination process for specific objects.
analysis Therefore, we can
● Comparison identify what the
○ Whether the target group suspects did or
exists within tolerance timeline of the crime
○ Compare additional details scene.
○ Determine the similarity and
dissimilarity
● Evaluation
○ Evaluate the result such as
tolerance for an ID and
sufficient agreement or
disagreement
● Verification
○ Verification conclusions to
Verify according to
organization policy
 ● Result sends to requestor

Crime scene Equipment

● Light Sources
○ Flash light
○ Forensic light source
● Fingerprint powder applicators
○ Traditional
○ Magnetic
● Latent Print Backing Cards and Lifting
Materials
○ Latent Print Backing Cards
○ Lifting Tape and Hinge Lifters
○ Rubber/Gel Lifters
● Casting Materials
● Camera
● Tenprint Cards
● Miscellaneous Equipment
○ Retractable tape measure
○ Rulers
○ Scales to indicate dimensions
in photographs
○ Packaging containers
○ Packaging and
tamper-resistant evidence
tape
○ Warning labels
○ Dust masks and respirators
○ Clear goggles for use with
powder
○ Disposable gloves
○ Handheld magnifier
○ Pens and permanent markers
○ Plastic sleeves for tripod legs

Laboratory Equipment
● Cyanoacrylate Fuming Chambers
● Vacuum Metal Deposition Chamber
● Laser
● Humidity Chamber
● Cameras
● Comparison tools
○ Magnifiers
○ Ridge Counters
○ Light Box
○ Comparator

2 Biological test (from Blood Stain Mechanism

blood stain and saliva) ● Remove a section of wall, carpeting,
furniture, or other large objects from
the scene and send them to the
laboratory for analysis while
unremovable objects will be
thoroughly photographed and
These biological tests
can be very beneficial
along with other facts
of piecing together
what took place,
 documented ex. Concrete floor locating the victim, and
● Cutaway stained surfaces or deciding who was
materials responsible. For
● Photograph the stains with a high
example, blood stain
resolution
● Place ruler or scale next to the evaluation can help
bloodstain in order to provide differentiate between
accurate measurement and photos the quick flow of blood
from every angle that the severing of an
● Video and sketches the scene and artery as opposed to
the bloodstain to provide perspective the slower movement
and further documentation
of blood from a small
● Dye and package stained objects
● Sampling bloodstains for DNA cut in the crime scene.
Profiling Analysis by soaking up DNA tests from saliva
pooled blood or swabbing small and bloodstain can
samples of dried blood to determine also eliminate some
whether it is human blood and suspects and ensure
develop DNA profile (indicate whether the real criminal.
the perpetrator was injured during the
Moreover, these
attack, so it will have only one known
victim) methods can identify
● DNA Profiling: DNA samples are the causes of death in
amplified by polymerase chain the crime scene.
reaction for DNA typing using short
tandem repeats (STRs).
● The Blood Pattern Analysis (BPA)
included
○ Pattern analysis: physical
characteristics to present
mechanisms
○ Reconstruction: uses the
analysis data to put contextual
explanations
● The Blood Spatter or Blood Stain
interpretation
○ A technique that seeks the
events that caused bleeding
○ A forensic investigator needs
to verify whether the material
is indeed blood
○ It will be determined whether it
is blood from human or
animals and narrow down the
owner of the blood
○ The investigator will determine
the trajectory of the blood by
measuring the shape,
movement direction, and
speed of bloodstain

Blood Stain Equipment

● High-quality Camera (still and video)
● Dryer
 ● Evidence packaging containers
● Sketching materials
● Cutting instruments
● Scale or ruler
● Documentation and data

Saliva Mechanism
● Dried saliva
○ Chemicals: act on reducing
sugars and give a red
insoluble precipitate
○ Salts: used for detection
○ Lasers and ultraviolet light:
can also help determine
○ Fluorescent spectroscopy:
The aromatic amino acid,
tryptophan, in α-salivary
amylase gives a characteristic
emission spectrum and
process a good sensitivity in
detecting on skin
○ Theses methods have
limitation, depending upon the
age of saliva stain and
quantity of deposit
● Recovery from skin
○ Use a double swab technique
○ A single wet cotton swab and
section of wet filter paper laid
on the skin
○ Dry cotton swab to collect
saliva from the skin
○ The saliva samples can be
extracted by the
phenol-chloroform method
○ These techniques provide a
better yield of saliva recovered
from the skin surface

Saliva Equipment
● Chemicals ex. Alkaline phosphatase,
starch, amylase
● Salts ex. Nitrate and thiocyanate
● Lasers and ultraviolet light
● Quart tube
● Argon ion laser
● Fluorescent spectroscopy
● Wet cottons
● Dry cottons
● Filter paper

DNA Extraction
● Phenol-chloroform method
○ This is added to promote the
 partitioning of lipids and
cellular debris into organic
phase, leaving isolated DNA
in the aqueous phase
○ Centrifugate the aqueous
phase containing purified DNA
○ Transferred to a clean tube
analysis
○ DNA can also recovered by
ethanol precipitate or
centrifugal filter, which allows
for additional purification and
concretion of the DNA
samples
● Organic Extraction
○ Recovered double-stranded
DNA
○ Required RFLP method
■ Add SDS and
Proteinase K to cell
■ Incubate
■ Add PCIA Vortex and
centrifuge
■ Transfer and retain
Aqueous Phase DNA
○ This is the most reliable and
efficient way, but it is
time-consuming and uses
hazardous chemicals
● Chelex Extraction
○ Add water to cell
○ Add Chelex Resin
○ Boil and Centrifuge
○ Transfer and retain DNA
Extract
● Solid Phase Extraction
○ Add Lysis Buffer
○ Bind DNA and wash away
cellular debris
○ Elute DNA from Magnetic
Beads
○ Transfer and retain DNA
Extract

DNA Extraction Equipment

● Phenol-chloroform
● Centrifuge
● Clean tube
● Ethanol precipitate
● Centrifugal filter
● PCIA Vortex
● SDS
● Water
● Chelex Resin
 ● Boiler
● Lysis Buffer
● Magnetic Beads

3 Handwriting Mechanism There is a diary on the

Examination ● Analysis - Analysing the handwriting desk beside the victim,
- in daily life of the in a diary in order to find the and it is the victim’s
victims vs in the outstanding characteristics. suiside note. The diary
diary ○ Looking for the uniqueness of should be verified that
the handwriting such as the the victim is the one
space, format, and size. who wrote it. This
● Comparison - Finding differences might link to the
between handwriting in the diary and suspect.
the handwriting in other documents of
the victim
○ Four main things that should
be considered are letter form,
line form, formatting, and
content.
■ Letter form includes
the curves, slants, and
proportion of the letter.
■ Line form includes the
smoothness and
pressure of the line.
■ Formatting includes
the space between
letters, words, and
lines. Moreover, the
margin the writer
leaves empty on the
page also should be
considered.
■ Content includes
grammar, spelling,
phrasing, and
punctuation.
● Evaluation - Evaluate the similarities
of all evidence. Although the
differences are important, the
similarities must be considered too.

Equipment
● Pad of paper
● Stationary
● Diary
● Victim’s other notes

4 Toxicity test in coffee Mechanism There are two

suspicious cups of
● Collecting - Collect all specimens coffee in the crime
found in crime scene (In this case is scene on the table.
coffee) Therefore, we should
○ The specimens should be kept test for the poison in
 in sealed containers with the the cups as the victim
label might die from drinking
the poison.
● Testing - There are two types of tests
used to determine whether there is
poison in the specimens or not.
○ Presumptive test or colour
test can be used to check for
the possible presence of the
suspicious substance by using
the reagent. A change in the
reagent will display through
the color change. There are
many possible tests for the
presumptive test:
■ Color tests/spot tests
■ Microcrystalline tests
■ Ultraviolet
spectroscopy
■ Infrared spectroscopy
■ Microscopic
examinations
■ Thin layer
chromatography (TLC)
○ Confirmatory Test is more
accurate than the presumptive
test and it’s procedures are
also more complicated than
the color test. The
confirmatory test is used to
identify a specific substance.
The possible confirmatory
tests are:
■ Gas
Chromatograph/Mass
Spectrometer
■ Infrared
Spectrophotometry

Equipment
● Specimen containers
● Reagent
● Microscope
● Flat capillary tubes
● UV/Vis spectrophotometer
● Mass spectrometer
● Flask
● Test tubes

5 External Physical Mechanisms By investigating outer

Examination ● The body needs to be refridged appearance of the
- outside properly before undergo autopsy body, we maybe able
appearance ● Place the body on the table with a to indicate whether or
body block in the back not the incident was
 ● This is normally done by doctors who homicide or suicide.
experience an autopsy and Moreover, if this is a
understand the forensic science. murder, traces left on
● Major duty : the body (i.e.injuries
○ Search for bruises patter and size) could
○ injection sites help indicate suspects
○ Weapon evidence (bullet) who may possess
○ Identify general information such weapons.
including age, sex, hair color, Additionally, this could
eye color, race, birthmarks or be a clue of the killer’s
tattoos. characteristics.
● Confirm the details using machines
● Collect samples such as hair, sperm
and nail sections
● Record all possible wound or injuries
found in detail
● Try to put focus on victim’s genitals,
scars, teeth, and etc since they could
be the great components of
identification

Equipment
● Body Bag : to store the body
● Morgue : to freeze the body
● UV radiation : help visualizing the
body’s secretion such as sweat
● X-ray film of the whole body
● Color Photograph
● Autopsy table (Aluminium)
● Body Block (Rubber/Plastic) : Help
enhance the body position so it
became easier to cut the body open
later on for an internal dissection.

6 Internal Physical Mechanisms Internal Physical

Examination ● Mark two points on the shoulder, a Examination must be
(Anthropological Test) point at sternum, and another at pubic done to ensure in
- Bone fracture bone further detail that the
- Toxic chemicals ● Use the scalpel cut the trunk as a incident is homicide or
in veins Y-shape not. The severeness of
- Bleeding/ blood ● Flip the skins outward injuries could be an
vessels ● Cut twice on each rib cage indicator as well.
rupturing. ● Gently pull out larynx, esophagus,
arteries, and ligaments
● Weigh all organs and tissue samples
● View the sample under microscope
● Remove the brain after getting rid off
a body block
● Using the saw to cut the skull
● See the overall if there’s also any
injuries inside such as internal
bleeding and laceration inside.
● Those evidence could be put together
with external evidence.
 Note for after autopsy:
● All organs must be returned into the
body or properly destroyed
● Skin must be closed backed by
stitching including the skull

Equipment
● Bone Saw
● Body Block
● Scalpel
● Scissors
● Rib Shears
● Tooth Forceps
● Drill machine
● Autopsy table (Aluminium)
● Brain Knife
● Clothes

7 Footwear Examination There are three types of footwear Since a footprint

prints including appeared on the crime
1. Visible print - Can be seen by naked scene, it could be key
eyes resulting as a stain some fluids evidence to determine
2. Plastic print - Result in a three the suspect, so
dimensional impression on a soft retrieving information
surface from this should be
3. Latent print - Can not be seen with useful.
naked eyes
and in this scene, it is visible print.

Mechanism
● Documenting
○ Taking photographs properly
which should capture both the
print with the scene it is found
on and also the print
individually.
○ There might be a need of
additional light source or
chemical to capture the most
details.
○ The photographs can be use
to determine the size of the
shoes. In order to do that, the
picture must be taken at 90
degrees angle from the prints.
● Examination
○ The footwear print should be
lifted to the laboratory for
examination. There are two
ways that are suitable for this
case.
■ Adhesive lifter - Using
adhesive coated
 materials. It works well
on both smooth and
rough surfaces.
■ Gelatin lifter - Using a
sheet of rubber. It can
work on all surfaces
and it works better on
curved and textured
surfaces.
○ The photographs can be
enhanced by using adobe
photoshop program to
improve the quality and make
it become clearer.
○ The data are measured and
analysed to estimate the shoe
size, type or even its brand.
This can help to narrow down
to the suspects.
● Matching
○ The footwear data or shoes
are collected from the
suspects and it will be
compared to the one collected
from the scene by either
performing transparency
overlay or comparing it side by
side.
Equipment
● Camera
● Adhesive materials or gelatin lifter
● Divider
● Caliper
● Special lighting
● Low magnification

8 Digital Tracing Mechanism The phone is an

important thing in
● Victim’s phone almost everyone’s life.
○ Finding the last person who Victim’s phone or
communicates with the victim. victim’s social media
■ The last person who might help in the
the victim talks to investigation as there
might be the might be some
motivation which leads important information.
to the death of the
victim.
○ Tracking victim's social media
■ Social media is one of
the best sources of
information.
■ There might be a chat
between the victim and
the murderer.
 ■ There might be some
clues of death in the
victim’s post.
○ Checking call history
○ Finding related person

● Suspects’ phone
○ Checking where the suspect
was when the accident
happened.
○ Phone also allows police to
track suspects’ movements.

Equipment
● Victim’s cell phone
● Suspects’ cell phone

9 Drug examination Mechanism In the crime scene,

(Percocet) [label ● Analysing there is a bottle of
matching] ○ It is needed to record the drugs labeled as
weight of the sample first “Percocet” which is
because weight will determine used to treat normal
the amount of sample they short term pain.
have for another test. However we do not
○ Presumptive testing - This part know what the actual
is to check whether the drug is pills inside is, so we
illegel or not by testing for its need to find out and
general characteristics. we can know is it
○ Confirmatory testing - This relates to the death or
part will test to know the all not.
the components in the
substance.
○ The common ways for
separating includes
■ Gas chromatography -
Dissolve the sample
into liquid and vaporize
it. The gas will travel
through a long thin
tube with different
speed which the
analyst will compare
the speed to reference
and distinct them.
■ Liquid chromatography
- Similar to gas
chromatography, but it
is more proper for
materials that are
sensitive to high
temperature.
■ Capillary
electrophoresis - Use
electrical field to pull
 components and the
different in speed
when they move can
separate them.
■ Wet chemistry - Use
liquid solvents to
separate.
○ Then, they will identify the
components. The common
ways to do it are
■ Mass spectrometry -
The beam of electrons
will be emitted to the
components and the
chemicals are going to
break due to chemical
structure which can be
compared to the
reference to identify
the components.
■ Infrared spectroscopy -
Similar to the first one,
the infrared radiation
will be emitted to the
components and
different in the
absorption of Infrared
radiation in different
components is the key
for identifying its
characteristics.
Equipment
● Balance
● Separation column
● Frits
● Flow cells
● Pumps
● Detector
● Collectors
● Software to complete system
● Capillary electrophoresis system
● Instruments for mass spectrometry
● Instruments for infrared spectroscopy

10 Fibric analysis Mechanism Fibers are small

● Collecting
○ Since fibers are easy to be
blushed off, the investigators
will pinpoint the location that
are likely to find fibers and
carefully approach that area.
For example, the victim’s
body, the carpet and the
elements that are on
most of the things that
we used in our daily
life such as clothes,
carpet, and curtain. It
can transfer easily
when contacting them,
so it can be very useful
 weapons. for investigation
○ When collecting samples, because it can tell the
commonly, they can collect it presence of someone
individually by using a tweezer in the scene and the
to lift it or using a vacuum and contact that happened.
separate the fibers out.
○ The fibers sample must be
stored carefully to make sure
that it will not be
contaminated.
● Analysing
○ The examiner will determine
the types of fiber by
comparing it to the references
and record where it was found
on. Then they will collect the
data in which this may further
help with the investigating.
Equipment
● Tweezers
● Vacuum
● Sanitized bags

11 Cryptanalysis Mechanism Cryptanalysis could be

● Use ‘ciphers’ to crack the message used to analyse the
and get the ‘key.’ victim’s message left
● Sometimes keys can be very simple among objects in the
or related to the writer’s condition. scene. We cannot be
● There are 400 septillion possible sure whether his
ways to decrypt. (Ciphers) message was his
● Ciphers can be very flexible so new actual attention to the
rules can be created anytime. readers or the
● With help from computers and the murder’s himself, or
techniques called “frequency even a possibility of
analysis”, the process becomes a lot hidden message
easier. behind it.
● Sometimes there's help needed from
additional textbooks and experienced
people.
Equipment
● Computer with the decrypting
software.
● Encrypted Message

References
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2. https://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/fingerprintsourcebkchp11.pdf
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