Facing modern agriculture (watch this video)

• scales ranging from individual fields to regions.

• Robotics and autonomy can boost agriculture by replacing labour-intensive tasks and carrying out tasks
and applications in a timely manner,
Area Wide management
 Traditional IPM
field scale
Traditional IPM

• mobile pests do not recognize field or farm boundaries

• some landscapes appear less prone to invertebrate pest

infestations than others.
Ex : some pest species are more strongly suppressed by
natural enemies in crops near native vegetation than further
away

• Landscape complexity has been shown to increase the

ecosystem service of pest suppression
Area wide pest management
Area wide pest management
One of important reason for AWPM programme
Because globalization of trade and tourism are accompanied
by the increased movement of invasive alien pest species,

DEFINISI
Knipling stated: “Area-wide pest management
is the systematic reduction of a target key
pest(s) to predetermined population levels
through the use of uniformly applied control
measures over large geographical areas
clearly defined by biologically based criteria”.

D.A. Lindquist wrote: “An area-wide insect

control program is a long-term planned
campaign against a pest insect populaGon in a
relaGvely large predefined area with the
objecGve of reducing the insect populaGon to
a noneconomic status.”
AWPM-History
Very early programmes targe.ng a key pest over a wide
area are men.oned in the scien.fic literature. AWPM
One programme was against the grape phylloxera,
Daktulosphaira vi.foliae, in Europe during the 1870s and
1880s, using resistant grapevines (Kogan, 1982)

The boll weevil eradication programme

in the USA is an example of an effective
'mandatory' A WPM programme
(Dickerson and Haney, 2001).
AWPM-History
: “Locust swarms can be highly
variable, influenced by many factors,
including geography, vegetative
conditions, landuse patterns,
environmental sensitivity, availability
of resources and tactics, prevailing
winds, insecure areas, and rainfall
patterns.

Reliance on a single control strategy is

therefore unrealistic. A more appropriate
approach would be to develop specific
strategies that will fit with projected
scenarios
Swarms typically contain between 40 and 80 million locusts per square kilometer. This swarm passed through Nouakchott, the largest
city in Mauritania. Credit: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. During the 1988 desert locust plague, swarms
crossed the Atlantic from Mauritania to the Caribbean, flying 5 000 kilometres in 10 days.
 AWPM-characteristics
A WPM programmes must be:
(i) conducted on large geographical areas;

(ii) Should be coordinated by organiza;ons

rather than by individual producers;

(iii) may involve eradica;on, if prac9cal and

advantageous, but should focus on reducing
and maintaining a pest popula9on at an
acceptably low density;and
(iv) must involve a mandatory component to ensure project success within the
entire geographic area, because 'voluntary programs historically have not provided
the desired level of pest management'.
AWPM-advantages
A WPM can offer a long-term solution to
agricultural pest problems as opposed to
quick-fix solutions on individual crops or
small acreage.

If Properly implemented, the methodology

could prevent major pest outbreaks
and provide a more permanent control
procedure for pests
AWPM Vs IPM
Areawide pest management and IPM were seen as similar, distinct and potentially
complementary.

IPM is often applied to individual farms or cropping

systems and is generally voluntary in nature

Not all of the pests suggested will necessarily be good

candidates for A WPM/ total population management,
and may not fit well with the A WPM criteria, especially
species that appear so sporadically that A WPM would
not be justified.

Require a support from Regional goverment

The boll weevil eradica@on programme in the USA is an example of an effec@ve 'mandatory' A WPM
programme (Dickerson and Haney, 2001.But now comes from the coNon producers within each region
AWPM Vs IPM
IPM in Level eyes Ben brook et at. (1996) view IPM systems as occurring along a
continuum, which has been categorized into four levels of adoption:
(i) no IPM, which corresponds to systems essentially dependent on pesticides and not
using basic IPM practices

(ii) low-level IPM, where farmers use at least the most basic IPM practices
(iii) medium-level IPM, i.e. systems in which farmers have adopted some preventive
measures, coupled with efforts to cut back on broad-spectrum pesticide use, protect
beneficial organisms and assure that pesticides are applied most efficiently

(iv) high-level, or multi-strategy biologically intensive IPM, the zone farthest along the
IPM continuum, where farmers have integrated multiple preventive practices and, as
a result, have become able to control pests without relying routinely on pesticides
AWPM Vs IPM
WPM the aim is still to maintain pest populations below damaging levels, based on proper use of the
technologies available.

AWPM (as does IPM) depends on the availability of adoptable, pest-specific management tools. These tools
must control the pest, impact little else in the environment and not form residues on the food product,

AWPM approaches include:

1. Traditional biological control - the use of parasites, parasitoids, predators, pathogens, etc
2. Biologically based (biorational) control- the use and application of biologically based methods (e.g.
hormones, antimetabolites, feeding deterrents, repellents, pheromone and allelochemicals (semiochemicals).
3. Host resistance - the use and application of pest-resistant crop cultivars , including genetically engineered
plants
4. Cultural practices - the use and application of tactics such as crop rotation, intercropping, tillage approaches,
cover crops or mulches, managing irrigation and drainage, fertilization, removal of crop residues and other
field sanitation procedures, altering planting and harvesting schedules, and related strategies.
5. Physical and mechanical control- the use of physical and mechanical methodology, e.g. vacuum collection,
screening, trapping and other exclusion tactics, etc.
6. Chemical control
Any Ques)ons