AN ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL AND LINGUISTICS FEATURE IN

INTRODUCTION SECTION OF LECTURERS’ RESEARCH ARTICLES

PUBLISHED ON JAM-EKIS JOURNAL

Yeni mWulan Dari

Student of English Education Study Program
University Muhammadiyah of Bengkulu
Email : yeniewulandariyeni3@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Key Words : Rhetorical moves, linguistics feature, introduction section.

The objective of this research was to investigate the rhetorical and linguistic
feature on the introduction section of Lecturers’ Research Articles published on
JAM-Ekis journal. The research design of this research used descriptive method.
The instrument of this research was two table checklist, the first is table checklist
of rhetorical moves by Swalles (1990) theory and the second is table checklist of
the linguistics feature by Sri Hapsari Wijayanti [et. al] (2013) in Bahasa Indonesia
Penelitian dan Penyajian Karya Ilmiah. The result of the research, the researcher
found the introduction section on Scientific Jornal Accounting, Management and
Islamic Economics that written by economics lecturers of Muhammadiyah
University of Bengkulu did not used all the steps of rhetorical move by Swalles
(1990) theory especially in move 2 and move 3. It can be predicted the writer did
not be familiar how to use move in writing introduction section. Than Linguistics
feature found in introduction section on Scientific Jornal Accounting,
Management and Islamic Economics that written by economics lecturers were
linguistics feature connectivity and grammatical to support argument in writing
introduction section. The researcher suggested In writing introduction section of
research article the lecturers’ of Economics Faculty Muhammadiyah University of
Bengkulu must followed rhetorical move by Swalles (1990) theory especially
move 2 and move 3 in write the introduction section to make good argumentative
writing. So, the articles can be trusted by the readers.
 A. INTRODUCTION
Writing research articles has become an obligation for the lecturers at the
Faculty of Health Science, Muhammadiyah University of Bengkulu.
Menristekdikti Regulation Numebr 20 Year 2017 regarding professional
Allowance for Lecturers and Honorary Allowance Professor to conduct scientific
publication. Obligation to do this scientic publication is the obligation of the
lecturer as a mandatory scientst develop science and technology and disseminate
them to public. Research article is a research report that written by researchers to
report research result and published in a journal. The writer writes research article
to find the fact, get the new information, and get the solution of the problem.
Research article have many function. For the writer, the function are to convey the
writer's ideas in developing imagination and creativity, and to make them be a
good witer. For the reader, the function is the reader can get the new knowlegde
and new information that they have never known. In writing research article, the
writer must complete the content of research article. According to Fischer & MJ
Zigmo (2004), there are twelve component of research article, they are : Tittle,
Author, Addresses, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion,
Acknowledgements, References, Table and Figures. One of the most important
content in research article is introduction section.
Introduction section has become an important aspect because the
introduction section isan argumentativ writing which the writer decribes the
importance of the idea and point of view that supported by factual data, such as
theory from expert, article, book, and previous study. Introduction section also
describes the number of previous research, describes information about the
background of the problem and describes in detail how the research topic will
discussed. According to Swales & Najjar (1987) ; Safnil (2001). The most
important section in a research article (RA) is the introduction section because it is
the first section to be read by readers after the abstract and if readers are not
impressed in reading this section, they will unlikely continue reading the article.
Introduction section of a research article to motivate readers to read the whole
part of the article and therefore, this section must be written as interestingly and

1
convincingly as possible. The writer should follow rhetorical move to write
introduction section with well, interesting, and persuade the readers to reading the
article.
Rhetorical move is very important for the writer in writing research article
because rhetorical move is the petterns to the writer in writing articles. Rhetorical
move is defined as a segment of the introduction that can make change the art of
writing. According to Swales (1990) there are three moves in introduction section,
first, Move 1: Establishing a Territory. Second, Move 2 : Establishing a Niche.
Third, Move 3 : Occupying the Niche.
Besides rhetorical move linguistics feature is also important in writing
research articles to make the sentences of introduction section be more varied.
Linguistics Feature refer to the use of sentence construction, grammar, and
mechanical aspect of writing. According to (Hyland, 1999, crismore et al., 1993)
linguistics device which can help reader or listener to organize interpret and
evaluate the propositional content. According to Hinkel (2002) in Second
Language Writers’ Text: Linguistic and Rhetorical Features book. There are 19
components of linguistic feature, namely: Semantic and lexical classes of nouns,
Personal Pronouns, Slot fillers, Indirect pronouns, Nominalizations, Gerunds,
Verb tenses, Verb aspects, Semantic and lexical classes of verbs, Modal verbs,
The passive voice, Copula be as the main verb, Infinitives, Participles as
adjectival or adverbial pre- and postpositional forms, Adjectives, Semantic and
lexical classes of adverbs, Noun clauses, Adjective clauses, Adverb clauses.
There are several studies conducted by some researcher about rhetorical
move. The first is done by Lisa Fadhila (2018), with the tittle : An Analysis of
Research Article Written By Bengkulu Lecturers In Term Of Rhetorical Move By
Swales”. Second is Muhtadin and Noermanzah (2017) with the tittle “Rhetorical
Structure and Linguistics Feature in Introduction Part of Research in Indonesia
Legal Science Journal”. Third is Ani Safitri (2019) “A Rhetorical Analysis on The
Discussion Section of English Undergraduate Thesis Written by English
Education Students of Muhammdiyah Unviersity of Bengkulu”. In Lisa Fadhila
(2018) the result was no one research article follow all steps of move in their
introduction of research article. Based on the result above, it indicated that the
introduction section of research article written by lecturers in Bengkulu was
catagorized “incomplete” based on Swales model.
A study conducted by Muhtadin and Noermanzah (2017) on 50 article
jurnal of research of Indonesian language in field of law found that: 1) the
structure of the rhetoric of the introduction of Indonesian study articles, especially
in the field of legal science, ie with the structure of states of background
knowledge, explaining the field of research, justifying research activities, and
announcing research to achieve the ultimate communicative purpose; 2) linguistic
features of the introduction of Indonesian language research articles, especially
the field of law dominated by the active sentence and the use of the word
coordinator additions.
In Ani Safitri (2019) the result was english education students of UMB
usually just use Move 1 (Background Information), Move 2 (statement of result),
move 4 (reference to revious study), and move 7 (Dedication and hypothesis), the
the lack of moves found in move 3 (un) expected outcome, move 5 (explanation),
and move 6 (example). The writter should follow Rhetorical move by Swales in
writing discussion section to make the thesis become more effective and
persuasive.
Based on the information of previous research above. The writer found
that in Lisa Fadhila (2018) she focus on research article written by Bengkulu
lecturer. In Muhtadin and Noermansyah (2017) they just has two components of
the linguistic feature . and the last in Ani Safitri (2019) she just focus on
discussion section of English Undergraduate Thesis Written by English Education
Students of Muhammdiyah Unviersity of Bengkulu
Furthermore, the writer interest to know about an analysis of the
introduction section and linguistics feature written by health lecturers, at the
Faculty of Health ScienceMuhammadiyah University of Bengkulu, because from
the previous study before, the writer found the different object to be analyze such
as rhetorical move and linguistics feature on introduction section in the health
lecturers’ research articles published on Avicenna and keperawatan journal. And
also rhetorical move and linguistics feature on introduction section in the health
research article have never been analyzed. The writer analyzed rhetorical move on
introduction section written by health lecturers, at the Faculty of Health
ScienceMuhammadiyah University of Bengkulu by using rhetorical move by
Swales’ (1990) and analyze linguistics feature by using theory of Wijayanti, [et
a.l] (2013) in Bahasa Indonesia Penulisan dan Penyajian Karya Ilmiah
Book, Dalman (2012) in Menulis Karya Ilmiah book, and Kridalaksana
(1986) in Kelas Kata Bahasa Indonesia book. So, The purpose of this
research are analyzed and identified the rhetorical moves and linguistic feature in
introduction section in research article. This research investigate the rhetorical
move and linguistics feature in introduction section of research article written by
Lecturers at the Faculty of Health Science Muhammadiyah University of
Bengkulu.
The results of this research suggest for the reader to know about rhetorical
move and linguistics feature, and can be guidlines to write good introduction
section in the next research. Then, The structured of this paper are: First, make a
summary of the previous study that similiar with this research, but the differences
is this research just focus at Lecturers’ Research Article at the Faculty of Health
Science. Second, describe about the methodology of the research. Third, describe
the results of the research, and the last is make the conclusion of the research. So
the writer will analyze the paper with the tittle “ An Analysis of Rhetorical and
Linguistics feature on Introduction Section of Lecturers’ Research Article
Published on Avicenna and Keperawatan Journals”
Research Question
The question of this research are :
1. What are the rhetorical move in the introduction section written by
Economic lecturer’s on JAM-EKIS journal ?
2. What are the linguistic feature in the introduction section written by
Economic lecturer’s on JAM-EKIS journal ?
Research Objectives
The objectives of this research was to investigated the genre analysis of
the introduction section and linguistics feature of Lecturers’ Research Articles
Published on Avicenna and Keperawatan journals at the Faculty of Health
Science, Muhammadiyah University of Bengkulu.
Limitation of the Research
The objectives of this research to investigate the genre analysis of the
introduction section and linguistic feature of Lecturers’ Research Articles on
JAM-EKIS journal at the Faculty of Economics Muhammadiyah Uiversity of
Bengkulu volume 18 no 1 (2019) and volume 1 no 1(2020).
Significance of the Research
The result of this research are expected to be useful for
1. For The Lecturers’
The result of this research can give the information of the genre analysis
based on Swalles (1990) and linguistic feature based on Sri Hapsari
Wijayanti….[et al.] (2013) in Bahasa Indonesia Penelitian dan Penyajian
Karya Ilmiah and Dr.H. Dalman (2012) in Menulis Karya Ilmiah.
Writtenby the Lecturers’ introduction section writing
2. For The Writers
The result of this research can be the suggestion for the writers who want
to write the introduction section on the research articles based on Swalles
Theory.
Definition of Key Term

To avoid misunderstanding the writer explain the definitions of the key

term of the research
1. Research Article is an articles written by lectures’ to be published in
journal.
2. JAM-EKIS Journal is the research article that written by the lecturers’ of
Economics Faculty Muhammadiyah University of Bengkulu
3. Introduction section is an argumentative writing where, the writer
describes ideas and their point of view supported by factual data such as
the theory from the expert, articles, books, and previous research.
4. Rhetorical move is the petterns to the writer in writing articles.
5. Linguistic features refer to the use of sentence construction, grammar, and
mechanical aspects of writing
 B. LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction Section
The most important section in a research article (RA) is the introduction
section because it is the first section to be read by readers after the abstract and if
readers are not impressed in reading this section, they will unlikely continue
reading the article (Swales & Najjar, 1987; Safnil, 2001). Safnil (2013) further
explains that research Article Introductions (RAIs) has become an important
section of all sections in research article because of two significant reasons. First,
since it comes first in the article where readers will read it first before reading
other sections. Second, as it introduces the entire article, it will determine whether
or not readers read other sections of article. He also asserts that the importance of
introduction section in the article is because of its position and function.
The introduction of research article also represent the connection between
the readers and the authors’ work, if it can bridge the gap between the knowledge
of the intended readers and the research papers, thus it will show that the
introduction is successful (Safnil, 2013).
The introduction (recommended length: 500-1000 words) can be described
as “... an executive summary that gives the reader and enticing glimpse of what is
to come” (Perry et al., 2003:658). As such, the introduction must grab the reader’s
attention by stimulating attention, interest, desire and action (Perry et al.,
2003:658). In other words, the introduction must effectively “sell” the study
(Summers, 2001:410). Unfortunately, the introduction is often the most difficult
part of an article to write (Feldman, 2004:2).
According to Belcher (2009, p. 209), the main purpose of introduction
section of a RA is to ‘provide enough information for the readers to be able to
understand your argument and its stakes’. A similar comment has also been made
by Swales and Feak (1994) in which they suggest that the main purpose of
introduction section of a RA are two folds: these are to give a logical reason for
the article and to provoke readers to read it.
The introduction section of a research article carries some of the
persuasive value of the entire article; in this section the authors appeal to readers

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in order to accept that the research project which has been conducted and reported
in the RA is important and useful (Hunston, 1994).
So, from the explanation above, the introduction section is a section that
describes the important of the research, the number of previous research, describes
information about the background of the problem and describes in detail how the
research topic will discussed.
Rhetorical move in introduction section
The Creating a Research Space (C.A.R.S) Model was developed by John
Swales (1990), based upon his analysis of journal articles representing a variety of
discipline based writing practices. His model attempts to explain and describe the
organizational pattern of writing the introduction to scholarly research studies.
Move structures of introduction are :
Move 1: Establishing a territory
Step 1 Claiming centrality
and/or
Step 2 Making topic generalizations
and/or
Step 3 Reviewing items of previous research

Move 2: Establishing a niche

Step 1a Counter-claiming
or
Step 1b Indicating a gap
or
Step 1c Question-raising
or
Step 1d Continuing a tradition

Move 3: Occupying the niche

Step 1a Outlining purposes
or
Step 1b Announcing present research
Step 2 Announcing principal findings
Step 3 Indicating R structure
Swales’ (1990) CARS model

a. Move 1: Establishing a Territory (the situation)

This is generally accomplished in two ways: by demonstrating that a
general area of research is important, critical, interesting, problematic, relevant, or
otherwise worthy of investigation and by introducing and reviewing key sources
of prior research in that area to show where gaps exist or where prior research has
been inadequate in addressing the research problem. The steps taken to achieve
this would be :
 Step 1 -- Claiming importance of, and/or (writing action = describing
the research problem and providing evidence to support why the topic
is important to study)
 Step 2 -- Making topic generalizations, and/or (writing action =
providing statements about the current state of knowledge, consensus,
practice or description of phenomena)
 Step 3 -- Reviewing items of previous research (writing action =
synthesize prior research that further supports the need to study the
research problem; this is not a literature review but more a reflection of
key studies that have touched upon but perhaps not fully addressed the
topic)
b. Move 2: Establishing a Niche (the problem)
This action refers to making a clear and cogent argument that your
particular piece of research is important and possesses value. This can be done by
indicating a specific gap in previous research, by challenging a broadly accepted
assumption, by raising a question, a hypothesis, or need, or by extending previous
knowledge in some way. The steps taken to achieve this would be :

 Step 1a -- Counter-claiming, or [writing action = introduce an

opposing viewpoint or perspective or identify a gap in prior research
that you believe has weakened or undermined the prevailing argument]
 Step 1b -- Indicating a gap, or [writing action = develop the research
problem around a gap or understudied area of the literature]
 Step 1c -- Question-raising, or [writing action = similar to gap
identification, this involves presenting key questions about the
consequences of gaps in prior research that will be addressed by your
study. For example, one could state, “Despite prior observations of
 voter behaviour in local elections in urban Detroit, it remains unclear
why some single mothers choose to avoid....”]
 Step 1d -- Continuing a tradition [writing action = extend prior
research to expand upon or clarify a research problem. This is often
signalled with logical connecting terminology, such as, “hence,”
“therefore,” “consequently,” “thus” or language that indicates a need.
For example, one could state, “Consequently, these factors need to
examined in more detail....” or “Evidence suggests an interesting
correlation, therefore, it is desirable to survey different
respondents....”]
c. Move 3: Occupying the Niche [the solution]
The final "move" is to announce the means by which your study will
contribute new knowledge or new understanding in contrast to prior research on
the topic. This is also where you describe the remaining organizational structure
of the paper.
 Step 1a -- Outlining purposes, or (writing action = answering the “So
What?” question. Explain in clear language the objectives of your
study)
 Step 1b -- Announcing present research (writing action = describe the
purpose of your study in terms of what the research is going to do or
accomplish. In the social sciences, the “So What?” question still needs
to addressed)
 Step 2 -- Announcing principle findings (writing action = present a
brief, general summary of key findings written, such as, “The findings
indicate a need for...,” or “The research suggests four approaches
to....”)
 Step 3 -- Indicating article structure (writing action = state how the
remainder of your paper is organized)
Linguistics Feature in Bahasa
Linguistics feature in indonesia based on Wijayanti, [et a.l] (2013) in
Bahasa Indonesia Penulisan dan Penyajian Karya Ilmiah Book there are 3
components such as kalimat aktif, kalimat pasif. Dan konjungsi. According to
Dalman (2012) in Menulis Karya Ilmiah book components of lingustics
feature is kata modalitas. According to Kridalaksana (1986) in Kelas Kata
Bahasa Indonesia book there are 4 component of linguistics feature such as
Pronomina Takrif, Nominalisasi, Ajektiva, Adverbia.
a. Kalimat aktif
According to Wijayanti, [et a.l] (2013) in Bahasa Indonesia
Penulisan dan Penyajian Karya Ilmiah Book. Kalimat aktif is a sentence
where the predicate does the work. This sentence is identified by the presence
of active verb beginning with meN-, ber-, or don’t have prefix, such as pergi,
datang, kembali, dan bangkit..
b. Kalimat Pasif
According to Wijayanti, [et a.l] (2013) in Bahasa Indonesia
Penulisan dan Penyajian Karya Ilmiah Book. Kalimat pasif is the subject
does not play a role, but becomes the target of the action stated by the
predicate. Usually marked the beginning of di-, ter-, ke-an.
c. Konjungsi
According to Wijayanti, [et a.l] (2013) in Bahasa Indonesia
Penulisan dan Penyajian Karya Ilmiah Book. The functionof Conjunction is
to connect two types of words, two phrases in Indonesian, two types of sentences
and two types of paragraphs.Conjunctions in Indonesian consist of intrakalimat
and antarkalimat.
a. Intrakalimat is a conjunctions in the middle of a sentence. conjunctions are
divided into 2 parts :
a) intrakalimat not followed by coma :
..agar/supaya.... = Menyatakan hubungan tujuan
...sehingga... = Menyatakan hubungan akibat
...karena... = Menyatakan hubungan sebab
...sebab..... = Menyatakan hubungan sebab
...bahwa... = Menyatakan hubungan penjelasan
...dan.... = Menggabungkan / penambahan
..maka.... = Hubungan Pengakibatan
b) intrakalimat followed by comma :
..., padahal.... = Menyatakan pertentangan
...,sedangkan... = Menggabungkan pertentangan
...., tetapi.... = Menggabungkan pertentangan
...., yaitu.... =Menggabungkan menyamakan,
penegasan
b. Antarkalimat is a conjunction in the beginning of sentences. Antarkalimat
must followed by the comma :
Akan tetapi,..... =Menyatakan keadaan pertentangan
dengankeadaan Sebelumnya
Akibatnya,.... = Menyatakan sebab. akibat
Bahkan,.... = Menguatkan keadaan yang
dinyatakansebelumnya
Di pihak lain,.... = Menyatakan adanya hal, peristiwa,
ataukeadaan lain diluar dari yang
telahdinyatakan sebelumnya
Jadi,.... = Menggabungkan menyimpulkan
menghubungkan konsekuensi
Dengan demikian,... = Menyatakan konsekuensi
Di samping itu,.... = Menunjukkan penambahan
Selain itu,.... =Menyatakan adanya hal, peristiwa,
ataukeadaan lain diluar dari yang telah
dinyatakan sebelumnya
Berkaitan dengan itu,... .= Menyatakan adanya hal, peristiwa,
ataukeadaan lain diluar dari yang
telahdinyatakan sebelumnya
Sehubungan dengan itu,... = Menyatakan adanya hal, peristiwa,
ataukeadaan lain diluar dari yang telah
dinyatakan sebelumnya
Walaupun demikian,... = Menyatakan kesediaan melakukan
 sesuatu yang berbeda atau bertentangan
dengan yang dinyatakan pada kalimat
sebelumnya
Kendatipun demikian,... = Menyatakan kesediaan melakukan
sesuatu yang berbeda atau bertentangan
dengan yang dinyatakan pada
kalimatsebelumnya
Meskipun demikian,... = Menyatakan kesediaan melakukan
sesuatu yang berbeda atau
bertentangandengan yang dinyatakan
pada kalimat
sebelumnya
Oleh karenaitu,.... = Menyatakan akibat
Oleh sebab itu,.... = Menyatakan akibat
Sebaliknya,.... = Menyatakan pertentangan
Namun,.... = Menyatakan pertentangan
Tambahan lagi,... = Menyatakan penambahan
Lagipula,.... = Menyatakan penambahan
d. Kata modalitas
According to Dalman (2012) in Menulis Karya Ilmiah book. Put the
modality word at the beginning of the sentence, and the middle of the sentence.
Modality is used for;
a. To express certainly : pasti, pernah, tentu, sering, jarang, kerap kali, dsb.
b. To Express uncertainty or doubt: mungkin, barangkali, kira-kira, rasanya,
tampaknya,dsb.
c. To Express cincerity: sebenarnya, sesungguhnya, sebetulnya, benar,
sungguh, dsb.
e. Pronomina Takrif
According to Kridalaksana (1986) in Kelas Kata Bahasa Indonesia
book. This pronomina change the nomina that clear referent.This type is
limited to pronomina persona. Pronomina persona consist of
 Singularis Pluralis

Pronomina persona I : saya, aku kami, kita

Pronomina persona II : kamu kalian
engkau kamu sekalian
anda anda sekalian
Pronominas persona III : ia, dia mereka
beliau mereka semua
f. Nominalisasi
According toKridalaksana (1986) in Kelas Kata Bahasa Indonesia
book.The process of nominalisasi is the process of forming nouns that come from
morphemes or other word classes. The process of nominalisasi is divided into 3:
affixation, the addition of the articlesi and sang in front of it and the addition of
particlesyang in front of it.
1. Affixation
Based on the possible combinations, derived nouns can be divided into shapes
with affixes
• Ke-, per- and per-
• late
• The role, role and role
a) Nomination with prefixes to-, pe- and per-
Prefixes and words as word formers are no longer productive. There are
only three words formed with- and one with- namely: ketua, kekasih, kehendak,
dan pertapa. But in contrast, the prefixes that make up nouns through prefixes
me- are very productive
 People who do (verba), for example; pembicara, pelamar.
 People whose work does (verba), for examplepenyanyi, pelatih,
pelaut , peladang, petani, pengajar dan pembantu .
 People who (adjektiva) for example pemalas, pemuda
 People who ( adjektiva) for examplepemarah, pemabuk
 Tools for (verba) for example penghapus penggali
b). Nominalisasi dengan sufiks –an
This Sufkis is also used to form nouns with the following meanings:
 What someone does, for example anjuran, anggapan
 Adjunct assets (adjectiva) such as manisan, asinan
 Places where people (verba), for example parkiran, pangkalan..
 Collection of, for example lautan , sayuran.
c). Nominalisasi dengan konfiks ke-an
Nominalization that occurs with the addition of the confixke-an is formed
directly from the bottom.
• Results from (verba) such as kemenangan, kepergian, kedatangan
• Under circumstances, such as keberanian, kebimbangan, kecepatan, kenaikan
• Places, for example kementrian, kedutaan.
• Collections, for example kepulauan, kepustakaan
• abstractness, such as kebangsaan, kerakyatan
d). Nominalisasi dengan konfiks pe-an
The process of nominalization with the role of confession is very
productive. This process is passed down through the prefix me- and gives
meaning:
 Committing acts, such as pemeriksaan, penderitaan,
pendaftaran,pemberontakan, pengumuman
 The results of doing, for example penyelesaian, penghargaan
e).Nominalisasi dengan konfiks per-an
This process takes place through prefix ber-. Morphemes such as perjuangan,
cobaan, danpersetujuan can only be reduced by confession of roles into
perjuangan, cobaan, dankesepakatan. The word perjuangan comes from the word
berjuang, and persetujuan comes from the word bersetuju (which is not
uncommon in Indonesia) while the word percobaan comes from the word bercoba
that is no longer common. The meaning of this reduction:
 Results from (verba) such as pertanyaan, permintaan
 Doing (verba) such as perlawanan, pergerakan
  Matters relating to (basic words) such as perikanan, pengiriman.
2. Proses nominalisasidengansidan sang
This process is obtained if we add si and sing on the basis, such as: sikecil,
simanis.
3. Proses nominalisasidenganyang
By adding in the basic depam we will get a noun form such as:yanglari, yang
cantik
g. Ajektiva
According toKridalaksana (1986) in Kelas Kata Bahasa Indonesia
book. There are 2 types of ajektiva :
1) Ajektiva predikatif, that is, adjectives that can occupy the
predicate position in the clause. Such as : hangat, sulit, mahal
2) Ajektiva atributif, that is, adjectives that accompany nouns in
nominal phrases. Such as : nasional, niskala
h. Adverbia
According toKridalaksana (1986) in Kelas Kata Bahasa Indonesia
book. There are 2 types of adverbia :
1) Adverbia intraklausal which constructs with verba, ajektiva,
numeralia, or another adverbia.
Example:
Alangkah gus pula
Agak hampir rada
Agak-agak hanya rada-rada
Amat sangat harus saja
Baku jangan saling
Banget juga sangat
Belaka kerap selalu
Bisa lagi senantiasa
Belum masih sering
Boleh masih belum sudah
Belum boleh nian sungguh
 Belum sering niscaya tak
Cuma nun telah
Dapat paling tidak
Doang pernah
2) Adverbia ekstraklausal which syntactically has the possibility to
move positions and semantically express the subject or level of
the overall proposition
Example: barangkali, bukan, justru, memang, mungkin
 C. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
In this research, the writer used descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative
method is a method that use to describe everythings that relate to the topic of the
research. According to Maxwell (1996:17) , qualitative research use the research
that focus on specific situation or people and its emphasis on word than numbers,
which describe the real condition to the phenomenon
Object of the Research
The objects of this research were the Scientific journal Accounting,
Management and Islamic Economics (JAM-EKIS) that focused on the
introduction section written by the Lecturers’ in Faculty of Economics at
Muhammadiyah University of Bengkulu. JAM-EKIS journal is published two
times in a year. Which published every January and July . JAM-EKIS journal in
one publish contains about 20 scientific articles. This journal is a scientific journal
that is used as a media of information about the work in the field of Management
Economics, Accounting Economics and Islamic Economics
Instrument of The Research
The instrument that used in this research were two table checklist as the main
instrument. The first is table checklist of rhetorical move by using Swalles (1990)
theory. The second is table checklist of the linguistic feature by using Sri Hapsari
Wijayanti [et al.] (2013) in Bahasa Indonesia Penelitian dan Penyajian Karya
Ilmiah .

Table 3.1 Table Analysis of Rhetorical Move and Linguistics Feature

Journal :

Volume :

Title :

No. Sentence P Rhetorical Move in Introduction Section Description

Move 1 Move 2 Move 3

18
 19

1 2 3 LF 1a 1b 1c 1d LF 1a 1b 2 3 LF

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Adopted from Swales (1990) and Wijayanti [et al] (2013)

The Data Collection Technique

In collecting the data, the writer following the steps below :
1. Open the web from the journal system of Muhammadiyah University of
Bengkulu.
2. Download JAM-EKIS journal in the journal system of Muhammadiyah
University of Bengkulu
3. Print out the journal to see the introduction section of the research articles
The Data Analyzing Technique
In analyze the data, this research didinto five steps below :

D. The writer read the introduction section of each research articles.

E. The writer identified the rhetorical move based on Swales (1990) and
linguistics feature based on Penulisan dan Penyajian Karya Ilmiah book by
Wijayanti [et al.] (2013)
F. The total of the result used formula to easy described the data.
Formula :
P = F/N x 100%
P : percentage
F : frequency
N : total of data
G. The writer described the data.
H. The writer wrote the conclusion of the analysis.
 I. FINDING AND DISCUSSION
In this section, the researcher present more detail of the data that had been
collected. All of the data that had found would be consulted to the theories which
serves as guideline for conducting this research. The researcher conducted the
research to find out what are the rhetorical move and linguistics feature in
introduction section of lecturers’ research article published on avicennna and
keperawatan journals at the faculty of health science, Muhammadiyah University
of Bengkulu. Introduction section has become an important aspect because the
introduction section isan argumentativ writing which the writer decribes the
importance of the idea and point of view that supported by factual data, such as
theory from expert, article, book, and previous study.
To state the argumentative research the writer need to know the rhetorical
move and also linguistics feature. Rhetorical move is very important for the writer
in writing research article because rhetorical move is the petterns to the writer in
writing articlesand also rhetorical move is one of genre-based approaches used to
identify the structure of the research.. According to Swales (1990) there are three
moves in introduction section, first, Move 1: Establishing a Territory. Second,
Move 2 : Establishing a Niche. Third, Move 3 : Occupying the Niche. So, to write
introduction section with well, interesting, and persuade the readers the writer
should follow the rhetorical move and also linguistics feature connectivity and
grammatical in their reseach articles.
In the data of rhetorical move found in introduction section JAM-EKIS
that had been described in the result section before,the researcher conclude that
research articles was categorize “not complete” , because there was no writers
used all the steps of move in their introduction section. 1 move found in the
introduction section of lecturers’ research articles published on Scientific Journal
Accounting, Management and Islamic Economics (JAM-Ekis) are; first, the most
lecturers’ had move 1 (establishing a territory) used by 19 lecturers’ (95%), in
this move explain about the importance of the research. Second, a few of lecturers
had move 2 (establishing a niche) used by 4 lecturers’ (20%), this move explain
about the differences between their researcher and previous research. Third,

20
 21

almost all lecturers do not used move 1 (occupying the niche) which is used by 1
lecturers’ (5%), this move explain about the purpose of the research. The
conclusion of the rhetorical move found in introduction section of JAM-Ekis
journal are : First, rhetorical move found in introduction section of JAM-Ekis
journal, move 1 has fulfill the criteria of rhetorical move in argumentative writing
which almost all of the lecturers used this move, because move 1 describe about
the importance of the research that support from factual data such as theory, book
and previous research,, so it’s can make argumentative clear and easy to
understand.

Second, Rhetorical move found in introduction section of JAM-Ekis

journal, move 2 has not fulfill the criteria of the rhetorical move in argumentative
writing which only a few of lecturers used this move. Even though move 2
describe about the differences between their researcher and previous research that
support from factual data such as theory, book and previous research and it will
make argumentative clear and easy to understand.
Third, Rhetorical move found in introduction section of JAM-Ekis journal,
move 3 has not fulfill the criteria of the rhetorical move in argumentative writing
which almost all of the lecturers do not used this move. Even though move 3
describe about the purpose of the that support from factual data such as theory,
book and previous research and it will make argumentative clear and easy to
understand. linguistics feature connectivity and grammatical found in the
introduction on Scientific Jounal Accounting, Management and Islamic
Economics (JAM-Ekis) are : first, the most of lecturers had konjungsi dan (to add
information about the research) used by 13 lecturers (65%). Second, a few of
lecturers had konjungsi karena ( to give the reason about the important of the
research) used by 5 lecturers (25%). Third, a few of lecturers had konjungsi
sehingga (to give the effect of the research) used by 5 lecturers (25%). Fourth, a
few of lecturers had konjungsi oleh karena itu (to give the effect of the research)
used by 3 lecturers (15%). Fifth, all the lecturers do not used konjungsi sebab (to
give the reason about the important of the research) which is used by 0 lecturers
 22

(0%). Sixth, a few of lecturers had konjungsi bahwa ( to state the explanation of
the reasearch) used by 3 lecturers (15%). Seventh, a few of lecturers had
grammatical kalimat aktif (to express the idea of the research) used by 3 lecturers
(15%). Eight, a few of lecturers had grammatical kalimat pasif (to explain the
previous of the research ) used by 3 lecturers (15%). The conclusion of linguistics
feature found in introduction section of JAM-Ekis journal are :

First, in introduction section of JAM-Ekis journal, had found linguistic

feature konjungsi dan. Almost all of lecturers used konjungsi dan in introduction
section of their research. Because, the function of konjungsi dan is to add the
information in research article that support from factual data such as theory, book
and previous research so it will make argumentative clear and easy to understand.
Second, in introduction section of JAM-Ekis journal, had found linguistic
feature konjungsi karena, a few of lecturers used konjungsi karena in introduction
section of their research. Because the function of konjungsi karena is to give the
reason about the importance of the research that support from factual data such as
theory, book and previous research so it will make argumentative clear and easy
to understand.
Third, in introduction section of JAM-Ekis journal, had found linguistic
feature konjungsi sehingga , a few of lecturers used konjungsi sehingga in
introduction section of their research. Because the function of konjungsi sehingga
is to give the effect that will be caused by the explanation before that support from
factual data such as theory, book and previous research so it will make
argumentative clear and easy to understand.
Fourth, in introduction section of JAM-Ekis journal, had found linguistic
feature konjungsi oleh karena itu. a few of lecturers used konjungsi oleh karena
itu in introduction section of their research. Because the function of konjungsi
oleh karena itu is to give the eff ect that will be caused by the explanation before
that support from factual data such as theory, book and previous research so it will
make argumentative clear and easy to understand
 23

Fifth, in introduction section of JAM-Ekis journal , not found linguistic

feature konjungsi sebab, all of the lecturers not used this konjungsi. Even though
konjungsi sebab give the reason about the important of the research that support
from factual data such as theory, book and previous research that will make the
argumentative writing clear and easy to understand.
Sixth, in introduction section of JAM-Ekis journal , had found linguistic
feature konjungsi bahwa, a few of lecturers used konjungsi bahwa in introduction
section of their research . Because, the function of konjungsi bahwa is to state the
explanation of the research that support from factual data such as theory, book and
previous research that will make so argumentative writing clear and easy to
understand.
Seventh, in introduction section of JAM-Ekis journal had found linguistic
feature grammatical kalimat aktif, a few of lecturers used kalimat aktif in
introduction section of their research. Because, the function of grammatical
kalimat aktif is to express the idea of the research that support from factual data
such as theory, book and previous research so it will make the argumentative
writing clear and easy to understand.
Eight, in introduction section of JAM-Ekis journal had found linguistic
feature grammatical kalimat pasif , a few of lecturers used grammatical kalimat
pasif in introduction section of their research. Because, the function of
grammatical kalimat pasif is to explain the previous of the research that support
from factual data such as theory, book and previous research so it will make the
argumentative writing clear and easy to understand.
E. CONCLUSION
This analysis focused on rhetorical move and linguistics feature in
introduction section of Scientific Journ al Accounting, Management and Islamic
Economics written by Economics Lecturers’ Muhammadiyah University of
Bengkulu. After the researcher analyzed all of thelecturers articles that have been
collected, it can be concluded the introduction that written by lecturers did not
used all the steps of rhetorical move by Swalles (1990) theory especially move 2
and move 3.it can be predicted the writer did not familiar how to use move in
writing introduction section. Linguistics feature found in introduction section of
lecturers’ research articles were connectivity and grammatical to support
argument in writing introduction section.
.

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