Analysis of Jurnal

“Types Of Indonesian-English Code-switching employed in a novel”

Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf, Ika Apriani Fata, Chyntia

Department of English Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education,

Syiah Kuala University, Jalan T. Nyak Arief, Darussalam, Banda
Aceh 23111, Indonesia

It was written in the beginning that the journal "Types of Indonesian-English

Code-Switching in a novel" investigated the phenomenon of language in society,
namely code switching between Indonesian and English and vice versa in an
Indonesian novel entitled Anthology of Taste . The novel book was chosen by
Natassa as the data for this study. This study uses qualitative methods, by
identifying the codes, then recording, and analyzed then categorized into the
framework developed by Hoffman who proposed four types of code switching,
namely: Inter-Sentential switching, intra-sentential switching, tag switching, and
establishing continuity with the previous speaker. From the results of this study
indicate that Inter-Sentential code switching is often used code switching with a
percentage of use of 62.3%, intra-sentential transfer of 20.9%, establishing
continuity with the previous speaker 4.4%, and the last is a tag 12.4% switching.
Inter-sentential factors are considered to be the most widely used because this
type of passcode signifies the bilingual ability and target audience of a novel with
the title Antalogy of taste is an adult who lives in a metropolitan area. And the
factors that cause the establishing continuity with the previous speaker to be the
most rarely used code switching are due to social inequality, whereas in the novel,
most characters have closeness to each other. And in the end the study of code
switching was suggested to be extended to one novel, because the influence of
each language was very important for literary literature in general.

1
In countries that have many languages such as Indonesia, people often make
language changes in communication, such as the transition from mother tongue or
native language to Indonesian is often heard in everyday conversation. Especially
for those who live in the city. switching between English and Indonesian in their
discourses. These switches are called code-switching, or change from one speaker
to another in the middle of their discourse, even though they are producing
sentences (Hoffmann, 2014; Richards & Schmidt, 2010; Woolard, 2010) .
They sometimes don't realize they have done code switching. This phenomenon
does not only occur in communication in life, but can also be found in various
media such as literature, film, and songs. Thus the novel is a form of literature that
involves code switching. as an extended, fictional, narrative pro, few primary
characters were often involving secondary characters. It involves events,
characters, and what the characters say and do (Abrams, 2008; Kuiper, 2011).
And according to fata, daud, and maulya said Switching code in a fictional novel
can be found in various parts, such as titles, dialogues, and stories. So it's not
surprising that many Indonesian fiction novels are inserted in foreign words,
especially English. It can also be a draw for readers, especially for those who live
in urban areas. The use of code switching is widely used by Indonesian writers
such as Dewi Lestaro, Alia Zalea, Ilana Tan, and Ika Natassa. And in this study,
researchers chose the popular novel by Iika Natassa to be analyzed using code
switching. Like other novels, this novel contains many conversations between
English-Indonesian. This novel, which was one of the best sellers in Indonesia,
was adapted into a film. The use of code switching in this novel is considered to
represent authentic communication from metropolitan people in Indonesia.
Because every bit of evolution overrides Language can contribute to learning,
change, and the consequent variation of the research question in this paper is:
what are the types of code switching in the Ika Natassa novel entitled Anthology
of Taste? Code switching consists of four types according to Hoffmann (2014).
That is Inter-Sentential switching, intra-sentential switching, tag switching, and
establishing continuity with the previous speaker. Inter-sentential switching is
explained as the occurrence of a sentence boundary crossing. Example:

2
E1: I'm one of those weird people who loves airports. There's just something
liberating yet soothing about it. Even when I was there to fly for business, the
airport was like a temporary resting place [Even when I was there to fly for the
sake of business,

the airport was like a temporary resting place]. A temporary break from my
mundane life (Natassa, 2011, p. 5).

It E1, the greeting begins with English. Code switching occurs between sentences
and there is a limit (full stop) between sentences. In other words the cause of the
Inter-Sentential is when speakers switch from one language to another with
different sentences.

The second is intra-sentential, code switching occurs when words or phrases from
other languages enter into the first language, thus, sentences consist of two or
more languages.

E2: But it's sort of like ‘n bietjie van en‘ n van dat bietjie [a bit of this and a bit of
that] (Van Dulm, 2007, p. 7).

In E2, the speaker uses intra-sentential code switching. Initially using English and
then using African as a sentence resolver. This actually involves the risk of syntax
because words or phrases from other languages are entered into the first language
in one sentence. Then tag switching is known as emblematic switching. This third
code switching involves an exclamation mark, or parentheses in different
languages from the rest of the sentence (Appel & Muysken, 2006). The common
switching tags used are Common English tags such as "you know", "I mean", and
"right" are some of the examples that fit intothically category. This third code
transfer is very simple and does not involve large commands from both languages,
and can be included almost anywhere in a sentence (Poplack, 1980). Example:

3
E3: I look like Lilica, you know, nunca half! [I look like Lilica, you know, I've
never stopped!] (Jalil, 2009, p. 4, p. 4).

And the last is the code switching type of establishing continuity with the
previous speaker. The use of the most recent language is triggered by effects. As
in the following example:

E4: Speaker A: I can't continue my study anymore, I have bad points in all
subjects, it's all over.
Speaker B: Why not? You can try to study harder. I will help you learn [I will
help you study] (Wadi'ah, 2013, p. 14).

It E4, the two are speakers of Indonesian. When the speaker uses English, the
pponent speaks in English because of the trigger effect so that the conversation
has continuity with the previous speaker.

Based on sources found, most Indonesian novels of code switching are found in
Natassa's novel published in 2011. A novel that tells a story that is not canceled
between four untama characters that are packed attractively. And told according to
their respective perspectives. That resulted in the number of languages used in
literary works, Schmidt (2011) believes the contribution of each language is
equally important. Therefore this phenomenon aroused interest in investigating
the types of codes used in this novel.

The method used in this study is the quantitative method. Collect and analyze data
consisting of all statements and sayings containing code switching in a novel by
Ika Natassa. What type of code switching is contained in the novel. And based on
the data identified 1111 transitions from English to Indonesian and vice versa.
The researcher tried to analyze and classify and group data into four types of
code-switching according to Hoffmann (2014). After reading the novel carefully,
the researcher identified phrases and sentences containing code switching and
categorized which type of code switching. A simple percentage formula was used

4
to calculate the most frequent type of code switching in the data.
Data shows that all types of code switching according to Hoffmann (2014) are
found in the novel. And based on the data the researcher can conclude that the
type of inter-sentential code switching chooses the most widely used percentage,
which is 62.3%.

In inter-sentential switching, language change occurs at the sentence boundary.

Kebeye (2007) says that inter-sentential code switching is what happens most of
the time when researchers take the time to read the data in their entirety.
Interentential switching is what is often found in this novel.
E5: We travel for work. I remember when we were a little family, we moved
around a lot because of my parents 'work [I remember as a family, often moved
because of my parents' work].

In E5, it can be assumed that the novel writer writes the full English sentence for
the first greeting and continues the next sentence in Indonesian. In this case, the
character (Keara) talks about how people travel. This is the same as said by
Hammink (2000) which states that code switching is used to repeat or suppress a
point or goal.The second type is intra-sentential switching (20.9%). This transition
occurs in the middle of a sentence. Saville-Troike (2008) says transitions appear
in one sentence. Example:

E8: ... can watch live [... can directly watch] Kimi kicks everybody's ass in the
only race [in the only race] ...

The utterance "kicks everybody's ass" is slang in English. That speech means to
beat or win. Novel writers tend to insert switching in the middle of a sentence to
emphasize the intensity of the happy day. And also there are no sayings that have
similar meanings in Indonesian. That's one reason novelists use English. Holmes
(2008) said, that people can also borrow words from other languages to express an
image of an object that has no clear words available in the language they use.
The next type with a percentage of 12.4% is tag switching, also known as symbol

5
switching, which assembles a series of certain phrases in one language and is then
entered into words that are entirely in other languages (Appel & Muysken, 2006).
This type of code transfer usually occurs at the boundary as an identification of
strategies to emphasize speech, attention of listeners, etc. (Ariffin & Rafik-Galea,
2009). Here is an example:

E12: "I understand and know why you fall in love with them [I understand and I
really know why you fall in love with them] ... well, fall in love or just want to do
them.
E13: "Well?" Dinda is still waiting for an answer [Dinda is still waiting for an
answer].
E14: Well, Key, I also don't know whether today is something that [I also don't
know if today is the day that] ...

From E12 to E14, there are several phrases that researchers pay attention to as
fillers of sentences that can be classified as tag switching. In some instances, the
marker discourse is syntactically independent, namely removing such markers
from sentences that leave the sentence intact. Therefore, discourse is more
common in informal speeches.

In E12, fill in the phrase "well" is used to indicate the idea, while at E13, it is used
to indicate someone who is waiting for an answer or explanation from someone.
The least used code switching is Establishing Continuity with the Previous
Speaker, which is around 4.4%. Examples of this code switching are as follows:
E18: "Oh, come one, babe, you know I won't try anything on you unless you're
drunk." "Good boy," I laughed [I laughed, too]. "Shall we?"
E19: "... The banner isn't the asshole that we know then?" "Oh, he is the asshole
that we know".

The factor that causes the occurrence of code transition is to build similarities
between speakers and speech partners from the trigger effects. People continue to

6
speak The last language is used by previous speakers because of the triggering
effect (Cheng, 2003).

The results of this study indicate that the four types of code switching according
to Hoffmann (2004) were found in the novel "Taste Anthology" by Ika Natassa,
namely inter-sentential, intra-Sentential, Tag Switching, and establishing
continuity with the previous speaker. The most frequently found code in the novel
is Inter-Sentential, the use of bilingual in the novel is needed by the characters in
the story. And the target of the novel book is adults, especially those living in
urban areas, and those who speak Indonesian and English fluently. Intra-
Sentential is code switching which is often found in the second after inter-
sentential. This type can be found in slang English language, idioms, and
metaphors which are included by novelists in character words. Next is tag
switching. Words or phrases as fillers of sentences in English. The author wants
the reader to know that his character has fluency in language more than one
language. Using English correctly, metaphors and tags in their language. And last
is the type that is most rarely used. That is and establishing continuity with the
previous speaker. Not all dialogs between characters must be responded to by
other characters in the same language.
Conclusions that researchers can get in this study, researchers hope that the results
of this study can be useful in several ways for the development of sociolinguistics,
especially about the phenomenon of code switching in Indonesian novels and also
other languages that use code switching in their narratives and dialogues. This
research is still limited to one novel, so researchers hope that someday in the
future, research can focus on a larger data with more novels from various authors.
It is hoped that future findings will support the conclusions of this study.